ML19329D799
| ML19329D799 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Davis Besse  |
| Issue date: | 03/21/1978 |
| From: | TOLEDO EDISON CO. |
| To: | |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8003180270 | |
| Download: ML19329D799 (400) | |
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January 1,1977 - i"3ecember 31,1977
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s ' t l i 1 l\lOTICE - t THE ATTACHED FILES ARE OFFICIAL RECORDS OF THE . DIVISION OF DOCUMENT CONTROL. THEY HAVE BEEN CHARGED TO YOU FOR A LIMITED TIME PERIOD AND MUSV 3E RETURNED TO THE RECORDS FACILITY BRAhlCH 016. PL E ASE DO NOT SEND DOCUMENTS CHARGED OUT THROUGH THE MAIL. REMOVAL OF ANY PAGElS) FROM DOCUMENT FOR REPRODUCTION MUST , BE REFERRED TO FILE PERSONNEL. '*' ' ' bP t 4 b, TOLEDO ~ DEADLINE RETURN DATE - S bONh [ - nbm -
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Table of Contents Limiting Conditions for Operation I Maximum Temperature 2.1.1 II Reserved 2.2 III Chlorine Monitoring . 2.3.1 IV pH Monitoring 2.3.2 l V Sulfates Monitoring 2.3.3 l Environmental Surveillance VI Water Quality Analysis 3.1.1.a.1 VII Chemical Usage 3.1.1.a.2 VIII Chlorine Monitoring 3.1.1.a.3 IX Plankton Studies 3.1.2.a.1 X Benthic Studies 3.1.2.a.2 XI Fisheries Population Studies 3.1.2.a.3 p XII Ichthyplankton 3.1.2.a.4
\ XIII Fish Egg and Larvae Entrainment 3.1.2.a.S I XIV Fish Impingement 3.1.2.a.6 XV Bird Collisions 3.1.2.b.1 XVI Vegetation Survey 3.1.2.b.2 XVII Environmental Radiological Monitoring 3.2 Special Surveillance and Study Activities XVIII Operational Noise Surveillance 4.1 XIX Fish Impingement Study 4.2 XX Chlorine Toxicity Study 4.3
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i I i I SECTION 2,1 1 lhXIMUMTEMPERATUREblFFERENTIAL l l l l
DAVIS-BESSE STATION. UNIT 1 2.1.1 Temperature Differential, F The following is a table of minimum, maximum and average temperature differentials presented on a monthly basis. These differentials are the difference between the discharge temperature (measured in the discharge conduit) and the ambient lake water temperature (measured at the intake conduit) for the period of plant operation during 1977. 1977 Minimum Maximum Average April NO DATA - May -7 7 1 June -2 12 3 July -8 8 o August -5 6 o September -5 8 0 October -8 8 1 November 1 17 6 Decetaber 0 19 12 i 1 J l
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i I I i 1 i II I SECTION 2 2 THISSECTIONISkESERVED l
i ( III l i SECTI0h 2.3.1 CHLORINE'.0NITORING l 9
O- DAVIS-BESSE STATION. UNIT 1 2.3.1 Biocides - Free Available Chlorine, mg/l The following is a table of the daily measurements made to determine the level of free available chlorine present in water being discharged from the Davis-Besse Station, Unit 1. This is for the period beginning with the effective date for dhe chlorine Ibnitation of the Ohio NPDES Pennit No. 211 AD. 1977 Mintmum Maximum Avera ge July 0.0 0.0 0.0 August 0.0 0.0 0.0 September 0.0 0.0 0.0 October 0.0 0.0 0.0 November 0.0 0.0 0.0 December 0.0 0.0 0.0 ) I I O J
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i s 1 4 l l 5 l IV ! 1 l SgCTION 2.3.2 PM UONITORING I i i i l l l I i t ( i I -_- - - - - - - _ _ _ ... ______ ___ . _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _
l i DAVIS-BESSE STATIOL UNIT 1 2.3.2 pH $ The following table shows the monthly c:aximum and minimum values for pH which is measured on a daily basis. These pH measurements were taken at the beach sampling station and reported for the period of plant operation during 1977. 1977 Minimum Maximum April 7.4 9.0 May 7.3 8.5 June 7.3 8.4 July 7.2 8.6 August 8.0 8.7 September 8.3 8.6 October 7.6 8.6 ! Novenber 7.6 8.4 December 7.5 8.3 4 i J t i
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- SULFATES Il0NITORING i
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DAVIS-BESSE STATION. UNIT 1 2.3.3 sulfates, mg/l as 50,4 The following is a table showing the minimum, maximum and average monthly sulfate concentration being discharged as a result of plant opera tion. This is for the period of plant operation during 1977. M Minimum Maximum Avera ge April 85 250 176 May 64 185 125 June 55 200 120 July 50 125 94 August 70 130 96 Septemt r 90 125 101
- October 75 110 98 November 54 100 87 Dacember 110 150 125 4
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j i l 2 VI < SECTION 3.1.1.A.1 WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS i i l , 1 , 1 l l l l
1 S J 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 I Page Procedures F ield Measurem ents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Laboratory Determinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 R es ul ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 A nalys i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Seasonal Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Station Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Water Quality Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Ta b l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Figures ...............................18 LIST OF TABLES i
- 1. Analytical Methods for Water Quality Octerminations . . . . . . 6 2, Lake Erie Water Quality Analyses for April 1977. . . . . . . . 7
- 3. Lake Eric Water Quality Analyses for May 1977 ........ 8 4 Lake Erie Water Quality Analyses for June 1977 ........ 9
- 5. Lake Erie Water Quality Analyses for July 1977 ........ 10
- 6. Lake Erie Water Quality Analyses for August 1977 . . . . . . . 11
- 7. Lake Erie Water Quality Analyses for Septemoer 1977 . . . . 12
- 8. Lake Erie Water Quality Analyses for Octobe.e 1977 . . . . . . 13
- 9. Lake Erie Water Quality Analyses for November 1977 . . . . . 14
- 10. Solar Radiation Measurements At Locust Point . . . . . . . . . 15 3
- 11. Mean Values and Ranges for Water Quality Parameters Tested in 1977 .................. 16
- 12. Summary of July to October 1977 Solar Radiation Measurements at Locust Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
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- 1. Sarr pling Stations at the Davls-Besse Nuclear Po wer S ta tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
- 2. Mean Monthly Hydrogen Ion, Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Measurements for Lake Erie at Locust Point During 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
- 3. Mean Monthly Turbidity, Suspended Solids, and Transparency Measurements for Lake Erie at <
4 Locust Point During 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ! 4 Mean Monthly Calcium, Chloride and Sulfate Concentrations in Lake Erle at Locust Point Dur ing 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
- 5. Mean Monthly Nitrate, Phosphorus, and Silica Concentrations in Lake Erie at Locust Point V) 6.
Dur ing 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Mean Monthly Alkalinity, Dissolved Solids and Conductivity Measurements for Lake Erie at Locust Point During 1977 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
- 7. Trends in Mean Monthly Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, and Hydrogen Ion Measurements for Lake Erie at Locust Point for the Period 1972-1977. . . 25
- 8. Trer.ds in Mean Monthly Conductivity, Alkalinity and Turbidity Measurements for Lake Erie at Locust Point for the Period 1972-1977 . . . . . ... . . . 26
- 9. Trends in Mean Monthly Transparency and Phosphorus Measurements for Lake Erie at Locust Point for the Period 1972-1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 l
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p 3.1.1.a.1 Water Quality Analysis Procedures Water quality samples were collected and related sensor measurements were made at six stations (Fig.1) in Lake Eric during the ice-free period of 1977 (April through November). The nineteen parameters measured and the analytical methods employed for these determinations are listed in Table 1. Field Measurements. Water quality measurements were made monthly in the field at Stations 1, 8, and 13 (Fig.1). Temperature, dissolved oxygen and conductivity were measured from a small survey boat w'.th sub-merged sensors and shipboard readout meters. Olssolved oxygen was de-termined with a YSI model 51 meter and conductivity with a Beckman R83-3341 solubridge temperature-compensated meter; each meter was equipped with a thermistor for temperature readings. Sensor readings were taken 10 cm below the surface and approximately 50 cm above the bottom. Trans-V parency was determined with a 30 cm diameter Secchi disk lowered on a marked line until it was no longer visible. (Welch,1948, Limnology, McGraw-Hill). Solar radiation was measured at five stations (3, 8,13,14, and 28) from May to October with a Kahl Scientific Instrument Corp. sub-marine photometer, model no.15M2-02, at the surface and at one-half meter depth intervals. This meter measures the amount of sunlight, ex-pressed as an electrical current, reaching various depths. Laboratory Determinations . Surface and bottom (50 cm above) water i samples were taken at Stations 1, 8, and 13 with a 3-liter Kemmerer sampler at the same time that field measurements were being made. l These samples were placed in polyethylene containers and taken to the laboratory for analysis; in most cases, analyses were completed within 24 hours of the sampling time. Fifteen water quality parameters (Table 1) ! were determined in the Toledo Edison Company chemical laboratory 1 using the procedures prescribed in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,14th Edition (American Public Health Association, 1975); " ASTM Standards, Part 23, Water" (American Society for Testing and Materials,1973); and Water Analysis Procedures (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1974). A b l l l
i 2 Results
\ I The results of the monthly 1977 water quality determinations at Stations 1, 8, and 13 are presented in Tables 3-9. The results of solar radiation measurements at Stations 3,8,13,14, and 28 are given in Table 10. Mean values and rangesifor the monthly water quality determinations (April through November) are listed in Table 11 and ,
a summary of solar radiation means and ranges are presented in Table 12. Analysis Seasonal V ariations . The quality of the water in the vicinity of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station during the period April through July 1977 was typical for the south shore of western Lake Erie and 0 showed normal seasonal trends. Water Temperature rose nearly 13 C during the period from April to July while the. dissolved oxygen level fell 5 ppm (Fig. 2). The turbulence of the early spring period and the corresponding high sediment load are reflected in the high turbidity and suspended solids values and low transparency observed for Apell (Fig. 3). A 5-fold improvement in the clarity of the water took place between April and May. The biochemical oxygen demand was rather tow during the entire period even at the time of high turbidity indica-
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v i ting that the suspended material was largely of an (norganic nature. In a like manner most dissolved substances in the water v.are highest in the early spring and decreased later in the season (Fig. 4-6). Alkalinity and pH remained relatively constant while the major lons such as < alcium and sulfate decreased significantly. Biological nu-trieats, such as nitrate and phosphorus, also showed notable decreases as spring algal populations utilized these materials. The water quality in the vicinity of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station during the period of July through November 1976 was typical for western Lake Erie and showed normal seasonal trends. Water temperature fell 19 C during the 5-month period while the dissolved oxygen (DO) level rose 5 ppm (Fig. 2). In July 1977 the CO at Station 1 (bottom) dr opped to 3.0 ppm, the lowest value recorded during the pre-operational study: Year Dissolved Oxygen Range 1974 5.7 - 14.1 ppm 1975 7.2 - 13.6 ppm 1976 5.0 - 12.5 ppm
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G 1977 3.0 - 12.2 ppm The International Joint Commission recommends a minimum DO level of 6.0 ppm for Lake Erin water. The high turbulence and sediment load of the lake in early spring improved during the summer and re-mained relatively constant in water clarity in the fall. Biochemical
3 , oxygen demand, which is related to the suspended organic material in the water, was low and nearly constant throughout the year. Ctssolved substances in the water were highest in the spring and fall samples; conductivity showed a significant decrease between April and June but remained relatively stable in the summer (Fig. 6). Specific tons such as calcium, sulfate, and chloride were also highest in April and were fairly stable throughout the fall (Fig. 4). The impor-tant nutrients, such as nitrate and phosphate, for primary productivity by green and blue-green algae had a peak in the spring, decreased markedly during the summer and then increased in the fall (Fig. 5). A diatom bloom in April resulted in a low value for silica, wheras the green and blue-green algae utilized nitrogen in the summer and fall. The alkalinity and pH of the water remained fairly constant throughout the year. Lake Erie is primarily a bicarbonate solution with a corresponding moderately alkaline pH of approximately 8.3 The bicarbonate in the water provides an abundant source of carbon for algae production. The pH showed a slight rise in summer (8.9 maximum) which corresponded with the bloom of the blue-green, Aphanizomenon sp. p Station Variations. Stations 1, 8, and 13 are located approximately
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( 500, 3,000, and 1,500 feet offshore respectively. Generally a slight temperature decrease was noted in an offshore direction in the spring. Slight decreases were also found for such parameters as conductivity, most of the specific tons, alkalinity, 8. O . D. , suspended and dissolved solids, and turbidity throughout the year. Conversely, transparency increases away from the shore. Station 8 (the farthest offshore) had the best water quality; Station 1 (nearshore) had the poorest quality for most parameters. The differential in water quality values was greatest in spring and fall which may have "een related to seasonal storms. During the summer no significant difference was found be-tween the inshore and offshore stations. Differences between the surface and bottom water quality were slight because of the shallowness of this portion of Lake Erie. Some depression in the level of dissolved oxygen and small increases in the concentrations of dissolved and suspended solids were noted near the bottom, particularly at Station 1. In November (Table 9) the dissolved oxygen level on the bottom (4.8 ppm) was only half of the surface value (10.2 ppm). This may have resulted from oxygen-poor discharge water at that time. Water Quality Trends. The Ohio State University, Center for Lake > ,) Eric Area Research initiated water quality studles at Locust Foint in July 1972. Over the past six years most parameters have shown typt-cal seasonal trends with only small variations from year to year. Trends for eight water quality parameters from June 1972 through
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November 1977 are shown on Figu. es 7-9. Temperature and dissolved oxygen show typical seasonal trends for each year with only minor i variations from one year to the next. Dissolved oxygen appears to have undergone more depletion in 1976 and 1977 than in previous years. Hydrogen-lon concentration and alkalinity remained fairly stable over the period. Transparency, turbidity, phosphorus and conductivity values have shown radical variations which are probably due to storms and dredging activities that have disturbed the bottom sediments. j Phosphorus levels were low in 1977 co npared to earlier years. In general, however, no significant deviations from the normal quality of j the water in this part of western Lake Erie have been observed in the j past six years, i .1 3 i l E a 4 l 1 0 t l i 1 l l i
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L s TABLE 1 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR WATER QUALITY DETERMINATIONS Parameter Units Rslerences for Analytical Methods
- 1. Temperature C APHA (1975): Sec. 212
- 2. Dissolved Oxygen ppm APHA (1975): Sec. 4228 -
- 3. Conductivity jamhos/cm (25 C) ASTM ( 1975): D1125-64
- 4. Transparency meters Welch (1948): Secchi disk
- 5. Calcium (Ca) mg/l APHA (1975): Sec. 306C
- 6. Magnesium (Mg) mg/l APHA (1975): Sec. 313C
- 7. Sodium (Na) mg/l ASTM (1973): D1428-64
- 8. Chloride (Cl) mg/l APHA (1975): Sec. 4088
- 9. Nitrate (NO3) mg/l ASTM (1973): 0992-71
- 10. Sulfate (504 ) mg/l ASTM (1973): D516-68C
- 11. Phosphorus (Total as P) mg/l APHA (1975): Sec. 425F m
- 12. Silica (SiO2) mg/l ASTM (1973): D859-688
- 13. Alkalinity (Total as CACO 3) mg/l APHA (1975): Sec. 403
! 14. Biochemical oxygen demand mg/l APHA (1975): Sec. 507
- 15. Suspended solids mg/l APHA (1975): Sec. 208D
- 16. Dissolved solids mg/l USEPA (1974)
- 17. Turbidity F.T.U. APHA (1975): Sec. 214A
- 18. Hydrogen-lon conc, pH units ASTM (1973): D1293-65 Fleid Procedure
- 19. Solar radiation jaamps/ft candles Kahl Scientific Instrument Corp sub-marine photometer model 15M2-02 4
TABLE 2 1977 Dates: , LAKE ERLE WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FOR APRIL Field 26 Aoril 1977 Laboratory 27 Aoril 1977 i Parameters Station No. 1 Station No. 8 Station No. la Range Mean Standard Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Deviation 4 Field Measurements: i Temperature (OC) 10.6 11 .1 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 1 0 . 0 -11 .1 10.3 0.5 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 11 . 0 11 . 0 11.1 11. 0 - - 11 0 -11 .1 11. 0 0.1 .
, Conductivity (umhos/cm) 360 360 350 360 360 360- 350-360 358 4 Transparency (m) 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.20-0.25 0.23 0.03 Depth (m) 2.0 4.3 3.0 2.0-4.3 3.1 1.2 i
Laboratory Determinations: . . Calcium (mg/1) 41.6 42.8 45.6 44.4 43.2 43.2 41.6-45.6 43.5 1.4 Magnesium (mg/l) 10.1 '11. 0 8.2 8.4 8.9 9.1 8 . 2 -11 . 0 9.3 1.1 4 Sodium (mg/1) 12.4 12.2 12.7 12.7 12.4 12.4 12.2-12.7 12.5 0.2 Chloride (mg/t) 26.3 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.3 26.5 26.3-26.8 26.6 0.3 Nitrate (mg/l) 18.6 17.5 16.4 14.9 16.4 17.0 14.9 -18. 6 16.8 1.2 Sulfate (mg/1) 36.5 40.0 32.5 34.5 35.0 33.5 32.5-40.0 35.3 2.7 Phosphorus (mg/1) 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.12 0.12 0.09 0.08-0.12 0.10 0.02 Sil:ca (mg/i) 0.05 0.13 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.05-0.13 0.10 0.03 Total Alkalinity (mg/1) 91 91 94 95 94 96 91-96 94 2 8.O .D. (mg/l) 3 3 3 3 4 4 3-4 3.3 0.5 Suspended Solids (mg/1) 11 8 108 , 63 80 98 101 63-118 95 20 Dissolved Solids (mg/1) 216 216 204 204 212 214 204-216 211 6
. Turt>idity (F.T.U .) 72 71 ~51 51 65- 66 51-72 63 9 pH 8.3 8.3 8.6 8.2 8.6 8.3 8.2-8.6 8.4 0.2 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 340 340 335 340 340 340 335-340 339 2.0 l
l' % 0 0 b k./ O TABLE 3 LAKE ERIE WATER QUALITY ANALY~_ _S FOR MAY 1977 Dates: Field 24 May 1977 Laboratory M "aY 1977 Parameters Station No. 1 Station No. 8 Station No. 13 Range Mean Standard Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Deviation
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r-ield Measurements: Temperature (OC) 19 .5 15.0 20.0 15.0 20.5 15.0 15.0-20.5 17.5 2.8 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 11. 5 11 . 4 11 . 0 9.0 11. 4 9.2 9 . O -11. 5 10.6 1.2 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 280 280 280 280 270 270 270-280 277 5 Transparency (m) 0.55 0.70 0.60 0.55-0.70 0.62 0.08 Depth (m) 2.0 4.1 3.0 2 . 0-4 .1 3.0 1.1 Laboratory Determinations: m Calcium (mg/l) 42.4 41.6 40.8 40.0 42.0 41.6 40.0-42.4 41.4 0.9 Magnesium (mg/l) 9.1 9.6 10.6 10.6 9.1 9.4 9.1-10.6 9.7 0.7 Sodium (mg/1) 10.7 10.7 11. 0 10.7 10.7 10.4 1 0 . 4 -11 . 0 10.7 0.2 Chloride (mg/l) 20.0 19.3 20.3 20.0 20.3 20.0 19.3-20.3 20.0 0.4 Nitrate (mg/l) 14.0 14.9 14.9 13.5 15.9 13.5 13.5-15.9 14.5 Sulfate (mg/l) 31.5 1.0 29.5 30.5 30.0 31.5 28.0 2 8.O -31. 5 30.2 1. 3 Phosphorus (mg/1) 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00-0.04 0.02 0.01 Silica (mg/l) 0.30 0.16 0.16 0.06 0.19 0.10- 0.06-0.19 0.16 0.08 Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 98 94 100 94 97 98 94-100 9.O .D. (mg/1) 97 2 , 4 4 3 3 2 4 2-4 3.3 0.8 j Suspended Solids (mg/1) 15 17 11 12 12 20 11-20 15 4 Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 210 206 212 202 208 202 202-210 207 Turoidity (F.T U .) 4 17 21 6 21 12 28 pH 6-28 18 8 7.7 8.1 8.0 8.1 7.7 8.2 7.7-8.2 8.0 0.2 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 370 365 375 365 370 365 365-375 368 4
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O . O . O 4 TABLE 4 LAKE ERIE WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FOR JUNE 1977 Dates: 1 Field 22 June 1977 Laboratory 23 June 1977 1 ~ Station No. 1 Station No. 8 Station No. 13 Range Mean Standard Parameters Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Deviation Field Measurements: 20 0 21.O 20.0 21.5 20.0-21.5 20.7 0.7 Temperature (OC) 21.0 9.6 7.2 9.0 8.5 6.8-9.6 8.5 1.2 l Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 9.6 6.8 250 250 250-260 252 4 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 250 250 260 250 , Transparency (m) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.5 - Depth (m) 1.8 4.4 3.0 1.8-4.4 3.1 1.3 (D . Laboratory Determinations: Calcium (mg/1) 40.0 40.0 39.2 38.0 38.4 38.4 38.0-40.0 39.0 0.9 t ' Magnesium (mg/l) 9.6 9.6 9.6 10.3 9.8 9.6 9.6-10.3 9.8 0.3 Socium (mg/1) 11.7 11.2 11.0 10.7 11.0 11.0 10.7-11.7 11.1 0.3 ! Chloride (mg/l) 21.8 21.8 21.0 20.3 22.5 22.5 20.3-22.5 21.7 0.9 i Nitrate (mg/1) 8.4 8.4 7.7 8.0 7.7 7.7 7.7-8.4 8.0 0.3 Sulfate (mg/l) 34.5 34.0 32.0 30.5 31.5 30.5 30.5-34.5 32.2 1.7 Pnosphorus (mg/1) 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.02-0.06 0.04 0.02 Silica (mg/1) 0.59 0.51 0.30 0.66 0.23 0.40 0.23-0.66 0.45 0.17 1 Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 96 96 95 97 97 96 95-97 96 1 ' B .O . D. (mg/l) 2 3 3 <1 2 2 2-3 2 0.8 Suspended Solids (mg/1) 40 30 36 60 17 67 17-67 42 19 , Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 103 98 90 96 96 98 90-103 97 4.2 i Turoidity (F.T.U .) 32 29 23 53 13 23 13-53 30 13 pH 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.4 8.6 8.6 8.4-8.7 8.6 0.1 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 335 330 325 310 340 340 310-340 330 11 i _ _ - _ _ _ m _ ____m_____s
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TABLE 5 Dates: LAKE ERIE WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FOR JULY 1977 Field 13 July 1977 Laboratory 14 July 1977 Station No.13 Range Mean Standard ., Parameters Station No. 1 Station No. 8 Deviation Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface
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Field Measurements: Temperature ( C) 24.O 24.O 22.0 22.0 23. O 23.O 22.0-24.0 23.O O.9 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 7.3 3.0 7.3 4.8 7.3 4.5 3.0- 7.3 5.7 1.9 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 230 230 220 220 230 230 220-230 227 5 0.40 0.30 0.25-0.40 0.32 0.08 Transparency (m) 0.25 2.0 4.5 3.0 2.0-4.5 3.2 1.3 - Depth (m) Laboratory Determinations: Calcium (mg/1) 36.0 35.2 33.2 33.6 34.4 34.8 33.2-36.0 34.5 1.0 Magnesium (mg/l) 8.2 8.9 9.4 9.1 9.1 9.1 8.2-9.4 9.0 0.4 Sodium (mg/1) 10.1 9.9 9.5 .9.5 9.5 8.9 8.9-10.1 9.6 0.4 , Chloride (mg/l) 19.3 19.3 19.8 19.5 20.0 20.0 19.3-20.0 19.7 0.3 Nitrate (mg/l) 6.9 8.0 6.9 7.7 8.8 8.4 6.9-8.8 7.8 0.8 Sulfate (mg/1) 27.0 25.0 23.5 25.0 23.0 24.5 23.0-27.0 24.7 1.4 Phosphorus (mg/1) 0.14 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.07-0.14 0.09 0.03 Silica (mg/l) 0.23 0.44 1.10 1.20 0.44 0.44 0.23-1.20 0.64 0.40 Total Alkalinity (mg/1) 90 93 90 89 92 91 89-93 91 2 S .O . D . (mg/1) 2 3 2 2 1 1 1-3 1.8 0.8 Suspended Solids (mg/1) 75 91 38 33 47 52 33-91 56 2.3 Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 174 176 194 180 186 184 174-194 182 7 Turoidity (F.T.U .) 64 65 47 53 31 45 31-65 51 13 pH 8.3 8.0 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.0 8.1-8.3 8.1 0.1
, Conductivity (umnos/cm) 282 282 270 275 280 280 270-282 278 5
rx { M- ( '( TABLE 6 Dates: LAKE ERIE WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FOR AUGUST 1977 Field 30 August 1977 Laboratory 31 August 197' Station No. 8 Station No. 13 Range Mean Standard Parameters Station No. 1 Deviation Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Field Measurements: 22.0 23.1 21.5 21.5-G3.1 22.3 0.6 22.3 21.9 23.0 Temperature ( C) 6.9 6. 9-9 . 0 7.8 0.9 7.7 7.3 8.7 7.2 9.0 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 265 260-265 263 3 Conductivity (umhos/cm) . 260 265 260 265 260 0.62 0.40-0.73 G 58 0.17 Transparency (m) 0.40 0.73 1.5 4.0 3.0 1.5-4.0 2.8 1.3' Depth (m) O Laboratory Determinations: 31.7 0.6 31.6 31.6 31.2 31.6 31.6 32.8 31.2-32.8 Calcium (mg/1) 6.9 0.2 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7-7.0 Magnesium (mg/l) 8.4 8.5 8.2-8,5 8.4 0.1 8.2 8.4 8.5 Sodium (mg/1) 8.4 16.8 16.3-17.0 16.7 0.3 16.3 16.3 17.0 16.8 16.8 1 Chloride (mg/1) 1.2-2.0 1.5 0.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.0 1.2
- Nitrate (mg/l) -
21.0 20.0-21.0 20.5 0.5 20.5 21.0 20.5 20.0 20.0 Sulfate (mg/1) 0.03-0.06 0.05 o,oj 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.06 Phosphorus (mg/l) 0.10 0.03 0.17 0.17 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 O.10-0.17 Silica (mg/1) 85 84 83 85 85 85 83-85 84.5 0.8 Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 3 3 3 3 3 4 3-4 3.2 0.4 B .O . D. (mg/l) 17 7 24 11 19 7 24 7-24 Suspended Solids (mg/1) 18 158 160 160 152 158 152 152-160 156 3 Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 28 27 24 23 25 24 23-28 '15 2 Turoidity (F.T.U .) 8.8 8.6 8.6 8.8 8.9 8.6 8.6-8.9 8.8 0.1 pH Conductivity (umhos/cm) 247 249 243 247 245 251 243-251 247 3
f} m m
\
TABLE 7 Dates: bKE ERIE WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FOR SEPTEMBER 1977 Field 12 September 1977 Laboratory 13 September 1977 Parameters Station No. 1 Station No. 8 Station No. 13 Range Mean Standard Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Deviatior. - Field Measurements: 19.4 19.2 19.2-19.8 19.5 0.3 4 Temperature (OC) 19.3 19.3 19.8 19.8 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 9.6 9.6 9.2 9.2 9.3 9.2 9.2-9.6 9.4 0.2 275 265 280 265-280 273 5 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 270 275 275 Transparency (m) 0.50 0.60 0.50 0.5-0.6 0.53 0.06 Depth (m) 1.6 3.8 2.7 1.6-3.8 2.7 1.1 Laboratory Determinations: 5 Calcium (mg/1) 30.4 30.4 30.8 30.4 30.8 31.2 30.4-31.2 30.7 0.3 Magnesium (mg/l) 8.2 8.4 7.7 8.2 8.2 7.7 7.7-8.4 8.1 0.3 Socium (mg/1) 8.3 8.3 8.6 8.5 8.3 8.5 8.3-8.6 8.4 0.1 Chloride (mg/1) 16.3 16.3 16.0 16.3 16.3 16.5 16.0-16.5 16.3 0.2 Nitrate (mg/l) O.3 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.3-0.8 0.6 0.2 Sulfate (mg/1) 20.5 20.0 20.0 20.5 20.0 20.0 20.0-20.5 20.2 0.3 Phosphorus (mg/1) O .OG O.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04-0.06 0.043 0.008 Silica (mg/1) 0.30 0.28 0.21 0.28 0.26 0.36 0.21-0.36 0.28 0.05 Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 88 84 86 86 86 88 84-88 86 2 S .O .D. (mg/l) 2 3 2 3 2 4 2-4 2.7 0.8 , Suspended Solids (mg/1) 17 15 5 37 23 26 5-37 21- 11 Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 146 154 144 146 152 158 144-158 150 6 Turoidity (F.T.U .) 23 23 13 27 25 28 13-28 23 5 pH 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7-8.8 8.7 0.1 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 215 215 218 222 230 230 215-230 222 7 i
q n m TABLE 8 Dates: LAKE ERIE WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FOR OCTOBER 1977 Field 25 October 1977
- Laboratory 26 October 1977 Station No. 1 Station No. 8 Station No. 13 Range Mean Standard Parameters Deviation Sarface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom irield Measurements:
Temperature (OC) 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.2 10.1 9.8 9.2-10.1 9.9 0.3 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 10.1 11.2 10.2 11.4 10.2 11.5 10.1-11.5 10.8 0.7 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 310 310 280 280 300 300 280-310 297 14 Transparency (m) 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5-0.6 0.53 0.06 Depth (m) 1.5 4.0 3.0 1.5-4.0 2.8 1.3 O Laboratory Determinations: Calcium (mg/L) 35.6 35.6 32.0 32.4 33.6 33.6 32.0-35.6 33.8 1.5 Magnesium (mg/l) 8.2 8.4 8.2 7.9 8.6 8.4 7.9-8.6 8.3 0.2 Socium (mg/1) 9.2 9.2 8.0 7.6 8.9 8.9 7.6-9.2 8.6 0.7 Chloride (mg/l) 17.3 17.3 14.3 14.3 15.8 15.8 14.3-17.3 15.8 1.3 Nitrate (mg/1) 5.4 5.1 1.7 1.2 1.2 2.0 1.2-5.4 2.8 2.0 Sulfate (mg/1) 24.0 24.0 21.5 22.0 23.0 15.8 15.8-24.0 21.7 3.1 Phosphorus (mg/1) 0.09 0.09 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03-0.09 0.06 0.03 Silica (mg/1) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.13 0.07 0.10 0.05-0.13 0.08 0.03 Total Alkalinity (mg/1) 94 94 92 92 94 92 92-94 93 1 B .O .D. (mg/l) 4 5 3 3 3 4 3-5 4 1 Saspended Solids (mg/1) 26 51 14 18 14 13 13-51 23 15 Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 158 166 144 146 160 160 144-166 156 9 Turoidity (F .T .U .) 18 21 15 17 10 7 7-21 15 5 pH 8.2 8.1 8.1 8.3 8.2 8.1 8.1-8.3 8.2 0.1 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 341 351 336 335 358 332 332-358 342 10
L- % v TABLE 9 4 NOVEMBER 1977 Dates: LAKE ERIE WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FOR Field 22 November Laboratory 23 November 1977 Parameters Station No . 1 Station No. 8 Station No. 13 Range Mean Standard
- Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Deviation Field Measurements:
Temperature ( C) 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 0.0 4.0 - Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 10.6 10.6 12.2 10.2 10.2 4.8 4.8-12.2 9.8 2.5 Conductivity (umhos/cm) - - - - - - - - - Transparency (m) 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.5-0.8 O.7 0.2 Depth (m) 1.2 3.9 3.0 1.2-3.9 2.7 1.4 Laboratory Determinations: $ Calcium (mg/1) 38.8 38.8 36.8 36.8 38.4 38.8 36.8-38.8 38.1 1.0 Magnesium (mg/l) 10.1 10.1 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.6 9.6-10.1 9.9 0.2 Sodium (mg/1) 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 - 11.2 0.0 Chloride (mg/l) 21.5 21.o 20.0 20.0 21.5 21.5 20.0-21.5 21.0 0.8 Nitrate (mg/1) 7.2 8.3 9.4 7.9 7.6 6.8 6.8- 9.4 7.9 0.9 Sulfate (mg/1) 23.0 22.0 21.0 21.5 22.5 23.0 21.0-23.0 22.2 0.8 i:hosphorus (mg/l) 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03-0.05 0.04 0.01 Sibca (mg/1) 0.46 0.52 0.61 0.59 0.64 0.64 0.46-0.64 0.58 0.07 Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 102 1 04 100 100 102 101 100-104 102 2 D .O .D. (mg/l) 3 4 2 2 3 2 2-4 3 1 Suspended Solids (mg/l) 21 10 13 32 14 27 10-32 20 9 Dissolved Solids (mg/1) 198 196 186 184 178 192 178-198 189 8 Turoidity (F.T.U .) 24 27 7 8 8 8 7-27 14 9 pH 7.9 7.8 8.1 8.0 8.O 8.1 7.8-8.1 8.0 0.1 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 335 340 320 320 330 330 320-340 329. 8
- 15
, TABLE 10 SOLAR RADIATION MEASUREMENTS AT LOCUST POINT Surface, 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 S Occk 12 May 1977 2440 2P50 205 19.5 2.5 0.5 3" 1128 ,- 8" 1202 3880 3360 550 64 8.5 2.2 1244 5000 2000 350 65 10 2.5 13 3360 800 115 19.5 3.5 0.7 14" 1315 4200 18 July 1977 a 5400 3500 1300 SCJ 230 100 37 9 j G 1100 4000 1600 860 420 200 100 50 29 12 8 1145 5400 13 1330 5500 4500 2000 870 410 180 54 .
6 4500 1700 950 440 210 120 66 25 6 14 1235 6200 28 July 1977 . 1110 5200 3500 1500 650 250 50 53 23 11 3 6 3700 1800 900 330 140 50 19 5.5 14 1220 5900 19' August 1977 ~ 1056 3600 3400 550 130 e7 7.9 2.9 0.8 3 14 1252 3100 2900 510 160 52 16 5 1.3 0.5 1153 6000 5700 1600 750 270 120 43 15 6.5 2.2 28 1 11 October 1977 86 1135 140 22 17 7.5 4.5 2.8 2.8 < 13 6 1106 280 45 16 5.3 1.8 0.70 0.3 t
" Photometer readings in microamps Photometer readings in foot candles P
i
. 7, ,-,,-r- , ,, --n- - - - - . . , , . , . . - , , - - - - - - - - - - ----- --w
16 T A B L E '11 ( ) s MEAN VALUES AND RANGES FOR WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS TESTED IN 1977 l t Parameter April - November 1977 Units Mean Range
- 1. Temperature 15.8 4.0-24.0 C
- 2. Dissolved Oxygen 9.1 3.0-12.2 ppm
- 3. Conductivity (fleid) 278 220 - 360 Amhos/cm
- 4. Transparency 0.5 0.2-0.8 m
- 5. Calcium 36.8 30.4 - 45.6 mg/l
- 6. Magnesium 8.9 6.7-11.0 mg/l 7 . Sodlum 10.1 n
V 8. Chloride 19.7 7.6-12.7 14.3-26.8 mg/l mg/l i
- 9. Nitrate 7.5 0.3--18.6 mg/l i
J
- 10. Sulfate 25.9 15.8-40.0 mg/l
- 11. Phosphorus 0.05 0.00-0.14 mg/l
- 12. Silica 0.30 O.05-1.20 mg/l
- 13. Total Alkalinity 93 83 - 104 mg/l j 14. 80D 3.6 1-5 mg/l
- 15. Suspended Solids 36 5 - 118 mg/l
- 16. Dissolved Sollds 168 GO - 216 mg/l a
- 17. Turbidity 30 6 - 72 F.T.U.
2
- 18. Hydrogen-lons 8.3 7.7-8.9 pH
< 1 v' 19. Conductivity (lab) 307 215-375 p mhoset m 4
17
/G, I ) TABLE 12
( ,/
SUMMARY
OF JULY TO OCTOBER 1977 SOLAR RADIATION MEASUREMENTS AT LOCUST POINT Station Range" Mean , Standard Deviation Station 3 5400-3600 4733 987 Deck 3500-3400 3467 58 Surface 1500-550 1117 501
- 0. 5m 650-130 437 272 1.0 250-27 169 123 1.5 53 46 2.0 100-7.9 53-2.9 31 26 2.5 11 11 3.0 23-0.8 Station 8 4000-140 847 1764 Surface 1600-22 811 1116 0.5 860-17 439 596 1.0 420-7.5 214 292 gg 1.5 200-4.5 102 138
( ) 2.0
'v' 100-2.8 51 69 2.5 50-2.8 26 33 3.0 Station 13 4500-280 2390 2984 Surface 2000-45 1023 1382 0.5 870-16 443 604 1.0 410-5.3 208 286 1.5 180-1.8 91 126 2.0 54-0.75 27 38 2.5 Station 14 6200-3200 4700 2121 Deck 4500-2900 3700 1131 Surface 1700-510 1105 841 0.5 950-160 555 559 1.0 440-52 246 274 1.5 210-16 113 137 2.0 120-5 63 81 2.5 66-1.3 34 46 3.0 25-0.5 13 17 3.5 f
ew . t '\ _,!
"* Photometer readings in foot candles
.,4A.m - a w - m --- ----s - h- - - - - - --a--- ma-A mr---4--p-e f
1 J 18 i
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{ { t 4 I t i , i l } i l t FI GURES !l 1 1 W I I i' l l l 1
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, i
- %d hru (W
y
-. 'R** LAKE:2 /
'sA."Lc m.
Lake Erie i i
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03 J A 8 O1
; Marsh ; *.
Cooling Area
' 28 a Tower ; -
O sa o 34 S o 08 l ** Physical p
- T
- Facilitics
- 1 f........ .. .... .
Marsh Area
- C . . . . . 'l 1000 *
,. foot- -
FIGURE 1. SAM PLING STATIONS AT THE DAVIS-GESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION
, i 8
)
/, n r
p p
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- y (
s n x e N o O r E I u V G Y n e g d l e v t a r e
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5 5 " o 2 1 '
O O - O FIGURE 3. MEAN MONTHLY TURBIDITY, SUSPENDED SOLIDS, AND TRANSPARENCY MEASUREMENTS FOR UKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT DURING 1977 Turbidity (FTU)
- - 1. 0 -
(FTU) (m) (mg/l) [ Q Suspended Solids (mg/l) ,,
/ Transparency (m)
/ _ --
e 75--
// --O.7
..-j --0.6
/
50--
/ --7 -
--O.5 e
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- / --/ / ..O.a
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)
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// /// E S
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/// U A
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, - - ~ - _
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m (-m s FIGURE 5. MEAN MONTHLY NITRATE, PHOSPHORUS, AND SILICA CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT DURING 1977 16.8 14.5 8.O 7.8 2.8 7.9 Nitrate (mg/l)
~
/ / / / / /
[ [ [ [ Silica (mg/l) [ [
; 2.0 - ___ . 100,000 (mg/l) ___
Phosphorus (mg/l) (no./l)
- 90,000
-- 80,000
-- 7J,000 0
-- 60,000
~
- 1. 0-- -- 50,000
-- 40,000
[ -- 30,000 r/ l /
, [ -- 20,000 I
O.2-- l l 7 / .
. 10,000 01-- f O O- -
-' , Tn r/Tn / Tn M ./ Tn __o APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV
... . . - .. - . _ - - = - . . . - . . _ . . _=_-
- O O O FIGURE 6. MEAN MONTH LY ALKALINITY, DISSOLVED SOLIDS AND CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT DURING 1977. .
Alkalinity (mg/1) Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 400 -- Conductivity punhos/cm)
- 300 --
1 200 -- Y r
/ / e 7 1 / / l / - /
/ / / / 7 / /
100 -- f f f --- p ___
/ / / / / / / /
/ / / / / / / /
4 O -- i APR MAY JUNE JU LY AUG SEPT OCT NOV l 4
- O O O FIGURE 7. TRENDS IN MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE, DISSOLVED OXYGEN,
, AND HYDROGEN ION MEASUREMENTS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT FOR THE PERIOD 1972-1977
- i l
No Measurements Available 30 - I i
- /
,. Temperature ( C)
Y
/
\ ! 20 . .<-
/
,- l~
i . I m ! ,' un t i l 15 - , . (D Disse tved Ox igen (ppm) } 10 - s ,. i
\
-j ^ ,s,s. s,/
/' ') \.'* N ,
4
\ ,,_/ .
- / .
[V- . .
,f g /5.
j
./ - - rs---- --~.J. ,_ _zW y.' ' ,_: --% ,__ . k ,/*4 s/- 7 M\ '/*
j Hydrogen Ions ,/ / !- 5-(pH) / /
/ \ -
/ \ '
Qg it t t t I t I I I t a i i i t i t i
/
\
t i1 I i it t *lt I t t iit t t I I t!I t i 1 1 1 I I I i i flI i 1 i t I iil 1 1 1 l I j JAS0NDJFMAMJJAS0NDJFMAMJJAS0NDJFMAMJJAS0NDJFMAMJJAS0ND'dFMAMJJAS0ND ] 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 i i 4 1
- -. - - . - . - . - . . .-- ~ . . . - - . . . . . , . - . . .. -
\
ms
- N l FIGURE 8. TRENDS IN MEAN MONTHLY CONDUCTIVITY, ALKALINITY AND TURBIDITY MEASUREMENTS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT FOR THE PERIOD 1972-1977 i
i l ! No Measurements Available 500-l I\ s 400- \s Conductivity (umhos/cm) .
\
\ l*s\ f .t /
3"-
.j y
'/
/ vp ~Jt.
\/ -,Qjl
~.i i j a
/ / ,
200- r I
/ h.s Alkalinity (mg/l) /
100- *N ~ ,Y .b'N- ._/'N_j bI . N.A._,_ / i
\ Turbidity (FTUI f w-j
- u , , , , ,x , , r. .y,. .gf, ,, , , , , , , ,- m . .,,,. h .<. -, , , , , , Mw.,,,,,.,,,n .</\ A , ,
o JASON 0JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1 i l I L____________________--_ _ _ .
. ~ . - - . - . . .
. - -. ._ .~.. - . - -_, . . . . - _ _ _ - - - . - . .. . .- - ._. .. . _ . . . _ . -
d O O O FIGURE 9. TRENDS IN MEAN MONTHLY TRANSPARENCY AND PHOSPHORUS j MEASUREMENTS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT FOR THE PERIOD 1972-1977 1.50 - l-t { No Measurements Avallable t 1.25- k ! l !. i l
, l Transparency (m) 1.00 - s J/ .
l { 1 l \ ! I i 0.75 - i ro 1 - ~ ! /
. \ .-
g . i l \ 0.50 - ~
- l }
i / N\ l
/
l /
/ -* .s,1
/ It
./ \ \
f . . \ s 0.25 - ' '
/
i \ ,.l '\} , . i s
' 1 I '
,,,___ % /Ns, (Phosphorus (mg/l) /
i i , i CYIb:dI,'E','N . .-ri-/I, , . >: . .CY.7CN M t , T'~~~i,~i i,, , , , i i i , ,1, , l l J A S O N DlJ F M A M J J A S O N 0lJ F M A M J J A S O N D'd F M A M J J A S O N 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D'J F M A M J J A S O N D j 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 19/7 ) l 9 l i i
i i i i t 1 r 1 1 i i i Vil
- G l
- SgCTION 3.1.1.A 2 l LHEMICAL USAGE i
i 1 i o i .i i l li i i@ l l
f 3.1.1.a.2 CHEMICAL USAGE FOR 1977a The approximate quantities of chemicals used at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Unit Number One are as follows: Water Treatment Plant i
; Lime 48,630 pounds 3 Sodium Aluminate 4,158 pounds Sodium Hydroxide 1,040 pounds Nalco 607 133 pounds -
Nalco 8184 80 pounds Chlorine Gas 2,539 pounds Sodium Hypochlorite (15% FAC) 56 gallons = 83 pounds available chlorine l Water Treatment Demineralizers 1 j Sulfuric Acid (93%) 4,111 gallons Sodium Hydroxide (20%) 22,009 gallons i f Regenerant Waste Neutralization
- Sulfuric Acid (93%) 35 gallons i Sodium Hydroxide (20%) 23,718 gallons
; Steam Generators, Condensate, and Feedwater
, Hydrazine 289 gallons Ammonia 104 gallons Reactor Coolant System
- Boric Acid 19,175 pounds as H 3B03 Lithium 6,942 grams as Li j Hydrazine 3 gallons Turbine Plant Cooling Water 1
Nalco 39L 380 gallons Nalco 7320 27 gallons Nalco 7326 55 gallons Sodium Hydroxide 210 pounds l s_, aAll quantities represent the period of April 1 through December 31, 1977, l except where applied to Water Treatment, Sewage Treatment, Demineralization, l and Neutralization which include the entire calendar year. The operating i license for the station was issued April 22, 1977. 1 1 s l e <.- ..--.m.-r, - . - ,--~-.---.,w...v -+ - ,--we--w e.-m w--.,- - r a
-l O Hydrazine Morpholine Component Cooling Water 2 gallons l
1 ga!lon Chilled Water Nalco 39L 5 gallons Nalco 7320 1 gallon > Heating System Hydrazine 1 gallon Auxiliary Boiler Hydrazine 15 gallons Ammonia 8 gallons Circulating Water
- Chlorine 18,201 pounds I G Set ce Water I
Chlorine 25,336 pounds 1 i i i J ! i l' t i-1 1
A pg
\ .
\'
s Table 3.1-1 DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION UNIT NO. 1 CllEMICAL USAGE FOR 1977 b CilEMICAL SYSTEM USE QUANTITY DISCilARGE INTERMEDIATE FINAL Chlorine Circulating Water Biocide 18,201# N/A Unit discharge via cooling tower .! blowdown i Chlorine Service Water Blocide 25,336# Cooling Tower Unit discharge Makeup via cooling tower
. blowdown y Chlorine " Cooling Tower Makeup Biocide None Cooling Tower Unit discharge e
- Makeup via cooling tower T
~
.!. blowdown O
Chlorine Water Treatment Disinfection 2;a39# N/A Water dist. sys. Sulfuric Acid Circulating Water Alkalinity None Reacts with Unit discharge C3ntrol circulating via cooling tower
, vater blowdown Sulfuric Acid Demineralizers Regeneration 4,111 gal. Neutralizing tank Unit discharge for neutralization .
Sulfuric Acid Water Treatment Stabilization None N/A Water dist. sys. Sulfuric Acid Neutralizing Tank Neutrali.tation 35 gal. N/A Unit discharge "Only used when the unit is operating and service uater la being returned t o t he forebay, b All iguantities represent the period of April 1 through December 31, 1977, except where applied to Water Treatment, Sewage Treatment, Demineralization, anti Neutralization which include the entire calendar year. -
. _ _ - . . - . . . - . - - . . . - . ~
e
'. g .
j J. ; s i . TABLE 3.1-1 (Con't.) CHEMICAL SYSTEM USE QUANTITY DISCilARGE INTEIU1EDIATE FINAL Sodium Ilydroxide Demineralizers Regeneration 22,009 gal. Neutralizing Tank Unit discharge for neutralization i Sodium flydroxide Neutralizing Tank Neutralization 23,718 gal. N/A Unit discharge calcium Ilydroxide Water Treatment Clarification and 48,630# Sludge to the Supernatant from Softening Settling Basin. the settling basin to the unit l discharge i
. Sodium Aluminate Water Treatment Clarification and 4,158# Sludge to the . Supernatant from l i' Softening Settling Basin the settling y
basin to the unit 'E $ i discharge .-. - rialco 607 Water Treatment Clarific.ition and 133# Slude to the " i Softenind Settling Basin t Nalco 8184 Water Treatment Clarification and SOf Sludge to the " ! Softening Settling Basin 1 Sodium flydroxide Water Treatment Clarification and 1,040# Slude to the " Softening Settling Basin i Sodium flypochlor- Water Treatment Disinfection 83# Avail N/A Llater distribution ite C12 system 4 Sodium flypochior- Sewage Treatment Disinfection 384# Avail N/A Linit Discharge i ite j Cl2 i l
3' . s t
,+ .
TABLE 3.1-1 (Con' t.) CIID11 CAL SYSTEM USE QUANTITY DISCliARGE l INTERMEDIATE FINAL
!!ydrazine Seccadary Coolant oxygen Scavenging 289 gal. 1 N/A N/A Reactor Coolant Oxygen Scavenging 3 gal. N/A N/A Component Cooling Oxygen Scavenging 2 gal. N/A N/A Auxiliary Boiler Oxygen Scavenging 15 gal. N/A N/A Ileating System Oxygen Scavenging 1 gal. N/A N/A . i
. I Ammonia Secondary Coolant pil Control 104 gal. N/A N/A Auxiliary Boiler pil Control 8 gal. N/A N/A
. Boric Acid Reactor Coolant Neutron Moderator 19,175# N/A N/A
- Lithium Ilydroxide Reactor Coolant pli control 6,942 grams !
N/A N/A w is Lithium E i
* ' I 1 Morpholine Component Cooling pil Control 1 gal. N/A N/A Nalco 39L Turbine Plant Cool- Corrosion Inhibiton 380 gal. N/A N/A i
ing ' N/A N/A Chilled Water Corrosion Inhibitor 5 gal. i i i
}
- t l' . , . .
,s, f
l . i TABLE 3.1-1 (Con't.) CHEMICAL SYSTEM USE QUANTITY DISCilARGE l
- INTERMEDlhTE FINAL
, Nalco 7320 Turbine Plant Cool- Microbiological 27 gal, i N/A N/A ing Control Chilled Water Microbiological 1 gal. N/A N/A '
Control i Nalco 7326 Turbine Plant Microbiological 55 gal. I N/A N/A I ! Cooling Control . a i Sodium Ilydroxide Turbine Plant pil Control 210# N/A N/A
. Cooling ,
f b o m -
. g W w l 0
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l t i i 4-I < 1 s i i i t I jg J VIII SECTION 3.1.1.A.3 CHLORINE Il0NITORING e I i l l b i l-I r I
@ l I
f
i 3.1.1.a.3 Chlorine Monitoring l The chlorine monitoring is reported in section 2.3.1. The limits of
- the NPDES were never exceeded.
1 I I e O I } E S i i O
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- -ammn-- --mma- - --,,-am - -a.me. --n-- as -o s - .s-- a . . - .. -
l f a f 1 i@ I 1 i l l r i i l t J f .I } i
- l
) i j i IX i ECTION 3 1.2.A.3
- LANKTON STUDIES i
s l 1 l
l l l DAVIS-BESSE STATION, UNIT 1 l 3.1.2.a.1 Plankton Studies The data for this study are being compiled and analyzed at the present time. Toledo Edison expects to receive the final report in early j April. The report will be distributed at that time. L 1 3 i i l 1 l l
t 1 I i l9 i l I l l l 1 i
- i 1
l 1 4 i i i i , 1 1 i t i i l l . X 4 i i
; I J !
1 l l S.cTion 3 1.2.A.2 ! l .ENTHIC$TUDIES i ! I ' l l 1, ( - i l l ! I t I h i : i I l l 0
1 I i i iG DAVIS-BESSE STATION. UNIT 1 ' i j 3.1.2.a . 2 Benthic Studies t l The data for this study are being compiled and analyzed at the present i time. Toledo Edison expects to receive the final report in early l April. The report will be distributed at that time. l l I i' j l 'I 4 } i I ! l t
- 4. ,
i i ! b b k l' l I i { h l9 ; l 2 1 [
l t i 1 1 i l J A I e f f XI l@ l SecTion 3.1.2.A.3
- FISHERIES FOPULATION STUDIES 1
I a I ,a i i a i i9 i i 1 1 1 ' .-,.. _, -__._.. ___ ___. .._ _.__ _ ___ __ _,_ _ _ _ l
-l l ., i t i - iO DAVIS-BESSE STATION. UNIT 1 l I I l i 3.1. 2.a . 3 Fisheries Population Studies The data for this study are being compiled and analyzed at the present [ time. Toledo Edison expects to receive the final report in early l l April. The report will be distributed at that time. ! i i i i l t !O } { l 1 - I 4 i I l
4 i i 1 i l t I k i t I i i , i' i l i i 1 l i XII ' S5 CTION 3.1.2.A.ll ICHTHYOPLANKTON 1 I 4 i t i j 4 4 I i i i@
--,-,---w-.n, -,wn. ,, - - - , - , - , , . , , . - - -. . . , , - . .,, , - --- - - , - - . . ..,_,_---,_-,_.-.---_-_.,-,,,,---------------,_,,-,_-..--..--_c-,
f i DAVIS-BESSE STATION, UNIT 1 3.1.2.a.4 Ichthyoplankton The data for this study are being compiled and analy::ed at the present time. Toledo Edison expects to receive the final'recort in early April. The report will be distributed at that time, i
)
I i l l i i
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.a.aa e . asea m.a wa.m.a--%rus.ma_maeh_h . m< s _m.m-.-__maumn g,um m m .
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+
1 l I i i i XIII I t l h SECTIO Frsa EGG AND 1 3.i 1,A 5 AR uNTRAINMENT l t i I I
(V i 3.1.2.a.5 Fish Egg and Larvae Entrainment Procedures Fish egg and larvae (ichthyoplankt" ' entrainment at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Pcuer Station vias computed by at ; plying the ichthyoplankton concentration observed at Station 8 (intake) by the intake flow (flow rate x time). Ichthyoplankten ccncentrations were those determined by the ich-thyoplankton monitoring program, Section 3.1.2.a.4. The ichthyeplankton monitoring program consisted of duplicate surface and bottom samples on 14 dates (approximately 10 days apart) frca April 20 through September 2 with a 0.75-m dian.eter heavy duty oceanographic plankton net (No. 00, 0.760 ma raesh). Resul ts The Davis-Sesse "uclear Power Station was not operated at full load during 19/7 and did not even reach 75% capacity until December 1977. Ho.;ever, to be consistent with the in pinse:r.ent monitoring progra:. . Section 3.1.2.a.6, ichthyoplankton entrainuent losses were estimated from 17 pl t August through 31 December 1977. v Although sa:npling was performed on 12 August,12 L i gust and 2 Sept-ember, no fish eggs or larvac ;ere collected at Station 8 (intake). In fact no larvae or eggs appeared in sauples frca any of tha c+ations on 12 August and 2 September, and only 4 late-stage emarald shiners were found on 22 August. The last samples containing larvae from Station 8 were collected on 27 July and these were emerald shiners. Therefore, no fish larvae or eggs were entrained by the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Sta-tion from 17 August throuch 31 December 1977. Analysis The fact that no ichthyoplankters were untrained between 17 August and 31 December 1977 was t/pical for that time of year. Based on the re-suits of previous years, #chthyoplankters will be entrained fro. mid-April to mid-August (Reutter and Herdendorf, 1977). Walleye and yellow perch will be the first to be cntrained, but will be essentially absent after i 1 June. Gizzard shad will be the next species entrained in significant ! numbers and will remain in sattples until mid-July, with emerald shiners l remaining into August. O i
%,)! '
l 1
l i i I i I l l9 t i f I I LITERATURE CITED i I l
- Reutter, J.M. and C.E. Herdendorf. 1977. Pre-operational i
, aquatic ecology monitoring program for the Davis-Besse ! j tiuclear Power Station, Unit 1. Toledo Edison Company. j Contract ilo. 1780. 205 p. ' i i i , I l 1 i i 1 9 1 I f l i I
i i I 1 I i l , l t 'I i l 1 i l i l .i l XIV , SECTION 3.1.2.A.6 l FISH IMFING6 MENT 1 a 1r 3
1 /'~'
\
I e i t i i 3.1.2.a.6 Fish Impingement- , i , Procedures Although the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station was never operated at full capacity during 1977 and only reached 75% capacity in December, , fish impingement was computed beginning on 17 August 1977. Between 17 i August and 31 December 1977 the traveling screens at the station were operated 62 times. The date, time and duration of each screen operation vere recorded and keypunched, even when the impinged fish were not collec-ted (Table 1). Collections were made by Toledo Edison personnel during 45 of the 62 screen operations by placing a screen having the same mesh , ! size as the traveling screens (h-inch bar mesh) in the sluiceway through I which the backwashed material passed. Fish collected in this manner were placed in plastic bags, labeled with the date and time of screen operation, and frozen. The samples were picked up by personnel of The Ohio State University Center for Lake Erie Area Research (CLEAR) weekly.
.di specimens in all samples were identified (Trautman,1957),enu.nerated, N
g and, with the exception of samples collected on 3 and 7 December, weighed
- . /, and measured. On 3 and 7 December, all fish were identified, enumerated, ,
i and a total weight was obtained for each species. However, it was neces- l sary to subsample several species to obtain individual lengths and weights. In so doing, the accuracy of mean length estimates was the only parameter affected. In addition to the information pertinent to traveling screen operation, the total number and total weight of each species and the length and weight of each individual fish were also keypunched. All these data were stored on magnetic tape at The Ohio State University for use with the Statistical Analysis System: SAS (Barr et al,1976) on an IBM 370 computer. a Since the time and duration of every screen operation was known, it ! was possible to detennine the number of hours represented by each collec-tion. From this a concentration, fish impinged / hour, was developed and ,
- used to estimate impingement on days when samples were not collected.
I Results , A total of 1,936 fish representing 15 species was impinged on the _ traveling screens at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station from 17 August i 1977 through 31 December 1977 (Table 2). Gizzard shad was the dominant species impinged representing 45.2% of the total. Only 5 other species , - N represented more'than 3% of the total: freshwater drum,12.1%; white crappies , s ,j) 11.9%; yellow perch,11.3%; goldfish, 7.0%; and emerald shiners, 6.7%. i m a i
2 TABLE 1 TRAVELIllG SCREEN OPERATI0ft AT THE DAVIS-BESSE liUCLEAR POWER STATION r~s FROM 17 AUGUST TO 31 DECEMBER 1977 I'v) TIME OF SCREEN OPERATION FISH HOURS SINCE COLLECTION LAST SCREEN DATE ON OFF YES/NO OPERATION 17 August 1977 16.16 16.66 Y 16.66 18 19.00 19.50 Y 26.84 19 19.75 20.50 N 25.00 20 " 16.66 17.83 Y 21.33 21 19.00 19.58 Y 25.75 23 ' 16.33 16.90 Y 45.32 30 O.20 2.00 N 153.10 31 21.00 21.66 N 43.66 2 September 1977 21.20 21.70 Y 48.04 4 23.33 23.83 Y 50.13 6 23.50 24.00 Y 48.17 8 " 20.75 22.00 N 46.00 10 6.00 6.58 Y 32.58 13 4.75 5.75 N 71.17 14 16.63 17.25 Y 35.50 15 20.50 22.00 N 28.75 16 15.50 16.00 Y 18.00 20 " 19.00 19.66 Y 99.66 22 20.25 21.33 N 49.67 24 " 1.16 1.66 N 28.33 7~'s 26 17.00 17.53 Y 63.87 (' ) 28 " 17.50 18.00 Y 48.47 30 17.50 18.00 Y 48.00 6 October 1977 17.50 18.50 Y 144.50 8 " 8.50 9.11 Y 38.61 12 17.03 17.53 Y 104.42 14 16.75 19.75 N 50.22 16 17.75 18.25 Y 46.50 18 16.58 17.08 Y 46.83 22 " 21.50 22.00 Y 100.92 26 15.58 16.08 Y 90.08 29 9.25 9.75 Y 65.67 30 16.66 17.25 Y 31.50 1 flovember 1977 17.13 17.66 Y 48.41 3 18.00 18.50 Y 48.84 5 16.40 16.90 Y 46.40 7 19.00 19.50 Y 50.60 11 9.00 9.50 Y 86.00 13 17.00 18.28 N 56.78 17 16.50 17.00 Y 94.72 19 17.00 17.50 Y 48.50 21 16.33 16.83 Y 47.33 23 " 20.50 21.00 Y 52.17 25 21.90 22.40 Y 49.40 26 16.88 17.38 Y 18.98 [^'y 27 " 21.00 21.50 Y 28.12
, ! 29 9.25 9.75 Y 36.25 v
3 TABLE 1 CO.*lTIflUED p TRAVELIllG SCREEN OPERATI0fl AT THE DAVIS-BESSE flVCLEAR PO!1ER STATI0!l 5 FR0ft 17 AUGUST TO 31 DECEMBER 1977 N )' TIME OF SCREEN OPERATIO!! FISH HOURS SI!1CE DATE COLLECTI0t' LAST SCREEN ON OFF YES/NO OPERATI0:1 2 December 1977 16.00 16.75 N 79.00 3 21.46 22.00 Y 29.25 6 16.90 17.40 N 67.40 7 16.25 16.75 Y 23.35 9 18.90 19.40 Y 50.65 11 E1.40 22.10 N 50.70 15 li.58 12.25 N 86.15 , 16 13 33 13.90 N 25.65
. 19 "
19.00 19.50 Y 77.60 21 16.00 17.50 N 46.00 23 " 16.75 17.40 N 47.90 25 " 19.00 19.50 Y 50.10 27 20.40 21.00 Y 49.50 29 16.83 17.33 Y 44.33 31 17.75 18.25 Y 48.92 O
( ) ( l ! ) ( j' TABLE b k' FISH SPECIES IMPIf4GED AT THE DAVIS-BESSE fiUCLEAR POWER STATI0i: 17 August through 31 December 1977 i; UMBER !!1 pit!GED WEIGHT (grams) LENGTH (cm) 95% Confidence 95% Confidence 95% Confidence SPECIES [ph ryal Interval Interval Estimate Lower Upper Mean Lower Upper Mean Lower Upper Bound Bound Bound Bound Bound Bound Alewi fe 5.3 3.0 9.6 11.5 9.6 13.4 96 90 101 Black Crappie 10.9 4.8 24.7 10.2 9.2 11.1 86 81 90 Bluegill Sunfish 15.4 6.4 37.2 5.1 1.5 8.7 56 44 67 Emerald Shiner 129.8 53.9 312.6 1.1 1.0 1.2 58 57 59 Freshwater Drum 234.5 100.2 548.5 4.5 4.3 4.7 79 78 81 Gizzard Shad 875.1 412.9 1854.7 13.2 12.5 13.8 105 103 106 Goldfish 135.1 95.2 191.8 15.9 14.7 17.0 99 97 100
- Logperch Oarter 42.9 17.2 106.9 2.6 2.3 2.9 68 66 70 Orangespotted Sunfish 17.5 6.1 49.8 2.0 0.6 3.4 39 34 44 Rainbow Smelt 5.6 1.9 16.9 11.0 9.1 12.9 114 105 123 Spottail Shiner 2.1 0.5 8.5 6.0 *
- 82 *
- Walleye 4.6 2.2 9.5 3.7 *
- 76 *
- White Bass 6.7 3.2 14.1 5.8 5.4 6.1 83 77 89 White Crappie 231.1 83.0 607.0 39.1 38.7 39.5 125 124 126 Yellow Perch 219.7 115.6 417.5 6.1 5.4 6.9 80 78 82 TOTAL 1936.3 1316.0 2848.7 13.0 12.7 13.3 95 95 96
- Confidence intervals could not be computed when no more than one representative of a given species occurred during any period, h
5
, The 4 15 month period was also divided into 10 approximately equal intervals or periods, and impingement losses were computed for each (mv) (Table 3). Over 93% of the impingement occurred between 22 t'ovember ard 19 December 1977.
Analysis With the exception 0t white crappies all species appeared in pro-portions which were not unusual for the near-shore waters of south-western Lake Erie. White crappies appeared to be much more abundant in impingement collections than in open lake net collections. However, the results of earlier studies which included trawling in the intake canal showed that white crappies were much more prevalent there (23.4% of catch) than in the open lake (Reutter and Herdendorf,1975). Consequently, the white crappies impinged during this study were probably residents of the intake canal, and the fact that many were young-of-the-year (YOY) indicates that this species is probably spawning in the intake canal. Impingement losses at the Davis-Besse fluclear Power Station are ex-tremely light when compared to losses at other power stations on western Lake Eric (Reutter et al,1978). Furthermore, although less than 1 full year of data is available,it appears that this plant if folicwing the trend of others on western Lake Erie in that impingement is primarily a gizzard shad and late autumn phenomenon.
,, Tables 4-6 present sport and co.sercial fish landings from the Ohio
) waters of Lake Erie and ccamercial lands from all of Lake Erie. Although (V the fish impinged at Davis-Besse were primarily YOY (mcan length, 95 mm) and consequently would be much more abundant than the adults taken by ccamercial and sport fishermen, the total number impinged (including gizzard shad which are not taken by sport fishermen) was only 0.04% of the number harvested by sport fishermen. This figure becomes even less significant when one realizes that the sport catch was only 27.6% of the Ohio 1977 commercial catch and only 6.4% of the 1975-1976 mean concercial catch from all of Lake Erie (Tables 4-6). .
A V) I
__-___ _ _ - _ - - . . . . _ - _ - - ._.. - - . . . .. _. . - _ - . _ - - _ - _ _ ~ - . - -_ O O O TABLE 3 A
SUMMARY
OF FISH IMPINGEMENT AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION: 17 August through 31 December 1977. i NUMBER IMPINGED WEIGHT (grams) LENGTH (mm) 95% Confidence 95% Confidence 95% Confidence Period DATES (inclusive) Interval Interval Interval
# Estimate Lower Upper Mean Lower Upper Mean Lower Upper Bound Bound Bound Bound Bound Bound 1 8/17 - 8/30/77 9.2 4.8 17.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 96 95 97 2 8/31 - 9/13/77 3.8 1.5 9.6 7.0 *
- 86 *
- 3 9/14 - 9/26/77 19.4 10.1 37.1 12.5 11.3 13.4 93 90 95 4 9/27 - 10/12/77 3.0 3.0 3.0 7.3 7.3 7.3 78 78 78 5 10/13 - 10/26/77 4.7 1.9 11.5 19.0 16.8 21.2 106 102 109 6 10/27 - 11/7/77 6.0 6.0 6.0 21.3 21.3 21.3 108 108 108 l 7 11/8 - 11/21/77 12.1 8.1 18.0 21.7 14.9 28.4 102 94 110 8 11/22 - 12/6/77 767.7 449.2 1312.0 5.6 5.3 5.9 82 81 83 '
9 12/7 - 12/19/77 1036.0 567.5 1891.0 19.3 18.7 19.9 106 104 107 10 12/20 - 12/31/77 74.4 50.2 110.1 15.2 14.4 16.0 115 113 117 TOTAL 1936.3 1316.0 2848.7 13.0 12.7 13.3 95 95 96 l
- Confidence intervals could not be computed when no more than one representative of a given species occurred during any period.
l w r i, !i: I l j, llt l
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8 i b 1ABl.E 5
- C0!'JiERCIAL FISil I.At
- DI!!GS I RO 1 Tile 0!!IO '..'All RS OF LAKE ERIE: 1974-1977*
\ \ l l l SPl.C Ilj S 1974 1975 1976 1977 i t , Bu f falo 14,528 14,982 , 13,670 15,390 ! i Cullhead 12,253 14,074 19,522 29,056 l Carp 1,234,365 1,2 r,5,293 1,196,290 1,249,408 l Chcnnel Cat. fish 136,200 117,S36 101,212 115,316 l l Irrsic.if.er Drum 307,312 310,500 122,203 261.338 l 1 roldfish 29,510 23,003 .!0,336 250,154 quillteck/Si.ad>
- 23,143 60,382 331,974 274,570 :
Rainbow Suelt 2,270 4,C96 15,J. 30 454 Sucker 39,952 24,516 23,002 11,982
- hite Bass 1,314,330 7CO,400 CC3,546 501,216 Yellow Ferch 797,673 675,552 652,352 1,051,913 1
Total 3,962,512 3,301,'03 3,533,132 3,.904,902 i
- Scholl (1977). Data presented in kilogccms.
I ** This is primrily the quillback carpsucker (Ccrpiodes cyprinus_), but occasionally sc::e fisherizen include gir.zard chad (Cerorga cgi.di_aca). ] i l 4
- e 1
9 i i T/Gl.E 6
*e>
COMMCP.CIAL FISil I.Af:DI!:GS TROM l.AKE ERIE: i 1975 A' 01976* ' I i
!-!EIGHT (Kilogr.ms) gpg.g ._ _... _... ._
1975 1976 MEAft i hi falo 30,000 43,000 37,000 r':211 !.c.a d 69,000 64,000 67,000 firp 1.4 'J 1,000 1,U,4,0LO 1.463,0.10 char.nel Caliish 197,000 ISS. COO 175,C00 i fres:r.tatcc Orma 523,000 611, r n0 5 79,M0 , Cinard S' td 1,000 ' 91, f. < 0 1 51 ,s .0 l .; Coldfish 75,000 61, C 00 /.1,000 i Nillback Carpsucker 60,000 S3,CCO 59,CJO Pair'mw D.el t 7,bS3,000 7, ".5,000 7,157,000 Scher S2,000 43,000 50,000 1:a l l cy c'
- 111,C00 133,G:0 126,000 1hite Eass 1,932,C00 1,162,000 1,547,000 Yel l e'.: Ferch 4,597,000 2,903,000 3,/50,000 Others 927,000 833,000 880,000 TOTAL 17,/22,000 1S,G/4,000 16,G93,000
- Perscnal ccuunication , Cr. David '. al f tet, USF'.!S, Sandusky, Chio.
** I'ot taken cc::aercially in Ohio and Michigan waters.
1 1 l 1 l O 1 4 t 1- - . . - - , . . . . . _ _ _ . - . _ - _ . - . - . . . . _ _ . . . . - - - _ . , _ . _ _ . , , . - - - . . . . .,. ..__.. ,-..,. ,,,__ - . _ , - - .
-( ! 10 l O 1 ! LITERATURE CITED i l ! Barr, J. , J.ll. Goodnight, J.P. Sall and T. IIelwig.1976. A user's guide to SAS 76. SAS Institute, Inc. , Raleigh, N.C. 329 p. Reutter, J.M. and C.E. lierdendorf. 1975. Pre-operational aquatic ecolcgy . monitoring program for the Davis-Besse iluclehr Power Station, Unit 1. i
! Toledo Edison Co. Contract ilo. 1780. 123 p.
Reutter, J.M. , C.E. Herdendorf and G.W. Sturm.1978. Impingement and I entrainment studies at the Bay Shore Power Station, Toledo Edison Company. The Ohio State University CLEAR Tech. Rept. No. 78b. Approx. 1200 p.
< Scholl, R.L. 1977. Status of Ohio's Lake Erie fisheries. Ohio Dept.
.j ilat. Res. Div. of Wildlife. Sandusky, Ohio. 20 p. Scholl, R.L. 1978. Status of Ohio's Lake Erie fisheries. Ohio Dept. l i Nat. Res. Div. of Wildlife. Sandusky, Ohio 17 p. l Trautman, M.B. 1957. The Fishes of Ohio. The Ohio State University . Press, Columbus, Ohio. 683 p. ) P i i i i f t l 1 i O
I r i i \O t i l i i i l 1 1 XV i l l l i SECTION 3.1.2.8.1 i l l I S I0t!S , f r
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i ANNUAL REPORT DAVIS-BESSE BIRD liAZARD MONITORING CONTRACT JANUARY, 1978 William B. Jackson, Manfred Temme, and William A. Peterman Environmental Studies Center SU.4fARY The Unit I structures constitute a mi.nor hazard to small species of I migrating birds. The Cooling Tower, because of its size, is most fre-quently involved, and most intersections occur during conditions of unstable weather. Almost 200 specimens were recovered during 1977. Birds resident in the area usually are not involved, although nesting activi-ties within the tower of some individuals were disrupted when water circul.6 ion tests were initiated. More birds have been killed in the I tO) fall seasons, in part reflective of the larger, post-breeding populations. ( Nocturnal activities of scavengers (especially skunks and raccoons) have reduced somewhat the recovery of bird mortalities. No endangered species have been involved. Limitation of night lighting at the site continues to be the most practical approach for minimizing mortalities. Introduction Bird mortality was monitored at the Davis Besse site for the fifth spring and the sixth fall migration seasons. As in previous reports detailed summaries of bird species recoverea in both seasons are made. Methods employed have been descri'ed in previous semi-annual reports. Ilowever, deviations in collecting procedures, due to the commencement of test' operations, are presented here. Necropsy examinations were continued i-
~s and updated for the entire period of observations.
- v i
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Mortality monitoring pattern during Spring During the spring migratory season daily monitoring for bird mortali-ties on the sito was carried out from April 29 through June 1; one addi-i tional inspection was made on June 5. In April, weekly inspections were i undertaken (April 12, 22, 27) to monitor mortalities of early migrant species. As described in earlier reports, the routine observations were i made at the base of the cooling tower and the area around the new microwave / meteorological stations. The original meteorological tower str 7tures had been removed. During this observation period, the perimeter of the Unit I structures, including their roofs, were under strict security and not regularly accessibic by us. Special arrangements, however, were made with the Chief of Secutiry and his personnel to inspect the most important areas, j . preferably on Sunday mornings when work activity was low and a security O ( escort readily available. Attention also was given to the areas of the fenced switchyard and sections under major guy wires and transmission lines as far as accessible. The daily surveys included the recording of current environmental conditions (temperatures, wind, cloud cover, preci-
, pitation, visibility) and numbers and species of birds found and their locations. All birds were collected, the identification to species con-firmed, and fro:en for later necropsy.
Effect of the cooling tower operation on the collecting activity As experienced previously during the 1976 fall season, the cooling tower base contained water on 27 out of 34 observation days; in some cases
; it was being circulated. This imposed some constraints in collecting bird mortalities.
'} As.far as can be reconstructed, at least 25 birds had fallen into the i y/
i J l I l- .. _ _ , - . _ - - _ _ . . . - - - . . _ - - - - . - _ - - - -- -- --
1 3 f
\ water in the base of the tower. Eleven birds had been seen on May 6, floating in the water but too far away to be retrived with a longhandled o
dip-net. Presumably these birds were moved out of the base by the motion of the water through the out-take c' hannel and were not recovered. Other i birds, which had fallen in the water, drifted after a few days towards l the shallow area at the tower entrance ramp; still others floated near j the walls and were retrieved with the net. The locations of the impact could not be reconstructed, as had been possible in past seasons. It was not always possible to determine exactly when these birds had been killed; those retrieved several days after impact were badly decomposed. With ! the help of a special reference co11cetion, it was at least possible to l identify most of these carcasses to species. 1 This spring season again gave evidence of scavenger pressure on birds lying outside the perimeter of the cooling tower. In three instances dead birds were found either with the head missing or only wings remaining. The presence of standing or sloshing water in the tower basin likely inhibited scavenger movements within the cooling tower base itself but may have increased with peripheral pressure. Previous scavenger experiments (Fall Report, 1975) had indicated possibilities of losses up to 70'. on nights l with few bird mortalities. A further potential loss exists because the i , perimeter of Unit I structures, including the roofs, was visited only three l l times during this study. While the roofs are inaccessible to mammalian scavengers, losses of specimens may result from construction activities or spoilage of specimens. Mortality figures, on the other hand, may have been increased by the l G drowning of birds, which might have survived a slight collision impact with
- j. .
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the cooling tower. These factors have altered the number of dead birds t , collected to an unknown extent. Birds seen on the site in surveys taken during the year are summari ed in Table 7. Sbrtality monitoring pattern during Fall season In the fall bird mortalities were monitored at the cooling tower and the new microwave / meteorological station on a nearly daily basis from September 1 through October 16. Due to security restrictions, the roofs i of the Unit I structures and its perimeters were inspected only once a week, on September 4, 11, 18, 25 and October 2, 9, and 16. The routine , observations were made outside the base of the cooling tower, except for a few days when the basin was completely drained and some birds were picked up inside the tower, i Floating birds, which were within reach, were picked up with a long-i b 5 handled dip-net, liowever, the majority of birds floated, driven by wind i
; or currents, behind the large in-take pipes (Fig. 3), where they were j recovered. Those mortalities reaching the out-take canal were carried away by the current. On October 4, 75 dead birds were recovered when the l. , northwesterly wind pushed 31 birds onto the sloping concrete side of the canal, which prevented their floating away; some undoubtedly floated free and were not' recovered. Dead birds, seen floating in the interior of the tower out of reach, were incorporated into the reported totals.
The Unit I structures in Fall The roofs of the Unit I structures and the ground area around the buildings were inspected only once a week. Losses of birds on the ground from scavengers, presumably foxes or skunks, appeared significant. This x
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A became apparent-through discussions with several security guards, who had seen dead birds which were gone by the date of inspection. Five unrecov-ered mortalities (X) were plotted on the map, as recalled by one security guard. However, the roofs appear not to be visited by avian scavengers, and birds accumulated within the week were recovered. RESULTS Spring season During the 1977 spring migration season 48 dead birds were collected; this is 14 specimens less than in the 1976 spring season (Table 1). As expected, most (40 or 83*s) mortalities, including 11 birds which were seen floating were recorded from the cooling tower; 6 (13*) were collected under transmission lines. Bird mortalities during the last three consecutive spring seasons are summarized in Table 2. Overall spring mortalities followed the general pattern observed in 1 the previous years, although fewer birds were found at the Unit I struc-tures. No first occurrences of new bird species occurred. As in the past spring season, warblers comprised the greatest proportion (31%) of the 1977 spring mortalities. Both finches (10*4), and kinglets (6*6) occurred I less frequently. The kill of vireos again was relatively high (18*.) . Un-identified (unretrieved) birds comprised 23*4 of the total. 4 Fall season i l During the fall season 1977, 151 dead birds were recovered (Table 3). 4 i llowever, more birds were killed. Security guards reported that they had
- occasionally seen dead birds outside around the Unit I structures; but j these birds disappeared, probably due to scavengers. Some were carried in the' outflow and lost. However, of the recovered birds, the majority (v
I
a 6 (s_,/ (87%) was found at the cooling tower (Fig. 3); the rest, at the Unit I 4 structures. No mortalities were seen at the new-microwave / meteorological station or under transmission lines. The findings at the Unit I struc-4 tures during this fall season present an interesting picture. Only three birds were found on roof 4. The rest of the birds (17) were on the ground I in the NW sector of the shield tower (Fig. 4) . In previous fall migration periods greater numbers of birds were taken on the- roofs (1974: 53; 1975: , 15; 1976: 18). As in previous fall seasons, Warblers (65%) were most frequent in ! number of mortalities, followed by Kinglets (11%), and Fringillids (5".) , (Table 4). Nine percent of the dead birds found were in such a decom-posed state that they could not be accurately identified. Worth mention-ing is the relatively small number of Golden-crowned Kinglets found. In
) contrast to fall 1976 when 16 specimens were collected, this year only one was found. In both years Ruby-crowned Kinglets were strongly represented, 26% and 11%, respectively. A summary of avian mortalities, by families, for Fall periods is given in Table 5.
i j One carcass of the Yellow Rail (Cortunicops noveboracensis) was recovered and represents the first record of this species for the Davis-Besse site. While rarely recorded in this area because of its secretive i habits, the species is not regarded as endangered; previous records include
' mortalities at the Put-in-Bay monument (Ca";aell, 1968) .
Necropsy examinations Necropsy of the birds killed at the structures were continued. How-ever, of 48 birds retrieved during Spring 1977, only 26 were in a condition
'g suitable for-examination. During the fall only 103 of 151 birds were
7 > suitable. The results of this examination are included in the updated Tables 6 and 7. Other noteworthy occurrences at the site On September 2, four feral pigeons were seen sitting totally wet and exhausted on the embankment around the cooling tower. Apparently the pigeons had nests and young on inside pillars or crossbeams. When the operation of the cooling tower was resumed with water spray, the birds ) were forced out of the structures, but they tried unsuccessfully to re-enter the tower through the spray. The birds sat right next to the struc-tures and constantly received water spray, while only a few meters away l the area remained dry. Presumably they died from exhaustion shortly thereafter. During the summer months several security guards reported the occur-rence of a pair of Yellow-headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) . 1 These birds regularly were seen feeding on the small lawn in front of the new guard house. The Yellow-headed Blackbird is considered an irregular visitor and breeder in Ohio (Campbell,1968; Trautman and Trautman, 1968).
!!owever, these likely resulted from a specific introduction.
Although sightings of the cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) have become more frequent in recent years in northern Ohio, the observation of several birds, which stayed for a few weeks on one of the meadows close to the cooling tower, is still worth mentioning. The first three birds were seen on August 23, and the number had increased to seven birds o1 September 7. f The cattle egrets stayed in loose company with 50 to 80 Canada Geese (Branta canadensis). The exact date of Icaving was not recorded but must
\ have occurred sometimr at mid-September.
iV
8 , Another unique occurrence is that two or three tame foxes have gra-dually lost their fear of man and come almost every day at dawn to the ! _ guard house to receive food bits from the hands of the guards. This has
; been going on .for over a year; . apparently one female, which had a bad wound in one leg, started it.
Meteorological Conditions Spring 1977. The spring weather pattern over the Ohio area wos distinguished by its lack of major storm systems and accompanying fronts and the presence of slow moving and extensive high pressure systems. The best example of this pattern appeared on May 9th when a high system cen- ] tered north of Sault Ste. Marie began to . influence Ohio's weather. This I system moved almost directly southward, first to southwestern Indiana and s then on the 13th and 14th in to northern Mississip*oi. There was some indication of frontolysis on the 16th, but no development occurred. By 1 the 17th the high was centered off the South Carolina coast, but by the following day it had reestablished westward in Alabama. Thereafter the pattern weakened, but general high pressure continued to hold over the l 1, area until the 25th. Thus for more than two weeks Ohio was influenced by high pressure. Previous work has shown that pressure pctterns as were experienced i
- during the spring are not conducive to high bird mortality. This seems also to be true 'for the 1977 migration season. Only one occasion of i
moderate mortality occurred (10) on May 22nd under conditions of southerly l flow and high pressure.
- Fall 1977. The fall 1977 weather patterns were about evenly divided
% between high and low pressure systems. Since lows tend to be geographically
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s smaller and more short-lived, this indicates that there were more instan-ces of low pressure than would be expected for this time of year. In fact, there were no prolonged periods of high pressure patterns which bring about the situation known as " Indian Summer." Only in early Septem-ber did high pressure dominate. liigh bird mortality occurred on October 4th; moderate mortality, on September 8th and 18th. October 4th was the second day of the only najor high pressure pattern during the period. The flow was northeasterly, and skies over northern Ohio were cicar. September 8th was a day not unlike October 4th except that winds were northeasterly. September 18th was a day in which thunderstorms and squall lines were numerous in northwest Ohio, particularly during the pre-dawn hours. Though the weather patterns were somewhat unusual, bird mortalitie.s
\ ,,) frequently occurred during synoptic conditions that previously had been related to intersections with site structures (Table 3). The spring had few mortalities. The larger number of fall cortalities was associated both with more birds migrating and unstabic weather.
REFERENCES Campbell, L. 1968. Birds of the Toledo Area. The Blade, p. 330. Trautman, M.B. and M.A. Trautman. 1968. Annotated list of the Birds ) of Ohio. Ohio J. Sci. 68:257-332 s
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10 TABLE 1. Species recovered at Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station site during the spring observation season, 1977. SPECIES CT TB W TOTAL Sora 1 1 Rock Dove 1 1 Brown Creeper 1 1 2 Catbird 1 1 Ruby-crowned Kinglet 3 3 l Red-eyed Vireo 4 4 8 Philadelphia Virco 1 1 Tennessee Warbler 2 2 Nashville Warbler 1 1 Parula Warbler 1 1 Yellow Warbler 1 1 Magnolia Harbler 1 1 Black-throated Blue Warbler 1 1 Blackpoll Warbler 1 1 Palm Uarbler 1 1 Ovenbird 1 1 Yellowthroat 3 3 American Redstart 1 1 Indigo Bunting 1 1 Swamp Sparrow 3 3 Song Sparrow 1 1 SUB-TOTAL 29 6 2 37 Birds floaring in the water that could not be identified 11 j TOTAL 40 6 2 48 CT = Cooling Tower T3 = Turbine building W = electrical wires
(3 (-- 8
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\,_/ TABLE 2. Families represented in 2s recovered at Davis-Besse IJuclear Power \j; Station S .c during the spring migratory seasons of 1975, 1976, and 1977 Figures in parentheses represent percent values.
SP'y JG 1975 SPRING 1976 SPRING 1977 FAllILY CT ST MT TOTAL CT ST MT TOTAL CT ST TL TOTAL "inglets (Regulidae) 5(21) 3(18) 1(6) 4(16) 5(12) 5(8) 3(8) 3(6) Warblers (Parulidae) 7(29) 11(69) 2(12) 20(35) 26(60) 5(63) 3(27) 34 (55) 15(38) 15(31) Finches (Pringillidae) 4(17) 0 5(29) 9(16) 2 (5) 1(13) 4 (25) 7(11) 4(10) 1(50) 5(10) Mimids (Mimidae) 0 0 0 0 2(5) 2(18) 4 (6) 1(17) 1(2) Other 7(29) 2(13) 9(53) 18(31) 7(18) 5(33) 1(50) 13(27) Grebes (Podicipedidae) 2 2 Ilerons (Aredeidae) 1 1 Rails (Rallidae) 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 Gulls (Laridae) Pigeons (Columbidae) 1 1 2 2 1 1 tluthatches (Sittidae) 1 1 Woodpeckers (Picidae) 1 1 Flycatchers (Tyrannidae) Jays (Corvidae) Wrens (Troglodytidae) 1 1 Thrushes (Turdidae) 1 3 4 2 Starlings (Sturnidae) 3 3 Vireos (Virconidae) 2 1 1 4 1 1 2 5 4 9 Weaver Finches (Ploceidae) 1 1 Icterids (Icteridae) 1 1 2 Unidenti fied Itirds 1(4) 0 0 1(2) 11(28) 11(23) P)TAa. BIRDS 24 (42) 16(28) 17(30) 57 43(69) U(13) 11(18) 62(100) 40(83) 6(13) 2 (4 ) 48(100) U CT = Cooling Tower ST = Unit I Structures MT = Old Meteorological Tower TL u Transmission Lines
12 O TABLE 3. Species recovered at Davis-Besse Nucler Power Station site during the fall migratory season, 1977. SPECIES CT ST I TOTALS Yellow Rail 1 1 Rock Dove 1 1 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker 1 1 2 Yellow-bellied Flycatc?er 1 1 Red-breasted Nuthatch 2 2 Brown Creeper 1 1 Long-billed !brsh Wren 2 2 Catbird 1 1 Golden-crowned Kinglet 1 1 Ruby-crowned Kinglet 16 16 Red-eyed Vireo 1 1 2 Philadelphia Vireo 2 2 Tennessee Warbler 5 1 6 Nashville Warbler 8 8 Parula Warbler 1 1
!!agnolia Warbler 17 3 20 Black-throated Blue Warbler 3 3 Yellow-rumped Warbler 2 2 Black-throated Green Warbler 14 14
( )h Bay-breasted Warbler Blackpoll 3 3 5 8 3 Palm Warbler 1 1 Ovenbird 3 3 Connecticut Warbler 2 2 Yellowthroat 21 2 23 American Redstart 2 2 4 Indigo Bunting 1 1 Swc.mp Sparrow 7 7 Unidentified Birds 3 5 13 l TOTALS 131 20 151 Hoary Bat 1 1 Little Brown Bat 1 1 Big Brown Bat 1 1 CT = Cooling Tower ST I = Unit I Structures t v) i
. . ~ . _ _ . _ . _ . . _ . _ , _ _ . _ . . _ . . . _ . _ . _ . _ . .__ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ . _ _ . _ . _ ___- _ _ _._ _ _ _ _ . . . _ _ _ . _ . . _ . _ . . _. _ .. ,_.._ .__ _
i l TABLE 4. Families recovered at Davis-Besse site during the fall seasons 1976 and 1977 Figures in parentheses represent percent values. i a r i FALL 1976 FALL 1977 ] FAMILY CT ST MT TOTAL CT ST TOTAL j Kinglets 50(27) 2(9) 1(50) 53(26) 17(13)- 17(11) i , Warblers 106(59) 13(59) 119(57) 85(65) 13(65) 98(65) Fringillids 6 (3) 6(3) 8 (6) 8(5) l Othe'rs 19(10) 7(32) 1(50) 27(13) 13(10) 2(10) 15(10) i Rails (Rallidae) 1 1 Pigeons (Columbidae) 1 1 2 1 1 Woodpeckers (Picidae) 1 1 1 1 2 ! Flycatchers (Tyrannidae) 2 1 3 1 1 Nuthatch (Sittidae) 2 2 j Creepers (Certhiidae) 1 1 1 1 l Wrens (Troglodytidae) 7' 7 2 2 j Mimids (Mimidae) , 1 1 l Thrushes (Turdidae) 2 2 Vircos (Virconidae) 6 4 10 3 1 4 Icterids 1 1 Unidentified 2(1) 2(1) 8(6) 5(25) 13(9) i TOTALS 183(88) 22(11) 2(1) 207(100) 131(87) 20(13) 151(100)' l ( 5 C CT = Cooling Tower St = Unit I Structures- MT = old meteorological tower
14 1 TABLE 5. Avian nortalities recovered at the Davis-Besse site during the last five migratory seasons (Fall 1972-Fall 1977) summarized by family. SPRING FALL FAMILY NO. PERCENT OF NO. PERCENT OF TOTAL TOTAL Kinglets (Regulidae) 17 4.5 235 24.1 Warblers (Parulidae) 204 53.7 548 56.2 Finches (Fringillidae) 45 11.8 33 3.3 Mimids (Mimidae) 17 4.5 2 0.2 Other 83 21.8 114 11.7 Unidentified 14 3.7 44 4.5 TOTALS 380 975 i l i l l l f
k TABLE 6. Summary of necropsy examinations of Davis-Besso site avian mortalities, Fall 1972 - Fall 1977. FAMILY IIEMA'IUMA ON IIEAD llEMA'IOMA CRUS!!ED FRACTURES BILL !!ECK NO NO. BIRDS i LIGitT llEAVY Otl BREAST SKULL TIBIO- TARSO- WIllG INJURY BROKEN SIGNS EXAMINED TARSUS METATARSUS Ardeidae 1 1 Rallidae 7 1 1 1 2 2 1 8 Laridae 1 1 1 Colunbidae 3 3 1 1 6 Picidae 4 1 1 1 5 , Tyrannidae 7 1 1 1 2 11 Corvidae 1 1 Sittidae 3 1 3 Certhiidae 1 4 1 5 Troglodytidae 3 5 1 1 9 Mimidae 6 2 1 1 1 9 Turdidae 8 5 1 1 1 14 Regulidae 111 79 2 11 11 46 1 13 203 Sturnidae 1 1 1 Vireonidae 26 30 4 5 3 1 3 4 60 Parulidae 334 130 23 34 2 25 101 6 16 480 I Icteridae 4 1 1 2 1 8 Thraupidae 1 1 Fringillidae 31 14 1 5 2 6 1 1 46 Ploccidae 1 1 2 TOTALS 551 274 7 31 61 2 48 162 15 38 874 l
+
A single bird may be cited in one or more columns. I G
s tasEA 7e Darde eteerved at teste-setse Sitee 4pett-Septembero 1977 g om p
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ergCM pled-stined Creme Apr,il 4 Ayr t! 30 3 may 3 sh,ny e 2 Twee
,e 2
Ju,l,y Aequal 19 Septeedner 13 5
\ Great hiee messa 16 34 SS So IS 34 24 34 Green peren 2 3 3 2 1 3 Cattle Ed ret 2 ?
Ceeman tiret 8 S S 10 IS 20 7 5 i elset-esownea utght aeron 30 65 20 35 40 00 le 3 Amerseen sattera 1 teast enttere 3 Canada Caose 30 300 SO 80 2 65 00 120 Saov Caese 2 me11ase 90 45 45 *25 40 Se e & Black Dues 38 2 Gadwell 6 O Plata11 2 Bloe-wtaged Test le 120 8 S 11 3S de 23 Amerteen Widgees 390 50 Shoveler $$ 20 3 thzod Duca 3 13 1S 9 27 Rang-meeked paca 100 20 Conweebeck 50 Geester scamp 45 tesser seaup 150 bef flowed 25 sesdy Duck SO Cosema merganaer 75 9 maraa sawa 1 see-tatted nawa 1 3 sterrow nawa 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cheese Ga11tnule 3 2 2 3 2 6 1$ Amerlean Coot 700 250 to 12 2 8 50 Seelpatnated Plever 3 11114ees 3 4 6 6 4 15 9 6 Ruddy Turastone 73 Aseerlean uaedacet I spotted Sandpiper 2 2 Lesser Te11ewlege 3 1 1 Dun 11a 4S Dewitcher 1 senspalmated Sandpaper 15 Imaet Sandpaper 2 Notting Gull SS 29 40 45 22 60 27 le Rips-billed Galt 6 3 23 4 3 $$ 4 2 N-- Tera 2 8 14 2 Blaet Tesa 3 4 - skeerains powe 2 3 2 4 1 3 .3 $ Teltow-balled Cucaan 2 1 Great horned ow1 1 1 1 3 2 Odene y se6 f t 2 Casplan Tera 2 0 3 Ruby-threateJ duratageard 1 l Seited Eaa1ftener 1 2 2 1
/ Common r1&rkes 3 1 4 V Red-headed woodpecker 1 1 1 2 I satsy woodpe-mes 1 Downy waadye:aer 3 3 2 3 1 2 tasters raagbare 4 2 2 1 creat Crested rarcatcher 1 Eastera twoo. 1 1 Eastern wood powee 1 1 1 Tree sws!!ew IS 50 to 50 30 35 3 6 Base Swe11sw 2 9 Puryte marthe 3 4 15 3 3 Blue Jay 40 11 htted fitmouse 2 1 Ssown Creeper S ?
nouse wrea 2 4 2 4 3 7 1 Care!!aa heen 2 tent-billed Mason uraa 3 4 Catba rd 3 3 4 3 2 4 Ssown Thrasher 1 1 ambla 1 1 2 3 3 1 1 serait neuen 2 Svalaeon's Themen 1 S ry 1 2 Vee.y*ersemed Sw Kanglet 3 1 Cedar ussotag 3 Startlag 130 as SO 20 40 30 Soo White-eyed Vireo 1 Teltow-threated varee 1 Philadelpnaa visse 1 Prothonotary marbler 2 1 Tellow warater 30 SO 20 2S i Te11ew r%+4 wartier 6 1 l magnolie hargner 3 4l 2 Blac.k-thre.ated
,- r.a. d .. 1e, 81w wartier 30
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Blackpe11 warbles 6 mese Eparrow 3 S Te11ewthreat 1 2 Teltow-breasted Chat 1 Amer &eam pedetart 2 God-winged Stackmard e a a a 200 50 18 200 Settimore Othete 3 Cesene Geseale 14 40 80 30 3 6 3
- Asown-headed Cowbard 3 13 4 5 2 6 -
Car 4 Last 2 3 3 S 2 3 4 3 Radtge senting 1 3 1 1 i American Gs14f anem heroes-steed fewhee State-celeted Jwico 1 2 6 3 2 3
\ Chipptag Sparrow 1 Field Sparrow 3 Poa sperrow 17 2 White-throated Sparsaw 22 SM Sparsew 4 eseg starrow 31 4 9 $ 2 w . . - - - - - - --. ,.e n ,- -,,_m.m -- .-
i 1 . 17 C TABLE 8. Bird mortality as a function of synoptic weather conditions. i 1
!= ,
Season Synoptic Frequency Mortality Total No. Category
- Incidence Mortalities I
i Spring 1977 H-1 7 2 2 H-2 11 3 3 4
- H-3 19 7 21 i.
1 L-1 2 0 0 L-2 6 2 4 li L-3 3 1 1 { L-4 2 0 0 i i e ] Fall 1977 H-1 9 2 80 l H-2 7 2 13 H-3 5 1 6 L-1 4 2 3 L-2 11 4 20
- L-3 3 2 5 i L-4 7 4 20 I
i
*High Pressure: H leading edge of a high pressure system over Western
- Lake Erie (northerly flow) 4'
- H high pressure center over western Lake Erie (calm j or variabic flow)
I j H trailing edge of a high pressure system over wes- ,; tern Lake Erie (southerly flow) l ! Low Pressure: L low pressure center near or over western Lake Erie l L warm sector with a cold front immediately to the j west or northwest of Lake Erie L warm front over or immediately to the south of Lake Erie
- L post frontal conditions with a low to the cast or i northeast of western Lake Erie 1
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TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY MONITORING i FOR TIIE DAVIS-3 ESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION, UNIT I s ANNUAL REPORT, JANUARY 1978 ! l l t l ! I i l I i , .i f Prepared for l Toledo Edison Company j Toledo, Ohio I I ) by Environmental Studies Center Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, Ohio 43403
( i TABLE OF CONTENTS r Page f i Preface............................................................ List of Tab 1es..................................................... iii List of Figures.................................................... V A. Plant Communities.............................................. A- 1 Davis-Besse Site............................................... A- 1 Cooling Tower Woods............................................ A- 1
- Hackberry II and Hackberry Box-Elder Communities............... A- 2 General Trends................................................. A- 2 Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge................................ A- 3 Phase I................................................... A- 4
, Phase II.................................................. A- 4 Phase I11................................................. A- 4 Phase IV.................................................. A- 4 Literature Cited............................................... A- 6 B. Soil Environments.............................................. B- 1 I ) ~ Soil Temperatures.............................................. B- 1 Beach Area................................................ B2 Cooling Tower Woods....................................... B3 Ottawa' Wildlife Refuge.................................... B4 Soil Moisture.................................................. B6 Soil Chemical Analysis.................................. ...... B- 9 Summary................................................. ...... B-12 C. Terrestrial Animals............................................ C- 1 Amphibians and Reptiles........................................ C- 1 Winter Birds - Davis-Besse..................................... C- 2 Spring and Summer Birds - Davis-Besse and Ottawa............... C- 2 Bird Species Diversity......................................... C- 3 2 Small Mammals - Spring......................................... C- 4 Med iu.n- s i z ed Mamma l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C- 5 Conclusions.................................................... C- 7 References..................................................... C- 7 , D. Atmospheric Environment........................................ D- 1 Introduction................................................... D- 1 Instruments and Measurements................................... D- 2 Presentation of Data........................................... D- 3 I nterpre tat ion o f Dat a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D- 4
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N Environrnental Studies Center Bowling Green State University Bowling creen. ohio 43403 (419)372-0207 ANNUAL REPORT TERRESTRIAL MONITORING PROGRAM JANUARY 1978 Preface During this pre-operational period, which ended late in 1977, data have been gathered to describe significant parameters of the Terrestrial ecosystem. A reference area was fully established at the Ottawa Wildlife Refuge where comparabic animal, plant, soil, and meteorological studies were conducted. The interactions among soil moisture, soil type, and plants were
,e ~y' complex. The best index to these factors was seedling production.
/ In years with optimum moisture balance, survival was good. When moisture was limited or excessive, reproductive success was poor. During this past year the moisture availability approached optimum, and seedling survival thus was very high. With the operation of the Cooling Tower, some stabilization of the moisture balance, and increased community stability, might be expected.
The small mammal populations fluctuated seasonally but not in synchrony at the Davis-Besse and Ottawa sites. Over-winter survival will determine the initial breeding population in 1978. Larger mam-mais as well as bird and herptile populations were inventoried. Meteorological data from the sites in the various plant communities have been accumulated and summarized and are available for further com-
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I i [ parisons. Trends for the year have been summarized. The environmental data obtained in the last two years from the i , 0+tawa National Refuge reference area are similar to those at the , Davis-Besse site. While differences do exist between the sites, the ? ! similarities are sufficient so that comparisons between an area influ-i enced by cooling tower operations and one outside the zone of influence , can be made. The data obtained during this extended pre-operational phase pro-vide a good measure of the normal environmental variations that occur. Without such in-depth baselines, adequate interpretation of any post-operation changes would be difficult. l I William B. Jackson , Director and Professor of Biology j Editor i i i i i i i il r
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(,,) LIST OF TABLES No,. Caption Page l. A-1 Phytosociological data for Cooling Tower Woods derived A-7 from fall and spring (1/2 x 2 M) quadrat studies, 1974-1976, and fall 1977. A-2 Phytosociological data for Cooling Tower Woods derived A-7 from fall and spring (1/2 x 2 M) quadrat studies, 1974-1976, and fall 1977. A-3 Phytosociological data for Hackberry II (N=22) derived A-8 from fall and spring (1/2 x 2 M) quadrat studies,1974-1976, and fall 1977. f A-4 Phytosociological data for Hackberry Box-Elder community A-8 (N=38) derived from fall and spring (1/2 x 2 M) quadrat studies, 1974-1976, and fall 1977. A-5 Phytosociological data for Kentucky Coffee Tree com- A-9 munity (N=6) derived from fall and spring (1/2 x 2 M) quadrat studies, 1974-1976, and fall 1977. A-6 Phytosociological data .for Hackberry I (N=7) community A-9 l'~'N derived from fall and spring (1/2 x 2 M) quadrat studies, i 1974-1976, and fall 1977. A-7 Tree data for Ottawa Na'. ional Wildlife Refuge sampling A-10 area. Ottawa Vegetation 10 M x 10 M, 1977. A-8 Sapling and shrub data for Ottawa National Wildlife A-11 Refuge sampling area. Ottawa Vegetation 4 M x 4 M, 1977. A-9 Seedling data for Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge Samp- A-12 ling area. Ottawa Vegetation 1/2 M x 1/2 M, 1977. i B-1 Summary of weekly average soil and air temperatures (*F) B-14 Beach, Cooling Tower Woods, and Ottawa sites, weeks of January 1 through December 24, 1977. B-2 Weekly soil moisture variations, precipitation and actual B-15 evaporation, weeks of June 4 to December 24, 1977. B-3 Soil chemical analyses, summer and fall, 1977, Beach, B-16 tower woods, and Ottawa sites. B-4 Precipitation and actual evaporation levels, growing B-17 seasons, 1974-1977, Cooling Tower Woods and Beach sites. G' lii
) LIST OF TABLES CONTINUED I
No. Caption Page i r C-1 Observation of amphibians and reptiles at the Davis-Besse C-8 i site and the Ottawa Reference site, June through November
- 1977.
C-2 Winter bird populations at the Davis-Besse study-area C-9 . circuit, 1977. 1 C-3 Breeding bird census - Davis-Besse. C-10 C-4 Breeding bird counts, Ottawa Refuge, Control site. C-11 C-5 Summary of bird cenuses at Davis-Besse. C-12 l f C-6 Nhite-footed mouse captures at the Peninsula study site, C-13 l Davis-Besse, Spring, 1977. l C-7 White-footed mouse captures at the Ottawa Study site, C-14 j spring 1977. 1 C-8 Nhite-footed mouse captures, Fall 1977, Davis-Besse. C-15 C-9 White-footed mouse captures, Ottawa,1977. C-16 I C-10 Results of medium live-trapping at Ottawa, Spring 1977. C-17 i i C-11 Medium-si ed mammal trapping, fall 1977. C-18 C-12 Miscellaneous mammal observations, Fall 1977. C-19 l i 3 e 1 v iv
g ) LIST OF FIGURES No. Caption Page i A-1 Weekly soil mcisture levels in Toledo and Fulton soils A-13 of the Cooling Tower Woods at the 10, 20, and 50 cm depths between the period of June 4, 1977 and November 21, 1977. Values are in percent saturation. A-2 Weekly soil moisture levels in Toledo and Fulton soils A-14 of Hackberry II and Hackberry Box-Elder Communities at the 10, 20, and 50 cm depths between the period of June 4, 1977 and November 21, 1977. Values are in percent saturation. A-3 Weekly soil moisture levels in Toledo and Fulton soils A-15 of Ottawa Woods at the 10, 20, and 50 cm depths between the period of June 4, 1977 to November 21, 1977. Values are in percent saturation. i A-4 Comparison of fall importance values for woody species A-16 observed in the 1/2 x 2 M quadrats. A-5 Comparison of fall importance values for woedy species A-17
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(~% G TABLE A-5. Phytosociological data for Kentucky Cof fee Tree Community (N=6) derived from fall and spring (1/2 x 2 m) quadrat studies, 1974-76, and fall 1977. i4 UMBERS OF liOlVIDUALS IMPORTA!4CE VALUES b SPECIES Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Fall Spring Fall Spring 74 75 75 76 76 Fall Fall ! 77 74 75 75 76 76 77 Prunus virginiana 2 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 1 1 4 l1.75 4.77 17.82 25.90 3 6 9 9 3 i Rhus radicans 12 40.93 32.26 45.77 29.11 47.52 2 3 3 3 Staphylea trifolia 1 1 10.01 8.76 14.35 18.63 13.78 13.67 6 3 4 20.16 Celtis occidentalis 11.91 33.73 1 3 2 5 7.23 8.14 2 Rubus occidentails i 2 2 32.04 25.16 Populus deltoldos 3 9.87 15.21 34.10 13.67 2 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 8.93 i a 6.01 l 13.71 Ribes americanum i Gymnociadus dioica 11.43 ! I TOTALS 18 24 9.70 ! 8 17 8 23 TABLE A-6. Phytosociological data for Hackberry I (t4=7) Corrsnunity derived from fall and spring (1/2 x 2 m) quadrat studies, 1974-76, and fall 1977. 14 UMBERS OF INDIVIDUALS IMPORTAt4CE VALUES SPECIES Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall 74 75 75 76 76 7T Fall i 74 75 75 76 76 77 Prunus virginiana il 13 24 14 26 24.97 41.63 40.10 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 5 2 2 9 10 24.87 38.50 - l Rhus radicans 2 15 16.92 61.18 12.40 22.30 29.51 27.50 Vitis sp. 4 1 7.61 1 6 2 9 18.02 8.24 Stapt,ylco trifolla 10 12 9.91 9.32 4.13 10 8 I 3 19.41 Celtis occidentalis 2 31.33 5.61 15.78 5.16 9.25 2 4 7 4.60 Cornus drunsnondi 1 13.42 6.38 17.11 12.38 ll 10 2 6 16.08 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 33.05 5.52 14.03 4.13 i 29.91 Gleditsia triacanthus I i TOTALS 43 5.61 4.13
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Ash (Fraxinus sp.) 20.42 88.23 21.44 7.25 26.87 92.23 Shagbark Hickory (carya ovata) 12.94 10.50 41.18 10.01 2.66 9.87 82.78 l1.62 Basswood (rif fa americana) 8.47 24.75 6.02 2.84 10.50 63.34 8.89 Hawthorn (crataegus sp.) 7.92 9.90 2.41 2.99 11.06 73.34 10.29 Hed Oak (puercus borealis) 7.63 56.79 13.80 0.75 2.78 45.00 6.32 Whi te Oak (Quercus alba) 7.43 75.52 18.35 0.27 0.97 21.12 2.97 Dogwood (cornus amomum) 5.62 0.58 0.14 2.58 9.54 51.20 7.17 Roughtcal delwood (cornus drunnnoni) 4.92 0.70 0.17 2.21 8.18 45.56 6.40 Swamp Whito Oak (puercus bicolor) 4.81 49.08 II.93 0.15 2 56. 13.89 1.95 Bl t ternut lilckory (carya cordiformis) 3.35 5.00 1.22 0.75 2.76 43.34 6.08 Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum) 3.10 4.42 1.08 1.02 3.77 31.67 Slippery Elm (ulmus rubra) 4.45 2.92 4.43 1.08 0.69 2.54 36.67 5.15 Durr Oak (puercus sacrocarpa) 2.79 30.59 7.44 0.06 0.21 5.00 0.71 Pin Oak (puercus palustris) 1.66 17.10 4.16 0.05 0.19 4.45 0.63 tronwood (carpinus caroliniana) 1.31 1.62 0.40 0.49 f.80 12.23 1.72 Blackha., (viburnum pr unifolium) 1.05 0.17 0.04 0.38 1.38 12.25 1.72 Hannyber ry (viburnum lentago) 0.99 0.06 0.02 0.30 1.10 13.34 1.87 Hazelnut (corylus americaru) 0.94 0.01 0.01 0.40 1.47 9.45 1.33 Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) 0.74 0.03 0.01 0.35 1.28 6.67 0.94 Red Mapto (Acer rubrum) 0.59 0.03 0.01 0.12 0.42 Choke Cherry (prunus virginiana) 9.45 1.33' 0.59 0.02 0.01- 0.23 0.83 6.67 0.94 Butternut (Juglans cinerea) 0.56 0.76 0.19 0.09 0.33 8.34 l.17 lbphornbeam (ostrya virginfana) 0.49 0.38 0.10 0.12 0.42 6.67 0.94 Silky tbgwed (cornus obliqua) 0.40 ---- - 0.10 0.35 6.12 0.66 (Rosa sp.) 0.39 ---- ---- 0.13 0.46 5.00 0.71 Kentucky Coffee Tr.:e (Gymnocladus dioca) 0.14 0.27 0.07 0.05 0.19 1.12 0.16 Common Elder (Sambucus canadensis) 0.14 - - 0.03 0 ll 2.23 0.32 Prickly Ash (Xanthoxylum americanum) 0.14 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.09 1.12 0.16 Wahoo (euonymus atropurpureus) 0.07 0.02 0.05 Box Elder (Acer negurufo) 1.12 0.16 0.07 0.02 0.05 1.12 0.16 Hackberry (cultis occidentalis) 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.56 0.08 l Y G
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Ottawa Vegetation 4M x 4 M, 1977. Species imp. Value Density Rel. Density Frequency Rel. Frequency P sn (Fraxinus sp.) 20.56 1.89 21.50 60.56 19.61 dough teaf Dogwood (Cornus drummoni) 15.81 1.68 19.03 38.89 12.59 Basswood (Tilia americana) 7.94 0.59 6.70 28.33 9.18 Wild Black Currant (Ribes americanum) 7.49 0.69 7.78 22.22 7.20 Dogwood (cornus amomum) 7.35 0.71 8.03 20.56 6.66 Silky Dogwood (cornus obliqua) 6.22 0.64 7.21 16.ll 5.22 Si lver bbple (Acer saccharinum) 6.02 0.48 5.38 20.55 6.66
; . Rosa sp. 3.34 0.28 - 3.10 11.11 3.60 Grupo (vitus sp.) 2.94 0.20 2.28 II.ll 3.60 Hazelnut (Corylus americana) 2.82 0.29 3.29 7.22 2.34 Hawthorn (crataegus sp.) 2.26 0.13 1.46 9.45 3.06 Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium) 2.15 .0.19 2.15 6.67 2.16 i
Slippery Elm (ulmus rubra) 1.77 0.09 1.02 7.78 2.52 Red Maple (Acer rubrum) 1.56 0.09 0.95 6.67 2.16 Red Oak (puercus borealis) 1.66 0.15 1.71 8.89 1.60 Hanayberry (viburnum lentago) 1.38 0.15 1.65 6.11 1.10 Urambles (Rubus sp.) 1.11 0.10 1.14 3.33 1.08 Choke Cherry (Prunus virginiana) 1.09 0.13 1.46 2.22 0.72 Prickly Ash (xa' nthoxylum americanum) 1.05 0.09 1.02 3.33 1.08 Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) 1.05 0.09 1.02 3.33 1.08 Shagbark Hickory (carga ovata) 0.98 0.05 0.51 4.46 1.44 ' Bi tternut Hickory (carya cordiformis) 0.80 0.05 0.51 3.33 1.08 Hophornbeam (ostrya virginiana) 0.31 0.03 26 1.ll 0.36 Cot tonwood (Popuius deltoides) 0.31 0.03 0.26 1.ll 0.36 i White Oak (Quercus alba) 0.3 0.03 0.26 1.11 0.36 Ironwood (carpinus caroliniana) 0.26 0.02 0.19 1.li 0.36 r Swamp White Oak (puercus bicolor) 0.25 0.02 0.13 1.ll 0.36 Butternut (Juglans cinerea) 0.13 0.01 0.07 0.56 0.18 Box elder (Acer negundo) 0.13 0.01 0.07 0.56 0.18 Y l
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4 ANNUAL REPORT DAVIS-BESSE TERRESTRIAL MONITORING CONTRACT - JANUARY 1978 B. Soil Environments Arthur Limbird Department of Geography The monitoring of the soil environments follows the procedures. des-
- cribed in earlier semi-annual reports. Soil temperatures have been monitored on a continuous basis at one site in the Cooling Tower Woods, one site at the beach, and one site at Ottawa Wildlife Refuge. Soil temperatures have been monitored on a weekly basis from June through December at the other Cooling Tower Woods site, the other two beach sites, and the other Ottawa site. Soil moisture has been monitored on a weekly l basis from June through December at all seven monitoring sites. Soil m
samples were collected and analyzed in the summer and in the fall to con- [O tinue the monitoring of seasonal changes in soil chemistry, i Soil Temperatures Weekly averages ot~ soil and air temperatures have been used, as in previous reports, to summari:e daily temperature changes and to discuss the seasonal changes which have occurred at the monitoring sites. The changes at the 10, 20, and 50 cm depths are assessed for each of the monitoring sites. The sumac community on the beach and the Fulton soil , areas in the Cooling Tower Woods and at Ottawa have continuous soil tem-perature records for the weeks of January 1, 1977 to December 24, 1977, which represents a continuation of the data presented in the previous re-port. Soil temperatures fluctuated in response to air temperature changes,
B-2 t \ j although the soil buffered the heating and cooling variations which occur-red in the air (Table B-1) . Ranges in weekly soil temperatures generally decreased with depth with greatest ranges in the spring period (Figures B-1, B-2, and B-3) . The greatest spring peak occurred in the beach site, while the temperature ranges were most uniform at the Ottawa site. Beach area. Soil temperatures at the 10 cm depth in the sumac com-munity of the beach area warmed relatively slowly from winter through spring of 1977 compared to the Cooling Tower Woods and Ottawa sites. The soil also warmed more slowly at the 10 cm depth than in 1976 until mid-May. Ilowever, starting in June, temperatures surpassed those of the previous year and remained relatively stable through the summer period at levels higher than in 1976. In addition, soil temperatures at 10 cm cooled more slowly than in 1976, because air temperatures were generally higher in ( ) 1977 than in the previous year. The soil did not freeze at the 10 cm Q,/ depth until the week of December 3 in 1977, compared to the week of Novem-ber 5 in 1976. The ranges in temperatures at the 10 cm depth were compara-ble to 1976, somewhat lower but not significantly so. The average soil temperature at the 20 cm depth in the beach area warmed more slowly than at the 10 cm depth during the early spring period of 1977. By late May the 20 cm depth had warmed as much as and remained as warm or warmer than the 10 cm depth until late November when the 20 cm depth cooled more rapidly than the shallower depth. The 20 cm depth was in general warmer in 1977 than in 1976 during the summer and fall. The response was to relatively warmer air temperatures in late fall 1977 than in 1976. Freezing occurred in 1977 during the week of November 26, compared to the week of November 5 in 1976. The range of temperatures at k I v
B-3 O the 20 cm depth was somewhat higher than in 1975 and nearly the same as in 1976, especially during the late summer and fall period. l The average soil temperatures at the 50 cm depth responded less to air temperature changes than at lesser depths, especially in the fall when 50 cm temperatures exceeded air temperatures. Temperatures at 50 cm did not warm as quickly in spring and early summer as in 1976; but once warmed, values exceeded 1976 during the rest of summer (after June 25) and the fall period. The soil had not frozen at 50 cm by the end of the data per- + iod. The range of weekly soil temperatures at 50 cm showed a slight peak in early spring. Most noticeable, however, was the greater weekly range throughout the year compared to the 50 cm depth in the Cooling Tower Woods. Cooling Tower Woods. The average air temperatures in the Tower Woods overall were similar to the beach site. However, in any given week values N were as much as 9 F* cooler in the Tower Woods and were generally lower i during spring and summer and higher during the fall. The difference in part relates closely to the more moist spring conditions in the tower woods compared to the beach area. The average soil temperatures at 10 cm respon-ded to changes in air temperatures, generally warming slower than in 1976, but reaching higher temperatures than in 1976. The delay in warming in 1977 may be the result of more moist summer conditions in 1977 than in 1976. . Temperatures at 10 cm in the Cooling Tower Woods were about the same as at the same depth at the beach site from late spring to early fall. Begin-ning in mid-October the tower woods soil cooled more rapidly despite warmer air temperatures than at the beach. The faster cooling corresponds with higher actual evaporation rates. The weekly ranges in soil tempera-tures in the Cooling Tower Woods at 10 cm were similar to the beach area 'O U l l
B-4 m
,, at the same depth, except for smaller ranges in the spring and a delayed peak in ranges in the tower woods. The tower woods had much smaller ranges in air temperatures than the beach area. The soil froze at the 10 cm depth in the tower woods one week sooner than at the beach, but three weeks later than in 1976.
The average soil temperatures at the 20 cm depth in the Cooling Tower Woods fluctuated somewhat less than at 10 cm. As in 1976, fall cooling was delayed at 20 cm. The 20 cm depth warmed slower than the 10 cm depth in the spring and cooled more slowly in the fall until both depths fro:e in late November. The range of temperatures at the 20 cm depth was about the same as in 1976. The weekly ranges were somewhat less than at the beach site, especially during the spring period. The soil temperatures at the 50 cm depth in the tower woods continued to show the effects of the cooler fall temperatures experienced in 1976 (see January 1977 Report) with low temperatures recorded until early April. In fact, the Cooling Tower Woods soil remained frozen at the 50 cm depth 1 three weeks longer than in the beach site at the same depth. The result 4 was that temperatures at 50 cm in the tower woods remained well below those of the beach area until late summer. The range of temperatures at the 50 cm depth was considerably less than at the same depth in the beach area with no period of greater ranges. Ottawa Wildlife Refuge. Air temperatures at Ottawa were consistently lower than at the beacit site until mid-fall and generally were lower than the tower woods in spring, higher than the tower woods from late spring to late summer, and then lower than the tower woods until near the end of p)
\'v the data period. Unlike 1976, the soil temperatures at the Ottawa site were much more in line with the soil temperatures at the other two monitor-
B-5 {~\
's _, ) ing sites, except for some deviations as noted below.
The soil temperatures at 10 cm at the Ottawa site warmed faster than the tower woods soil in the spring but slower than the beach site. This middle position in warming rate seems to correlate with a middle position in moisture icvels at this time of year; the beach is drier and the tower a woods is more moist. While individual weekly values varied among sites, the Ottawa soil temperatures at 10 cm were similar to both other sites through the rest of the data period, except that the Ottawa soil fro:e about one week before the tower woods and two weeks before the beach. Ranges in temperatures at 10 cm in the Ottawa site were generally less
; than at either of the other two sites. Most notable was the lack of a pronounced spring peak in range values which were presen't at the other two sites (Figures B-1, B-2, B-3).
[ The average soil temperatures at the 20 cm depth at Ottawa started D) out this data period as it finished the 1976 data period, with values con-siderably higher than the other two sites. In fact, the soil barely froze at this depth, only late in January. The soil temperatures warmed more rapidly in spring at Ottawa than the other two sites until late May, when temperatures began to be more even among the sites. From spring until nearly the end of the data period, the 20 cm depth was warmer than the 10 cm depth at the Ottawa site. The warmer temperature can in part be attri-buted to the somewhat drier nature of the 20 cm depth. The average soil temperature at the 50 cm depth at Ottawa was also warmer during the early part of the data period than the other two sites. i The temperatures remained generally higher than at the same depth in the
,s tower' woods until October. However, temperatures were somewhat lower than
[\ h v/ v
B-6 s (s_,~/ the same depth .in the beach site. The soil for e at the 50 cm depth at Ottawa the same week as the tower woods, while the beach site had not frozen by the end of the data period. Unlike 1976, there no longer is a concern over the soil and air temperatures at Ottawa compared to the tower woods. Air temperatures were warmer at Ottawa than in the tower woods during 20 weeks of the 52 week data period. While soil temperatures at 20 and 50 cm depths at Ottawa were considerably warmer earlier in the data period, they were comparable to the tower woods by the end of the period. Soil bbisture Soil moisture was recorded at the five monitoring locations at the Davis-Besse property and at the two monitoring locations at ths Ottawa site from the week of June 11. to the week of December 24, 1977. Soil y ) moisture levels were lower than usual at the start of the data period, especially at the beach and tower woods sites. However, weeks of heavy rainfall in early and late June, early and mid-July, early August, and mid-September all acted in maintaining very high moisture availability during the summer season when moisture levels are usually low, as in 1974 and 1976 especially. In order to compare the three study areas in terms i of moisture availability patterns, the sumac community of the beach, the Fulton soil area of the tower woods, and the Fulton soil area of the Ottawa , site were used as in previous reports. 1 At the beginning of the data period the sumac community of the beach area showed the results of very low precipitation (0.10") and high actual evaporation rates (4.61") throughout the month of Flay. In early June the I frx soil was dry at all three monitoring depths, unlike in previous reporting l N- -years. Greater precipitation in early June and again in late June and carly July initiated a recharge of moisture which was not depleted, except
B-7 (v) for late AL, ist at the 50 cm depth, until the end of the data period. Unlike previous years, there was abundant moisture available throughout the growing season from June onward. What remains to be seen is the effect of the unusual early dryness on seed germination and seedling growth at the reproductive level in the beach communities (see Section
. A). Dryness came much earlier than in any other reporting year, but mois-ture leve13 recharged and remained higher than in nny other reporting year through the end of the data period.
High actual evaporation rates (8.08") and low precipitation (0.90") during May produced low moisture levels in the Cooling Tower Woods, espe-cially at the 10 cm level at the start of the data period. Early June precipitation partially recharged the water supp;y, but late June and early July rainfall completed the task of moisture recharge. The only O) t
\d period of lower moisture availability during the remainder of the growing season occurred in late August and early September. However, rainfall in September quickly recharged the moisture supply. Later, October evap-oration combined with lower precipitation initiated a drawdown of moisture supplies once again. Except for the brief periods of low moisture avail-ability levels in early June and late June, moisture stress was not a problem during the growing season of 1977, unlike past years. Especially noticeable was the greater moisture available at the 50 cm depth in the I tower woods in 1977 compared to 1976 (which was greater than 1975) . The early relative dryness and readily available moisture during the rest of the growing season may have had some effects on seed germination and seedling growth in the reproduction IcVel of the tower woods (see Section A).
t ! NJ
B-8 p The available moisture at the Ottawa site was similar to the Cooling Tower Woods from mid-September to the end of the data period, being some-what lower at 10 cm and somewhat higher at 20 cm than the tower woods during the fall season. The Ottawa site had much higher moisture availability , early in the data period, especially at the 10 cm depth compared to the tower woods. Precipitation (.0.0") and actual evaporation (6.85") in May were similar to the tower woods. However, unlike the tower woods, recharge did not occur very rapidly, and moisture levels remained below capacity j (1004.) until heavy rains in August. The 20 cm depth was affected most 1 by the delayed recharge. Drier weather in later August and early Septem-ber resulted in a second depletion in that time period. From a moisture point of view, the Cooling Tower Woods and the Ottawa site continue to be similar enough so that comparisons can be made between the two. Effects, p\ if any, of the cooling tower can be documented. Overall, the moisture levels in the sites under investigation did not follow the same pattern as in previous years. An unusually dry May led to very early moisture depletion; and relatively continuous summer rains recharged and maintained moisture levels, especially in the beach 1 and tower woods sites. It appears that moisture availability at all three sites represents the most critical factor affecting plant distribution and plant community composition. In 1977 moisture levels were the most consistent compared to the three previous reporting years. The patterns of plants, especially at the reproductive icvel, seem to follow closely the pattern of moisture availability much more than the icvels of tempera-i ! tures or soil fertility factors (see Section A) . As a means of comparison beach site and tower woods, precipitation and actual evaporation have f ( been calculated for the growing seasons of each reporting year (Table B-4).
B-9
'bi Soil Chemical Analysis Soil samples were collected for summer and fall from each of the i
five monitoring locations at Davis-Besse and from the two monitoring locations at Ottawa at the 10, 20, and 50 cm depths. All samples wete analyzed as describr.d in earlier reports. As in previous reports, the soils of all three sample sites of the beach area demonstrate the recent nature of the beach environment. The cation exchange complex is saturated with bases, as percent base satura-tion approaches 100's both summer and fall at all three depths in the three sites. The trend of variation in cation exchange capacity, increas-ing from the sumac community to the Hackberry-Box Elder II to the Ifackberry Box Elder I community, is similar to previous reports and demonstrates the progressive stages to more stable communities. The decrease in cation exchange capacity from summer to fall is similar to 1975 for the sumac (Gm) and the llackberry-Box Elder I communities and seems to relate to their increased moisture in these years (1975 to 1977) and to the fall decrease in organic matter in both years. As in ?974 and 1975, and unlike 1976, percent organic matter decreased from summer to fall in 1977. The change was most noticeable at the 10 and 20 cm depths,in the Hackberry-Box Elder I community. Increases in percent organic matter at 20 cm in the sumac community, at 50 cm in the Hackberry-Box Elder I community, and at 20 cm and 50 cm in the Hackberry-Box Elder II community can be attributed to the greater incorporation of organic matter int' t s soil in the fall season. The pH values in the beach sites re m , s th, although somewhat lower than in 1976. The values were generally similar for summer and fall, again c) . l
B-10
,<-~
indicating th; dominance of bases on the cation exchange complex. The (J i somewhat lower pH values may be the result of increased moisture levels. Sulfate levels were not available for the summer analysis. However, sul-fate values for the three sites in fall of 1977 remained about the same i as for the fall of 1976 with the exceptian of the 10 cm depth in the sumac community where the value decreased from 38 to 17 ppm. The s'ulfate levels are quite low overall, and such a change can be related to changes in organic matter and raisture conditions. In the Cooling Tower Woods the Fulton and Toledo soils seem to have developed different seasonal changes than in 1976. Some changes seem to coincide better with seasonal changes of 1975 and others were different again. The cation exchange capacity for the Fulton soil showed a distinct peak in summer with values much higher than 1976 and more similar to 1975. The decrease in CEC in fall in the~ Fulton soil is more pronounced than in [V) 1976 and is not accompanied by such a decrease in CEC ;!or the Toledo soil. CEC values for the Toledo soil are more similar to 1975. In 1977 the per-cent base saturation for the Fulton soil was much higher than in 1976 for the summer analysis. The variation could be explained in part by the wet spring and drier summer in 1976 and the drier spring and wet si.mmer in 1977. Fall base saturation levels for the Fulton soil in 1977 were simi-lar to other years -- high because of the release of bases from decaying organic matter. The percent base saturation for the Toledo soil followed more closely the pattern of 1975 with lower values in both summer and fall than the Fulton soil and with an increase in base saturation from summer to fall. (x) i l l
,, - - - - - , ~ . , - ,
B-11 The percent organic matter levels increased as expected from summer to fall in 1977 for the Toledo soil, with levels of organic matter closer to the values for 1975 than the lower values for 1976. The percent organic matter level decreased from summer to fall in 1977 for the Fulton soil, unlike in previous years. The pH level remained stable from summer to fall in both soils, especially in the Fulton soil. The one exception was the increase in pH at the 10 cm depth of the Toledo soil which can be explained by the large increase in base saturation from summer to fall for this depth. Sulfate values in general were lower in the fall of 1977 compared to the fall of 1976. The most dramatic decreases were from 21 to 6 ppm at the 20 cm depth of the Fulton soil and from 46 to 21 ppm for the 50 cm depth of the Toledo soil. The chemical analyses of the Toledo and Fulton soils of the Ottawa O site seem to indicate a substantial similarity with the respective soils (VJ in the Cooling Tower h'oods. The cation exchange capacity of both the Toledo and Fulton soils of the Ottawa site decreased from summer to fall as in the tower woods. The CEC of the Toledo soil of the tower woods remained higher than the Toledo soil of the Ottawa site during the fall. The percent base saturation of the soils of the Ottawa site is generally lower than in the tower woods soils. The base saturation increased from summer to fall at the 10 and 50 cm depths of the Fulton soil and at the 10 and 20 cm depths of the Toledo soil. Organic matter levels at the Ot-tawa site are similar to those of the tower woods; levels are somewhat higher at the Ottawa site in summer and somewhat lower in fall than in the tower woods. The pH levels for both soils at the Ottawa site are similar to, but somewhat lower than, the pH levels for the' tower woods m
B-12 (/%) v soils. The levels changed little from summer to fall in 1977 at the Ottawa site. The one exception to similar pH levels of the two sites was the fall increase at 10 cm in the Toledo soil of the tower woods. Sulfate levels the Ottawa soils generally decreased from the levels of 1976. The greatest decreases were at the 50 cm depth in the Fulton soil, from 35 to 18 ppm and at the 20 cm depth in the Toledo soil, from 34 to 14 ppm. Summary Soil data from each of the sites during the 1974-1977 observation period are summari:ed graphically in figures B-4 to B-23. Detailed discussion of the data have been included in the semi-annual reports for the time periods in question. Thus, only brief comments will be made in this report. In the Cooling Tower Woods, moisture is the most important variable affecting soils and plant species distribution (see Section A) . Most
,%.J important in the Toledo soil is the trend from a dry fall 1974 to a moder-ately moist fall 1975 to a very moist fall 1976 and 1977. Both the Toledo and Fulton soils have experienced earlier dry periods in each successive year from 1975 to 1977, changing from mid-summer to early summer to spring over the years. Soil chemical analyses seem to have settled into a pre-dictable pattern. Similar analysis values have occurred in the relative moist years of 1975 and 1977 and are in contrast with the relative dry years of 1974 and 1976.
In the beach area moisture levels varied greatly during 1974 through 1976, but became much more stable in 1977. Moisture appears to be impor-tant in the floristic composition of the beach plant communities (see Sec-tion A). Cation exchange capacity and organic matter vary from one ) (j community to another on the beach because of the differences in stability i
B-13 l i or maturity of the communities. The soils of the beach area seem to be affected most by moisture i levels as in the Cooling Tower Noods. Changes in soil chemistry values
- seem to be related to the general variations in yearly moisture condi-1 l tions. -Values are similar for the drier years of 1974 and 1976, which
! contrast with those for the more moist years of 1975 and 1977. Continued observation and documentation of such soil chemistry and soil moisture trends are needed to understand natural changes in soils and the relationships to vegetation patterns and changes in plant community composition. By establishing natural cycles, normal limits, and expected variations in soils, the relative impact, if any, of man-induced changes can be better evaluated, l i i o 1 _ i
~ . . . . _ _ - . . . . . . ,. , ,
% \ yj TABIE B-1. Susanary of weekly average soil and air terporatures (* F), Beach, Cooling Tuwer tivods, and Ottawa sites,' weeks of January 1 to December 24, 1977.
BLACil (cm depth) 'lVWER WOODS (cm depth) OTTAWA (cm depth) WEEX OF 10 20 50 AIR 10 20 50 AIR 10 20 50 AIR h January 1 20.3 21.2 30.3 17.0 20.3 21.6 25.7 16.9 21.7 32.6 36.6 13.9 January 8 20.0 20.6 30.3 12.3 20.7 21.9 25.3 12.3 22.0 32.3 36.5 7.7 January 14 19.7 21.9 29.1 16.9 21.6 22.9 25.1 7.3 22.6 32.0 35.4 4.7 January 21 20.7 21.3 31.0 19.7 22.1 22.9 24.9 19.0 23.1 31.4 35.3 16.3 January 28 19.4 21.6 30.9 14.9 21.3 21.7 24.7 14.4 22.3 31.9 35.1 13.0 February 4 21.3 21.9 29.3 21.7 23.0 23.7 25.3 19.6 24.0 32.4 35.4 16.9 February 11 22.3 22.1 29.1 28.4 23.7 24.0 25.1 27.3 24.6 32.0 34.0 24.0
- Fe br uary 18 23.1 22.7 28.9 30.7 24.0 24.3 25.9 34.0 25.0 32.3 34.9 31.7 February 25 23.0 22.4 28.3 30.3 23.3 24.0 25.3 32.6 24.4 32.6 35.0 30.6 mrch 4 27.8 26.3 30.6 45.0 25.4 25.3 26.0 43.0 26.6 33.4 34.3 40.7 mrch 11 36.4 35.1- 37.3 41.0 33.7 32.6 29.1 47.4 35.0 39.6 37.4 45.9 29.7 35.1 27.3 28.7 29.4 32.7 28.3 37.4 39.3 30.1 March 18 29.6 28.0 mrch 25 40.0 37.4 39.4 48.9 34.9 33.9 28.9 51.4 35.9 39.7 38.0 48.6 April 1 3u.9 39.1 41.3 42.7 Ju.6 35.4 33.4 41.0 37.6 44.0 42.6 40.1 April 8 46.4 42.0 45.0 57.1 42.0 39.1 33.7 54.4 42.9 45.0 42.0 52.7 April 15 57.1 54.4 50.9 59.6 49.1 46.4 40.9 60.0 50.9 50.7 46.3 60.0 April 22 46.4 47.7 48,1 48.1 45.0 45.6 42.1 47.9 46.7 50.6 49.7 46.1 49.1 49.4 48.1 53.1 52.0 47.6 43.0 52.7 47.4 51.4 48.4 50.7 Ag il 29 52.3 51.0 50.1 49.0 49.0 45.6 43.0 47.9 54.1 49.4 48.9 tuy 6 50.2 tiay 13 56.6 56.4 53.0 63.4 52.6 52.7 47.6 59.9 50.1 56.3 54.7 61.3 my 20 62.1 60.6 56.3 67.1 59.9 55.7 51.7 64.9 54.3 61.3 55.4 65.6 3 May 27 57.6 57.9 56.0 59.0 57.7 57.0 52.6 56.4 57.6 59.7 56.6 57.0 June 4 54.0 55.0 54.6 55.6 54.6 55.0 50.9 50.3 57.1 57.0 55.4 53.6 52.3 54.4 51.4 61.0 53.4 53.6 50.1 51.7 55.4 56.9 55.4 55.4
. June 11 58.1 55.6 56.3 62.4 -
June 18 58.4 60.0 54.4 65.9 60.8 59.1 52.9 58.6 ' J1.no 25 62.6 63.9 59.0 60.0 63.1 61.9 54.9 60.0 59.7 61.3 56.9 65.6 July 2 64.7 64.0 60.6 71.9 62.9 61.4 56.4 64.4 65.1 64.9 59.0 68.6 July 9 b6.0 64.0 62.0 71.3 63.4 62.9 57.0 63.0 66.9 68.3 63.0 66.1 July 16 67.0 68.4 64.4 76.3 68,0 65.1 59.7 67.0 65.9 69.6 62.7 71.6 July 23 63.3 63.3 63.3 66.1 64.1 65.1 60.9 58.9 61.7 68.4 62.7 62.1 ' July 30 63.6 63.3 61.6 68.9 64.0 64.0 60.0 64.6 61.0 66.0 61.6 65.3 August 6 64.3 65.0 63.7 67.4 64.3 64.0 60.0 66.3 63.7 66.9 60.3 66.0 August 13 61.6 62.3 62.3 64.6 61.6 61.7 59.3 62.0 63.9 66.3 61.0 61.4 August 20 57.6 58.4 59.7 58.6 56.1 57.6 56.3 57.1 63.6 64.7 58.8 57.1 61.3 72.3 63.1 62.1 57.9 68.0 62.0 66.8 58.3 60.0 l Augunt 27 62.6 63.6 Seg tendser 3 62.3 64.1 63.0 65.0 62.3 61.9 59.4 62.0 62.9 66.8 59.9 61.3 Septenber 10 55.6 57.7 59.0 58.9 56.1 57.1 56.0 57.0 56.1 65.1 58.0 55.9 September 17 57.6 58.3 58.7 59.3 57.9 58.7 57.7 57.7 57.9 62.9 56.3 58.7 SeptenLer 24 55.7 56.9 57.7 57.7 55.3 56.3 55.4 57.1 57.1 62.0 56.1 56.3 October 1 50.4 52.3 52.7 50.1 50.1 52.1 52.6 49.7 49.4 53.8 56.1 49.0 October 8 44.3 45.3 49.1 43.4 42.3 46.3 46.6 43.1 42.4 45.9 46.6 42.6 Octuwt D .,1.3 42.7 46.4 39.9 39.0 42.0 44.0 40.9 39.7 41.9 44.0 40.6 4 ktater 22 45.6 tu.6 '9.6 '9." /.4 . 6 45.1 45.0 50.I 44.6 45.1 44.6 49.3 47.6 N.o '. l . a A6.0 E .n 45.0 5 l.6 J' .4 A 'i . 4 44.9 52.4 Mober 29 46.1 52.4 45.7 48.7 46.3 57.1 to Nvenk t 5 41.6 48.4 50.7 43.9 45.9 43.7 4u.3 1A>vupLer 12 36.3 37.3 44.0 35.7 33.9 37.4 41.1 37.6 34.0 37.6 41.7 35.6 [4* Nveraer 19 35.9 36.0 42.0 34.9 34.1 36.1 39.o 38.4 30.4 34.6 38.4 37.1 Nvi ser 26 33.0 31.1 33.7 26.6 30.7 30.9 34 .7 29.7 31.7 30.3 34.4 27.4 Decentur 3 28.4 20.6 36.9 21.6 27.7 30.1 32.1 T3.1 25.9 23.1 33.7 21.1 DecenLur 10 27.0 27.7 36.1 20.6 26.6 28.7 31.1 20.9 26.4 25.7 27.1 23.6 Dectuher 17 28.3 28.0 34 . 3 28.6 26.6 28.3 30.7 30.4 27.1 25.1 27.3 31.1 27.3 25.3 33.7 18.9 23.1 25.6 29.0 20.1 29.6 25.4 32.4 20.0 M eak r 24
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i 9 9 9 i ! 1 , 2 ; 1 TABLE B-3. Soil chemical analyses, summer and fall 1977, Beach, Tower Woods, and i Ottawa sites. } 1 BEACH AREA Depth Cation Exchange Capacity % 11aso Saturation % Organic Matter p!! Value Sulfates (ppm) i cm S P S P S P S F S F i I lo 13.0 10.3 99.9 99.9 3.0 2.6 7.2 7.1 - 17 Sumac 2.2 7.3 7.2 17 i 20 11.0 8.5 99.7 99.7 1.8 - Y 99.7 99.9 7.4 7.4 50 7.0 6.5 1.2 0.6 - 12 10 41.0 31.9 99.5 99.8 9.6 5.7 7.2 7.1 - 27 . g, ,,y, 22
- 6. 27.9 100.0 %.8 8.6 3.5 7.2 6.5 -
4 . Box Elder I 7.4 12 ! 50 12.0 10.3 100.0 99.8 1.8 2.2 7.5 - l-j 10 15.0 13.4 100.0 99.9 5.4 3.6 7.4 7.3 - 17
. "
- Y~ 7.2 15 1' 20 11.0 15.0 99.5 99.8 1.6 3.8 7.3 -
i Box Elder II 16 50 11.0 10.7 100.0 99.9 2.0 3.0 7.2 7.5 - TO'.JCR WOCDS I 10 31.0 24.3 95.7 99.9 6.8 5.L 6.9 6.8 - 17 Fuhon son 20 29.0 23.3 92.3 99.9 4.0 4.6 6.6 6.5 - 6 l l 50 27.0 21.2 91.2 99.7 3.1 2.7 6.7 6.5 - 8 l 5 + 10 32.0 31.7 85.4 99.9 7.2 7.5 6.2 7.1 - 26 tom M 20 30.0 31.7 88.3 90.3 4.2 5.4 6.4 6.2 - 21 i l 50 33.0 26.9 93.2 83.6 2.0 3.5 6.6 6.3 - 21 - 4 } OTTAWA ! 9.6 6.1 6.5 6.3 - 21 j 10 32.0 21.8 Gl.6 90.2
"" 6.3 13 4- 20 30.0 23.0 83.7 82.5 4.5 2.7 6.2 -
! 50 26.0 21.3 82.0 85.7 1.9 2.0 6.1 6.1 - 18 l 20 **
. 10 32.0 26.0 79.0 30.6 8.6 5.8 6.1 6.0 -
l 20 32.0 27.0 70.0 Ul.3 3.5 4.0 6.2 6.1 - 14 j 50 30.0 25.7 80.1 76.4 3.3 2.1 5.9 5.9 -' 40 i 1 i 1 l t
i B-17 l i' i i s i TABLE B-4. Precipitation and actual evaporation levels, growing ! seasons, 1974-1977, Cooling Tower Woods and beach sites. i 1
! Cooling Tower Woods Beach actual precip. actual precip.
! Year evapor. (in inches) difference evapor. (in inches) difference 4 i ! 1974 42.39 5.34 -37.05 20.81 9.36 -11.45 'l i i
! l tl.18 j 1975 30.29 11.85 -18.44 14.75 15.93 ?<
35.40 9.36 -26.04 -1.70 1976 17.07 15.37 1977 31.08 27.12 - 3.96 15.33 28.56 +13.23 4 i i i t- ) l 4 d i i i
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.,. FIGURE B-1. Beach site - temperature ranges at 10, 20, and 50 cm depths and in air, weeks of January 1 to December 24, 1977.
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. 1977 at 10, 20, and 50 cm depths.
TOWER WOODS
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- FIGURE B-10. Beach Area: Harxberry Community, Cation Exchange Capacity, , Bases. Summer '
1974-Fall 1977, 10, 20, and 30 cm depths.
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ANNUAL REPORT DAVIS-BESSE TERRESTRIAL MONITORING CONTRACT JANUARY, 1978 C. Terrestrial Animals S. Vessey, S. Spaulding, and T. Scott Department of Biological Sciences During the first half of 1977 small- and medium-mammal trapping grids were established at the Ottawa reference site within the 20-m grid set up previously for vegetation analysis. A circuit also was laid out at that site to census both spring-breeding and winter-resident birds. Activity at the Davis-Besse site was kept to a minimum because the pre-operational data base there was considered adequate. Emphasis was on developing procedures and collecting data from the Ottawa site to permit
- meaningful comparisons between the two areas.
(
, Amphibians and Reptiles 5~
No systematic searching for herptiles was performed at either site during the spring. Relative abundance can be better obtained during the warmer months of summer or early fall. However, field workers keep logs of all terrestrial vertebrates seen. At the Davis-Besse site sp ing peep-ers were abundant, while leopard and bull frogs were uncommon. Among the reptiles, Blanding's and painted turtles were abundant, as were garter snakes. Banded water snakes and five-lined skinks were uncommon. During summer and early fall nine species of herptiles were seen at least once at Davis-Besse. Results were similar to those of 1976, except that northern brown snakes and fox snakes, both unccmmon in 1976, were not seen at all in 1977 (Table C-1) . The Ottawa site was much less suitable for amphibians and reptiles. O V
C-2 f (% v
) Only the painted turtle was abundant, as young of the year sunned on logs in the marsh adjoining ;he study woods. Only three other species were sten (Table C-1).
The Ottawa site is dense woods, whereas at Davis-Besse mammal trapping < areas and vegetation sampling sites (where herptile observations are made) included more diverse habitat. Winter Birds - Davis-Besse Peninsula stuQ circuits had to be conducted in February this year, because deep snow blocked access to the area in January. Consequently a number of early migrants, particularly ducks, gulls, and red-winged black-b2 a , were seen during the last census on 26 February (Table C-2). Excluding migrants and transients, the same species were seen as in pre-vious years. , A summary of species and individuals from winter counts over four years reveals large year to year fluctuation in numbers and diversity (Table C-5). We believe that weather is important, but more years of data will be needed to correlate fluctuations with environmental factors. Spring and Summer Birds - Davis-Besse and Ottawa Breeding birds continue to be stable both in terms of numbers of species and of individuals (Tables C-5 and C-3) . The larger total number seen at Davis-Besse this year than last is mostly due to greater numbers of red-winged blackbirds. These Icterids are by far the most abundant species on the site, and counts of them are subject to relatively large error. Comparison between Davis-Besse and the newly established circuit at Ottawa revealed very similar numbers of species (Table C-4). The smaller total number of birds seen at Ottawa was due almost entirely to fewer
C-3 m red-winged blackbirds. There were 9 species seen at Davis-Besse not seen at Ottawa and 11 at Ottawa not seen at Davis-Lesse. The circuit at Ottawa includes some open fields and edges, as reflected by the presence of ' vesper, savannah, and field sparrovs and pheasants. Comparing Davis-Besse results with last year, we find that 43 species bred there in 1976 and 42 in 1977. Nine species were present in 1976 that* were not seen in 1977, whereas 9 were seen this year but not last year. Note that the yearly turnover in sp;cies at Davis-Besse is nearly the same as the difference found this year between the two sites. On this basis , the sites can be considered quite similar. Bird Species Diversity The Shannon-Weiner species diversity index provides an additional measure of the bird community (Krebs,1972). Both species richness (num-
,O bers of soecies) and eveness (presence or absence of numerical dominance V
by one or more species) are incorporated into this index. High numbers of species with little dominance by one or two species gives a high index (0) . Indices were quite similar this spring for Davis-Besse and Ottawa, confirming our previous conclusion about the similarity of bird fauna (Table C-5) . Although more birds bred at Davis-Besse, the numerical domi-
- i nance of red-winged blackbirds lowered the species diversity index.
At Davis-Besse the index was higher in the summer than winter, but differences were not as great as might be expected. For instance, the winter of 1976 was almost; as high as the spring of 1977 (3.47 vs 3.56), despite the fact that there were nine times more birds present in the l l spring of 1977. Winter populations, although small, are evenly distribu- ! (s\ V
+
C-4
, n
_ted across sps:ies, whereas the spring breeding population is dominated by a small number of species -- in this case red-winged blackbirds and yellow warblers. The large fluctuations in D from one winter to the next could be explained in a number of ways. The magnitude of climatic fluctuations could be greater in winter than in summer, but the small numbers in winter lead to a larger sampling error. Although a relatively constant number of birds breeds there each year, variations in reproductive success may influence populations the following winter. Ifowever, many winter residents are probably not birds that were resident on the site in spring. Winter fluctuations may reflect differences in breeding success at locations far removed from the site. j Small Mammals - Spring At Davis-Besse the peninsula :,t.udy site live-trap grid was run three nights in April. Our intentions were to mark enough animals to permit future.(operational) estimates. Ten different v.ite-footed mice (Peromys-cus leucoput) were caught 18 times in 180 trap nights (Table C-6) . A tentative Lir.coln-Petersen population estimate of 11 is similar to last i Spring's. A 5 x 10 live-trap grid was established within the larger vegetation grid at Ottawa. The 50 stations were 10 m apart at Davis-Besse. Eight i nights of trapping netted 25 diffa .t white-footed mice a total of 65 times in 400 trap nights (Table C-7) . The Lincoln-Petersen estimate of 35 is extremely high for this time of year. liowever, there was a three week span between the mark-release phase and the recapture phase. Dilution from births and immigrarlon during the two phases would inflate the esti-V
C-5 l 1 mate. Nevertheless, the population at ottawa was substantially higher, as further indicated by an overall trap success of 16's there and only 10's at Davis-Besse. In the fall four nights of trapping at Davis-Besse netted 39 different mice caught 45 times in 240 trap nights. The estimate of 135 is not very reliable,' since only four days rather than the usual eight were spent trapping (Table C-8). Nevertheless the population was relatively high, as was predicted by the substantial spring population (33'4 trap success). The situation was much different at Ottawa, where in the early fall only 13 mice were caught 22 times in 400 trap nights (6'4 trap success) (Table C-9). The estimate of 24 is lower than the estimate for spring, 1 a most unusual occurrence. Spring estimates are made before recruitment
, has begun in these seasonal breeders, while the fall count is done after recruitment from the spring and late summer breeding peaks. More data will be needed to determine whether the spring population was higher than normal, reflecting low winter mortality, or this year was unfavorable for breeding. It is already clear that the two sites do not co-vary, as has been the case for Davis-Besse and the Carter h'oods reference area near Bowling Green.
Medium-Sized Mammals Spring live-trapping at Ottawa was done in conjunction with small mammal trapping. Fifteen 9 x 9 x 32 inch traps were placed among the Sherman traps and yielded seven different raccoons in 120 trap nights. Only one animal was recaptured-(Table C-10). Populations are usually low and animals difficult to capture in the spring, so the relatively q high trap success at Ottawa suggests a large population there. Opossums, I V caught in greater numbers than raccoons at Davis-Besse, were not captured
. - - - - , _ - - .- - #,, -- ,-, -,m-, r -, ,-,-, .
C-6 at Ottawa. Other mammals seen or caught at Ottawa were rabbits, wood- , chucks, and fox squirrels. Only 36 trap nights were spent at Davis-Besse, and no animals were caught. Cottontail rabbits were abundant, as were woodchucks. Two red fox pups were seen on the peninsula scudy area on 21 April. During fall trapping at Ottawa five raccoons were marked and released in 120 trap nights (Table C-11) . Two were recaptured during the eight days of trapping, but none of those marked last spring were recaptured. Either there was a high turnover in this population or animals were becoming trap shy. More detailed studies at Davis-Besse in 1976 (see January 1977 report) suggested that adults were relatively trappable in the fall, although a larger effort would be needed than was made this fall at Ottawa. It appeared that raccoons in this area were either highly mobile, suffered G '
/ heavy mortality, or both.
Fall trapping at Davis-Besse netted five raccoons in only 36 trap nights (Table C-11) . One' female was recaptured from October, 1976. Six opossums also were marked; they seemed to outnumber raccoons at Davis-Besse (see January 1976 report), whereas opossums were absent at Ottawa. Miscellaneous observations of mammals revealed the usual species and abundances at Davis-Besse. As many as three different red foxes were being regularly hand fed at the guard house (Table C-12). Sightings at Ottawa were somewhat less common, in spite of the greater number of hours spent there. The areas where trapping and vegetation sampling have been concentrated at Ottawa incorporate less habitat diversity than at Davis-Besse. For instance when working at the peninsula study site at Davis-Besse j one is surrounded by marshes, and muskrats are seen commonly.
.w -- --w,
C-7 Conclusions The main accomplishment this year was to establish procedures for collecting data at Ottawa reference site which will, with the preopera-tional data from the Davis-Besse site, provide the basis for measuring possibic changes in vertebrate fauna as a result of the operation of the reactor and cooling tower. It would be impossible to find a control area identical to the impacted area, and analysis of the first year's data from Ottawa suggests some substantial differences between them. Most similar were the breeding birds, which differed at Ottawa this 1 past year from Davis-C<sse no more than Davis-Besse does from itself one year to the next. Most different was the herptofauna, which is much more diverse at Davis-Besse than at the Ottawa study site. The Ottawa site was peculiar in that populations of both white-footed mice and raccoons , s were tigh in the spring and remained the same or declined the following
}
fall. A final difference is the apparent absence of opossums at Ottawa. The differences in vertebrate fauna probably reflect differences in microhabitat and vegetation, which are now being examined. The sizes of the two study areas and the presence or absence of adjacent woodlots, cor-ridors, or dikes may also account for some of the differences. References Krebs, C.J. 1972. Ecology: The experimental analysis of distribution
, and abundance. Harpar and Row, New York.
O I (
i C-8 [ TABLE C-1. Observation of amphibians and reptiles at the Davis-Besse site and the Ottawa reference site, June through November 1977. Abundant - likely to be seen in large numbers (8-15)
- every visit. Common - may be seen most of the time, but in small numbers (3-8) . Uncommon-seen sporadically in small 4
numbers (1-3) . 4 DAVIS-BESSE Snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) Uncommon Painted turtle (Crysemys picta) Abundant Blandingh turtle (Emydoidea blandingi) Abundant i Five-lined skink (Eumeces fasciatus) Common Northern watersnake (Natrix sipedo'-) Common Eastern Garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) Abundant
! American toad (Bufo americanus) Cc ' mon i
j Bullfrog (Rana catesbiana) Jncommon 0
> Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) Common 4
OTTAWA Painted turtle Abundant l Northern watersnake Uncommon Eastern garter snake Uncommon American toad Uncommon i l s ( s i
C-9 TABLE C-2. Winter bird populations at the Davis-Besse study-area circuit, 1977. 1 Dates of Observation 32 Feb. 1977 13 Feb. 1977 26 Feb. 1977 Estimate i Times of Observation 1015-1300 0945-1230 1000-1400 Resident Species Population Canada goose 22 3 375 T Mallard 90 T Black Duck 3 40 3 Pintail 45 T Redhead 12 T Goldeneye 35 T Common Merganser 34 13 50 T 4 Red-tail Hawk 1 1 1 Roughlegged Hawk 1 1 Great Black-backed Gull 14 T Herring Gull 1 83 150 T Ringbilled Gull 100 T Bonapart's Gull 10 T Downy Woodpecker 2 2 Bluejay 1 1 2 2 1 Common Crow 1 4 4 4 Brown Cree;,er 1 1 Starling 21 T l Red-winged Blackbird 35 T Grackle 1 T Cardinal 1 4 4 American Goldfinch 2 T Tree Sparrow 14 6 14 Song Sparrow 2 2 TOTALS 13
) Species Individuals 92 6
116 19 983 10 34 D 2.73*
*Shannon-Weiner species diversity index (Krebs,1972)
C-10 TABLE C-3. Breeding Bird Census, Davis Besse d Species Number of Birds Seen, 1977 Estimated Itin. June 14 June 16 June 18 Resident Pop. Pied-bill Grebe 1 1 2 2 Creat Blue Heron 20 12 9 T* Green Heron -- 1 2 2 Common Egret 9 5 2 T Black-crowned Night Heron 25 40 50 T Mallard 60 50 35 60 Blue-winged Teal 3 2 1 4 Wood Duck 11 18 4 18 Red-tailed Hawk -- -- 2 2 Sparrow Hawk 2 -- 1 2 Common Gallinule - 1 1 2 American Coot -- 2 2 2 Killdeer 3 1 1 4 Spotted Sandpiper - 1 1 2 Herring Gull 12 6 8 T Ring-billed Gull 1 1 1 T Common Tern - - 3 T Black Tern 12 5 2 T Mourning Dove -- 3 1 4 s Yellow-billed Cuckoo 1- 1 1 2
) Great Horned Owl 1 1 -- 2 V Common Flicker 2 4 2 4 Red-headed Woodpecker --
3 1 4 Eastern Kingbird 2 4 1 4 Great Crested Flycatcher 3 3 1 4 Eastern Phoebe 1 1 1 2 Least Flycatcher -- 1 - 2 Eastern Wood Pewee 1 1 -- 2 Tree Swallow 20 15 30 30 Purple Martin -- 2 1 2 Tufted Titmouse 1 -- -- 2 House Wren 3 5 3 6 Iong-billed Marsh Wren 4 5 3 6 Catbird 6 5 5 6 Cedar War,ing 2 2 - 2 Starling 8 6 10 10 Red-eyed Vtreo -- -- 1 2 Warbling V'.reo' -- -- 2 2 Prothonotary Warbler -- 3 2 4 Yellow Uarbler 30 35 20 36 Yellowthroat 1 2 1 2 Yellow-breasted Chat -- -- 1 2 Red-winged Blackbird 200 200 200 200 j Common Grackle 7 8 3 3 i Brown-headed Cowbird 6 5 2 6 i g Cardinal 2 7 2 8 Indigo Bunting 2 3 3 4 American Goldfinch 5 4 3 6 ! Song Sparrow 2 1 5 6
'IOTAL Species 35 42 44 42 Individuals 469 476 432 476
- Transients D=3.56
C-11 TABLE C-4. Brseding Bird Counts, Ottiwa Refuga, Control Site n Species Nuzrber of Birds Seen,1977 Estimated Min. June 13 June 15 June 17 Resident Pop. (V) Creat Blue Heron 6 8 4 T* Jommon Egret 2 2 8 T Black-crowned Night Heron 2 -- 1 T Canada Goose 1 -- -- T Mallard 160 105 2 100 Black Duck 1 - -- 2 Wood Duck 6 5 4 6 Red-tailed Hawk -- 2 -- 2 Bald Eagle 1 -- -- T Sparrow Hawk 1 -- 1 2 Ring-necked Pheasant 1 1 -- 2 Killdeer 6 4 4 6 Spotted Sandpiper 2 1 1 2 Herring Gull 1 1 2 T Mourning Dove 5 3 -- 6 Great Horned Owl 1 -- -- 2 Chimney Swift - -- 2 2 Common Flicker 1 1 2 2 Downy Woodpecker - - 1 2 Eastern Kingbird 1 2 - 2 Great Crested Flycatcher -- -- 1 2 Eastern Phoebe 2 1 2 2 Eastern Wood Pewee 1 1 1 2 Tree Swallow 6. 5 10 10
/ \ Purple Martin 1 -- --
2 i Blue Jay 1 1 1 2 House Wren 1 3 2 4 Catbird 3 1 -- 4 Robin 1 -- 1 2 Wood Thrush 1 -- -- 2 Cedar Wa. wing 4 -- -- 4 Starling - 10 14 10
; Red-eyed Vireo --
1 1 2
. Warbling Vireo - -
1 2 Yellow warbler 20 6 3 20 Yellowthroat - -
- 1 2 2 House Sparrow d --
1 6 Red-winged Blackbird 100 60 50 100 Common Grackle 30 3 5 30 Brown-headed Cowbird 2 -- -- 2 Cardinal 1 3 1 4 Indigo Bunting 4 5 4 6 I American Goldfinch 8 4 4 8 Vesper Sparrow -- 1 -- 2 Savannah Sparrow - -- 1 2 Field Sparrow -- -- 2 2 Song Sparrow 5 5 2 6 ; TOTAL Species 36 29 33 40 g Individuals 394 246 141 372
\
s
- Transients D=3.67 l
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- C-12
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} i- TABLE C-5. Summary of Bird Censuses at Davis-Besse. 1 l Date: January 1974 1975 1976 1977 Total Birds 14 104 53 34 i ! Species Number 6 16 15 10 1 D* 2.47 3.38 3.47 2.73 I i h 1 [ Date: June ) Total Birds 168** 155** 376 476 ! i l Species Number 38 38 43 42 .g , i _ t i D* --- -- 4.13 3.56 i i ?
*Shannon-Weiner information theory species diversity index (Krebs, 1972)
) i
*Not including red-winged blackbirds or yellow warblers., b not calculated.
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C-13 7x I y, TABLE C-6. White-footed mouse captures at the peninsula study site, Davis-Besse, Spring, 1977. DATE OF CAPTURE Date of Last Capture 21 22 23 _ _ _ April 21 2 2 22 4 23 Previously markea 0 2 6 Previously unmarked 5 3 2 Caught 5 5 8 Released 5 5 7 Newly Marked 5 3 2 Previausly Marked (Deadl Q 0 1 Lincoln-Peterson estimate using 21 & 22 April as mark-release and 23 April as recapture. M=8 (Different mice marked and released 21 & 22 April) n=8 (Different mice caught 23 April) m=6 (Different mice caught 23 April that were marked during 21 & 22 April) N = 11 2 (S.E) in 0.64 hectares or 17/ hectare
- p. ,
)
l l
C-14 TABLE C-7. White-footed mouse captures at the Ottawa study site, Spring 1977. Date of Capture Date of Last April May Capture 9 10 11 '12 _ 3 4 5 6 April 9 1 1 1 10 3 1 11 2 3 ! 12 3 1 May 3 6 3 1 4 6 2 5 6 i 6 Previously Marked O 1 4 4 6 7 9 9 i Previously Unmarked 3 5 4 3 5 1 4 0 Caught 3 6 8 7 11 8 13 9 Released 3 6 9 7 11 8 13 9 Newly Marked 3 5 4 3 5 1 4 0 Released Previously Marked 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Released Lincoln-Peterson Index for population estimation comparing first four days (April) with last 4 days (May). M = 15 different mice marked and released 9-12 April n = 17 different nice caught 3-6 May m= 7 differeat mice caught 3-6 May that were marked during 9-12 Apri. N = M = 36 10 (S .E. ) in 0.66 hectares, or 55/ hectare u m
I C-15 ) TABLE C-8. White-footed mouse captures, Fall 1977, Davis-Besse. 1 DATE OF CAPTURE Date of last Nov. 8 Nov. 9 Nov. 10 Nov. 11 Capture J November 8 2 1 November 9 2 November 10 1 November 11 Total Previously marked 0 2 2 2 Total Previously unmarked 20 7 6 6 Total Caught 20 9 8 8 i Total Released 20 9 8 7 i Total Newly Marked / Released 20 7 6 6 Total Previously Marked / Dead 0 0 0 1 1 Lincoln-Peterson estimate using 8 and 9 November as mark-release phase and 10 and 11 November as recapture phase. M = 27 f n = 15 i I m= 3 i N = 135 70 (S.E.) in 0.64 hectares or 211/ hectare t i 1
C-16 TABLE C-9. White-footed mouse captures, Ottawa,1977. DATE OF CAPTURE October November Date of Last Capture 26 27 28 31 1 2 3 4 October 26 1 27 28 1 31 1 November 1 2 1 i 2 1 3 2
- 4 Tbtal previously marked 0 1 0 1 3 1 3 Total previously unmarked 1 0 5 3 1 2 1 Total caught 1 1 5 4 4 3 4 1
- Total released 1 1 5 4 4 3 4 Total newly marked / released 1 1 5 3 1 2 1 4
Total previously marked / dead 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1., .i Lincoln-Peterson estimate using 26-31 October as mark-release phase and 1-4 November as. recapture phase. ! M=6 n=8 m=2 N = 24 15 (1 S.E. ) in 0.66 ha or 36/ha.
i l C-17 l l i TABLE C-10. Results of medium mam.al live-trapping at Ottawa, Spring 1977, i 4 1 i Species Date Weight (lbs) Sex Ear Tag Numbers Raccoon 9 April 13 F 226L/227R Raccoon 9 April 15 M 328L/329R Rau.wn 11 April 9 F 227L/276R l Woodchuck 12 April 7 F 330L/331R ] Raccoon 3 May 10 M 267L/268R i Raccoon 4 May 8 F 269L/270R Raccoon 5 May 13 M 337L/346R Raccoon 5 May 14 M 328L/329R (recap.) Raccoon 5 May 8 F 339L/340R Fox squirrel S May dead in trap i i t
I C-18 TABLE C-ll. Medium-Sized Mammal trapping, Fall 19'it. i Species Date Location Sex Weight Ear Tetg (lbs) Nos. OTTAWA 10/26/77 F1 M 7.5 255R/332L Racccon 10/31/77 Al F 8.0 333L/334R 10/31/77 I2 M 9.0 259R/332L* 11/1/77 C6 F 9.0 338R/335L 11/2/77 D6 M 15.0 341R/342L 11/3/77 A6 F 12.0 344L/343R > 11/3/77 H1 F 8.0 333L/334 R*
- i !
Raccoon 11/8/77 21 F 6.0 345L/347R I 11/8/77 22 M 8.5 336L 11/8/77 15 M 11.0 349R 11/8/77 21 F 9.5 241L/240R N 11/11/77 21 F 7.0 Slit in car + Opossum 11/8/77 12 F 4.0 6 51/654R 11/8/77 29 F 4.5 691R/692L
- 11/9/77 21 F 4.5 350L/348R l 11/9/77 32 M 7.5 278R/279L 11/10/77 6 F 4.0 693R/694L 1
11/11/77 32 M 7.0 Slit in ear + I j Fox Squirrel 11/10/77 6 F 2.0 800 ]..
- Recapture (10/26)
} i I O *gRecapture (10/31) Recapture (10/10/76) Not tagged
. - ._. .. _ .. . _- _ . . ~ _ _ - _ . _ _ . _ _ _
4 t I
- C-19 !
r i TABIZ C-12. Miscellaneous Mammal Observations, Fall 1977. i Davis-Besse WotAchucks Conunon (5-8/ day) throughout site Rabbits Conunon (5-8/ day) throughout site Muskrats Common (5-8/ day) throughout site Fox squirrels- Common (5-8/ day) throughout site l Deer August 20 (1) small mammal grid i Sept. 10 (2) small mammal grid 2 October 1 (1) small mammal grid Red Fox 3eptember 3 (1) southwest gate Trap 6 4 i Ottawa i
- Fox squirrels- Common ( ' 5/ day)
Raccoon and Deer Tracks - abundant
, Fox tracks ar.d seats present i
1 k i I i + E, _ 4 4 I l i y
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.=. - -- . ; ~'N ANNUAL REPORT DAVIS-BESSE TERRESTRIAL MONITORING CONTRACT DECEMBER 1977 4
D. Atmospheric Environment { Glen R. Frey Department of Geography 1 a Introduction The network of climatological stations monitoring the atmospheric environment near the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant has been in continuous operation since April 1974 with no significant problems. Most of this transi-tion year can be included in the pre-operational data base since partial i operation did not start until September. This inforration will provide a sound l basis for any possible environmental impact as well as contributing to general microscale climatological investigations. The systematic observations as originally outlined in Section D, Semi-Annual Report, June 1974, are continuing since initial start of operations. The overall purpose is to isolate and identify the basic variation patterns for and between stations. These variability patterns are the key to any possible operational environmental induced changes. It would not be appropriate to base possible changes on long-term normals. It is expected that conditions will vary considerably from year to year, season to season, and location to location. Each station has its own unique climatic setting with variations that make it different from all others no matter how similar the overall climarte conditions. N
) It is these fluctuations and variations between stations that hola the key to any possible impact.
l _ . ~ . . _ _ - - . . . _ _ . - _ _ .-_.
D-2 Depending on the local conditions surrounding the seation, individual climatic elements will have slightly varying interrelationships. In order to create a profile from which logical assessments can be made concerning artificially induced conditions, data analysis must be oriented toward determining these variability patterns, it is changes in these interstation fluctuation patterns that will lead to the determination of any significant impact. Instruments and Measurements Climatological stations are maintained at three primary locations on the Davis-Besse site. Station "T" is the base station at the microwave /meteorolog-ical tower and is set up according to weather service standards. It is located in a fenced in area on a grass surface. Because of the great distance from any trees or other obstructions and very level terrain, advection processes are at a maximum. Station "A" is in the cooling tower woods and highly influenced by a continuous and complete forest canopy. The fairly close proximity to open water and generally open rature of the woods all influence the climatalogical measurements. Station "B" is located in the woods on the sandy soil of a former beach ridge. The station, in a clearing, does not have a forest canopy but instead is surrounded by dense growth that limits advection. The sandy soil, which drys very rapidly, coupled with almost a complete lack of wind currents results in different characteristics. Four supplemental locations on the Davis-Besse site are set up with nonrecording rain gauges and read weekly to provide additional data on rainfall patterns. Station "0W" is the basic off-site reference station located in the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge. This location was chosen because of its similar vegetative cover, proximity to Lake Erie, and basic upwind position.with reference to climatic normals. This station has a
\ setting very similar to Station "A", on a margin of swamp area in a woods with j
i complete canopy cover. Because of the greater extent and density of the woods i
D-3
} it is less influenced by the wind. Station "BG", the land reference station,
[O at Bowling Green State University is slightly influenced by proximity to buildings. Instrumentation in the climate shelters records data continuously on paper strip charts. From this, the information is summarized by day, week, month, and reporting period. Each period is analyzed slightly differently to stress interstation fluctuations. Recording evapometers were reinstalled according to schedule at the end of April. Evaporation amounts were obtained until che end of October. All hygrothermographs were brought in during the month of June for a thorough cleaning and calibration check. No data was lost because the back-up hygrothermograph was rotated between sites. For the remainder of the period calibration of the hygrothermographs was verified by using the Assman Psychro-
'~) meter and by rotating the back-up unit between sites.
(b Evaporation instrumenta-tion was calibrated primarily by rotating the back-up evapometer between sites. Soil temperatures were checked by portable soil thermometers. Some problems were encountered in maintaining calibration. Since the sensing elements and timing mechanisms are exposed to the fluctuations of weather they deterioriate causing measurements to drift resulting in a loss of accuracy. Up to this point the data obtained still represents true conditions because frequent calibration checks are being made. The biggest difficulty is that more and more effort must be made in checking calibration and making adjustments. Replacement of some of these parts should be done before an inordinate amount of time has to be spent in checking and testing. Presentation of Data ['~' The data reviewed in this report are based primarily on the period
\'
January 7, 1977 through December 30, 1977. Files are maintained and analyzed by day, week, and month. In addition, graphic displays are completed by week l
6 D-4
/'~' and month. for summarized normals, standard deviations, departures from average, and deviations from Station'"T". Data are presented in two basic parts for this report. Part I: Figures D-1 through D-4 are summaries of normals and variations of the elements. Figures D-5 through D-8 ai e discriminant function coefficients. Part II: Figures D-9 through D-17 represent weekly interstation deviations with fluctuations being graphed about the values for the base Station "T".
Interpretation of Data ENTIRE PERIOD. Throughout 1977 extraces in temperature were the distin-guishing feature. The frigid cold of January, early February, and December was in sharp contrast to very moderate readings in late February, March, and April. I May and July were very warm, averaging above normal. Precipitation was approximately 7 inches above normal. .Despite a year of climatological extremes, the patterns of fluctuation were basically similar to previous years. The I complete set of graphs (Figures D-9 through D-17) illustrate the basic shift between winter and summer interstation variability. The typical interstation i fluctuation is small in winter and is considerable in the warmer part of the year. The months of January through April had relatively small fluctuations. May had an abrupt shift to a high degree of interstation differences which continued through September. In October there was a gradual change to the typical winter pattern exhibited in November and December. Maximum temperature departures from base Station "T" are typical of shifts. that occur from one season to another. In the first third of the year, inter-station fluctuations were small (rigure D-9). Throughout the summer portion "BG" was warmer than Station "T". Station "0W" was cooler because of the vegetative canopy. Conditions were much more similar in the fall of the year with stations warmer than the reference site.
-e- m - - ~ - ~ - - -
e , , ---- c- - w v , q , ' ~ - ' '
D-5 Minimum temperatures, in terms of departures from Station "T", are an excellent example of the changes that occurred throughout this reporting interval (Figure D-10). During January and February all station fluctuations were similar to Station "T". Station "0W" was slightly cooler. During the summer portion "BC", because of its inland location, was warmer than the reference Station "T". Average temperature departures from Station "T" is a composite of conditions described under maximum and minimum temperatures (Figure D-ll). From January through mid-April interstation fluctuations were relatively small. There was i a general shift of positions with respect to the base station. From April 15 to the end of October each station had a distinct pattern with respect to "T". The station at "BG" was warmer; "0W" distinctly cooler. . Temperature range had the same basic pattern throughout the course of the year as the previous elements (Figure D-12). The greatest departures were during the warmer periods. In the cooler months, the range of temperatures were very similar. Evaporation departures from Station "T" again are dependent upon the basic seasonal fluctuations (Figure D-13). The evaporation meters r.re in operation i only during the warmer months of the year since they use distilled water and ce ld easily be damaged. At the beginning of the period most stations had greater values than "T". Within a month they were less. It is expected that most stations would be less since "T" is the most exposed to wind currents. Precipitation had several distinct periods of high variability. During the summer this was due to convectional storms passing over some stations and not others (Figure D-14). The higher fluctuations near the end of the period cannot be explained in this manner since precipitation in each instance was widespread (_,,/ and could not be classified as convectional showers. l
D-6 (m)
, Humidity is given both in the terms of relative humidity (Figure D-15) \s_ / .
Generally there was a high degree of week-to-week and dew point (Figure D-16). fluctuation. Many factors affected the humidity, including evaporation, proximity
,to water, wind currents, and vegetation growth. Since the degree of interstation variability was relatively constant throughout the period no specific sections need further discussion.
JANUARY. It was the coldest month in the history of climatological records in northwest Ohio. In addition to the colder than normal temperatures, there was a high frequency of cloudy days with record-breaking snowfalls. Despite the record-breaking cold, all monthly temperature chatacteristics between stations were quite similar (Figures D-l and D-5) . The greatest alfferences according to the discriminant function coefficients were in total precipitation. The largest interstation variations were between "T" and "0W" by means of overall Dsq rankings. w T This is obvious whr.n looking at total precipitation between stations. The actual amounts may not nave been accurately recorded because there was great difficulty in getting measurements during the third week because of blizzard conditions. FEBRUARY. This month exhibited great variability in te=peratures with record lows in the first part and extremely warm temperatures during the last. Conditions were relatively similar amongst aost stations. Station "0W" was slightly colder (Figures D-1 and D-5). The greatest discrepancies between stations were between "T" and "BG", based on precipitation. Monthly interstation variability was based on total precipitation. MARCH. Much warmer than normal and relatively wet is the best description of the weather in March. The temperature averaged over 5.5 FO warmer than the long-term statistical average. All stations showed this trend. "BG" was slightly
,_s warmer because of its inland location (Figures D-1 and D-5). Precipitation was \s_,/ well above normal so that the morth was the second wettest in the decade.
D-7 , 3 APRIL. Large daily fluctuations, coupled with a record daily rainfall, i i was the key distinguishing factor of the month. 6- crall, there was minimum interstation fluctuation (Figures D-2 and D-6). No one element was outstanding however maximum temperature and range of air temperature were gaining in importance from previous months. MAY. The weather was rated highly variable with a sharp break from previous conditions (Figures D-2 and D-6). High temperatures and lack of rainfall in the second half of the month dried ou; soils. Great differences appeared between stations. JUNE. Temperatures were below normal for most of the month. Despite near normal precipitation, wind movement was considerable resulting in high evaporation rates (Figures D-2 and D-6). Most elements had a degree of variability so that there was considerable differences between stations. Although'all elements contributed to this fluctuation the most important were average air temperature, range of air temperature, and evaporation. JULY. Precipitation was above normal because of several heavy thunder-showers. There was considerable variation between stations with "T" receiving less than all other stations. Temperatures throughout the region were higher j than normal (Figures D-3 and D-7). July had the greatest amount of interstation variability of any month over the last two years. Overall, the Dsq were extremely high. AUGUST. Rainfall for the month was above normal and highly variable between stations. Overall, variability was down considerably from July (Figures D-3 and D-7). SEPTDiBER. For the third consecutive month, precipitation was above average while temperatures for September were normal (Figures D-3 and D-7). Variability l patterns were about the same as August.
D-8 g- s DCTOBER. ,The month was cool and dry. Precipitation was significantly s- below normal at all stations (Figures D-4 and D-8). Bowling Green was again the warmest station but the differences between locations were smaller than the preceding summer months.. The fluctuation patterns gradually shifted from i highly variable in summer to reasonably similar conditions in winter. NOVEMBER. Below normal temperatures and precipitation characteristics , were very similar to October (Figures D-4 and D-8). Station "BG" still ranked the warmest but overall differences were very small. DECEMBER. Temperatures were colder than normal with precipitation slightly above average (Figures D-4 and D-8). Most elements were very similar in their fluctuation patterns as they were in November. Both months had very small interstation variability characteristics of the basic regime. O b 1 I 1 i O G 1
D-9
N CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR 1977 JANUARY T OW BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX. TEMP. AIR 18.81 8.28 17.55 8.47 18.45 8.41 MIN. TEMP. AIR 5.68 7.63 4.55 11.38 3.68 9.67 AVE. TEMP. AIR 12.39 7.90 13.32 17.73 12.65 8.13 RANGE TEMP AIR 13.10 6.30 17.06 13.33 14.77 6.58 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 0.29 1.57 0.95 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 AVE. REL. HUMIDITY 83.29 10.27 96.16 6.46 78.32 7.24 AVE. DEW POINT 8.42 9.60 6.71 7.52 7.68 8.98 T OW BG FEBRUARY MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. O i MAX. TEMP. AIR 33.54 10.90 30.86 10.90 33.39 11.15 MIN. TEMP. AIR 20.07 10.95 16.79 11.37 19.71 12.26 AVE. TEMP. AIR 26.75 10.70 24.82 10.30 26.86 11.15 RANGE TEMP. AIR 13.25 6.62 14.07 5.87 13.61 5.11 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 0.21 0.25 2.16 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 AVE. REL. HUMIDITY 86.14 7.70 72.71 8.56 69.96 10.90 i AVE. DEW POINT 23.32 11.28 17.79 11.26 18.82 11.94 l MARCH MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STO. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX. TEMP. AIR 49.52 12.77 48.65 13.20 51.81 13.42 H MIN. TEMP. AIR 35.94 8.95 32.8% 8.99 35.65 8.90 AVE. TEMP. AIR 42.23 10.64 40.29 10.67 43.26 10.71 RANGE TEMP. AIR 13.90 7.71 16.00 8.34 16.29 7.97 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 4.55 3.38 3.06 /) ACTUAL EVAPORATION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 s/ AVE. REL. IfUMIDITY 78.32 11.35 65.68 9.85 63.35 12.77 AVE. DEU P0lNT 35.81 9.72 30.19 8.99 31.42 9.61 FIGURE D-1
D-10 (N CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR 1977 APRIL T Ow BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX. TEMP. AIR 58.50 13.79 60.80 13.51 56.19 17.56 I MIN. TEMP. AIR 42.60 10.22 42.63 9.59 47.60 12.67 AVE. TEMP.' AIR. 50.70 11.83 49.33 12.01 44.21 17.70 RANGE TEMP. AIR 15.90 9.13 17.83 7.80 19.14 16.56 TOTAL PRECIPITAYl0N 4.78 3.97 5.13 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 AVE. REL. HUMIDITY 72.47 l-9.85 68.37 13.36 59.63 18.86 AVE. DEW POINT 40.33 13.11 39.20 10.70 39.80 11.80 MAY T OV BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. D"'; MAX. TEMP. AIR 70.00 10.92 67.42 10.81 78.65 11.19 ti l N . TEMP. AIR 51 . 06 7.97 49.26 7.65 55.23 8.71 AVE. TEMP. AIR 60.19 8.88 57.87 8.31 67.16 9.71 RANGE TEMP. AIR 18.94 7.03 17.19 7.44 23.42 6.15 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 1.82 2.23 2.55 ACTUAL EVAPORATION l.73 1.41 1.67 0.99 3.17 1.23 AVE. REL. HUMIDITY 87.03 7.78 81.68 10.11 56.84 14.54 AVE. DEW POINT 56.16 8.52 52.03 8.60 50.65 10.30 j JUNE T OW BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX. TEMP. AIR 70.10 8.86 66.63 8.35 77.90 9.22 MIN. TEMP. AIR 54.60 5.87 51.13 5.40 57.67 6.85 l AVE. TEMP. AIR 62.60 6.93 58.73 6.51 67.87 8.52 RANGE TEMP. AIR 15.53 5.29 15.50 5.46 20.90 5.72 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 3.34 2.78 3.73 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 2.63 1.45 1.26 0.74 2.19 1.22 h AVE. REL. liUMIDITY 83.33 7.63 80.20 11.91 62.83 15.57 AVE. DEV POINT 57.40 7.63 ,52.70 7.06 54.00 9.89 FIGURE D-2 l
D-11 CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR 1977 T Ow BG JULY MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX. TEMP. AIR 80.91 6.65 74.74 5.17 87.29 5.55 MIN. TEMP. AIR 63.03 6.94 58.71 5.95 66.45 6.50 AVE. TEMP. AIR 72.68 6.16 67.39 4.78 76.77 5.58 RANGE TEMP. AIR 17.74 2.72 16.13 3.97 20.84 3.94 TOTAL PRECIPITATION l.55 4.35 11R ACTUAL EVAPORATION 2.84 1.07 1.16 0.84 2.66 1.09 l AVE. REL. HUMIDITY 88.03 7.59 86.65 7.44 68.61 10.06 AVE. DEW POINT 69.16 7.54 63.19 6.26 65.74 7.76 i T Ow BG AUGUST HEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX. TEMP. AIR 73.23 5.53 69.55 6.13 79.97 6.31
) 63.48 6.17 MIN. TEMP. AIR 58.39 5. 68' ' 56.23 6.19 AVE. TEMP. AIR 66.29 4.94 63.19 5.11 70.94 5.44 RANGE TEMP. AIR 14.74 5.09 13.45 5.75 16.48 4.72 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 6.56 5.15 3.92 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 2.08 1.23 0.90 0.64 1.68 0.86 AVE. REL. HUMIDITY 92.32 7.83 92.26 8.41 81.87 9.41 AVE. DEW POINT 64.39 6.17 60.90 5.72 65.32 6.87 SEPTEM8ER T OW BG s MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV.,.
MAX. TEMP. AIR 69.40 6.05 64.90 5.89 74.80 6.64 MIN. TEMP. AIR 55.30 5.40 51.73 5.41 58.13 5.70 AVE. TEMP. AIR 62.10 4.84 58.47 4.97 66.17 5.48 RANGE TEMP. AIR 14.10 4.19 13.17 4.75 16.33 3.79 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 8.68 6.36 5.87 ,O ACTUAL EVAPORATION l.68 0.92 0.68 0.42 1.39 0.83 AVE. REL. IlUMIDITY 93.97 6.29 98.03 19.10 82.33 10.17 AVE. DEV POINT 59.60 5.49 55.70 5.44 60.57 7.07 FIGURE D-3
D-12 CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
F0.R 1977 OCTOBER T Ow BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX. TEMP. AIR 55.06 5.56 53.58 5.45 l b9.00 5.68 MIN. TEMP. AIR 40.55 5.55 38.48 6. 0.~ 42.06 5.73 AVE. TEMP. AIR 47.42 4.86 45.45 5.03 50.77 5.08 RANGE TEMP. AIR 14.52 5.93 15.10 6.38 16.07 4.52 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 0.86 0.73 1.09 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 1.31 0.69 0.84 0.62 1.04, 0.50 AVE. REL. HUMIDITY 90.13 9.18 86.65 11.60 79.03 12.36 AVE. DEW POINT 43.81 5.41 41.39 4.91 44.35 6.66 NOVEMBER T OW BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV.' MAX. TEMP. AIR 43.10 12.95 45.30 12.53 48.10 13.09 MIN. TEMP. AIR 32.67 13.08 34.07 12.20 36.73 12.68 AVE. TEMP. AIR 37.93 12.55 39.77 12.06 42.50 12.82 RANGE TEMP. AIR 10.73 6.22 11.23 5.83 11.37 5.66 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 1.58 1.36 1.24 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 0.31 0.79 0.23 0.61 0.28 0.54 AVE. REL. HUMIDITY 91.90 8.56 88.30 8.61 83.47 10.79 AVE. DEW POINT 36.20 12.98 36.43 13.19 37.80 13.84 DECEMBER T Ow BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX. TEMP. AIR 28.00 9.95 30. 61 9.16 31.97 li./b MIN. TEMP. AIR 17.94 11.05 19.94 11.09 21.71 13.12 AVE. TEMP. AIR 22.23 9.89 24.52 9.88 26.45 11.67 RANGE TEMP. AIR 10.00 7.31 10.10 6.64 9.94 7.91 TOTAL PRECIPITATICN 2.77 2.66 4.06 l ACTUAL EVAPORATION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 V AVE. REL. HUMIDITY 88.68 10.89 88.32 8.86 83.52 12.90 AVE. DEV POINT 20.81 58.53 22.35 11.50 21.48 13.61 FIGURE D-4
D-13 D!SCRIMINANT FUNCfl0N COEFFICIENTS FOR 1977 JANUARY T - BG T - OW OW - BG MAX. AIR TEMPERATURE 0.01419 0.00917 -0.00631 l MIN. AIR TEMPERATURE -0.00588 -0.00409 0.00153 AVE. AIR TEMPERATURE -0.00300 0.00045 0.00974 RANGE AIR TEMPERATURE -0.00969 -0.00675 0.00360 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 0.03456 -0.01957 -0.04405 ACTUAL EVAPORATION AVE. RELATIVE HUMIDITY 0.00401 0.00532 0.00296 AVE. DEW POINT -0.00670 -0.007E7 -0.00587 OVERALL DSQ l.46977 2.27118 0.96996 FEBRUARY T - BG T - CW OW - BG MAX. AIR TEMPERATURE i 0.00600 0.01060 0.02/99 5 MIN. AIR TEMPERATURE -0.00955 -0.01219 -0.02248 AVE. AIR TEMPERATURE 0.00708 0.02119 -0.00524 RANGE AIR TEMPERATURE -0.00586 -0.01008 -0.02539 TOTAL, PRECIPITATION -0.03986 -0.06515 0.10257 ACTUAL EVAPORATION AVE. RELATIVE HUMIDITY 0.00559 0.01110 -0.00108 AVE. DEW PolNT -0.00469 -0.02126 0.00013 OVERALL DSQ 3.75336 3.72529 , 0.64481 fMRCH T - BG T - OW OW - BG l MAX. AIR TEMPERATURE 0.00008 -0.00070 0.00083 : MIN. AIR TEMPERATURE -0.00110 -0.00181 -0.00103 AVE. AIR TEMPERATURE 0.00175 0.00882 0.00973 RANGE AIR TEMPERATURE 0.00016 -0.00052 -0.00186 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 0.01142 -0.00073 0.00432 ACTUAL EVAPORATION AVE. RELATIVE HUMIDITY 0.00216 0.00410 0.00300 AVE. DEW POINT -0.00067 -0.00973
-0.00589 OVERALL DSQ l.71377 1.84432 1 0.54888 FIGURE D-5
D-14 [J \ DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR 1977 APRIL T - BG T - OW OW - BG MAX. AIR TEMPERATURE 0.00144 -0.00586 -0.00389 MIN. AIR TEMPERATURE 0.00094 0.00172 0.00088 i AVE. AIR TEMPERATURE -0.00112 0.00264 0.00595 RANGE AIR TEMPERATURE -0.00012 0.00360 0.00206 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 0.00374 -0.00043 0.00218 ACTUAL EVAPORATION AVE. RELATIVE HUMIDITY -0.00051 0.00001 0.00067 AVE. DEW POINT -0.00109 0.00162 -0.00289 OVERALL DSQ 0.92442 0.83264 0.85137 MAY T - BG T - OW OW - BG , MAX. AIR TEMPERATUPE -0.00328 0.00171 -0.00331 MIN. AIR TEMPERATURE 0.00584 0.00236 0.00646 \s_/ AVE. AIR TEMPERATURE -0.00674 -0.00549 -0.00794 RANGE AIR TEMPERATURE 0.00143 -0.00113 0.00137 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 0.01785 0.01288 0.00570 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 0.00331 -0.00501 0.01184 i AVE. RELATIVE HUMIDITY -0.00661 -0.00257 -0.00628 AVE. DEW POINT 0.00510 0.00120 0.00702 OVERALL DSQ 7.92095 0.91944 6.02428 { JUNE T - BG T - OW OW - BG MAX. AIR TEMPERATURE 0.00797 -0.11656 -0.00193 i MIN. AIR TEMPERATURE 0.00130 0.11098 0.00474 AVE. AIR TEMPERATURE -0.00940 -0.00179 0.00526 RANGE AIR TEMPERATURE -0.00054 0.11003 0.00186 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 0.01280 0.01146 0.01107 ACTUAL EVAPORATION -0.03154 0.05495 0.00155 AVE. RELATIVE HUMIDITY -0.00408 0.00111 0.00060 \_ s AVE. DEW POINT 0.00292 0.00755 -0.00524 1 OVERALL DSQ 5.88223 3.00837 5.31790 FIGURE D-6
1 D-15 I l DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR 1977 l JULY T - BG T - OV OW - BG MAX. AIR TEMPERATURE -0.00591 -0.00199 0.09337 MIN. AIR TEMPERATURE i ~0.01536 -0.00130 -0.06607 AVE. AIR TEMPERATURE -0.03921 0.02348 -0.06208 RANGE AIR TEMPERATURE 0.00940 -0.00067 -0.07996 { TOTAL PRECIPITATION 0.04810 0.02087 -0.00077 i ACTUAL EV/PORATION -0.03148 -0.04719 0.00367 AVE. RELATIVE HUMIDITY -0.02350 0.00378 -0.02827 AVE. DEW POINT 0.03716 -0.02155 0.04733 OVERALL DSQ 13.22334 5.95613 20.20697 i AUGUST T - BG T - OW OV - BG MAX. AIR TEMPERATURE l 0.01066 -0.00176 0.00352
- O' MIN. AIR TEMPERATURE AVE. AIR TEMPERATURE
-0.00362 0.00264 0.00359
-0.00261 0.00245
-0.00238 RANGE AIR TEMPERATURE -0.00615 0.00347 -0.00005 TOTAL PRECIPITATION -0.00537 -0.00515 0.00261 ACTUAL EVAPORATION -0.07326 -0.04019 -0.03795 AVE. RELATIVE HUMIDITY -0.00943 -0.00331 -0.00606 i AVE. DEW POINT 0.00119 0.00183 0.00376 OVERALL DSQ 11.05857 2.63198 5.13453 ,
SEPTEM8ER T - BG T - OW OW - BG MAX. AIR TEMPERATURE -U.00J04 -0.00019 0.00013 MIN. AIR TEMPERATURE 0.00025 0.00278 0.00451 AVE. AIR TEMPERATURE -0.00806 -0.00498 0.00596 RANGE AIR TEMPERATURE 0.00565 -0.00147 0.00178 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 0.00793 0.01243 0.01101 l ACTUAL EVAPORATION -0.09318 0.04401 0.00546 O AVE. RELATIVE HUMIDITY -0.01506 -0.00057 -0.00055 l AVE. DEW POINT 0.01758 0.00411 -0.00543 OVERALL DSQ 10.59011 3.03249 3.91988 5 FIGURE D-7
D-16 DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR 1977 OCTOBER T - BG T - OW OW - BG MAX. AIR TEMPERATURE 0.07685 0.00316 0.07449 MIN. AIR TEMPERATURE -0.07505 -0.00351 -0.07843 AVE. AIR TEMPERATURE -0.00122 0.00259 0.00985 RANGE AIR TEMPERATURE -0.07646 -0.00284 -0.07672 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 0.09092 -0.01790 0.11458 ACTUI.L EVAPORATION -0.05984 -0.04863 0.00552 AVE. RELATIVE HUMIDITY -0.00561 -0.00127 -0.00107 AVE. DEW POINT 0.00506 -0.00291 -0.00140 OVERALL DSQ 5.03687 1.93102 2.76694 NOVEMBER T - BG T - OW OW - BG l MAX. AIR TEMPERATURE 0.00932 -0.00751 0.00457 ('\ 1 { MIN. AIR TEMPERATURE -0.00757 0.00404 -0.00270 AVE. AIR TEMPERATURE I 0.01117 0.00153 -0.00057 : RANGE AIR TEMPERATURE -0.00843 0.00546 -0.00412 TOTAL PRECIPITATION
-0.02022 0.00322 -0.01395 l ACTUAL EVAPORATION -0.02697 0.01956 -0.01373 i AVE. RELATIVE HUMIDITY -0.00024 0.00176 -0.00165 AVE. DEW POINT -0.01124 0.00057 -0.00009 OVERALL DSQ 2.45674 0.76139 0.61356 DECEMBER T - BG T - OW OW - BG MAX. AIR TEMPERATURE -0.00171 -0.00495 l -0.00188 i MIN. AIR TEMPERATURE 0.00217 0.00273 0.00004 AVE. AIR TEMPERATURE -0.00300 -0.00124 0.00506 RANGE AIR TEMPERATURE 0.00180 0.00376 0.00088 TOTAL PRECIPITATION -0.00750 0.01027 0.01023 ACTUAL EVAPORATION AVE. RELATIVE HUMIDITY 0.00031 0.00038 0.000J7 s- AVE. DEW POINT 0.00178 0.00241 -0.00296 OVERALL DSQ 0.72760 0.38407 0.50566 FIGURE D-8
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- - - - - - , - - - . . , . . , - - - - - - - , . _ , . .-...,,----,,n,,n--,_,
XV11 I SECTION 3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING l i i l i 'I l I l l l l l l l l
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e NALCO ENVIR O N M E NT A L SCIENCES
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G 1500 F AONTAG E AC AO o NOATHBACOK, ILLINOIS 60002 o AREA 312-564-0700 sateo cumuicac cou-auv REPORT TO TOLEDO EDISON COMPANY TOLEDO, OHIO PREOPERATIONAL AND OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING FOR THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION OAK HARBOR, OHIO ANNUAL REPORT
SUMMARY
AND INTERPRETATION JANUARY - DECEMBER 1977 FOR SUBMITTAL TO THE NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION PREPARED AND SUBMITTED BY NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES PROJECT NO. 5501-07786 Prepared by: [ [] R. E. Wild, Ph.D. Group Leader , Nuclear Sciences Section I Approved by:
)hy
/ /,
//
J41_ I(/~dg?Huebner, M. S.
- Head' Nuclear S iences Section Approved by
G. Johns n, Ph.D. B. Manager ! Environme(al Sciences Final Draft, March 8, 1978
Draft 1, February 23, 1978
NALCO CINVIRONMENTAL. CCIENCED PREFACE The staff members of the Nuclear Sciences Section of NALCO l Environmental Sciences Division were responsible for the acquisi-l tion of the data presented in this report. Samples were collected i oy members of the staff of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station and by local sample collectors. The report was prepared by R. E. Wild, Group Leader, Nuclear Sciences Section, under the direction of L. G. Huebner, Head, t Nuclear Sciences Section. 4 ii
. _ _ _ ~ _ - . , . . . . . - . . _ . . - . _ . . . _ . . . . - , - - - . _ . _ , . . - - - - , .
NALCC CNVIRONMUNTAL CClZNCTsQ TABLE OF CONTENTS Pace Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ii List of Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . iv List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v I. Ilitroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 1 II. Summary. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
~
III. Methodology. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 4 A. Program Modification. . . . . . . . . .. . . 4 B. The Air Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4
.C. The Terrestrial Program . . . . . . . . . . . 5 D. The Aquatic Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 '
IV. Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 A. Effects of Chinese Atmospheric Nuclear Detonation . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 11 I B. Census of Milch Animals . . . . . . . . . . . 13 C. The Air Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 D. The Terrestrial Environment . . . . . . . . . 15 d E. The Aquatic Environment . . . . . . . . . . . 20
- v. Methodology Figures and Tables . . . . . . . . . . 23 VI. References Cited . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 40 Appendix A. Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Radioactivity in Air and Water . A-1 t
\s lii
NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEO 7 i , LIST OF FIGURES No. Caption Page
- 1. Sampling locations on the site periphery of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station. . . 24
; 2. Sampling locations (except those on the site i periphery), Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 i
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4 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL CCIENCED LIST OF TABLES No. Title Page
- 1. Sampling locations, Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Unit No. 1. . . . . . . . . . . 26
- 2. Type and frequency of collections . . . . . . . . . 28
- 3. Sample codes used in Table 2. . . .. . . . . . . . 29
- 4. Sampling summary. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 30
- 5. Environmental radiological monitoring program summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4
't, V
Pm N ENVIRONM' INTAL CCI 4NCES [% \ I. Introduction t V) Because of the many potential pathways of radiation exposure to man from both natural and man-made sources, it is necessary to document levels of radicactivity and the variability of these levels which exist in an area prior to the anticipated release of any additional radioactive nuclides. To meet this objective, an. extensive preoperational environmental radiological monitoring program was initiated for the Toledo Edison Company in the vicinity of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station site. This program included collection (both onsite and offsite) and radiometric analyses of airborne particulates, airborne iodine, ambient gamma radiation, milk, groundwater, meat and wildlife, fruits and vegetables, animal and wildlife feed, soil, surface water, fish, and bottom sediments. r BIO-TEST /NALCO ES completed the first four years of preoperation-al monitoring in June of 1976 and initiated a two and one-half year program including preoperational and operational monitoring in July of 1976. Results of radiometric analyses of samples collected from January through Cecember 1977 are reported herein. This report, prepared by NALCO Environmental Sciences , together with the previous , reports (Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories , Inc. 1973a, 1973b, j 1973c, 1973d, 1974a, 1974b,1975a and NALCO Environmental Sciences i l 1975b 1976a, and 1976b) will help to establish radiological environ-mental baseline values prior to the operation of the Davis-Besse , Nuclear ?cwer Station and to assess the environmental impact of l any small releases of radioactivity by the plant now that it is Fuel elements were loaded in Unit 1 on 23 through 27 l l l p)- operational. April 1977 and the initial criticality was achieved on 8 August 1977. i 1
NALCO CNVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEO 1 Unit 1 achieved fifty percent of its operational capacity on 16 December 1977. This report includes final preoperational data and initial operational data for the monitoring program at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station. - l l i i l I 1 1 4 I I .! l 1 i l i t i l i I 1 l 2
o NALCO CNVIRONMGNTAL CC1GNCEIS ( II. Summary Results of sample analyses during the pericd January - Decerber 1977 are summarized in Table 5. Tabulations of data for all samples collected during this period, additional statistical analyses of the data, and grapha of data trends are presented in a separate report to the Tole'do Edison Company. Monitoring data collected during the period January - Decerber 1977 were similar to data obtained 6 2 ring 1976 although radiation levels tended to be slightly higher. The major contributor to these elevated levels was residual fallout from the atmospheric detonaticn of a four megaton nuclear device by the Chinese on 17 November 1976. Fallout from a 20 kiloten device detonated on 17 September 1977 also caused brief elevations of activity in O airborne particulates, milk, and fruits and vegetables. ' None of the r2sults indicate any effect on the radiological environment due to Unit 1 since it became operational. O v 3
NALCO ENVIRONM2NTAL CCIONCED III. Methodolocy The sampling locations for the Preoperational Environmental Radiological Monitoring Program at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station are shown in Figures 1 and 2. Table 1 describes the loca-tions, lists for each its direction and distance from the station, and indicates which are indicator and which are control locations. The sampling program monitors the air, terrestrial, and aquatic environments. The types of samples collected at each location and the frequency of collections are presented in Table 2 using codes defined in Table 3. Below, the collections and analyses that comprise the program are described. Finally, 'the execution of the program in the current reporting annual period (January - December 1977) is discussed. A. Procram Fodification
]
During the repcrting period the monitoring program was modified slightly in accordance with the latest revision to the Environmental Technical Specifications for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station. The modification requires monthly analyses of green leafy vegetables for iodine-131 during harvest season. Details are given in Section III. C.S. B. The Air Procran
- 1. Airborne Particulates The airborne particulate samples are collected on l 47 mm cliameter membrane filters of 0. 8 micron porosity at a valu-l metric rate of approximately one cubic foot per minute. The filters 1
are collected weekly from eleven locations (T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4, T-7, T-8, T-9, T-ll, T-12, T-2 3, and T-2 7) , placed in individual glassine v/ 4 6
UALCO ENVIRONMENTAL CCICNCE2 O protective envelopes, and dispatched by mail to NALCO Environmental Sciences for radiometric analyses. The filters are analyzed for gross beta activity approximately five days after collection to allow for decay of naturally-occurring short-lived radionuclides. The quarterly composites of all air particulate samples from indi-cator locations (T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4, T-7, and T-8) and of all air particulate samples from control locations (T-9, T-ll, T-12, T-23, and T-27) are gamma-scanned and analyzed for strontium-89 and -90.
- 2. Airborne Iodine Each air sampler is equipped with a charcoal trap in-line after the filter holdez. The charcoal trap at each location is changed at the same time as the particulate filter and analyzed for iodine-131 immediately after arrival at the laboratory.
- 3. Ambient Gamma Radiation The integrated gamma-ray background from natural radiation is measured with ther:r.oluminescent dosimeters (TLD).
Monthly and quarterly TLD's are placed at thirteen locations (the eleven air sampling locations and locations T-5 and T-24) . Each shipment of TLD's includes controls which are stored in a shield at the station and returned with the field TLD's 1 1 after their removal. In transit exposures are measured by the l control TLD's and subtracted from the field TLD measurements to obtain their net exposure. C. The Terrestrial Program
- 1. Milk h
O Two-gallon milk samples are collected semi-monthly during the gra ing period (May through October) and monthly during 5
NALCO CINVIRONM2NTAL GCIENCEG the rest of the year from two indicator locations (T-8 and T-20) and one control location' (T-24) . The milk samples are analyzed for iodine--131, strontium-89 and -90, calcium, stable potassium, and are gamma-scanned.
- 2. Groundwater One gallon well water samples are collected quarter-ly from two indicator locations (T-7 and T-17) and from one control location (T-27). The gross beta activity is determined on the suspended and dissolved solids of each sample. The samples are also gamma scanned and analyzed for strontium-89 and -90, and tritium.
- 3. Edible Meat Semi-annually, domestic meat samples (chickens)
, are collected from one indicator location (T-32) and one control locaticn (T-34) and one representative species of wildlife (musk-rat or raccoon) is collected onsite (T-31). In addition, one waterfowl species and one snapping turtle are collected annually onsite (T-31) or in the site vicinity (T-33). Gamma-spectroscopic analysis is performed on the edible portions of each sample.
- 4. Fruits and Vegetables Semi-annually, two varieties of fruits and vegetables are collected from each of the two indicator locations (T-8 and T-25) and from one control location (T-34). The edible portions are gamma scanned and analyzed for strontium-89 and -90.
- 5. Green Leafy Vegetables h) tables are collected from one indicator location (T-36) and one
\ Monthly during the harvest season, green leafy vege-6
NALCO GNVIRONMUNTAL CCI!3NCEO ( control location (T-37). The samples are analyzed for iodine-131. Shocid green leafy vegetables from private gardens not be available, nonedible plants with similar leaf characteristics from the same vicinity may be substituted.
- 6. Animal-Wildlife Feed
- Animal feed is collected semi-annually from one indicator location, (T-8) and one control location (T-34). Cattle feed is collec:ed during the first quarter and grass is collected during the third quarter. Also, once a year, a sample of smartweed is collected from location T-3: (onsite). Gamma-spectroscopic analysis is performed on all samples.
- 7. Soil once every three years , soil samples are collected
) from all eleven air sampling locations; six indicator locations (T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4, T-7, and T-8) and five control locations (T-9, T-11, T-12, T-23, and T-27). Gamma-spectroscopic analysis is performed on all samples.
D. The Aquatic Procram
- 1. Treated Surface Water Weekly grab samples of treated water are collected at one indicator location (T-28, Unit 1 treated water supply, on-site) and two control locations (T-ll and T-12, Port Clinton and Toledo filtration plants) . The samples from each location are composited monthly and analyzed for gross beta activity in dis-solved and suspended solids. Quarterly composites from each loca-
[ tion are gamma scanned and analyzed for strontium-89 and -90, and ( tritium. 7
t l NALCO GNVIRONMONTAL CCIONCOO j
- 2. Untreated Surface Water Weekly grab samples of untreated water from Lake Erie are collected from one indicator location (T-3) and from two control locations (T-11 and T-12, Port Clinton and Toledo filtration plants, untreated water top) . In addition, hourly grab samples are collected from one in-plant water supply (T-28, Unit 1 untreated water supply, onsite) . The samples from each location are composited monthly and ana.lyzed for gross beta activity in dissolved and suspended solids. Quarterly composites from each location are gamma scanned and analyzed for strontium-89 and -90, and triti m.
- 3. Fish Two species of fish are collected semi-annually 4
from each of the two locations in Lake Erie; from one indicator location in the vicinity of the discharge (T-33) and one control location approximately 15 miles from the plant (T-35, Put-In-Bay area). The flesh is separated from the bones, ashed, and analyzed for gross beta and gamma-emitting isotopes.
- 4. Bottom Sediments Semi-annually, bottom sediments are collected from three locations in Lake Erie; at two indicator locations , intake (T-29) and discharge (T-30), and at one control location about 5.3 miles WIM from the plant (T-27). The samples are gamma scanned and analyzed for gross beta and strontium-89 and -90.
E. Program Execution Program execution is summarized in Table 4. The program u 8
r NALCD CNVistONMONTAL CCIONCCO .
,_ was executed as described in the preceding sections with the follow-ing exceptions:
(1) There were no air particulate or I-131 data from location T-3 for the weeks of 1-03-77 to 1-12-77 and 11-07-77 to 11-14-77; from location T-11 for the week of 1-12-77 to 1-18-77;from location T-4 for the weeks of 2-28-77 to 3-0 7-77 and 7-05-77 to 7 77; from location T-2 for the week of 4-04-77 to 4-11-77; and from location T-8 for the weeks of 6-27-77 to 7-05-77 and 8-01-77 to 8 77 because the pumps failed . (2) There were no air particulate data from location T-ll for the week of 4-11-77 to 4-18-77 because the filter was in-advertently not installed. (3) There were no air particulate or I-131 data from locations T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4, T-7, T-8, T-9, T-ll, T-12, and T-27 ( for the week of 11-28-77 to 12-05-77 because heavy snow blocked access to these sampling stations. (4) There were no airborne I-131 data from location T-11 for the week of 4-11-77 to 4-18-77 and from location T-23 for the week of 12-19-77 to 12-27-77 because the samples were lost in transit. (5) There were no airborne I-131 data from locations T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4, T-7, T-8, T-9, T-ll, T-12, T-23, and T-27 for the week of 9-06-77 to 9-12-77 because of laboratory error. (6) Weekly samples of treated water were not col-I lected during the first week of December from locations T-ll and 1 T-28 because of a severe winter storm. (7) Weekly samples of untreated surface water were 1 9 l
NALCC CNVIRONMGNTAL CCIIINCSS not collected from Lake Erie during the last week of November because ice had built up on shore. Samples were not collected from the first week of January tnrough the first of March and i for the month of December because the lake was frozen. . i (8) Weekly untreated water samples were not col-i lected from locations T-11 and T-28 during the first week of
; December because of a severe winter storm.
I i i i 10 l i _ _ - - _ - - - _ . .-_ -. - -_ . .
NALCD CNVIRONMUNTAL CCICNCES IV. Results and Discussion J The results for the reporting period January to December 1977 are presented in summary form in Table 5. For each type of analysis of each sampled medium, this table shows the annual mean and range for all indicator locations and for all control locations. The location with the highest annral mean and the results for this location are also given. The discussion of the results has been divided into three broad categories ; the air, terrestrial, and aquatic environments. Within each category, samples are discussed in the order listed in Table 4. Any references to previous environmental data for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Pcwer Station refer to data collected by NALCO Environmental Sciences or Industrial B'IO-TEST Laboratories , Inc. a The tabulated results of all measurements made during 1977 are not included in this section, although references to these results are made in the discussion. The complete tabulation of the results is submitted to the Toledo Edison Company in a separate repcrt. A. Effects of Chinese Atmospheric Nuclear Detonation A major factor influencing program results during the reporting period was the atmospheric nuclear detonation by the People's Republic of China at 3 a.m. , EDT, on 17 September 1977. The estimated yield of the device was 20 kilotons of TNT. This section briefly reviews information about the test and its environ-mental effecrs reported by the U. S. Environmental Protection ~ Agency in daily netts releases (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 19 77c) . 11
..-a ( ~ _ _ _ . - -
i e NALCO CNVip4CNMGNTAL CCIGNCCO t 1 The test injected radioactive debris into the upper troposphere (30,000 to 40,000 feet) . The passage of this contami-
- nated air mass over the United States was monitored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the EPA. The leading edge of the contaminated air mass passed over the western edge of the continental United States on 21 September 1977. It probably i
passed over the Ohio area two to three days later. To monitor effects of the radioactive cloud, the EPA meas-ured radioactivity in air particulates , rainwater, and pasteuri::ed milk. On 27 September 1977, the EPA reported geographically scattered observations of elevated activity levels in air particu-lates and rainwater and the detection of iodine-131 in milk in Anchorage, Alaska and Richland, Washingten. Later news releases reported additional scattered observations of elevated levels in
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air particulates and a large nu:rber of observations of elevated iodine-131 levels in milk. Tne most pronounced effects were in milk. The EPA detec-ted iodine-131 in pasteurized milk samples collected in 37 states during the week ending 12 October 1977. The iodine-131 concentra-tions ranged from 13 to 78 pCi/l with levels in general higher west of the Rocky Mountains. Results as high as 119 pCi/l were obtained the previous week. With regard to health effects, the i EPA stated that these values were "well below levels at which EPA would recommend the consideration of protective action by the States" and that " people should conta.nue to use milk in the normal manner." C 12
. NAL.CO flNVIRCNMCNTAL. OCI3NCG3 B. Census of Milch Animals In compliance with the Environmental Technical Specifi-cations for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, the annual census of milch animals was conducted on 18 December 1977 by plant person-nel. There were no known goats within a 15 mile radius of the station. Cow herds counted were : Moore Farm, 2.7 miles WSW of the station, 40 cows; Daup Farm, 5.4 miles SSE of the station, 25 cows; and Gaetes Farm, 5.5 miles WSW of the station, 30 cows. The Moore and Daup farms are indicator location T-8 and control location T-20, respectively.
C. The Air Environment
- 1. Airborne Particulates Gross beta measurements yielded annual means that f were slightly higher at the five control locations (0.161 pCi/m 3)
( than at the six indicator locations (0.151 pCi/m3) . The location with the highest annual mean (0.176 pCi/m 3 ) was control location T-12, 23.5 miles WNW of the station. Gross beta activities at all locations were also ; statistically analyzed by mcnths and quarters. The highest aver-ages were for the month of June and the second quarter. These results are consistent with the occurrence of the usual world-wide
" spring peak" in gross beta activity which, is believed to be due to radioactive debris in the stratosphere (Gold et al, 1964; Wilson et al, 1969). This spring peak was observed at monitoring locations throughout the United States (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, x 19 77a) . Its pronounced size in 1977 is probably due to radioactive
}
J 13
NALCD CNVIRONMGNTAL CCISNCGO [] debris injected into the stratospliere by the Chinese atmospheric kJ nuclear test conducted on 17 November 1976. Decris from this test are expected to influence ground level air particulate activi-ties for several years (U. S. ' Envirorimenta.' ?rotection Agency, 1977b). Gross beta activity attributable to the Chinese atmospheric nuclear test conducted on.17 September 1977 was ob-served at all locations and reached its maximum level during the week of 26 September to 3 October 1977. The maximum gross beta activities were slightly lower than those observed during the spring peak. Gamma spectroscopic analysis of quarterly composites of air particulate filters yielded nearly identical results for indicator and control locations. The predominant gamma-emitting [) isotope was beryllium-7 which is produced continuously in the upper U atmosphere by cosmic radiation (Arnold and Al-Salih, 1955). Trace amounts of zirconium-95, niobium-95, ruthenium-10 3, ruthenium-10 6, cesium-137, and cerium-144 were also detected in some samples. Activities of these isotopes reached their highest levels during the second quarter and then decreased for the remainder of the year in-a dicating that residual f'llout from nuclear detonations in 1976 was brought down during the annual spring peak. Both strontium-89 and strontium-90 activities were nearly identical for quarterly composites for control and indicator locations. Neither was detected in the first quarter composites. Activities of both strontium-89 and strontium-90 reached their p maxima in the second quarter and gradually decreased during the 14
NALCO GNVIRONMONTAL CCIENCEO remaining two quarters. v
- 2. Airborne Iodine Weekly levels of airborne iodine-131 were equal to or below the lower limit of detection (LLD) of 0.02 pCi/m3 throughout 1977. Only five of 542 samples yielded detectable results of 0.02 0.01 pCi/m 3 , which, when compared with the LLD of 0.02 pCi/m3, are not considered to be significant.
- 3. Ambient Gamma Radiation Monthly TLD's at the indicator locations measured a mean equivalent dose of 15.8 3.8 mrem /91 days at indicator locations and a mean of 18.4 2.9 mrem /91 days at cont:rol lccations.
These results were in agreement with the values obtained by quarterly TLD's. The highest annual means for monthly TLD's (21.9 mrem /91 days) and for quarterly TLD's (21.6 mrem /91 days) occurred at control v location T-24. The annual mean dose equivalent for all locations measured by monthly and quarterly TLD's was 16.8 mrem /91 days. D. The Terrestrial Environment
- 1. Milk A total of 60 analyses for iodine-131 in milk were performed during the reporting period. All samples collected before October (42) contained less than 0.5 pCi/1 of iodine-131 with the exception of two samples with elevated minimum sensitivities
( <l. 3 and <0. 8 pCi/1) . The elevated minimum sensitivities were caused by poor chemical recoveries. Fallout from the most recent Chinese weapons test first appeared in samples cellected on 3 Cctober j p 1977. Iodine-131 levels ranged from 2.2 to 9.0 pCi/1 and exceeded the
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l 15
I NALCC CNVIRONMONTAL CCIONCOO
\
action limits for Davis-Besse. NALCO ES reported these elevated levels to Davis-Besse by telephone. Samples were collected weekly and results reported by telephone during October. The highest level of iodine-131 (23.9 pCi/1) was observed in milk collected on 11 October 1977 at location T-24, Toft's Dairy. Iodine-131 levels had returned to pre-fallout levels by mid-December. 1 Strontium-89 was detected in 15 of 54 milk samples. The annual means were 2.57 pCi/l for the indicator location and 3.01 pCi/l for the control locations. Control location T-24 had the highest mean (3.4 pCi/1) of all locations. A value o f 9. 2 2. 7 pCi/l was measured on 17 October 1977 at this location and is attributable to fallout from the Chinese nuclear weapons test of 17 September 1977. . Strontium-89 results for 1976 were all below the LLD. During 1977, detectable levels were observed during two periods, the spring peak which occurred before the station was operational and during the weeks immediately following the passage ; of the latest fallout cloud. There is no evidence of a release of radioactive materials by the station. , The annual mean value for strontium-90 was slightly higher at the control locations (2.13 pCi/1) than at the indicator l location (1.76 pCi/I). The location with the highest mean (2.34 pCi/1) was control location T-24. i The activities of Ba-J.40 were below the LLD for all samples collected. l Results for cesium-137 and potassium-40 were nearly
, identical at control and indicator locations (5.01 - 5.1 pCi/l and 16 . - - . ~ . - . - . .- - ... - -- - , - .
NALCD ENVIRONMUNTAL CCI'GNCOO . 1266 - 1291 pC1/1 for cesium-137 and potassium-40, respectively) . Control location T-24 had the highest mean (5.5 pCi/1) for cesium-137 and indicator location T-8 had the highest mean for potassium-40 (1291 pC1/1) . Since the chemistries of calcium and strontium, and potassium and cesium are similar, organisms tend to deposit cesium-137 in' muscle and soft tissue and strontium-89 and -90 in bcnes. In order to detect potential environmental accumulation of these radionuclides, the ratios of the strontium-90 activity to the weight of calcium and of the cesium-137 activity to weight of stable potassium were monitored in milk. The measured concentrations of calcium and stable potassium were in agreement with previously determined values of 1.16 0.08 g/l and 1.50 0.21 g/1, respectively [) (National Center for Radiological Health,196 8) . No statistically
\j significant variations in the ratios were observed.
- 2. Groundwater (Well water)
Gross beta activities in suspended solids were below the LLD of 0.34 pCi/l in eleven of the twelve samples analyzed. The sample ecliected from indicator location T-17 in the fourth quarter had 'an activity of 0.41 0.21 pCi/1. Gross beta activities in dissolved solids averaged 2.46 pCi/l at the indicator locations and 4.48 pCi/l at the control location. The value for the control location (T-27) was inflated by an activity of 11.2 3.6 pCi/l detected in the sample collected during the third quarter and repre-sents an approximate five-fold increase in activity when compared to
,f s the results for the remaining three quarters. m ilar results were Si' l
17
NALCO CNVIRONMENTAL CCIGNCEO obtained in 1976. It is speculated that the water table in the s vicinity of the well drops during the summer and is replenished from a different aquifer. Gamma spectroscopic analyses performed in 1976 identified lead-214 as the probable source of increased beta activity at location T-27. Three of twelve samples contained more than the LLD of- 180 pCi/l of tritium. An activity of 410 pCi/l was detected at control location T-27. Of the indicator locations, only T-7 showed detectable activities. The mean value was 270 pCi/1. Strontium-89 activity was below the LLD of 0.69 pCi/l for all samples. There were two detectable strontium-90 activities, both for indicator location T-7. The mean was 0.91 pCi/1. Neither of the results is significant when compared with the LLD. r All samples were below the LLD of 3.7 pCi/I for cesium-137 activity.
- 3. Edible Meat In edible meat samples (chicken, raccoon, goose, and snapping turtle) the mean potassium-40 activity was 2.0 8 pCi/g wet weight for the indicator locations and 1.47 pCi/g wet weight for the control location. The difference is not statistically signifi-cant. All cesium-137 activities were below the LLD (0.007 pCi/g
! wet weight). l
- 4. Fruits and Vecetables Strontium-89 achivities exceeded the LLD twice, cabbage from indicator location T-25 contained 0.115 0.014 pCi/g
/' wet weight and beets from control location T-34 contained 0.029:
0.016 pCi/g wet weight. Both samples were collected on 3 October l 18 i
-NALCO ENVIRONMGNTAL CCIENCED n
1977 and the results are attributable to fallout from the most recent weapons test. Strontium-90 activities averaged 0.0183 pCi/g wet weight at the indicator locations and 0.0085 pCi/g wet weight at L1e control location. All samples were collected in mid-July and early October. The results are attributable to fallout from pre-vious nuclear tests. The predominant gamma-emitting isotope detected was potassium-40. The mean activitius were 2.22 pCi/g wet weight,for indicator locations and 3.18 pCi/g wet weight for the control loca-tion. Niobium-95 was detected in five of thirteen samples. The mean activities were 0.137 pCi/g wet weight for indicator and 0.050 pCi/g wet weight for controls. The following activities (in N pCi/g wat weight) were detected in samples from indicator locations : zirconium-95 (O .155) : ruthenium-106 (O .10 7 ) ; cesium-137 (0. 014 ) ; cerium-141 (0. 270) ; suid cerium-144 (0.15 7) . These activities are attributable to fallout from the nuclear weapon' _est of September 1977.
- 5. Green Leafy Vegetables Green leafy vegetables (cabbage, cauliflower, lettuce, and swiss chard) collected during harvest season were analyzed for iodine-131. All results were below the LLD of 0.01 pCi/g wet weight.
- 6. Animal-Wildlife Feed
! In grass , smartweed, and silage the predominant gamma-emitting isotopes were beryllium-7 and potassium-40, although
/7 niobium-95, cesium-137, and cerium-144 were also detected. Means 1
( v) . 19 i _ __ -
NALCO CNVIRONMGNTAL CCIGNCGC for the control locations were higher than those for the indicator ' \ locations for all of these gamma-emitters.-
- 7. Soil Soil samples were collected in June of 1977 and analyzed for ga=ma-emitting isotopes. The predominant activity was potassium-40 which had a mean of 19.2 pCi/g dry weight at control locations and of 18.5 pCi/g dry weight at indicator locations.
Cesium-137, niobium-95, zirconium-95, ruthenium-106, and cerium-144 were also detected. The mean activities of these isotopes ranged from 1.04 to 0.32 pCi/g dry weight. With the exception of cerium-144, which was detected at only one indicator location, the mean activi-ties were higher at control locations. Naturally occurring radium and thorium and their daughters were also detected. All other O gamma-emitting isotopes were undetectable. E. The Acuatic Environment
- 1. Water Samples - Treated In treated water samples the gross beta activity in suspended solids was below the LLD of 0.3 pCi/l at all locations.
Gross beta activity in dissolved solids averaged 2.73 pCi/1 at indicator locations and 2. 84 pCi/1 at control locations. The values are similar to those measured in 1975 and 1976. Tritium activities were approximately 60 percent of the levels detected in 1975 and 1976. The mean activity for the indicator location was 240 pCi/l and 250 pCi/l at centrol locations. The difference is not statis-tically significant. Strontium-89 was detected in three of twelve samples. 20
NALCO CNVIRONMENTAL CCIGNCED ('
\
The activity for indicator location T-28 was 0.96 0.76 pCi/1. The mean activity at control ~ ~ cation T-12 was 1. 35 0.044 pCi/1. The difference is not statistically significant. Strontium-90 activity was above the LLD of 0.57 pCi/l in six of twelve samples. The mean for the indicator location was 0.59 pCi/l and 0.93 pCi/l for the control locations. Cesium-137 was below the LLD of 3.7 pCi/l for all locations.
- 2. Water Samoles - Untreated In untreated water samples the mean gross beta activity in suspended solids was 1.17 pCi/1 at indicator locations i
and 0.65 pCi/l at control locations. In dissolved solids the mean activity was 3.83 pCi/l at indicator locations and 3.69 pCi/l at control locations. For total residue the mean activities were 4.08 pCi/l at indicator locations and 3.85 pCi/l at control locations.
%J None of these r2sults show statistically significz.nt differences I
between indicator and control locations. / t I The mean tritium activity for indicator and control I locations were identical ('250 pCi/1) and were approximately thirty I percent lower than means determined in 1975 and .}976. These results are in agreement with ,those obtained for treated water. Strontium-89 was above the LLD of 0.7 pCi/l in three of sixteen samples while strontium-90 was above the LLD of 0.5 pCi/1 in twelve of sixteen samples. The mean strentium-89 activity was 1.91 pCi/l for indicator locations and 1.44 pCi/l for control loca-tions. The mean strontium-90 activity was 0.83 pCi/l for indicator locations and O.80 pCi/l for control locations. In both cases there b is no significant statistical difference between indicator and 21
NALCO CNVIRONMONTAL CCtGNCEC) [' '
\
control locations. Cesium-137 activity was below the LLD of 3.9 pCi/l for all locations.
- 3. . Fish The mean gross beta activity in fish muscle was 1.32 pCi/g wet weight for indicator locations and 2.32 pCi/g wet weight for control locations.
Potassium-40 and cesium-137 were the only gamma-emitting isotopes detected. The mean potassium-40 activity was 1.19 pCi/g wet weight for th'e indicator location and 1. 38 pCi/g wet weight for the control location. Perch collected in June exceeded the LLD of 0.002 pCi/g wet weight for cesium-137 at both indicator - (0.0060d0.0013 pCi/g wet weight) and control (0.0073 0.0013 pCi/g wet weight) locations. The difference is not statistically signifi-cant. i
. 4. Bottom Sediments l The mean gross beta activity for bottom sediments was 26.3 8.0 pCi/g drt weight for indicator locations and 15.15 0.07 pCi/g dry weight fo.- the control location. The location with the highest mean was indicator location T-29 (30.95i0.0 7 pCi/g dry weight) . Location T-29 also had the highest mean potassium-40 activity (22.2 6.6 pCi/g dry weight) which was the major centributor to the gross beta activity at all locations.
Cesium-137, strontium-89, and strontium-90 activities were all below their LLD's of 0.0 3, 0.3, and 0.03 pCi/g dry weight, respectively. V 22 l l -_ --_.
NALCD ENVIMONMENTAL SCIENCES V. Methodology Figures and Tables l I , 23
O O O [ .* NALCO
., , ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES DIVISION
.,., NORTHDROOK, ILLINOIS 60062 2
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Figure 2. Sampling locations (excepting those on the pite periphery) , Davis 11 esse riuclear Power Station, Unit rio. 1
NALCD CNVIRONMGNTAL CCIONCEQ C q j Table 1. Sampling locations , Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, V Unit No. 1 Type of Code Locationa . Location T- 1 I Site boundary, 0.6 miles NE of station, near intake canal. T- 2 I Site boundary, 0.9 miles E of station. T- 3 I Site boundary,1.4 miles SE of station, near Toussaint River and storm drain. T- 4 I Site boundary, 0.8 miles S of station, near Locust Point and Toussaint River. T- 5 I Main entrance to site, 0.25 miles W of station. T- 7 I Sand Beach, 0.9 miles NNW of site. T- 8 I Earl Moore Farm, 2.7 miles WSW of site. T- 9 C Oak Harbor, 6. 8 miles SW of site. T-ll C Port Clinton 9.5 miles SE of site. V T-12 C Toledo, 23.5 miles WNW of site. T-17 I Irv Fick's well onsite, 0. 7 miles SW of site. T-20 C Daup Farm, 5.4 miles SSE of site. T-23 C Put-In-Bay Lighthouse , 14. 3 miles ENE of site. T-24 C Sandusky, 24.9 miles SE of site. T-25 I Miller Farm, 3.7 miles S of site. T-27 C Magee Marsh, 5. 3 miles WNW of site. T-28 I Unit 1 treated water Aupply, onsite. T-29 I Lake Erie, intake area, 1.5 miles NE of site. { T-30 I Lake Erie, discharge area, 0.9 miles ENE of site. T-31 I Onsite. t T-32 I Land, within 5 miles radius of site. l J 26
NALCO CNVIRONMUNTAL CCl2NCE3 Table 1. (continued) Type of Code Iocationa Location T-33 I Lake Erie, within 5 miles radius of site. T-34 , C Land, greater than 10 miles radius of site. T-35 C Lake Erie, greater than 10 miles radius of site. T-36 I Miller Farm, 3.7 miles S of site. T-37 C Fruit Stand, 12.0 miles SW of site. I = Indicator locations; C = Control locations. 1 0 27
~ _ . - .
O O O Table 2. Type and frequency of collection. Sampling Location Type Weekly Monthly Quarterly Semi-annually Annually , 1 I AP AI TLD TLD SOa .. 2 I AP AI TLD TLD SO 3 I AP AI SWU TLD 'TLD SO 4 I AP AI TLD TLD SO 5 I TLD TLD E 7 I AP AI TLD TLD WW SG ) 8 I AP AI TLD Mb TLD VE AFc 30 p 9 C AP AI TLD TLD SO O 11 C AP AI SWU SWT TLD SO O 12 C AP AI SWU SWT TLD TLD SO E 17 20 I C M WW f 23 C AP AI TLD TLD SO E 24 C TLD TLD y 25 C VE g 27 C AP AI TLD TLD WW BS SO E 28 I SWU SWT 2 29 I BS g 30 I BS 7 31 I WL SMW g 32 I ME D 33 I F WF ST m 34 C ME VE AP 2 35 C F G 36 I GLVd m 37 C GLyd # Once every three years. b Semi-monthly during the grazing season, May through October. Cattle feed collected during the 1st quarter, grass collected during 3rd quarter. d Monthly during harvest.
NALc0 GNVIRONMONTAL CCISNCGG Table 3. Sample codes used in Table 2. -j Code Description AP Airborne Particulate. AI Airborne Iodine TLD (M) Thermoluminescent Dosimeter - Monthly TLD (Q) Thermoluminescent Dosimeter - Quarterly SWU Surface water - Untreated SWT Surface water - Treated (tap) ' WW Well water (Ground Water) BS Bottom Sediments SO Soil M Milk ME Domestic Meat WL Wildlife F Fish VE Fruits and Vegetables SMW Smartweed AF Animal Feed (silage , grain, grass) WF Waterfowl ST Snapping Turtle GLV Green Leafy Vegetables l i i 29 _ _ _ , _ _ ___.___.1
N Table 4. Sampling sumunary.
- Collection tiund)er of Nuadaer of Sample Typo and Number of Samples Samples Type Frequency 8 ..
Incations Collected Missed Itemarks Ai r Environnemt Altborno particulates C/W 11 564 19 See text p. 9 Airborne lodine C/W 11 552 31 See text p. 9 ; TLD's C/M 13 156 0 To rres t rial Environment
~
C/0 13 52 0 f
~ RI'l G ltty-oct.) G/SM 3 36 46 Six extra samples, (flov. - Ap r. ) G/M 3 18 0 See text p. 15 Groundwate r G/0 3 12 0 M Edible neat I
- a. Iknustic moat C/SA 2 4 0
- b. Wildlife G/SA 1 2 0 (one species) E
- c. Waterfoal C/A 1 0 O
- d. Snapping turtle C/A 1 1
1 0 g Fruits and Vegetables G/SA 3 13 +1 1 extra g W (two varieties from - variety M O each location) Graen Leafy Vegetables (.lurls g harvest season) G/M 2 6 0 f g-Animal-wildlife feed
.. Cattle feed C/A 2 2 0
- b. Crass G/A 2 Collected 1st Q
- c. Smartweed C/A 1 2 0 Collected 3rd0 -
E 1 0 Soll G/3Y 11 11 0 I Aquatic Envi ronnent n
' E Treated surfaco water G/WM 3 154b 2 See text p. 10 i thitreated surface water G/WH 3 139 b 17 See text p. 9 C/llH S1 b g I
Fish (two species) G/SA 2 8 0 Dottom sedinents C/SA 3 6 0 Type of collection is coded as follows: C/ = continuouas G/ = grab. Frequency is coded as follows: /IIM = hourly grab composited monthlys /WM = weekly grab composited monthlys /W = weeklys /SH = semi-monthlys /H = monthlys /0 = quarterly /SA = semi-annuallys /A = annuallys /3Y = onco every three years. b Sauples are sent to la13 oratory weekly. J i I
s . N Table 5. Environmental Radiological Monitoring Program Summary. Hamo of facility Davis-nesso nuclear Power Station. Docket No. 50-346* Location of facility ne tnam niin Reporting period,gg ... -
- m,-.am , igy7 (County, stato)
Indicator Location with Nighest Control Sample Typo and Incations Annual Hean Locations Number of Type Nwrdier of Mean (F) O Hoan (F) Mean(F) non-routine (Units) Analysen a LLD U Rango 0 Locationd Rango Range Results0 Airbo rne ca 562 f 0.001 0.151 (303/303) T-12 23.5 WIM 0.18 (52/52) 0.161 (259/259) O particulated (0.016-0.498) (0.037-0.567) (0.005-0.567) (pC1/m3) S r-89 8 0.002 0.0088 (3/4) NA9 0.0083 (3/4) 0 (0.003-0.015) (0.003-0.015) S r-90 8 0.00000 0.00098 (3/4) NA 0.00101 (3/4) 0 (0.0006-0.0012) (0.0007-0.0012) y scan 8 Bo-7 0.002 0.10 (4/4) NA 0.13 (4/4) 0 (0.066-0.150) (0.081-0.172) Er-95 0.002 0.022 (3/4) ' NA 0.019 (4/4) 0 (0.008-0.038) (0.006-0.041) Nb-95 0.0003 0.032 (4/4) NA 0.035 (4/4) 0 OJ (0.007-0.073) (0.007-0.082) t' Ru-103 0.017 0.047 (1/4) NA (LLD 0 Ru-106 0.004 0.018 (2/4) NA 0.016 (2/4) 0 (0.017-0.019) (0.010-0.021) Cs-137 0.0003 0.0018 (4/4) HA 0.0022 (3/4) 0 (0.0004-0.0028) (0.0018-0.0026) Co-141 0.036 '(LLD NA (LLD 0 co-144 0.0016 0.032 (4/4) NA 0.031 (3/4) 0 (0.003-0.073) (0.019-0.037) 4 i -
Tablo 5. (continued) Namo of facility pavj s-pesse Nuclear Power Station. Indicator Location with Highest Control Sample Type and Locations Annual floars Locations Number of c .. Tytan Number of Hean (Pi Hoan(F) Hean(F) non-routine (Unito) Analyses 4 LLDb Rango c Location d Range Range Resultse Ai rborno I-131 542h 0.02 0.02 (4/295) T-4 0.8 S 0.05 (1/48) 0.02 (1/246) 0 lodino - - - TLD Camma 156 2 15.8 (81/84) T-24 24.9 SE 21.9 (12/12) 18.4 (72/72) 0 n>nthly (arem) (9. 7-2 3.1 ) (19.3-24.2) (12.8-24.2) quarters TLD Garmoa 52 2 15.1 (28/28) T-24 24.9 SE 21.6 (4/4) 17.9 (24/24) 0 Quarterly (10.1-22.6) (16.4-24.1) (12.3-24.1) (mrern/qua rte r) Milk I-131 581 0.5 2.55 (4/19) T-24 24.9 SE 11.3 (5/19) 7.6 (9/39) 0 (pcl/1) (0.5-4.1) (1. 6-2 3.9 ) (1.4-23.9) S r-89 53k 1.4 2.57 (6/17) T-24 24.9 SB 3.4 (6/181 3.01 (9/36) 0 (1.44-3.7) (1. 6-9. 3) (1.6-9.3) 1 Sr-90 49 1.2 1.76 (14/17) T-24 24.9 SE 2.34 (15/18) 2.13 (23/32) 0 (1.25-2.47) (1.51-4.0) (1.28-4.0) y scan 54 ta M K-40 T-8 2.7 WSW 35 1291 (18/18) 1291 (18/18) 1266 (36/36) 0 (1166-1359) (1166-1359) (1014-1404) Ca-137 3.8 5.1 (3/10) T-24 24.9 SE 5.5 (1/18) 5.01 (7/36) 0 (4.5-5.7) - (3.9-6.5) Ba-140 3.7 (LLD - - (LLD 0 (g/1) Ca 54 0.01 1.23 (10/18) T-U 2.7 WSW 1.23 (18/18) 1.22 (36/36) 0 (1.08-1.54) (1.08-1.54) (0.96-1.54)
N
\
Tablo S. (continued) Hasao of facility Davls-Besse Nuclear Power Station. Indicator Location with Highest Control Sample Type and Locations Annual Mean Locations Number of .. Type Number of Hean(F)C Haan(r) Hean(P) non-routine (Units) Analynas" LLDb Rango C Locationd Range Range Results# MLk (cont.) (g/1) K 54 0.04 1.51 (18/18) T-8 2.7 WSW 1.51 (18/18) 1.49 (36/36) 0 (stable) (1.36-1.55) (1.36-1.55) (1.19-1.64) (pC1/g) Sr-90/Ca 49"
- 1.28 (17/17) T-24 24,9 SE 1.82 (17/17) 1.53 (31/32) 0 (0.27-2.04) (0.87-2.83) (0.82-2.83)
(pC1/g) Ca-137/K 54 - 3.03 (4/18) T-20 5.4 SSE 3.56 (5/18) 3.53 (6/36) 0 (2.4-3.E) (2.8-4.9) (2.8-4.9) Well water Ca 12 0.34 0.41 (1/8) T-17 0.7 SW 0.41 (1/8) (LLD 0 (pci/I) SS - - Ca 12 1 2.46 (8/8) T-27 5.3 WrW 4.48 (4/4) 4.48 (4/4) 0 DS (1.17-4.38) (1.13-11.23) (1.13-11.23) t ca 12 1 2.54 (8/8) T-27 5.3 Wim 4.54 (4/4) 4.54 (4/4) 0 T r. (1.52-4.38) (1.29-11.23) (1.39-11.23) 11 - 3 12 180 270 (2/8) T-2 7 5. 3 WrM 410 (1/4) 410 (1/4) 0 (240-290) - - ta LJ Sr-89 12 0.69 (LLD (LLD 0 S r-90 12 0.70 0.91 (2/8) T-7 0.9 NtM 0.91 (2/8) (LLD 0 (0.88-0.93) (0.88-0.93) y scan 12 Cs-137 3.7 (LLD - - (LLD 0 I l
V U Table 5. (continued) Nasne of facility Davls-Besse Nuclear Power Station. Indicator Location with liighest Control Sample Type and locations Annual Mean Locations Number of ** Type Namiber of Hean (P) c Mean (F) Hoan(F) non-routine (Units) Analyson" LLub ganga c Incationd Range Range Results* Edible y scan 8 Heat (pC1/g wot) E-40 0.02 2.08 (6/6) T-33 0. 3 NE 2.93 (2/2) 1.47 (2/2) 0 (1.37-3.91) (1.95-3.91) (1.26-1.69) ca-137 0.007 (LLD - - (LLD Q Fruits and Sr-89 13 0.02 0.115 (1/8) T-25 1.3 S 0.115 (1/8) 0.029 (1/5) 0 vegetables (pC1/g wet) Sr-90 13 0.004 0.0183 (4/8) T-25 1.3 S 0.0226 (3/4) 0.0085 (3/5) 0 (0.0059-0.0403) (0.006-0.0403) (0.005-0.0125) y scan 13 K-40 0.02 2.22 (8/8) T-34 12 SW 3.18 (5/5) 3.18 (5/5) 0 (1.13-5.78) (0.882-5.46) (0.882-5.46) Nb-95 0.01 0.137 (3/8) T-25 1.3 S 1.87 (2/4) 0.050 (2/5) 0 v3 (0.036-0.193) (0.181-0.193) (0.37-0.63) b Er-9 5 0.02 0.155 (2/8) T-25 1.3~S 0.155 (2/8) <LLD 0 (0.152-0.158) (0.152-0.158) Ru-106 0.07 0.107 (1/8) T-25 1.3 S 0.107 (1/8) (LLD 0 Ca-137 0.01 0.014 (1/8) T-25 1.3 S 0.014 (1/8) (LLD 0 00-141 0.08 0.270 (1/E) T-25 1.3 S 0.270 (1/8) (LLD 0 Co-144 0.05 0.157 (2/8) T-2 5 1. 3 S 0.157 (2/8) (LLD 0 (0.096-0.218) (0.096-0.218)
x
- Tablo 5. (continued)
Namo of facility navia-nnano uncl ea r pma r gratinn-Control ', Indicator Location with Highest Sample Type and Iocationg Annual Mean Locations Numter of Type Number of Mean (P) Mean(r) Moan (F) non-routine (Units) Analyses" LLDb Range c Locationd Range Rapee Results* Creen leafy I-131 6 0.01 (LLD - (LLD 0 vagotables (pcl/g wet) Animal - y scan 4 Wildlife reed (pcl/g wat Bo-7 0.8 1.5 (1/3) T-34 12 SW 4.0 (1/2) 4.0 (1/2) 0 Kw40 0.4 7.1 (2/2) T-34 12 SW 11.4 (1/2) 9.5 (2/2) 0 (3.99-10.3) * - (7.6-11.4) Nb-95 0.1 0.57 (2/2) T-31 0.6 Nr. 0.152 (1/1) 0.62 (2/2) 0 (0.99-0.152) - (0.36-0.88) Ca-137 0.02 0.0206 (1/2) T-34 12 SW 0.045 (1/2) 0.045 (1/2) 0 Co-144 0.2 0.24 (1/2) T-34 12 SW 0.90 (1/2) 0.90 (1/2) 0 ta soil y scan 11 m (pC1/g dry) De-7 2.4 (LLD - - (LLD 0 K-40 1.1 18.5 (6/6) T-9 6.8 SW 24.6 (1/5) 19.2 (5/5) 0 (12.4-21.5) - (12.3-24.6) 2r-95 0.3 0.41 (3/6) T-9 6.8 SW 1.22 (1/5) 1.04 (2/5) 0 (0.33-0.5e) - (0.85-1.22) Nb-95 0.2 0.44 (3/6) 7-27 5.3 WNW 0.82 (1/5) 0.61 (5/5) 0 (0.23-0.74) - (0.39-0.82) Ru-103 0.4 (LLD -- - (LLD 0 i
pw s N Table 5. (con t.inued) Namo of facility Davis-Desse Nuclear Power Station. Indicator location with liighest Control Sample Type ard locations Annual Hoan Locations Haunber of Type Humber of Mean(r)c Hoan(F) Hoan(F) non-routine (Units) Analysos a LLDU pange C Locationd Rango Range Results* soil (cont.) y scan (cont.) (pC1/g dry) P.u- 10 6 0.5 0.58 (2/6) T-27 5. 3 WIM 1.00 (1/5) 1.00 (1/5) 0 (0.57-0.59) - - Ca-137 0.03 0.32 (4/6) T-23 14.3 ENE 1.76 (1/5) 0.94 (5/5) 0 (0.09-0.49) - (0.46-1.76) i Co-141 0.9 (LLD _ _ (LLD 0 co-144 0.5 0.82 (1/6) T-7 0.9 NNW 0.82 (1/6) (LLD 0 ca 36 0.3 (LLD - - (LLD 0 Treated Surfaco Water SS (pCl/1) CD 36 0.3 2.73 (12/12) T-11 9.5 SE 3.18 (12/12) 2.84 (24/24) 0 DS (2.04-3.36) (2.17-4.10) (1.38-4.10) CB 36 0.3 2.73 (12/12) T-11 9.5 SE 3.18 (12/12) 2.84 (24/24) 0 TR (2.04-3.36) (2.17-4.10) (1.38-4.10) ta
- II-3 12 180 240 (3/4) T-11 9.5 SE 265 (2/4) 250 (5/8) 0 (220-270) (260-270) (210-270)
Sr-09 12 0.8 0.96 (1/4) T-12 23.5 WNW 1.35 (2/4) 1.35 (2/8) 0 (1.04-1.66) (1.04-1.66) Sr-90 12 0.57 0.59 (1/4) T-11 9.5 SE 1.02 (2/4) 0.93 (3/8) 0 (0.98-1.06) (0.75-1.06) l
3 s Tablo S. (continued) Hame of facility Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station. 1 i Indicator Location with Highest Samplo Type and Locations Control Typo Number of Annual Hean Locations Number of b Hean(F)C Hean(F) (Units) Analyson a gty Range C d Hoan(F) non-routin8B Location Itango Ranga Resultoe Treated y scan 12 Surface Water (cont.) ca-137 3.7 <LLn -
<LLo 0 Unt rea ted GB 42 Surface Water SS 0.6 1.17 (2/21) T-3 1.4 SE 1.17 (2/21) 0.65 (3/21)
(0.89-1.45) 0 (0.89-1.45) (0.60-0.68) Ga 45 0.3 3.83 (21/21) T-3 1.4 SH 4.37 (9/9) DS (2.50-5.61) 3.69 (24/24) 0 (3.53-4.93) (2.12-5.15) GB 45 0.3 TR 4.08 (21/21) T-3 1.4 SE 4.78 (9/9) 3.85 (24/24) (2.19-5.78) 0 (3.53-5.78) (2.12-5.33) 11 - 3 16 180 IS) (4/8) T-12 23.5 WNW 270 (3/4) 250 (5/8) (220-280) 0 (240-290) (210-290) Sr-89 16 0.7 1.91 (2/8) T-3 1.4 SE 2.49 (1/4) 1.44 (1/8) 0 I (1.33-2.49) - g Sr-90 16 0.5 0.83 (5/8)
- q (0.53-1.03)
T-28 In plant 0.91 (3/4) 0.80 (7/8) 0 (0.81-1.03) (0.63-1.05) Ca-137 16 3.9 <LLD - - (LLD 0 , Fish CD 8 0.02 1.32 (4/4) T-35 15 NH 2.32 (4/4) ip':i/g wet) (0.751-1.769) 2.32 (4/4) 0 . (1.21-2.79) (1.21-2.79) I i i i
- l
5 TdIJIU h. (COnlinHCdI Hamo of facility Davis-Desse Nuclear Power Station. Indicator Location with Highest Control Sample Type and Locations Annual Hoan Locations Number of ' Typo thuuber of Mean(F)c Mean(F) Hoan(F) non-routine ' (Units) Analyses a LLDb Range C Locationd Rango Range Resultue Fish (cont. ) y scan 8 K-40 0.02 1.19 (4/4) T-35 15 NE 1.38 (4/4) 1.38 (4/4) 0 (0.834-1.87) (0.23-2.25) (0.23-2.25) Co-137" 4 0.002 0.0060 (1/2) T-35 15 NE 0.0073 (1/2) 0.0073 (1/2) 0 4 0.02 <LLD - -
<LLD 0 Bottora GD 50 1.4 26.3 (3/4) T-29 1.5 NE 31.0 (2/2) 15.2 (2/2) O codiments (17.1-31.0) (30.9-31.0) (15.1-15.2)
Sr-89 50 0.3 <LLD - - (LLD 0 Br-90 50 0.03 (LLD - - (LLD 0 y scan 50 K-40 0.1 20.3 (3/3) T-29 1.5 NE 22.2 (2/2) 18.2 (2/2) 0 (16.5-26.8) (17.5-26.8) (16.2-20.2) l U
" Ca-137 0.03 (LLD - -
(LLD 0 l i 1
[ f\ \ Table S. (continued) Name of facility Davis-Besse t:uclear power Station.
~.
O b CB = gross beta, SS = suspended solids, DS = dissolved solids, TR = total residue, C LLD = nominal lower lindt of detection based on 3 sigma counting error for background sample. Nan based upon detectable unasurenents only. Fraction of detectable seasuresents at specified locations is indicated in parentheses (F). d Locations are specified by station codo (Tablo 1) and distance (stiles) and direction relative to reactor site. O IJon-routine resul t.s are those which exceed ten Lisies the control station value. f Two collection porlods wit!.100 rot.sults (0.001 pCi/m3 and 0.090) have been excitaded in the determination of the 'neans and ranges of gross bot *. In al 9 r particulates. Thuno results wuro unrollablo duo to apparent pump malfunction. Quarterly compositou of all sa@ples from indicator locations and control locations woro gamma scanned separately. h Th us , the location with the highest annual nean cannot be identified. Ten results (seven of <0.03 rC1/m3, two of (0.04, and one of <0.29) have bqen excluded in the determination of the 1 neans and ranges Two iodino-131 of airborno reuu'Lts ( < 0. 8, lodino-131. These results have been excluded duo to apparent pump malfunction. k <l. 3 pCl/1) have been excluded. Thesu high values are due to low chemical recoveries. Onostrontium-90 1 Five atrontium-89 results result (<5.0 pC1/1) hau been excluded. This high value is due to a low chemical recovery. (<4.0, < 3. 7, <l.9,.<l.4, <2.4 pC1/1) have b'oen excluded. These high values are due to low chemical reco ce rles. A Flvo utrontium-90/Ca ratios (<3.28, <3.46, <l.64, <0.91, <2.20 pcl/g) havo been excludod. Shese ratios are not n reliable due to low chemical tocoveries in the strantium-90 analyses of theso samples, The Cn-137 results have been divided into two groupa. The first conalsts of saneles froin the first semi-an nual collection period, while ti o second group consists of samples from the second semi-annual period. This division O was mudo becauso weights og samples from the second group were approximately one-third those of the first group. The bottom sediment sample ollected on 27 Oct(.,ber 1977 consisted almost entirely of rocks and the results obtained are not rollablu. Repoated sanplings yielded only rocks, ta i I
s NALCO CNVIRONM~dNTAL OCIENCE3 VI. References Cited Arnold, J. R. and H.A. 51-Salih, 1955. Beryllium-7 Produced by Cosmic Rays. Science 121: 451-453. . Gold, S., H. W. Barkhau, B. Shlein, and B. Kahn, 1964. Measurement of Naturally Occurring Radionuclides in Air, in the Natural Radiation Environment, University of Chicago Press , Chicago, Illinois, 369-382. 2ndustrial BIO-TEST Laboratories , Inc. , 19 75a. Preoperational Environ-mental Radiological Monitoring for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant, Oak Harbor, Ohio. Semi- annual Report, January-June, 1975. IBT Project No. 64305590. Northbrook , Illinois NALCO Environmental Sciences. 1975b. Preoperational Environmental Radiological Monitoring for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant, Oak Harbor, Ohio. Semi-annual Report, July - December, 1975. NALCO Project No. 5501-05590. Northbrook , ' Illinois . ~
, 1976a. Preoperational Environmental bbnitoring for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant, Oak Harbor, Ohio. Semi-annual Report, January - June, 1976. NALCO Project No. 5501-05590. Northbrook, Illinois.
t
, 1976b. Preoperational Environmental Monitorine for the
[)
\m ,e Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant, Oak Harbor, Ohio, Semi-annual Report , July - December, 1976. NALCO Project No. 5501-07786.
Northbrook, Illinois National Center for Radiological Health. 1968. Section~1. Milk and Food. Radiological Health Data and Reports. Vol. 9, Nov-ember 12, 730-746. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,19 77a. Environmental Radiation Data, Report 9 (July 1977) and Report 10 (October 1977), Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility, Montgomery Alabama.
, 1977b. EPA Assessment of Fallout in the United States from Atmospheric Nuclear Testing on September 26 and November 17, 1976 by the People's Republic of China, Office of Radiation Programs, Washington, D. C. , August 19 77.
, 1977c. Environmental News, 9-18-77 to 11-3-77, Office of Public Affairs, Washington, D. C.
Wilson, D. W., G. M. Ward, and J. E. Johnson, 1969. In Environmental Contamination by Radioactive Materials , International Atomic l Energy Agency, p. 125. ;
'N
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40 l > l
i 9 NALCQ ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES APPENDIX A Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Radioactivity in Air and Water l l l l l 1 A-1
l NALCD GNVIRONMUNTAL CCICNCEO ^ f A Maximum Permissible Concentration of Radioactivity in Air and Watera Air Water Gross alpha 3 pCi/m3 Strontium-89 3,000 pCi/l Gross beta 100 pCi/m3 Strontium-90 300 pCi/1 Iodine-131b 0.l'4 pCi/m3 Cesium-137 20,000 pCi/l Barium-140 20,000 pCi/l Iodine-131 300 pCi/l Potassium-40c 3,000 pCi/1 l Gross alpha 30 pCi/1 Gross beta 100 pCi/1 l Gross betad 1,000 pCi/1 Tritium 3x106 pCi/l v l Taken from Code of Federal Regulations Title 10, Part 20, Table l II and appropriate footnotes. b From 10 CFR 20 but adjusted by a factor of 700 to. reduce the dose resulting from the air grass-cow-milk-child pathway. c A natural radionuclide, 30 FR 15801, in footnotes 10 CFR Part 20, Table II. d Federal drinking water 1962, U. S. Public Health Service. 1 l A-2
g SPECIAL SURVEILLANCE Ah!D STUDY ACTIVITIES i i a g i i l t i i
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i s I l ) i i i i 1 . O O O
_ - - - - -- -_c- - a ---- t e i 4 l l l l 1 i XVIII 1 k l l S:CTION II .1 l OPERATIONAL ,l0ISE SURVEILLANCE i s I i i
i f 4.1 OPERATIONAL NOISE SURVEILLANCE Unit No. 1 did not operate at full load in 1977;
- therefore, no noise levels were measured.
t f i s l 1 l l l
a Ae am,m M - _ , J-a.-u.. 6-> _ _. _ --- .s - - - a I i i i l e A 4 l
- XIX i
l i SECTION 4.2 . FISH IMPINGEMENT STUDY , I \ 4 l i l
i 4.2 FISH IMPINGEMElE STUDY Phase I sampling was begun in 1977. A report will be submitted within 90 days of ccxnpletion of the sampling. f l l l l l 1 l i l l l
\
d l
*-4 a.,
"W s
4 O i T t I i w XX SEcTron 14,3 CatoRINE TOXICITY STUDY I
i i j 4.3 CHLORINE T0XICITY STUDY } This study, which was conducted by the Dr. Brooks of the } University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, has been completed.
! Dr. Brooks has received comments on the final draft of i
the report and expects to have the report out in early April. a 4 i 1 .i i 4 i l 2 1
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4 2 a I i L l i t i f e 3 i l i i i L
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