ML19329C029
| ML19329C029 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Davis Besse  |
| Issue date: | 12/31/1978 |
| From: | BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIV., BOWLING GREEN, OH |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML19329C021 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8002120766 | |
| Download: ML19329C029 (151) | |
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. TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY MONITORING FOR TIIE DAVIS-3 ESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION, UNIT I ANNUAL REPORT, JANUARY 1978 P
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Prepared for Toledo Edison Company Toledo, Ohio by Environmental Studies Center Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, Ohio 43403
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E Environrnental Studies Center Bowling Green State University Bowkng Creen. Ohio 43401 a (419) 172-0207 ANNUAL REPORT TERRESTRIAL MONITORING PROGRAM JANUARY 1979 Preface During 1978, the first year that Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant was fully operational, terrestrial monitoring continued at both the Davis-Besse site and Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge (reference site) . Data were collected on soil, flora, fauna, and meteorology. As in previous years, interrelationships between soil moisture and germination and survival of seedlings were investigated. Trends appeared similar to other years. Saturated soil conditions in early spring appeared to influence nutrient uptake, soil oxygen, and thus successful germination, survival, and growth. Optimum moisture en-hanced seedling survival, while limited or excessive moisture in the spring or fall decreased survival. In the spring of 1978, saturated soils at both the Cooling Tower Woods and Ottawa reference site re- ' sulted in increased seedling mortality. Changing canopy conditions also were found to influence species composition. If stabilization of soil moisture occurs from the operation of the cooling tower, a more stable, shade-tolerant plant community could result. As in previous years, soil temperature and soil moisture data were taken at three peninsula sites, two cooling Tower Woods sites, and two Ottawa Wildlife Refuge control sites. Data for all five reporting years from the sumac community of the peninsula and the Fulton soil area of the Tower Woods have been summarized, graphically. l 1 i l 4
, Some general trends have been noted from the five years of data collected from these two areas. These trends show seasonal variations and changes which can be expected to occur in the Ful-ton soil area of the Tower Woods and the sumac community of the peninsula.
Organic matter remains relatively low in the sumac community as compared to the Fulton soil of the Tower Woods. In both areas, cation exchange capacity fluctuates with changes in organic matter. In the Fulton soil of the Tower Woods, fluctuations in organic matter and cation exchange capacity have shown that organic matter and clay both are partiall:r responsible for the cation exchange capacity in the Fulton soil. Soil moisture appears to be an important variable at both study sites. As indicated, spring, summer, and fall moisture conditions are critical to plant growth and survival. The Fulton soil of the Tower Woods has experienced extreme seasonal moisture variations, while soil moisture at the peninsula site exhibits more moderate changes. Data were collected on amphibians, reptiles, small and larger mammals, and birds. Small mammal populations fluctuated seasonally, and at the Davis-Besse and Ottawa sites were nonsynchronous, as observed in previous years. Reptile, amphibian, and Dinter bird populations and species diversity at both sites remained relatively stable. However, spring and summer bird populations decreased in diversity from the preceding year. Meteorological data were collected at three climatological stations at Davis-Besse, one station at the Ottawa site, and at 11
the Bowling Green State University inland reference station from January 6 to December 22, 1978. Data are presented in monthly climatological summaries and in graphic form depicting weekly in-terstation deviations. In time, it is these variations between stations that will be the basis for determining any signigicant long-term environmental impacts. The Davis-Besse facility was fully operational for only a e portion of the year. During most of the spring bird migration season the cooling tower was not in use. Consequently, any direct impact of the facility operations would have been of relatively short duration. For none of the parameters studied in the various communities did we fino any evidence of alteration or modification as a result of the cooling tower or other site operations. Variations between the Davis-Besse and Ottawa Refuge (control) sites were as great as variations within the communities. William B. Jackson Director and professor of Biology Editor i iii l l
1 ANNUAL REPORT DAVIS-BESSE TERRESTRIAL MONITORIUG CONTRACT JANUARY, 1979 A. plant Communities Ernest S. Hamilton During the spring and fall of 1978 seedlings of woody species were sampled at all permanent sites at both Davis-Besse and the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge. This included the 213 permanent x 2M quadrats in the five wooded areas at Davis-Besse and the 180 quadrats at the Ottawa site (Fig. A-1 & A-2) . Davis-Besse Site: The vegetation and, soil moisture data presented represent a continuation of data included in previous reports. These additional data are summarized, and some comparisons with previous years are made. Cooling Tower Woods: tioisture conditions in both the Toledo and Fulton soils were very high in the spring of 1973, with 100% saturation lasting well into July (Fig. A-3 ) . Visual observations I indicated a wet surface in the Fulton soil and standing water in the areas of Toledo soils during much of the spring. The result-ing reduced aeration, particularly in the Toledo soil, undoubtedly reduced nutrient uptake, which in turn increased seedling mortality (Hamilton and Limbird, 1979). The late summer and fall of 1978 were characteri cd by some-what reduced soil moisture levels. This was particularly true in the Toledo soils, although some recharge was evident in the Fulton i soils. Moisture levels'in late fall from October throug'h the first part of November were zero, and noisture rechargo did not commence l
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l A-2 until the. middic of November (Fig. A-3 ) . These moisture conditions, particularly in the Toledo soils, are reflected by the decrease in total numbers of individuals of the various species surviving in the Fulton soils undoubtedly re-flect the absence of spring standing water. Celtis occidentalis thus is able to germinate successfully and persist under these conditions of better soil aeration. The success rate of individuals occurring on the two soils from spring to fall of 1978 is almost identical (approximately 831) and further exemplifics the critical nature of the spring moisture conditions. If moisture levels permit species to germinate and persist, then they appear to be able to survive the normal drying ! conditions imposed-during the lare summer and early fall. These same trends are evident from the yearly data presented in Figure A- 3 and Tables Al&2.Both the spring and fall periods of 1975 were very moist. Consequently, species that were able to i germinate. in the spring did not survive the unusually moist condi-tions that persisted during the growing season, and the success rate dropped to about 28%. The somewhat drier spring conditions of 1976 then facilitated an increase in numbers of individuals, many of which were able to survive the moderately moist conditions of the a-fall of 1976. The success rato during this period increased to approximately 79%. These same trends are illustrated when individual species are examined. Celtis occidentalis responds favorably to fluctuating seasonal moisture conditions. Thus, in the Fulton soil, seedling taortality is' about 50% during the wet year of 1975. The increase 9
- - a. , _ __ _ _
d A-3 in numbers from the spring of 1976 through the spring of 1978 indi-cates that moisture conditions fall within this species' range of tolerance. The Toledo soils, however, appear to be too wet for survival of Celtis. If germination does occur, the seedlings do not survive. Cornus drummondi appears also to be intolerant of the wetter Toledo soils. Appare'ntly the dry fall of 1974 allowed some seed germination and survival, but higher moisture conditions in sub-sequent years prevented establishment.
-Ilackberry-Box Elder and Hackberry II Communities: The moisture profiles for these two communities are illustrated in rigure A-4.
i
- Soil moisture in general appears to be more stable and the extremes are not as pronounced as in the Cooling Tower Woods. The Hackberry-Box Elder community appears to have adequate moisture during the grow-ing season, even though it is somewhat lower and not as well drained as the Hackberry Il community. The more stable moisture conditions are reflected in the seedling data, particularly Celtis occidentalis.
This species has increased in numbers dramatically, with very little decline from spring to fall 1978. The success rate of almost 93% indicates nearly optimum soil moisture conditions throughout the grow-ing season. The absence of spring flooding allowed a high germination rate with high survival through the growing season (Tables A-3 & A-4). Acer ncqundo, however, is declining rapidly even though soil moisture should not be limiting. The 75% drop in numbers indicates
- some other factor. The response is undoubtedly to light, since
{ , i visual observations the last few years indicated the canopy closing I
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A-4 over. This, coupled with increases in numbers and bulk of other species, produced an increase in shade, probably somewhat beyond the limits of tolerance for this species. Thus, even though there is an adequate seed source and ample moisture, light is restrict-ing the success of Acer negundo. The short-lived r.ature of this species, coupled with dying of the present mature trees, will fur-ther restrict it. Undoubtedly, it will be eliminated and replaced with Celtis in the foreseeable future. The Hackberry II community represents a developmental contin-uation from the Hackberry-Box Elder community. The earlier succes-sional species of Acer negundo and Prunus virginiana are non-impor-tant in this community even though moisture is adequate. Celtis occidentalis has again increased steadily in numbers in the seedling layer in response to the somewhat moderate soil moisture conditions that lack the more violent fluctuations characteristic of the Cool-ing Tower Woods. The thicker soil horizons and better soil develop-ment undoubtedly contribute to this adequate moisture supply. Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge: This woods was previously described in last year's report. During 1978 seedlings of woody species were sampled for the first time in the spring and fall of the same year (Table A-5). This layer is definitely dominated by Rhus radicans which is characteristically a shade intolerant species. It would appear that previous high lake water levels produced saturated soil conditions for long periods of time. Consequently, many canopy species either are now dying out
, , or have already succumbed to the lack of oxygen and nutrient uptake.
Many large canopy openings are the result. These high light areas on the forest floor are now filled with poison ivy. Moisture con-
A-5 ditions during this sampling period appear somewhat moderate (Fig. A-5) with the result that wetter type species in the canopy, such as Quercus palustris and 2. macrocarpa are not surviving in the seedling layer. General Trends: As pointed out in the previous report, the most striking and revealing aspect of the data collected is the dramatic fluctuation of seedlings of woody species from season to season and year to year. In general, it appears that saturated soil and standing water in the early spring influence nutrient uptake, soil oxygen and thus successful seed germination and subsequent survival over the growing period. For instance, the abundance of soil moisture in the spring and particularly the fall of 1975 retarded seedling survival and resulted in a dramatic decrease in actual numbers. The spring of 1976, however, was somewhat dry, but moisture conditions improved over the growing season. Consequently, numbers of individuals of most species increased. This trend continued through the spring of 1978 before a significant decrease in numbers of individuals of the various species occurred. - The data also indicate the importance of other environmental factors that may overshadow soil moisture. This is particularly true of changing canopy conditions which directly influence the amount of light that penetrates to the forest floor. Successional species that may tolerate fluctuating or saturated spring moisture conditions are nevertheless eliminated when their light tolerance range is surpassed. Consequently, species composition in the various study areas is slowly changing. If soil moisture conditions are stabilized by input of moisture from plant operation, the process of I
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A-6 natural succession may be increased and a chade tolerant and rela-tively stable community may be created. This hypothetical community would undoubtedly not be the true climax of the area, but would be maintalned by artificial conditions.
Conclusions:
No significant short-term effects on plant communities or dif-ferences between quadrats at the Davis-Besse and Ottawa sites can be determined from the data collected during the first operational year of the cooling tower. Data for the Hackberry I and Kentucky Coffee Treo communities also have been included (Tables A-6 & A-7) . However, due to the small size of these study areas, no conclusions have been made concerning these two communities. t Re ferences Hamilton, E.S. and A. Limbird. In Press. Soil-plant relationships of a specific woodlot in Ottawa County, Ohio: soil types and arbores-cent species. Ohio J. Science, m v
Figure A-1. Vegetation monitoring study areas, Davis-Besse Site. From January,1977, Semi-Annual Davis-Besse Terrestrial Monitoring Contract Report. p. A-18. 1 l i j I l l
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I 1 Figure A-3. Weekly soil moisture 1cvels in Toledo and Fulton soils of the Cooling Tower Woods at 10, 20 and 50 cm depths between the period of June 19 to Novenber 30, 1978. Values are in percent saturation.
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e TABIE A-1. . Phytosociological data fer Cooling Tower Woods derivsd
. from fall a.nd spring (1/2 a 2 g quadrat studias,1974-76, fill 1977 and si, ring and fell 1978.
_P"NBERS OF 1%IVIDUALS FULTCN SOIL (M*71) TOLEDO SOIL (N=35)
- Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring - Fall SPECIES 74 ' 75 75 76 Fall Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall 76 77 78 78' 74 75 75 76 76 77 78 78 Parthenocissus quinquefolia . 42 ff IS 93 19 497 165 137 5 78 10 12 .4 208 57 26 Cattis occidentalis 45 #7 40 15 43 50 100 87 3 3 6 4 4 14 6 4 Rhus radicans 48 102 37 . 67 72 92 201 245 41 63 25 ' 33 44 62 102 113 Acer ne2 undo 33 531 125 154 ~ 104 539 434 304 8 186 42 33 23 '238 ' 26 21 Ribss americanum 23 24 12 28 35 123 43 32 35 40 29 40 31 41 23 52 Crataegus sp. 14 26 10 5 17 7 74 70 I 16 1 10 3 38 15 Vitis sp. 7 27 2 5 21 1 42 8 16 23 2 4 4 20 32 14 Cernus dru=sondi - 7 10 1 2 4 28 18 9 14 2 1 Gladitsia triacanthos 1 15 1 2 21 11 5 1 31 3 13 6 Frunus sirginiana 1 4 2 1 I Ulms rut:ra 1 1 2 Lonicera tatarica 10 4 10 1 Frsminus pennsylvanics I
Cymnocladus dioica 3 4 Rabus sp. 2 1 Sols..Is dulca. sara 1 12 10 Mentspermum canadense I TOTALS ' 223 909 250 379 298 .1350 1105 913 121 455 115 137 115 586 309 262 1 4
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TA812 A-2 Phytosoclological data for Cooling Tow;r Woods deriv ^d from f:ll and sprmg (1/2 x 2 K) gedrzt studiis,1974-76, fril 1977 and spring and fril 1978. IMPonTANCE s ALUE5 FULTON SOIL (N=71) TOLEDO Soll (N=35) Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall SP!CIFS 74 75 75 76 76 77 79 74 78 75 75 76 76 77 78 78 PartSenocisras gainquefolia 23.36 16.00 10.44 24.72 8.27 34.50 14.41 14.63 5.48 16.02 7.50 7.53 4.53 31.20 16.99 10.33 Cattis occidentalis 17.52 11.51 19.61 6.13 17.49 5.95 11.71 12.80 2.55 1.43 6.83 2.63 4.81 3.88 3.78 3.04 25us r:Jicans 16.49 11.51 II.79 14.42 19.38 7.75 15.63 20.85 26.69 14.48 16.95 19.43 29.86 9.44 25.65 30.03 Acar r.erindo 13.42 40.33 40.61 37.31 32.18 35.25 31.44 28,14 9.49 27.56 25.66 20.74 18.51 36.40 11.23 10.93 Rikts americanus !!.21 3.93 6.88 9.75 12.50 9.20 5.12 4.80 25.93 12.59 35.93 27.87 30.15 9.37 7.26 19.95 Crsteegus sp. 7.64 4.09 4.65 1.52 6.13 0.80 8.40 10.45 2.83 4.10 1.30 5.77 2.64 11.82 8.25 Vitis sp. 6.32 6.17 2.00 2.96 0.68 3,25 4.22 1.69 18.25 12.10 5.84 15.02 7 . 11, 5.46 13.61 8.83 Cornus druanondi 2.67 1.46 0.95 1.09 3.03 4.83 3.50 5.25 2.67 2.31 0.97 Gledit sia triencanthos 0.47 3.33 0.65 0.75 3.25 2.59 1.45 1.09 8.62 4.21 7.03 4.97 Prunus virginiana 0.47 0.60 0.52 0.30 0.42 Ul=us rubra 0.47 0.21 2.44 , tonicera tatarica 0.87 2.43 2.11 0.92 Framirus pennsylvanica 1.02 Cymrocladus dioica 0.34 0.74 Rabus sp. 0.30 0.30 Solanum dalcamara 0.24 Mealsperama canadense 0.30 2.63 2.70 TOT 4LS 100.04 100.01 99.99 100.01 101.33 99.95 99.75 99.95 100.00 99.99 100.01 100.01 99.99 99.96 100.00 100.00
TA8LE A-3. Fhytosocialogical data for Hackbstry 11 (Nw22) dIrived from fztl and spring (1/2 x 2 t) quadrrt studiss.1974-76, fall !??' t.nd spring and fall 1978. Nt#3ERS OF INDIVIDUALS IMPORTANCE VALUES Fall Spring' Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring fFall' SPECIES 74 75 75 76 76 77 78 78 74 75 75 76 76 77 78 78 Prurcas virginiana 2 7 6 4.50 2.31 3.87 Parther.ocissus quinquefolia 10 20 37 52 104 46 122 !!.92 18.30 25.16 24.57 31.97 19.15 29.50-thus radicans 8 12 10 18 8 22 13 9 6.84 6.59 10.68 8.26 4.70 9.53 5.85 ~ 3.56 Titis sp. 8 12 4 8 2 10 6 8.39 16.15 16.01 8.46 12.28 4.05 4.25 5ttphytes trifolia Celtis occidentalis 18 25 20 44 34 56 95 126 14.93 11.94 27.51 22.23 22.13 23.48 38.95 32.34 Cornus > rum ondi 30 64 17 27 46 38 39 40 25.55 27.57 26.!! 22.10 22.65 16.83 19.50 14.79 Rubas occidentalis 7 14 4 8,39 g.18 7.24 Poplas deltoides Frzsinus pgnnsylvanica Ribes americanus 17 9 8 19 22 22 13 38 17.02 6.40 12.46 12.13 10.80 12.53 5.85 9.96 Lonicera tatarica 1 2 1 4 1 1.61 3.67 1.65 2.89 1.63 Acar negunJo 1 0.91 Gytnocladus diolca 2 1.04 Gl*Jitsia sp. Ctstaegus sp. 1.25 I.79 Ssllax sp. I 2 1.90 Ros.s idaeus 4 2.24 Mentspermum canadense 5 TOTALS 101 158 63 !$4 168 253 224 351 96.96 99.80 100.01 99.99 100.00 100.02 101.20 100.00 m, _
TABLE A-4 Phyttsociologict! data for Hackbirry Box-Eldir Community (N438) dirived from fall and spring (1/2 x 2 c) quadrat studin 1974-16, fall 1977 and spring and fall 1978 MU'!BERS OF INDIVIDUALS IMPORTANCE VALUES Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall 5?tCIES 74 75 75 76 76 77 78 78 74 75 75 76 76 77 75 78 Prunus virginiana 18 34 25 13 25 57 23 17.68 12.89 18.34 13.06 7.42 7.35 8.03 Frrthenocissus quinquefolia 17 40 31 51 98 106 124 22.30 20.19 17.36 28.96 23.13 18.55 23.46 Rhas radicans I I 3 2 6 1 Il 10 1.42 0.66 2.78 1.91 1.53 3.76 1.90 3.84 Vitis sp. 3 5 2 3 2 4 4 6.50 3.40 2.10 2.68 0.69 2.10 1.83 C41 tis occidentalls 18 31 22 14 33 113 214 201 22.95 13.44 52.01 7.35 19.60 33.37 34.80 37.86 Cornus drunnondi 16 16 8 13 9 8 18 12 !!.19 5.41 21.47 6.41 8.42 3,32 4.65 4.55 Ribes americanum 9 19 5 19 12 12 16 14 8.67 6.39 9.85 8.57 8.53 3.37 3.25 3.88 4ctr negando $ 122 4 90 18 63 88 22 5.35 33.80 10.21 32.24 13.02 21.97 19.00 9.73 Cyanocladus dioica 8 4 4 1 5 7 4 3.83 3.68 1.88 4.19 2.35 1.90 1.38 Crttaegus sp. 3 3.84 Rubus occidentalis 4 6
! 0.69 1.65 2.50 Scitas sp. 6 2.93 TOTALS 87 276 41 204 145 333 525 426 99.99 100.01 100.00 98.00 99.99 100.07 95.15 100.01
TABlf. A-5. Seedling data for Ottawa National Wildlifo Refuge Sampling Area. Ottawa Vegetation 1/2 x 2 m, spring and fall 1978. NUMBERS OF INDIVIDUALS IMPORTANCE VAI,UES Spring Fall Spring Fall SPECIES 78 78 78 78 Rhus radicans 2356 2686 46.10 51.35 Vitis sp. 175 130 9.95 9.01 Fraxinus sp. 113 160 7.07 9.25 Cornus drummondi 211 112 10.30 6.76 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 115 45 3.95 2.75 Ribes americanum 83 77 4.30 3.95 Crataegus sp. 24 53 2.06 3.06 Cornus obliqua 9 0.79 Cornus ==a== 40 40 1.95 2.67 Lindera benzoin 13 17 0.79 0.97 Quercus rubra 13 3 1.54 0.37 Ulmus rubra 11 10 1.32 1.10 Viburnum lentago 9 0.34 Rubus sp. 44 20 2.78 1.23 Tilia americana 11 10 0.97 0.68 Acer saccharinum 8 0.52 Quercus alba 2 0.23 Carya cordiformis 11 1.02 Acer rubrum 13 0.99 Corylus americana 2 0.13 Quercus bicolor 6 18 0.13 1.93 Xanthoxylum americanum 3 5 0.16 0.19 Ostrya virginiana 2 0.23 Prunus virginiana 2 0.22 Carya ovata 5 0.28 Menispermum canadense 18 1 1.10 0.13
, Acer negundo 9 0.46 Viburnum sp. 4 39 0.34 2.99 Solanum dulcamara 4 3 0.29 0.26 Cysriocladus dioica 5 0.21 Seilax glauca 9 7 0.39 0.73 Populus deltoides 1 0.13 TOTALS 3322 3445 100.39 100.03 l
l
? i 7
TABLE A-6 Phytosocirlogicil dat; f&r Hackb;rry 1 Commu(ity (N=7) 3 J. rived from fall end spring (1/2 x 2 c.) quadr t studics, 1974-76, fall 1977, and spring and fal! 1978. NtNBERS OF INDIVIDUALS IMPORTANrE VALUES Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall SPECIES 74 75 75 76 76 77 78 78 74 75 75 76 76 77 78 78 Prunus virginiana 11 13 24 14 26 43 21 24.97 41.63 40.10 24.87 33.50 28.75 25.95 F _rthenocissus quinquefolia 5 2 2 9 10 15 29 28 16.92 !!.18 12.40 22.30 29.51 27.50 19.95 30.67 Rhus radicans 2 1 7.61 Vitis sp. 4 1 6 2 9 4 3 18.02 8.24 9.91 9.32 4.13 3.35 4.97 Staphylea trifolia 10 12 10 8 1 3 !! 9 19.41 31.33 5.61 15.78 5.16 9.25 7.75 11.98 C5 Itis occidentalis 2 2 4 7 1 46 11 4.60 13.42 6.38 17.11 12.38 29.75 22.13 C4rnus drummondi 11 10 2 6 4 2 16.08 33.05 5.52 14.03 4.13 's.53 4.31 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 1 29.91 Cleditsia triacanthos ! ! 9 5.61 4.13 5.01 TMALS 43 30 26 53 40 56 146 74 100.00 99.99 100.00 99.99 100.00 100.02 100.09 100.01 s
TABLE A.7. Phytosoci logic 21 dlts for Kentucky Coffee Tru Community (Me6) derived from and fall and spring 2x
- 76. fall 1977 spring an {I{! 19y8m) quadrat studies, 1974-NIEfRERS OF INDIVIDUALS I*N N %'AWJ.S Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall SPFCIES 74 75 75 76 76 77 78 78 74 75 75 76 76 77 78 78 Prunus virginiana 2 1 1 4 2 2 11.75 4.77 17.82 25.90 4.25 5.79 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 6 9 9 3 12 18 42 40.93 32.26 45.77 29.11 47.52 27.10 33.80 chus radicans 2 3 1 3 1 3 14 1 10.01 8.76 14.35 18.63 13.71 13.67 14.45 2.91 Strphylea trifolia 6 3 4 11 20.16 11.91 33.73 12.00 C;1 tis occidentalis I 3 2 5 6 9 7.23 8.14 32.04 25.16 17.40 16.60 Rubus occlJentalls 1 2 2 3 5 2 9.87 15.21 34.10 13.67 7.20 3.41 Pepilus deltoides 2 8.93 Fratinus peansylvantes 1 1 6.01 13.71 Ribes americanus 1 3 2 11.43 8.60 3.41 Cp:nocladus dioica 1 1 9.70 3.95 Vitis sp. 2 2 4.25 3.41 Smits: sp. 31 23.30 Cleditsia triacanthos 3 3.95 4csr negunds 2 3.41 TaiALS 18 8 23 62 96 100.00 100.00 100.00 99.20 99.99 24 17 8 99.95 95.99 100.02 I
i
ANNUAL REPORT DAVIS-BESSE TERRESTRIAL MONITORING CONTRACT
, JANUARY 1979 B. Soil Environments Arthur Limbird Department of Geography The monitoring of the soil environments ' follows the procedures described in previous reports. Soil temperatures and soil moisture valueu have been monitored on a weekly or continuous basis at the three peninsula sites, the two Cooling Tower Woods sitos, and the two Ottawa Wildlife Refuge control sites. Soil samples were secured 4 from the peninsula, Tower Woods, and Ottawa sites in summer and from the Tower Woods sites in fall and chemically analyzed as in previous repo r ts. Soil temperature data are reported for the whole of 1978, while soil moisture data cre reported for the period from the week o f J une 16, 1978, to November 24, 1978.
Soil Temperatures Weekly air and soil temperature averages were used as in previous reports to summarize the daily temperature changes and to discuss the seasonal changes which have occurred at the monitoring sites. The changes at 10, 20, and 50 cm. depths are assessed for each of the moni-toring sites. The sumac community on the peninsula, the Fulton soil e e area in the Tower Woods, and the Fulton soil area in the Ottawa Refuge l have continuous soil temperature records for the weeks of December 30, 1977, to December 22, 1978, which represents a continuation of the l data presented in the previous report. l-Soil temperatures fluctuated in response to air temperature l l , changes with the bufferir.g effect of the soil being more noticeable l l at'the 50 cm.' depth than at the shallower 10 and 20 cm. depths (Table B-1) . 1 I
The ranges in weekly soil temperatures decreased with depth except for a few weeks as discussed below (Figures B-1, B-2, and B-3). Temperature ranges in the soil peaked in the spring and became more uniform through the summer and fall, especially in the peninsula site. Peninsula Area: Soil temperatures in the sumac community of the peninsula area at the 10 cm. depth were somewhat warmer at the start of the data period for 1978 than for the same time in 1977. Tempera-tures remained below freezing until a rapid increase (9.7 0 F.) occurred during the last week of March. This increase coincides with the rapid . thawing in 1977 when a change of 10.4 0 p, occurred in the final week of March. A second large temperature increase occurred in the last week of April, 1978. Throughdut the rest of the spring, the summer, and the early fall, soil temperatures at 10 cm. changed much more gradually than in the early spring. The temperatures did not reach as high a level as in 1977, but fall cooling was delayed considerably in 1978 compared to the previous year. The temperature at 10 cm. was 40 0 F. at the end of November, 1978, in contrast with 330 F. for the same time in 1977. Soil moisture levels (see below for more complete discussion) were adequate at 10 cm. in both years, so the cooler summer temperatures and the warmer fall temperatures in 1978 than in 1977 can be attributed to the improved insulation of the increasing litter mat and to the tree canopy which has increased in thickness each reporting year. 'The range of soil temperatures at the 10 cm. depth also demonstrates the more uniform temperature values for 1978 (Figure B-1). While air temperature ranges were similar to previous years, the soil temperature range fluctuated markedly during the
spring warm-up and thaw period and then became more uniform for the rest of the 1978 reporting period compared to past years. The average soil temperature at the 20 cm. depth in the sumac community remained about the same as at the 10 cm. depth, except that it remained somewhat cooler in the spring and somewhat warmer in the late fall because the response to air temperatures was delayed compared to the shallower depth. Similar to the 10 cm. depth, a pronounced increase in temperature accompanied the end of March thaw. This same increase occurred in 1977. The temperature at 20 cm. cooled more slowly in 1978 than in 1977, reaching 43 0 F. by the end of Nov-ember compared to 31 0 F. for the previous year. Again, the warmer fall temperatures and the cooler summer temperatures compared to previous years can be attributed to shade and insulation factors of the sumac community. The range of temperatures at the 20 cm. depth snowed a decided peak during the spring warm-up period and then be-came much more uniform through the remainder of 1978 (Figure B-1). The average soil temperatures at the 50 cm. depth in the sumac community generally responded less to air temperature changes than at the 10 and 20 cm. depths. However, the end of March thaw was accompanied by an increase in the weekly average temperature of 5.70 F. During the spring and early summer, temperatures at 50 cm. were very similar to 1977, but peak temperatures were delayed until late summer in 1978 (week of August 18) compared to midsummer (week of July 16) in 1977. The temperature at 50 cm. cooled more slowly in the fall of 1978 than in the previous year, so that at the end of November, 1978, it was 450 F. compared to 39 0 F. in 1977. The
range of temperatures at the 50 cm. depth did not respond to the spring warm-up period, a situation similar to the previous year. Cooling Tower Woods: The average air temperature in the Tower Woods generally remained somewhat cooler than the peninsula area beginning with the spring thaw and continuing until late December. In 1977, the Tower Woods' air temperatures did not decline as rap-idly as in the peninsula area; thus the Tower Woods was warmer through the fall 1977 than the peninsula. However, in 1978 the Tower Woods' air temperatures did not exceed those of the peninsula area until the end of October and then again at the end of November. The generally lower air temperatures in the Tower Woods than in the peninsula area can be attributed to the more dense tree canopy in the Tower Woods which also contributes to a slower warming of the soils of the Tower Woods in the spring. The average soil temperature at 10 cm. responded to changes in air temperatures at the time of initial spring thaw during the week of March 31. The spring thaw was somewhat later than in 1977 and similar to the peninsula area for 1978. Perhaps more importantly, the soil temperature at 10 cm. did not warm to 400 F. until the last week in April, 1978, a delay of three weeks compared to the peninsula area in 1978 and to the Tower Woods in 1977. Peak temp-eratures were not reached until early September compared to late July for 1977. In addition, peak temperatures were about 3.5 0 7, lower than the previous year despito air temperatures which were as warm or. warmer than in 1977. The temperature at 10 cm. in the (- Tower Woods. cooled more rapidly in November than the peninsula area. r
The Tower Woods was more than 8 0 F. cooler than the peninsula by the end of November. However, by the end of December, the soil tempera-ture at 10 cm. in the Tower Woods was only 1 0 F. cooler than the corresponding temperature in the peninsula area. The range of soil temperatures at 10 cm. was similar to 1977 except the peak values for temperature range occurred earlier in 1978 (early March to early April) than in 1977 (mid-March to early May). The average soil temperature at 20 cm. varied in a manner similar to the 10 cm. depth. Spring thaw occurred in the last week of March in 1978 compared to about one week earlier in 1977. Similar to the 10 cm. depth, the temperature at 20 cm. warmed more slowly in the spring than in the peninsula area. The temperature in the Tower Woods reach-ed above 400 F. during the last week of April compared to three weeks earlier in the peninsula area in 1978 and two weeks earlier in the Tower Woods in 1977. The temperature at 20 cm. did not reach its peak until early September, 1978, compared to mid-July, 1977. While temperatures at 20 cm. in the Tower Woods reached approximately the same summer levels as in .the peninsula area, the temperatures cooled more rapidlyin November and early December than the peninsula area and registered about 8.50 P. cooler than the peninsula area in early December. The range of soil temperatures at 20 cm. was similar to 1977 except for peak. values in the spring which occurred about a month earlier in 1978 (second week in April) than in 1977 (third week in May) and were not as pronounced as in 1977. The soil temperatures at the 50 cm. depth generally warmed more slowly than the shallower depths in the Tower Woods and more slowly than the same depth in the. peninsula area. The soil thawed at the
50 cm. depth one week later in 1978 than in 1977 and did not reach a'400 F. average value until early May, 1978, compared to mid-April, 1977. Peak temperatures were not reached until late August, 1978, compared to late July, 1977: The range of temperatures at 50 cm. in the Tower Woods was somewhat higher overall than in 1977, but as in previous years, there was no spring peak in temperature ranges in 1978. The overall delay in soil warming in the Tower Woods in 1978 4 compared to 1977 seems to have contributed to two general relation-ships in 1978: first, the cooler soil temperatures appear to have contributed to a delayed drying of the Tower Woods' soils: dryness in late summer and fall 1978 coincides with temperatures that were warmer for this time period than in 1977: and second, abundant moisture in the fall of 1977 carried over to spring, 1978, influenc-ing the germination rate of plant species (see Section A) . The late summer and fall dryness further had an effect on the regeneration rate or success rate of plants (see Section A) . Ottawa Control Area The average air temperatures at Ottawa were generally more similar-to the Tower Woods than to the peninsula areas temperatures were lower than in the peninsula area from the spring thaw in late March to the end of the data reporting period. The soil temperatures were not accurate during January to March,1978, and the remote re-
- cording thermograph was then recalibrated to more accurately record the soil temperatures (Table B-1).
The soil temperature at 10 cm. at the Ottawa site generally was warmer than the same depth in the Tower Woods. Temperatures reached
and 20 cm. depths. Now that two and a half years of air and soil temperature data have been collected for the Ottawa control site, it can be stated that while temperatures are not the same as in the Tower Woods, they are similar enough so that variations in seasonal cycles (such as soil moisture levels and plant species regeneration rates) can be attributed in part to temperature factors. In other words, cooler temperatures at one site compared to the other site may coincide well with higher moisture levels and greater seed germination, while warmer temperatures in one site compared to the other site may co-incide well with drier conditions and greater seedling mortality. Soil Moisture Soil moisture was recorded at the five monitoring locations at the Davis-Desse property and at the two control locations from the week of June 16 to the week of November 24, 1978. Soil moisture levels were generally more similar to 1975 and 1976 than to the drier year of 1974 and the wetter year of 1977. In order to best compare the three study areas in terms of patterns of moisture availability, the sumac community of the peninsula, the Fulton soil area of the Tower Woods, and the Fulton soil area of the Ottawa site were used (Table B-2). . At the beginning of the data period the sumac community showed the results of the high fall moisture levels in 1977 (see January, 1978, Annual Report) . Spring recharge was not needed in 1978 and taus the soil at the peninsula site was more moist in early summer, 1978, than for the same period in 1977. However, July, 1978, was drier than July, 1977, and despite relatively low actual evaporation levels, the soil began to dry out, especially at the 10 and 50 cm.
_g_ ( deptns. More precipitation in early August recharged partially the available moisture, especially at the 10 and 20 cm. depths. More precipitation in early September more fully recharged moisture levels after drier conditions in middle to late August. Moisture levels remained high to the end of the data period as precipitation generally exceeded actual evaporation from late September to the end of December. Soil moisture levels at the 10 cm. depth in the peninsula area decreased to critically low levels for a three week period in July and again for the last week of August, 1978; in 1977, no week ex-perienced critically low moisture levels. The low moisture levels were of relatively short duration and should not have adversely affected the growth of vegetation or the success rates of most seed-( ling species (see Section A). Soil moisture levels at the 20 cm. depth in the peninsula area did not decrease to the same critical levels as ' the 10 cm. depth. As in past years, the 20 cm. depth remained more moist than either the 10 or 50 cm. depths during the July dry period. While the soil at the 20 cm. depth was drier in 1978 than in 1977, the sustained moisture availability helped to maintain plant growth. Soil moisture levels at the 50 cm. depth in the peninsula area reached critically low levels by mid-July, partially recharged, reached critical levels again by mid-August, and then recharged fully by mid-September. The drying at the 50 cm. depth can be attributed to two factors: one, the reduced precipitation and increased evap-oration of July and mid-August; and two, a lowering of the water table which reduced upward capillary water movement and reduced moisture availability.
.t-Overall, the moisture levels in the peninsula area were lower
.than in 1977. However, this relationship mustabe put into perspec-tive. The actual et'aporation total for the growing season of 1978 was the lowest of the five reporting seasons of this study (Table B-3) .
As a result, actual evaporation exceeded precipitation by less than one inch making 1978 similar to 1975 and 1976 when precipitation and actual evaporation totals for the growing season were close to equal. Thus, moisture availability levels were quite similar for the three years during the growing season. In 1974, actual evaporation greatly exceeded precipitation making for a dry year relative to plant growth and regeneration. In 1977, precipitation greatly exceeded actual evaporation making for a wet year relative to plant growth and regen-eration. At the beginning of the data period the Fulton soil area of the Tower IJoods showed the results of the high fall moisture levels in 1977 (see January,1978, Annual Report) . Spring recharge was not needed to establish high moisture availability. In fact, in the other soil area of the Tower Woods (Toledo soil) high moisture levels and standing water tended to inhibit germination and seedling growth (see Section A). In contrast, increased actual evaporation and rela-tively low precipitation during July started the process of lowering moisture levels. Some recharge in early August and early September delayed the total drying of the soil profile until late September. Recharge did not begin until mid-November. The moisture levels were much lower during the growing season of 1978 than during the growing season of 1977. The dry fall contributed to the reduction of fall' plant seedlings (see Section A) . Soil moisture levels at the 10 cm. depth in the Tower Woods de-
3 creastd to critically low levels briefly in late July, again in mid-Augus1:, and in late September. The critically low levels continued until mid-November. In 1977, moisture did not reach critical levels at all during the growing season at the 10 cm. depth. The low moisture levels in the fall of 1978 may have been an important factor in plant seedling success rates (see Section A). Soil moisture levels at the 20 cm. depth in the Tower Woods decreased to critical levels briefly in late July, again in mid-August, - and in late September. Recharge did not begin until November. In 1977, no critical moisture levels occurred at the 20 cm. depth. These low moisture levels at the 20 cm. depth in the fall of 1978 may have an adverse ef fect on seedling success rates and may also contribute to abnormal moisture and plant germination conditions in the spring of 1979. Soil moisture levels at the 50 cm. depth in the Tower Woods de-creased to critical levels in mid-August, recharged briefly in late August, and then dried thoroughly and remained dry until the end of the data period. Thus, recharge from the surface which had contribut-ed to increasing moisture availability at the 10 and 20 cm. depths had not reached the 50 cm. depth by the end of November. The dryness of.1978 was contrary to the wetness ,of 1977 in the latter part of the growing season amd into the late fall. Overall,'the moisture levels in the Tower Woods were lower than in 1977. While actual evaporation was the lowest of the five growing seasons (1974-1978), precipitation was less than half that of 1977 (Taulo B-3). Each year actual evaporation has exceeded precipitation
in the Tower Woods during the growing season. The difference was the least in 1977 which was a moist year in the Tower Woods; the differ-ence was the greatest in 1974, a dry year in the Tower Woods. The difference in 1978 was the second lowest difference characterizing it as a moderately moist year from the standpoint of atmospheric moisture. However, precipitation was " bunched" in late June, early August, and early September with entirely dry weeks between. Dry conditions in 1978 occurred later than in 1976 (when dryness occurred in July and again in mid- to late August) making for contrasting moisture conditions as they affect plant growth and regeneration rates. Thus, the late 4 dry period of 1978 will probably have more of an effect on 1979 plant conditions than the earlier dry period of 1976 had on 1976 or 1977 plant conditions. The available moisture in the Fulton soil at the Ottawa control site was similar to the Tower Woods throughout the data period. The Ottawa soil dried out more thoroughly at the 10 and 20 cm. depths in July' than the Tower Woods, recharged less in late August and in mid-September than the Tower Woods, and recharged more slowly toward the end of the data period than the Tower Woods. At the 50 cm. depth drying and recharge occurred more slowly at Ottawa than in the Tower Woods.
-However, the same general patterns of moisture drawdowns and recharges a
demonstrate that the Ottawa control site- and the Tower Woods are quite similar in terms of moisture change and availability levels for plants. A comparison was made between peak moisture periods and the times of electrical generation at Davis-Besse. It was assumed that the cool-ing tower would be in operation during each period of generation. During June, soil moisture levels were high in the Tower Woods and at
- - -- .- . - ~ - - _ -
the peninsula area, despite no electrical generation during ttay or J une . Peaks in moisture in early August coincide with a major pre-cipitation interval during the week of August 4. In late August and
- early September, moisture levels in the Tower Woods and at the penin- '
sula area began to increase without the aid of a major precipitation interval. Precipitation during the week of September 8 further re-charged the relatively low moisture supply. Electrical generation from August 30 to September 5 may have had some influence on the in-creased moisture availability. However, other factors such as ideal
- atmospheric conditions must have triggered such a response. There are
- no other periods during 1978 in which soil moisture increased without a major precipitation interval.
i
, A comparison was made between time periods of high and low moist-t ure levels in the peninsula area and water levels of the marsh area east of the Davis-Besse intake canal during 1978. The highest water level in the marsh was 572.45 feet during the weeks of April 7 and April
- 14. The lowest level was 570.60 feet during the week of June 2. The range of water levels was 1.85 feet for the year. The average water level was 571.51 feet based on 42 water level readings during the year.
An examination of high and low moisture values in the Hackberry-Box
; Elder, Hackberry, and Sumac communities of the peninsula area shows that there is no correlation between marsh water levels and moisture values at the 10, 20, and 50 cm. depths.
I Soil Chemical Analyses Soil samples were collected for summer from each of the five
. monitoring locations on the Davis-Desse property and from the two
( sites at the Ottawa control area at the 10, 20, and 50 cm. depths. 2
- - - - - - - -a r e- - - -
Due to an oversight, fall soil samplos were collected only from the Tower Woods at the specified depths. Samples for the peninsula sites i and for the Ottawa sites were not collected in the fall. All samples were analyzed as described in earlier reports. Results of these analyses are summarized in Table B-4. In the peninsula area the soils of all three sample sites show
- the youngness of the beach deposit environment. The cation exchange complex is saturated with bases as indicated by the 100 percent base saturation at all three depths at all three sites. Cation exchange capacity (C.E.C.) is lowest in the sumac community as in previous years. The relatively low C.E.C. with a concentration of higher levels near the surface indicates a continued accumulation of organic matter which contributes most of the exchange sites. The Ilackberry-Box Elder II community has a somewhat higher C.E.C. ; more organic matter is in-corporated to a greater depth in the profile of these young soils.
The highest C.E.C. levels are found in the Hackberry-Box Elder I community which has consistently shown evidence of more maturity in the soil profile during the 5-year reporting period. The pattern of C.E.C. values is similar to past years. Organic matter in the soils of the peninsula area in 1978 has a similar pattern to previous years with concentration near the , surface of each of the soil profiles. The depth of organic matter concentration increases from the least mature sumac community to the mature Itackberry-Box Elder I community, and total organic matter increased from the least mature to most mature community. Organic matter levels continue to coincide with C.E.C. levels in each of the peninsula soils and contribute substantially to these C.E.C. levels. The pH values also continue in the neutral to slightly alkaline i
, s , ._. - ,
f range as in previous years for the peninsula sites. These neutral to alkaline pH values further demonstrate the youngness of these sites and coincide with the high percent base saturation levels. The levels of sulfates (ppm) continue to be very low in the peninsula area. Decreases were experienced at all three depths at all three sites from fall 1977 to summer 1978. Such changes in sulfate levels are not uncommon in young soils; in the penin-sula area, the decrease in~ sulfate concentration has been accom-i panied oy other changes in the soil chemistry over the 5-year reporting period. It remains to be seen if such changes are cyclical, if they are a sign of maturing of the peninsula soils, or if other factors are contributing to the changes. A noticeable pattern in the chemical analyses of the soils of the peninsula area has been tne seasonal changes in parts per i million (ppm) of calcium, magnesium, and potassium over the report-
, ing period of five years. We now have data for four pairs of summer /
fall changes to compare. From summer to fall 1974 and summer to fall 1976, ppm of calcium increased at all three soil depths monitored. In l'975 ppm of calcium decreased at the 10 and 20 cm. depths, but increased at the 50 cm. depth. Moisture seems to be the most in-
, portant related factor because 1974 and 1976 were dry and moderately dry, respectively. 1975 was a moderately moist year with a surplus of precipitation over actual evaporation. In the wettest year of the reporting period, 1977, ppm calcium decreased.at all three oil depths monitored. An important aspect of the decline in ppm calcium
( in 1977 was the levels of calcium in the fall of l'377 compared to the 5-year average values: 10 cm. - 1700 ppm compared to 2315 ppm average; 20. cm. - 1400 ppm compared to 1748 ppm average; and 50 cm. -
f 1100 ppm compared to 1211 ppm average. The greatest decrease is near the surface, a response to dissolving calcium in the increased water falling on and moving through the soil profile. The changes in ppm magnesium from summer to fall do not follow the same pattern as calcium in the peninsula area. The changes from summer to fall 1974 and summer to fall 1975 are increases in ppm mag-nesium. The changes' from summer to fall 1976 and summer to fall 1977 are decreases in ppm magnesium. These changes seem to be a factor of substitution in the exchange complex as potassium replaces magnesium. Such a relationship seems to be valid because the summer to fall change in 1975 was a decrease in ppm potassium when ppm magnesium increased and increases in ppm potassium from summer to fall 1976 and summer to fall 1977 when ppm magnesium decreased. An important aspect of the changes in the ppm magnesium and potassium was that magnesium levels were near the 5-year average and potassium levels were above the 5-year average: 10 cm.-magnesium 200 ppm compared to 224 ppm average; 20 cm.-magnesium 160 ppm compared to 157 ppm average: 50 cm.-magnesium 100 ppm compared to 79 ppm average; 10 cm.- potassium 50 ppm compared to 37 ppm average: 20 cm. potassium 40 ppm compared to 23 ppm average; and 50 cm.-pot-assium 20 ppm compared to 15 ppm average. Perhaps even more important has been the continued decrease in ppm of calcium and magnesium, and a renewed decrease in ppm potassium from fall 1977 to summer 1978. The fall of 1977 and spring of 1978 were wett the added moisture may have dissolved and removed these soluble bases. However, percent base saturation has not decreased along with decreases in ppm of bases. The ef fects of the decrease". must wait for anaiyses in 1979. ( 4
4 In the Tower Woods the soils of both sample sites deconstrate the stability of the more mature environment compared to the pen-insula area. The relatively high cation exchange capacity is the result of the greater clay-humus complex in the Tower Woods' soils. The cation exchange capacity decreased somewhat from fall 1977 to summer 1978, but the change was within the range of changes that a has occurred from season to season in past reporting years. While the cation exchange capacity decreased from fall 1977 to summer 1978, the percent base saturation remained high with saturation at 100 percent in the summer of 1978. Base saturation increased from d summer 1977 to summer 1978 at the same time that ppm of the bases decreased. Such a contrast in changes cannot be explained usir.g the data available. Organic matter in the soils of the Tower Woods is well distri-buted through the upper part of the soil profiles in well-defined A horizons. The organic matter contributes to the high C.E.C. in tne Tower Woods' soils. The level of organic matter decreased in summer and fall 1978 from summer and fall 1977, but the decrease is within the range of changes experienced in previous years of the reporting period. The soils of the Tower Woods have remained nearly neutral or slightly acidic through the reporting period. The pH values in 1978 were nearly the same as pli values for 1977 with the exception of an increase in pli at the 50 cm. depth in the Toledo soil from summer 1977 to summer 1978. The increase in pH coincided with an increase in base saturation and a decrease in cation exchange capacity. (
The levels of sulfates (ppm) continue to be low in the Tower Woods. In summer 1978, increases in ppm of sulfates occurred at the 20 and 50 cm. depths in the Fulton soil and decreases in ppm of sulfates occurred at the 10 and 20 cm. depths in the Toledo soil. However, sulfate levels at all soil depths in both Fulton and Toledo soils increased fron summer, 1978, to fall, 1978. While changes have occurred from season to season and from year to year over the 5-year data period, the changes have been relatively small and cannot be attributed to enanges in other soil or related factors. A noticeable pattern in the chemical analyses of the soils of the Tower Woods has been the seasonal changes in parts por million (ppm) of calcium, magnesium, and potassium over the 5-year reporting pe riod. A comparison can be made among four pairs of summer / fall changes. The ppm of calcium increased from summer to fall at all three depths monitored in 1974, 1975, and 1976. These three years can be considered dry to moderately dry with respect to the precipi-tation - actual evaporation balance in the Tower Woods. In contrast, the ppm calcium decreased at all three depths from summer to fall 1977. In terms of moisture balance, 1977 can be considered a moist year in the Tower Woods. An important aspect in the decrease in ppm calcium in 1977 was the icvels of calcium in fall 1977 compared to the 5-year average levels: 10 cm. - 4000 ppm calcium compared to 4458 ppm averager 20 cm. - 3900 ppm calcium compared to 4034 ppm average; and 50 cm. - 3400 ppm calcium compared to 3668 ppm aver- ; l age. The decline relative to the average was greatest in the 10 cm. I e depth, indicating an increased leaching from the surface downward.
' Perhaps even more important was the decline in ppm calcium from fall 1977 to summer 1978.
The decreased' ppm calcium was not accompanied
i
/
by a decrease in base saturation. j The changes in ppm magnesium from summer to fall follow a pattern similar to the changes in the ppm calcium except for 1974. In 1974, the ppm magnesium increased at 10 cm. but decreased at 20 and 50 cm. , The decrease at the lower depths can be attributed to substitution of calcium and potassium for magnesium in the cation exchange complex. In 1975 and 1976 the ppm magnesium increased from summer to fall. lioisture and cation substitution both contribute to these changes. The increases in 1975 and 1976 are related to the moderately dry conditions in the Tower Woods and the renewed leaf supply in the fall whien released bases into the soil complex. In 1977 the moist condi-tions helped to reduce the ppm magnesium. The substitution of pot-
, assium for magnesium in 1977 also helped to explain the change in ppm magnesium. - Potassium substitution seems to be a regular feature of the summer to fall changes in the Tower Woods. Each year from 1974 through 1978 there has been a summer to fall increase in ppm pot-assium at all three depths monitored. The one exception was a de-crease in ppm potassium at the 10 cm. depth in 1975. An important
,. aspect of the changes in ppm magnesium and potassium was that nagne-sium levels declined below the 5-year averages, whereas potassium levels increased to be near or above the 5-year averages: 10 cm. - magnesium 450 ppm compared to 532 ppm average 20 cm. - magnesium 1 450 ppm compared to 493 ppm average: 50 cm. - magnesium 430 ppm-corapared to 532 ppm average; 10 cm. potassium 210 ppm compared to 215 ppm average: 20 cm. - potassium 180 ppm compared to 160 ppm
, average; and 50 cm. - potassium 180 ppm compared to 136 ppm average.
( 4 --s- -- m * - - e-u=q-- +y
Perhaps even more important has been a continued decrease in ppm calcium and magnesium and a renewed (but relatively small) decrease in potassium from fall 1977 to summer 1978. Fall 1977 and spring and early summer 1978 were moist the added moisture may have con-tributed to increased solubility of bases and their removal from the soil profile. A comparison was made between the analyses of the circulating water from the cooling tower for 1978 and soil analyses for the Fulton soil of the Tower Woods for 1978 and average analyses values for the 5-year reporting period (Table B-5) . High and low values of calcium and magnesium in the circulating water did not correspond to higher or lower values in the Fulton soil for summer or fall. In other words,
, the circulating water appears to have little or no effect on the levels
( of calcium and magnesium in the Fulton soil of the Tower Woods. Summer and fall values for calcium in the soil are lower than the 5-year aver-age. Magnesium values for fall are somewhat above the 5-year average in the soil and contribute to a greater percentage of the soil carbon-ates. However, the circulating water does not appear to have an effect on this change because the percentage of magnesium carbonates in the circulating water is similar to the 5-year average soil percentage. Sodium values incre ased sharply from summer to fall at the 10 cm. l depth in the Fulton soil of the Tower Woods (Table B-6) . Values at the 20 and 50 cm. depths more closely approached the 5-year average, whereas the value at 10 cm. was more than three times the average.
' Sodium concentrations in the circulating water ranged from 7.2 ppm to i 30.5 ppm but did not increase toward the fall. It is possible that:
- 1) sodium fall-out from the cooling tower may be producing a cumula .
e-..
tivo offect on the soil; 2) a drier fall has concentrated sodium near the soil surface due to evaporation; and/or 3) the fall value for sodium is an " abnormal" reading and will rectify itself by the spring or summer of 1979. The sodium level needs to be watched carefully and soil ana-lyses in 1979 will help to indicate if a new trend is emerging. Some General Trends Data from all five reporting years have been summarized in graphic form for the sumac community of the peninsula and the Fulton soil area of the Tower Woods (Figures B-4 to B-2 3) . In looking at these graphs, some general trends can be seen which demonstrate the natural seasonal cycles or ongoing changes which can be expected in the two monitored areas, the Tower Woods and the peninsula area. Organic matter in the soils of the peninsula area remains rela-tively low and concentrated near the surface. In drier years, it appears that there is a trend to increased organic matter from summer to fall (Figure B-4). Cation exchange capacity is closely related to organic matter content of the peninsula soils because of the low clay content in this area. Cation exchange capacity fluctuates from
' season to season and year to year in response to changes in organic matter. Noticeable increases in C.E.C. in fall 1974 and fall 1976 coincide with the largest increases in organic matter (Figure B-5).
Changes in C.E.C. are mostly restricted to the 10 and 20 cm. depths where organic matter is concentrated. Base saturation remains high
-(near 100%) at all three depths monitored (Figure B-6,7,8) . Potassium contributes a small but consistent percentage of the cation exchange.
Calcium and magnesium vary inversely in their contributions to the cation exchange. Calcium contributes between 85 and 95% and magnesium
=-- -,
contributes between 6 and 13%. Moisture has proven to be one of the most important, if not THE most important, variables in.the peninsula area (Figure B-4). Spring, summer, and fall moisture conditions can be critical to plant growth, seed germination, and even plant community composi-tion (see section A) . Important variations in the timing of dry and wet periods have been a part of the moisture factor. The summers of 1974, 1976, and 1978 and spring 1977 were relatively dry. Unlike these seasons, spring 1975, fall 1975, spring 1976, summer 1977, and fall 1977 were all very moist. Perhaps the most critical and influential aspect of moisture in the peninsula area has been the lack of a completely dry period when there was near "0" moisture available. In contrast, the Tower Woods has suffered several very dry periods over the reporting years. The amount of organic matter in the Fulton soil of the Tower Woods is greater than in the sumac community of the peninsula area. Changes in organic matter levels have generally been restricted to the 10 and 20 cm. depths with summer to fall decreases in 1974, 1975, and 1978 and summer to fall increases in 1976 and 1977 (Figure B-9). The increases in organic matter content froa summer to fall in 1976 and 1977 were accompanied by increases in cation exchange capacity. These parallel changes indicate organic matter is at least partially res-i ponsible for the cation exchange capacity of the Fulton soil. However, I decreases in organic matter content from summer 1974 to fall 1974 to winter 1975, from summer to fall 1975, and from summer 1978 to fall 1978 were accompanied by increases in cation exchange capacity. These
'(-
opposed changes indicate clay also is at least partially responsible for the cation exchange capacity of the Fulton soil.
r The percent base saturation. at the 10 cm. depth in the Fulton soil of the Tower Woods decreased sharply from fall 1975 to summer 1976 (Figure B-10) . The decrease was accompanied by an equally sharp decrease in the percent calcium in the exchange complex. From summer to fall 1976 and from summer to fall 1977 important increases in percent base saturation and percent calcium saturation occurred. At the 20 cm. depth summer declines in percent base saturation and in percent calcium saturation have occurred in each of the reporting years from 1974 through 1977 (Figure B-ll) . In each of the corres-ponding fall seasons, both total base percent and calcium percent saturation increased. The same pattern of summer decrease and fall increase occurred at the 50 cm. depth in 1975 and 1977 (Figure B-12). ( Moisture appears to be a critical factor in the Tower Woods. The nature of the clay rich Fulton and Toledo soils in the woods means very wet and very dry periods can and have been observed (Figure B-13) . Variations from season to season are common as well as from year to P year. Even strong contrasts in moisture can be seen from depth to depth as the fine textured clays recharge moisture supplies or dry more slowly than the sandy soils of the peninsula area. The sumner and fall of 1974, summer 1975, summer 1976, and fall 1978 were i noticeable dry periods at all three monitored soil depths. The fall 1975 at 50 cm. .and the spring 1977 at 10 cm. were also drier than average for these particular seasons. Spring 1975, spring 197G, fall 1976, summer 1977, fall 1977 and spring 1978 were notice-able moist to wet periods over the reporting years. Most important { are the' extreme. seasonal differences in moisture in the Tower Woods, unlike .the more moderate seasonal changes in the peninsula area (Figures B-13 and B-4).
TABLE B-1. Summary of weekly average soil and air temperatures (*F), Beach, Tower Woods, and Ottawa sites, weeks of December 30, 1977 to December 22, 1978. Beach Tower Woods Ottawa Week of 10 20 50 Air 10 20 50 Air 10 20 50 Air Dec 30, 1977 24.0 23.9 31.4 20.9 22.1 24.4 27.6 22.9 40.3 34.4 42.1 22.4 Jan 6, 1978 24.0, 24.0 31.6 15.7 22.4 24.3 27.4 18.0 40.3 34.9 42.0 16.9 Jan 13 23.9 24.0 31.4 14.3 23.0 24.7 27.4 16.0 40.1 34.7 41.9 15.7 Jan 20 24.0 23.4 30.7 16.3 23.1 24.9 27.1 18.1 40.9 35.1 43.0 17.7 Jan 27 23.1 23.0 30.0 8.6 22.0 23.6 26.4 11.4 40.9 35.4 43.3 11.6 Feb 3 21.9 21.6 28.7 8.9 23.6 24.6 26.9 10.3 41.1 35.4 43.3 9.6 Feb 10 21.7 21.4 28.4 12.4 23.7 24.7 26.7 16.4 41.3 35.1 43.1 14.1 Feb 17 21.9 22.4 29.0 10.7 24.0 25.0 26.9 13.0 42.0 35.9 43.4 10.4 Feb 24 22.4 23.3 28.3 20.4 23.7 24.7 25.9 21.3 40.7 34.9 42.4 20.0 Mar 3 24 .7 25.3 28.3 11.9 24.7 25.4 27.0 16.7 40.4 34.6 42.6 15.0 M ar 10 24.3 24.3 26.3 28.3 24.3 25.3 26.7 32.3 39.7 33.1 40.9 30.3 Mar 17 28.9 27.9 32.0 30.7 24.6 25.4 26.4 34.9 38.9 32.7 40.4 34.4 Mar 24 28.9 28.7 32.9 30.0 24.4 24.9 25.9 33.4 37.7 33.9 38.6 32.0 Mar 31 38.6 37.3 38.6 45.3 34.1 33.4 29.9 40.4 35.7 41.7 38.6 42.1 Apr 7 41.7 40.6 41.1 48.9 39.0 38.1 34.4 41.7 40.1 44.7 38,0 42.6 Apr 14 41.0 40.3 41.7 45.4 38.8 38.4 36.0 35.7 40.7 45.1 38.3 39.3 Apr 21 41,1 40.6 42.0 47.9 39.1 38.3 36.0 40.1 - 41.1 44.6 37.9 42.3 Apr 28 48.0 46.0 46.1 48.7 44.6 42.9 38.9 41.6 50.3 48.1 39.6 48.3 May 5 47.3 45.4 46.6 56.3 43.7 43.4 40.6 52.4 49.9 48.3 43.7 50.9 May 12 51.7 50.0 49.4 62.9 49.4 48.0 44.0 51.6 54.6 53.3 45.1 56.0 i
TABLE 8-1. (Cont'd) 8each Tower Woods , Ottawa Week of 10 20 50 Air 10 20 50 Air 10 20 50 Air May 19 55.6 54.1 53.3 66.4 53.4 52.0 47.3 58.0 59.9 58.3 46.9 60.1 May-26 60.0 59.7 57.4 75.0 60.7 57.4 49.3 68.0 65.6 63.0 50.6 68.9 June 2 57.1 57.3 56.9 67.4 57.4 57.9 51.7 59.6 64.3 61.4 54.1 60.1 June 9 56.7 55.9 56.1 67.1 57.0 57.0 52.6 59.7 63.7 62.0 54.4 60.7 June 16 59.3 59.1 56.7 75.9 60.3 60.1 53.3 67.3 61.7 60.9 53.9 67.7 June 23 59.9 61.1 59.3 76.6 63.0 162.0 56.1 70.3 60.7 61.1 55.6 69.9 June 30 59.3 60.9 60.0 69.4 61.4 60.1 57.3 68.1 60.7 61.6 56.0 68.1 July 7 60.9 60.9 60.4 69.9 62.6 61.6 58.4 65.9 61.6 61.7 57.6 66.4 July 14 60.3 61.1 60.6 73.1 63.4 61.0 54.1 68.1 64.0 62.6 59.7 69.4 July 21 61.0 60.4 61.3 74.3 62.1 62.0 56.0 71.4 66.6 63.1 60.7 71.7 July 28 61.1 61.7 61.9 69.7 62.7 62.0 60.1 67.0 67.6 64.9 62.0 67.9 Au9 4 60.9 61.1 61.0 67.4 60.9 60.9 59.6 65.1 65.7 64.3 62.4 66.9 Aug 11 62.0 63.7 62.7 72.9 64.1 62.6 60,1 68.3 65.9 64.6 61.4 70.9 Aug 18 63.6 63.7 63.0 72.4 63.0 62.7 59.3 67.0 65.3 65.1 59.7 70.0 Aug 25 62.0 62.7 62.0 67.0 62.6 62.0 60.4 65.6 63.3 65.1 60.9 66.4 Sept 1 59.7 62.0 60.9 70.1 63.0 62.4 58.7 66.9 62.4 62.9 61.7 66.7 Sept 8 62.3 63.9 63.1 68.7 64.4 63.7 60.3 65.0 62.9 61.7 61.1 65.9 Sept 15 64.1 63.6 62.4 70.9 63.9 62.1 59.4 69.1 62.7 63.0 63.0 66.4 Sept 22 55.9 56.3 58.7 57.6 54.9 55.0 56.4 54.7 59.0 60.6 60.9 53.7 Sept 29 51.9 52.7 55.6 55.3 52.0 51.9 53.1 52.3 55.7 55.6 55.1 51.3 Oct 6 50.7 47.0 50.6 49.9 47.7 47.3 51.0 49.1 48.7 50.0 52.7 50.9 Oct 13 44.6 45.6 48.4 46,0 44.3 45.3 47.6 45.1 47.4 48.9 50.6 46.4 Oct 20 45.9 45.9 48.4 51.3 45.3 44.1 45.9 48.4 49.6 48.9 46.4 49.1 Oct 27 43.6 43.7 47.4 46.1 43.7 43.7 45.9 48.3 47.1 47.9 48.1 44.6
TABLE B-1. (Cont'd) Week of 10 20 50 Air 10 20 50 Air -10 20- 50 Air Nov 3 46.9 48.9 50.4 48.3 44.1' 44.7 45.6 49.7 47.4 47.6 48.1 .47.1 Nov 10 48.7 50.3 53.1 43.3 41.3 42.7 43.6 43.0 43.9 44.9 45.3 41.9 . Nov 17 44.6 47.4 49.4 38.6 38.7 39.0 41.6 37.0 42.6 43.9 42.1 36.6 Nov 24 41.1. 43.3 44.7 31.7 32.9 35.7 39.0 32.1 40.7 42.3 41.1 31.9 Dec 1 37.1 39.7 41.4 33.1 29.7 31.1 35.3 30.7 33.6 35.8 36.5 .32.7 . Dec 8' 35.1 ~ 37.1 40.0 25.1 27.9 30.0 33.9 24.6 32.7 34.0 36.6 24.6 Dec 15 34.4- 35.9 38.3 31.3 29.1 29.7 34.0 30.3 34.4 36.9' 37.6 30.7
-Dec 22 34.1 35.4 38.0 '25.9 33.1 33.4 34.4 23.9 35.0 36.6. 37.0 24.4 f
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TABLE B- 3. Precipitation and Actual Evaporation Totals (inches), Growing Seasons, 1974-1978, Tower Woods and Beach Sites. Tower Woods Beach Year Actual Evaporation Precipitation Difference Actual Evaporation Precipitation Difference 1974 42.39 5.34 -37.05 20.81 9.36 -11.45 1975 30.29 11.85 -18.44 14.75 15.93 + 1.18 1976 35.40 9.36 -26.04 17.07 15.37 - 1.70 1977 31.08 27.12 - 3.96 15.33 28.56 +13.23 1978 23.19 11.06 -12.13 13.40 12.59 - 0.89 t e I
_ m .. . . . - _ _ _ . . . . - _ . __. ._._ . _ . .__
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TA8LE 8-4 Soll chenacal analyses. sw.mer and fall 1978, beach. Tower Woods, anJ Ottawa sites. Catton EmchanSe % Sase Saturation % Organic mtter pH Value Selfates (ppa) Site Depth (ca) Summer Fall Sussne r Fall Smr Fall Summe r Fall Summer Fall Seadi Area
- Sumac Cosewalty 10 11.1 100.0 3.1 7. 3 II
, 20 6.7 100.0 1.7 7.4 7 50 5.3 100.0 0.8 7.6 2 Hactberry Som Elder I 10 22.3 100.0 6.9 7.3 13 20 14.8 100.0 4.4 7.4 7 50 8.6 100.0 1.1 8.0 5 Hackberry.80s Sider II 10 11.2 100.0 4.4 7.2 5 20 13.4 100.0 4.0 7.3 8 , 50 9.7 100.0 0.9 8.0 2 Tower woods Fulton Soll 10 21.7 24.0 100.0 90.0 6.1 4.4 6.8 6.5 16 37 20 18.7 24.0 100.0 47.7 5.6 3.5 6.6 6.3 13 17 50 16.8 22.0 100.0 100.0 1.4 1.6 6.9 6.6 12 38 Toledo Soit 10 20.8 25.0 90.4 82.7 4.8 4.1 6.2 6.5 22 34 20 18.4 26.0 91.4 86.8 4.0 2.2 6.4 6.1 16 33 50 18.0 24.0 100.0 90.0 1.7 1.8 7.0 6.0 22 64
- Ot t am a Re fuge Fulton Soil 10 20.6 90.4 5.4 6.2 20 16 15.6 100.0 3. 8 6.6 13 50 16.3 99.8 1.2 6.9
- IS ToleJo Soll 10 19.0 84.4 6.3 6.0 20 20 17.3 84.5 4.4 6.1 15 50 18.4 87.0 1.4 5.8 49
-s n-
TABLE B-5. Summary of Tower Circulating Water and Fulton Soil (Tower Woods) Chemical Analyses. Calcium Magnesium Sodium s of total carbonates ppm ppm ppm Circulating Water High Value 83.0% 120.0 24.5 30.5 Low Value 92.5% 29.6 2.4 7.2 Average 87.9% 68.3 9.4 15.5 Fulton Soil Summer 10 cm 88.8% 3500 440 10.0 20 cm 88.2% 3000 400 9.0 50 cm 86.1% 2600 420 18.0 Fall 10 cm 86.0% 3200 520 181.0 20 cm 77.7% 2200 630 32.0 50 cm 76.0% 2500 790 37.0 5-Year Average *
^
10 cm 89.1% 4343 531 53.0 20 cm 88.4% 3867 506 25.8 50 cm 86.5% 3562 555 30.8
- average values for Ca and Mg are based on 10 values from summer 1974 to fall 1978 and Na is based on 7 value's from fall 1975 to fall 1978.
average value at 10 cm includes the 181 ppm for fall 1978; excluding the fall 1978 value, the average is 31.7. r
TABLE B-6. Sodium values in ppm for 10, 20, and 50 cm depths in Fulton soil, Tower Woods, Fall 1975 to Fall 1978.
- em depths 10 20 50 Fall 1978 181 32 37 Summer 1978 10 9 18 Fall 1977 13 16 21 i
Summer 1977 53 26 31 ! Fall 1976 45 38 44 Summer 1976 22 26 49 Fall 1975 47 34 16 t
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r ANNUAL REPCRT DAVIS-BESSE TERRESTRIAL MONITORING cot 1 TRACT JANUARY, 1979. C. Terrestrial Animals S.H. Vessey Department of Biological Sciences d This year approximately equal efforts were utilized in sampling the peninsula study area at Davis-Besse and the Ottawa Wildlife Refuge refer-ence site. As in the past, qualitative data were collected on amphibians, reptiles, and large mammals, with indicators of abundance, while quantita-tive population estimates were obtained for birds and small mammals. Such an approach seems the most efficient way to detect any major shif ts in habitat utilization as a result of site operations. Water, alone or in conjunction with temperature, of ten is the most important physical factor affecting the ecology of terrestrial organisms (Krebs, 1978). The problems that animals face with respect to water bal-ance differ sdbstantially from those of plants, because animals are mobile i and can escape from many moisture problems by selecting the proper habitat. Most of the research on terrestrial animals dealing with moisture concerns adaptations for water conservation in desert forms, such as camels and kangaroo rats. Data on moisture tolerances for the terrestrial vertebrate species found in N. U. Chio are lacking. We can assure that, because precipitation generally exceeds evaporation, lack of moisture is not . likely to directly influence distribution and abundance. Possible exceptions are flooding, perhaps due to marsh management, and summer
C-2
.f drought.
Amphibians and Reptiles The main source of data for herptiles comes from logs kept by B.G.S.U. personnel in the field. The species and the indicators of abundance re-ported have remained similar over the past few years, suggesting rather stable conditions. The dense woo'ds at Ottawa, compared with the more diverse area being sampled at Davis-Besse, may account for the paucity of herptiles found at Ottawa. Eastern garter and northern water snakes continue to be the most abundant at Davis-Besse, while painted turtles were common along the edge of the Ottawa reference woods (Table C-1) . Winter Birds Davis-Besse: Most of the winter birds observed during the peninsula study area circuit were transient shore birds and ducks, the latter taking advantage of several open water holes. One of these holes was from warm-water' discharge; several other generating sites in the Toledo area also have large numbers of waterfowl around discharge areas. The resident pop-ulation has remained reasonably constant since 1974, with between 34 and 104 individuals seen; species density ranged from 10 - 16 (Tables C-2 and C-6). Species density is about one-half to one quarter of that in the sum-mer, with counts of individuals as little as 6% of summer numbers in 1978. I l l 1 L _ )
. C-3 Although the fall and winter of 1976-77 were unusually cold and snow cover in 1977-78 unusually heavy, fluctuations in numbers seen were within the range of other years.
Ottawa: Sightings at Ottawa were complicated somewhat this year by the presence of a large flock of tree sparrows, estimated at 250, on 12 l February (Table C-3) . Although flocks this large are not an unusual sight in the winter, it is not clear whether they were residing on the site. Large numbers of transient waterfowl, not feeding in the terrestrial com-munity, were recorded earlier, on 7 January. Seven of the nine resident species also were seen at the Davis-Besse site. Not counting the tree sparrow flock, the two areas were quite similar in terms of numbers and diversity of winter residents. Spring and Summer Birds Davis-Besse: A decrease of seven species was noted this year at the Davis-Besse site, down from 42 to 35; but an increase of 60 individuals was noted, resulting in the rather low species diversity index of 2.79
$ (Table C-4). The increase in numbers was entirely due to red-winged blackbirds, from about 200 last year to 300 this year. Because of the large numbers of these birds, our counts are less precise than for other l f
- ' species. Resident birds seen last year but not seen this year include red-I tailed hawk, sparrow hawk, , red-headed woodpecker, least flycatcher, wood pewee, tufted titmouse, cedar waxwing, red-eyed vireo, warbling vireo, pro-thontary warbler, and brown-headed cowbird. Black duck, downy woodpecker, barn swallow, blue jay, brown thrasher were present this year but were not seen last year. Thus, the changes in species density occur across a variety of taxa, and none of these species was represented by more than two pairs in a year. Some, such as the downy woodpecker, were probably present in
C-4
/
1977, but not seen. Ottawa: The Ottawa site underwent an even greater reduction in both numbers of species and numbers of individuals, from 40 species to 27, and 372 individuals to 192 (Table C-5). Much of the decline in individuals was due to a reduction of mallards from about 100 in 1977 to only 10 in 1978, and a decline of grackles from 30 to 8. In spite of these large changes, species diversity was essentially unchanged; the smaller number of indivi-duals and species in 1978 was compensated for by a more even distribution of numbers across those species. Those species absent in 1978, but present the year before, cut across all taxa, with three species of sparrows and two species of flycatchers missing. The blue jay and brown-headed cowbird, both seen in all past years, were missing from both sites this year. Blue jay populations fluctuate widely in the northeast, in some years due to disease outbreaks. The year-to-year turnover within each site was of the same order of 1 magnitude as the between-site turnover. In 1978, 13 resident species were seen at Davis-Besse that were not seen at Ottawa, and seven were seen at Ottawa that were not seen at Davis-Besse; this was not greatly different from previous years. In contrasting winter and summer resident populations at both sites, percentage-wise there continues to be a greater year-to-year fluctuation in winter populations than summer (Table C-6) . Diversity indices, with the exception of Winter,1978 at Ottawa, have changed as much in summer as in winte r. The use of species diversity indices is attractive because it becomes possible to evaluate and compare communities by inspecting a few numbers i rather than considering each species present. With respect to birds, we l l \ l l L
C-5 know that species diversity is correlated with diversity of foliage height, or structural diversity, rather than plant species diversity (MacArthur and MacArthur, 1961). Changes in the environment which reduce the amount of structure, or layering, in the forest will cause a decrease in bird species diversity. This relationship only holds for resident, breeding birds; thus we have not considered migrants or transient feeders in our analyses. Small Mammal Populations
. By means of live-trapping grids at Ottawa Wildlife Refuge, Davis-Besse site, and Carter Woods, spring and fall estimates were made by mark-and-recapture method using Sherman traps. A mixture of rolled cats and peanut butter was used as bait, and cotton nestlets were provided to reduce trap mortality. The only small mammal caught in the last five years at Davis-Besse.has been the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) . Since all grids are in wooded areas, the absence of other species is not surprising; however, the short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda), common in wooded areas in northwest Ohio, is present in large numbers at Carter Woods but has never been caught at the other two study areas.
Capture data are summarized in tables C-7 through C-10. This year's spring population at Davis-Besse was extremely low, and no Lincoln-Peterson estimate could be calculated. Only two individuals were caught a to.tal of six times in 240 trap nights. A much higher pop-ulation was present at Ottawa, with 17 individuals caught 28 times in 200 trap nights. By fall the Davis-Besse population was still very low, with five individuals being caught seven times in 240 trap nights. At Ottawa the fall population had decreased substantially, with five different indi-viduals being caught nine times, in 200 trap nights. With five years of data at Davis-Besse and Carter Woods, we now have some idea about the range of variability in numbers we can expect to en-
C-6 counter from year to year. During the spring, Davis-Desse estimates have ranged from 2 to 28 mico per hectare, while Carter Woods has had a similar f range, 7 to 27 (Table C-ll) . Fall populations are much more variable, ranging from 11 to 211 at Davis-Besse 'and 16 to 63 at Carter Woods. Spring populations are low and, to some extent, predict the size of the fall peak (Table C-ll) . An exception is 1977, where the population at Davis-Besse increased from 11 to 211, the highest ever recorded there. (That peak estimate , however, had a very high standard error because so few marked mice were recaptured.) There is little indication of correlations among sites between V igh years and low years. At Davis-Besse 1974 and 1978 were low years, but not so at Carter Woods, where 1975 was a low year. An unusual pattern occurred at Ottawa in both 1977 and 1978, where numbers declined from spring to fall. We have noticed at Carter Woods, where trapping is conducted continuously from March through November, that in sone years the population peaks in August, declining precipitously during the fall, although still remaining above spring levels. Because of the large yearly fluctuations in numbers of white-footed mice, we will need to document changes persisting for several years before we can attribute them to long-term changes in food supply or habitat quality. P. leucopus is the only terrestrial mammal at the site that is easily cap-tured and that can be censused reliably. Medium-Sized Mammals A relatively small effort was made this year to mark and release rac-coons and opossums. The trapping effort in 1978 differed specifically from the previous years in that traps were set within the small-mammal grids and run in conjunction with them during the fall only; previously, the entire peninsula has been trapped at Davis-Besse and the entire woods at Ottawa. One raccoon was caught in 48 trap nights at Davis-Besse, and three were captured at Ottawa in 34 trap nights. These results are consistent with last year's more extensive trapping in that raccoons were more abundant at Ottawa than
C-7 r at Davis-Besse in both years. Even with the small effort this year, some opossums might have been expected at Davis-Besse. However, opossum numbers were unusually low this year, based on extensive trapping in Wood County and reports from game protectors. Severe winters can be expected to reduce numbers of this predominantly southern species. Miscellaneous observations of other mammals revealed no substantial changes from previous years. Rabbits were seen in low numbers at Ottawa, not having been reported from there last year. The resident deer popula-tion ac Davis-Besse has remained stable for five years. Similar numbers reside at Ottawa, in both cases a single buck with three or four does. Bats A red bat (Lasiurus borealis) was found dead at the cooling tower dur-ing the monitoring of fall bird migrations. Conclusions
~
We now have five years of data from the Davis-Besse site, with quanti-fied results principally for birds and small mammals. The Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge reference area, with two years of data, is similar to Davis-Besse with respect to these fauna. Thus, within-year fluctuations between the sites seem to be no greater than between-year changes within sites. The resident breeding bird populations are most easily and most accu-rately censused. There are about 40 such species, and the ecological tol-erances are well-described for many of them. Thus birds would seem to be the ideal vertebrate group to use for assessing environmental impact. -Un-fortunately, nearly all of these species migrate to places where they are subjected to physical, chemical, and biotic influences that have nothing to do with conditions on the breeding ground. The reference area controls l' ! for some of these variables. Thus, blue jays and cowbirds disappeared from both sites this year; either the same forces were operating at both sites i
C-8
/
to eliminate them, or some off-site change is affecting the migrant part of the population. At least we are reasonably sure that the changes are not site-specific. References Krebs, C.J. 1978. Ecology: the experimental analysis of distribution and v abundance. Harper and Row, N.Y. MacArthur, R.H. and J.W. MacArthur. 1961. On bird species diversity. Ecology 42:594-598. A 4 1 r 3* w i , h j_ s [ : l i i r t s 1
- l
TABLE C-1. Observation of amphibians and reptiles at the Davis-Gesse site and the Ottawa reference site, 1978. Abundant - likely to be seen in large numbers (8-15) every visit. Common - may be seen most of the time, but in small numbers (3-8). Uncommon - may be seen sporadically in small numbers (1-3). DAVIS-BESSE Eastern garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) Abundant Northern watersnake (Natrix sipedon) Abundant American toad (Bufo americanus) Common Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) Comon Painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) Comon Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingi) Common Five-lined skink (Eumeces fasciatus) Common Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) Uncommon OTTAWA Painted turtle Common Eastern garter snake Uncomon Northern watersnake Uncommon
~
l' l
TABLE.C-2. Winter bird census at the Davis-Besse study-area circuit, 1978. Dates of Observation / January 1978 12 February 1978 Estimated Times of Observation 1100-1350 0915-1245 Resident Species Population Great Blue Heron 1 6 T Canada Goose 6 T Mallard 6 1 T Common Goldeneye 8 T Common Merganser 100 T Red-breas ted Merganser 16 T Red-tailed iLwk 5 3 5 Rough-legged Hawk 1 1
-Sparrow Hawk 1 1 Bald Eagle 2 T Herring Gull 100 T Downy Woodpecker 2 1 2 Coninon Crow 1 1 Black-capped Chickadee 1 1 Brown Creeper 2 2 Golden-crowned Kinglet 3 T Northern Shrike 1 1 House Sparrow 2 2 Cardinal 6 6 Slate-colored Junco 2 2 Tree Sparrow 4 4 Song Sparrow 7 1 7 TOTALS Species 16 11 13 Individuals 50 239 35 ,
6=3.34
, T = transient
\
, 1
TABLE C-3. Wir.ter Bird Census, Ottawa Circuit, 1978. Dates of Observation January 7 February 12 Estimated Times of Observation 1400-1600 1300-1510 Resident Species Population f Canada Goose s3000 T Mallard s6000 T Black Duck s1000 T Pintail 1 T Red-tailed Hawk 2 2 Rough-legged Hawk 1 1 Marsh Hawk 1 1 Downy Woodpecker 1 1 Starling 5 5 House Sparrow 5 5 Red-winged Blackbird 1 T Cardinal 1 1 Tree Sparrow s250 250 Song Sparrow 10 10 TOTALS Species 13 1 9' Individuals 10,277 1 276 0 = 0.68 0 = 2.45 without tree sparG T = transient i
)
TABLE C-4 Summer Bird Census. Davis Besse study area circuit. 1978 Number of Birds seen Dates of Observations June 15 Junr 16 June 17 Estimated Min. Times of Observatiuns 1120-1430 0900-1215 1250-1530 Resident Pop. circuit total circuit total circuit total Pied-billed Grebe 3 3 2 2 2 : Grc2t Blue Heron 15 85 35 45 15 20 i Green Heron 2 2 2 2 2 2 Common Egret 7 9 9 12 10 T Black-crowned Night Heron 70 70 80 80 60 60 T Canada Goose 50 60 60 T Mallard 5 6 5 6 4 11 6 Black Duck 3 3 4 Blue-winged Teal 8 2 4 2 Wood Duck 4 4 4 3 4 6 4 Common Gallinulc* 8 10 10 10 10 American Coot 3 4 6, 8 12 19 12 Killdeer 3 3 3 3 4 Spotted Sandpiper 1 2 1 2 2 Herring Gull 30 30 22 25 30 30 T Ring-billed Gull 40 48 40 40 40 40 T Black Tern 5 5 2 2 2 2 T Yellow-billed Cuckoo 1 1 2 Great Horneo Owl 1 1 1 1 2 Common Flicker 1 1 1 1 2 Downy Woodpecker 2 2 2 Eastern Kingbird 1 1 1 1 2 Great Crested Flycatcher 1 1 2 Eastern Phoebe 1 1 1 1 2 Tree Swallow 40 70 40 50 30 40 40 Barn Swallow 1 2 1 1 2 Purple Martin 8 8 8 Blue Jay 1 1 2 House Wren 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 Long-billed Marsh Wren 3 4 6 6 4 4 6 Catbird 4 4 4 4,,, 3 3' 4 Brown Thrasner 5 5 6 Starling 6 6 30 50 15 40 30 Yellow Warbler 50 50 50 50 40 40 50
, Yellowthroat 2 3 2 2 2 Yellow-breasted Chat 1 1 1 1 1 2 Red-winged Blackbird 300 500 300 500 300 500 300 Common Grackle 3 4 3 5 5 7 6 Cardinal 3 3 3 3 2 2 4 Indigo Bunting 1 1 1 1 2 American Goldfinch. I 1 1 1 2 Song Sparrow 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 TOTAL Species 27 27 36 35 Individuals 618 661 608 536
+
= 5 young D = 2.79
* = according to a person doing a special study there, it is a very
,,, dense population s 60 nests
= 3 young in nest T = transient
TABLE C-5. Sumer Bird Census, Ottawa Refuge Control Site,1978 Number of Individuals Dates of Ocservations June 15 June 16 June 17 Estimated Min.
~ Times of Observations 0830-1100 1240-1450 0930-1230 Resident Pop.
Great Blue Heron 3 6 8 T Comon Egret 3 3 T Canada Goose 6 15 6 T Mallard 3 9 3 10 Pintail 2 2 Blue-winged Teal 1 2 Wood Duck 5 2 6 Red-tailed Hawk 1 2 , Sparrow Hawk 1 2 Killdeer 5 6 Herring Gull 1 T Yellow-billed Cuckoo 1 2 Common Flicker 1 1 2 Downy Woodpecker 1 1 2 Eastern Kingbird 2 2 Eastern Phoebe- 1 2 Tree Swallow 15 20 10 20 Barn Swallow 1 2 House Wren 4 6 4 6 Carolina Wren 1 1 1 2 Catbird 2 2 Starling 2 8 3 8 Red-eyed Vireo 1 2 Yellow Warbler 7 3 3 8 Yellowthroat 2 2 2 Red-winged Blackbird 80 60 60 80 Northern Oriole 1 1 2 Comon Grackle 2 7, 2 8 Indigo Bunting 3 6 4 6 American Goldfinch 2 1 2 Song Sparrow 1 2 1 .2 TOTAL Species 19 22 ?1 27 Individuals 136 161 123 192 D = 3.61
+
with nest material T = transient
TABLE C-6. Summary of Censuses of Resident Birds Davis-Besse Site Date': January 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Total Birds 14 104 53 34 35 Species Density 6 16 15 10 13 6* 2.47 3.38 3.47 2.73 3.34 4 Date: June To'tal Birds 168** 155** 376 476 536 Species Density 38 38 43 42 35 6* - - 4.13 3.56 2.79 Ottawa Site Date: January Total Birds - 276*** Species Density - 9 6* - 0.68 Date: June Total Birds 372 192 Species Density 40 27 b* 3.67 3.61 Shannon-Weiner information theory species diversity index
** Not including red-winged blackbirds or yellow warblers; 6 not calculated *** Includes 250 tree sparrows
TABLE C-7. White-footed mouse captures at the peninsula study site, Davis-Besse, Spring, 1978. DATE OF CAPTURE MAY Date of Last Capture 27 28 29 30 May 27 1 0 0 28 1 1 29 1 'E Previously marked 0 1 1 2 Previously unmarked 1 1 0 0 Caught 1 2 1 2 Released 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 Note: Population seems to be 2 males. O i
-, -- , a -- - -
TABLE C-8 White footed mouse captures at the Ottawa study site, Spring 1978. Date of Capture Date of Last June Capture 4 5 6 7 June 4 2 1 0 5 4 0 6 4 i 7 i Previously Marked 0 2 5 4 Previously Unmarked 0 6 2 3 ! Caught 6 8 7 7 Released 6 8 7 7 Lincoln-Peterson estimate using June 4 and 5 as mark-release and June 6 and 7 as recapture. M = 11 different mice marked and released 4-5 June n = 10 different mice caught 6 7 June m = 5 different mice caught 6-7 June that were marked during 4-5 June N = 22 7 (S.E.) in 0.66 hectares, or 33 per hectare t O l l 1
TABLE C-9. White-footed mouse captures, Fall 1978, Davis-Besse.
/
DATE OF CAPTURE Date of last Oct. 1 Oct. 2 Oct. 3 Oct. 4 Capture October 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 3 1 Total Previously marked 0 0 1 1 Total Previously unmarked 1 4 0 0 Total Caught 1 4 1 1 Total Released 1 4 1 1 Population too low to estimate. Probably between 5 and 10. 4 6 I
TABLE C-10. White-footed mouse captures, Ottawa,1978. DATE OF CAPTURE September Date of Last Capture 24 25 26 27 September 24 0 0 0 25 1 0 26 2 27 Total previously marked 0 0 1 2 Total previously unmarked 2 3 0 1 Total caught 2 3 1 3 Total released 2 3 1 3 Population too low to estimate by Lincoln-Peterson, probably betwean 6 and 10 mice. O
# y. __ %r,.
w- , _,,,m.,.9.g-,
TABLE C-ll. Summary of Lincoln-Peterson population estimates of white-footed mice at Davis-Besse peninsula study site, Ottawa reference area, and Carter Woods. Estimates are mice per hectare. Year Spring (May) Fall (October) Carter Carter Davis-Besse Ottawa Woods Davis-Besse Ottawa Woods 1974 2 - 13 36 - 31 1975 28 - 7 144 - 16 1976 13 - 21 116 - 53 1977 11 55 27 211 36 55 197u 3 33 25 11 14 63 i
=
4
TABLE C-12. Results of medium-sized mammal live-trapping 7 at Davis-Besse and Ottawa. 1978. Ear Tag Site Species Date Weight (lbs) Sex Number 4 Davis-Besse Raccoon 2 Oct. 13 F 242* Ottawa Raccoon 24 Sept. 2 F 287
- Ottawa Raccoon 27 Sept. 13 F 290 Ottawa Raccoon 27 Sept. 11 M 291 1 e
- caught in 1976 and 1977 t
TABLE C-13. Miscellaneous Mamal Observations,1973. Davis-Besse
' Woodchucks - comon Rabbits - comon Muskrats - comen Fox' squirrels - comon Raccoon scats and tracks - abundant Deer - I buck 1-2 years old, 4 does Ottawa Woodchuck - uncommon Rabbits - uncommon Fox squirrels- - comon
., Deer - 1 buck 3-6 years old, i 3 does 2 yearlings I l'
,-e - - -~.- ,--
ANNUAL REPORT DAVIS-BESSE TERRESTRIAL MONITORING CONTRACT < JANUARY 1979 D. Atmospheric Environment Glen R. Frey
- Department of Geography Introduction The network of climatological stations monitoring the atmospheric environ-ment near the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant has been in operation since April 1974 with no significant problems. The format and procedures for the systematic observations were originally outlined in Section D, Semi-Annual Report, June 1974.
Most of the observations recorded this year can be included in the operational data base even through the plant was not in continuous operation for the year. The vapor plume generated by the cooling tower can change certain atmospheric conditions at a given instant. Within a radius of 1,000 feet, the tower mist can add to the precipitation totals. If the vapor plume comes in contact with the ground, relative humidities and dew points are increased. A temperature decrease of nine degrees was observed when the plume shaded a station under strong insolation conditions in early spring. Similarly, the plume could blanket an area at night under negative net energy flux and cause temperatures to be warmer than expected. Any of these changes individually or in combination will change the amount of evaporation. The frequency of this occurrence is not large with a tall cooling tower and variable wind patterns such as that at Davis-Besse. In addition, climatological averaging masks these fluctuations so that any impact would not be obvious. If any significant atmospheric environmental changes did occur they would be revealed as long-term changes in the relationships between stations in the immediate surrounding region. Purpose The purpose of this study is to isolate and identify the basic variation patterns for and between stations. These variability patterns are the key to any
D-2 1 possible environmentally induced changes. r Instruments and Measurements Climatological stations are maintained at three primary locations on the Davis-Besse site. Station "T" is the base station at the microwave /meteorolog-ical tower and is set up according to weather service standards. It is located in a fenced in area on a grass surface. Because of the great distance from any trees or other obstructions and very level terrain, advection processes are at a maximum. Station "A" is in the cooling tower woods and highly influenced by a continuous and complete forest canopy. The fairly close proximity to open water and generally open nature of the woods all influence climatological measurements. Station "B" is located in the woods on the sandy soil of a former beach ridge. The station, in a clearing, does not have a forest canopy but instead is surrounded by dense growth that limits advection. The sandy soil, which dries very rapidly, coupled with an almost complete lack of wind currents results in different climatic characteristics. Four supplemental locations on the Davis-Besse site are set up with non-recording rain gauges and read weekly to provide additional data on rainfall patterns. Station "0W" is the basic off-site reference station located in the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge. This location was chosen because of its similar vegetative cover, proximity to Lake Erie, and upwind position (in terms of climatic normals). This station has a setting very similar to Station "A", on a margin of swamp area in a woods with complete canopy cover. Because of the greater extent and density of the woods it is less influenced by the wind. Station "BC", the inland reference station, at Bowling Green State University is slightly influenced by proximity to buildings. Instrumentation in the climate shelters records data continuously on paper strip charts. From this, the information is summarized by day, week, month, and reporting period. Each period is analyzed slightly differently to
D-3 stress interstation fluctuations. Recording evapometers were reinstalled according to schedule at the end of April. Evaporation amounts were obtained until the end of October. All hygrothermographs were brought in during the month of June for a cleaning and calibration check. No data vere lost because the back-up hygrothermograph was rotated between sites. For the remainder of the period calibration of the hygrothermographs was verified by using the Assman Psychro-meter and by rotating the back-up unit between sites. Evaporation instrumenta-tion was calibrated primarily by rotating the back-up evspometer between sites. Soil temperatures were checked by portable soil thermometers. Some problems were encountered in maintaining calibration. In particular the "0W" soil thermograph constantly reads low, requiring some data interpolation. Since the sensing elements and timing mechanisms are exposed to the fluctuations of weather they deteriorate causing neasurements to drif t, resulting in a loss of accuracy. Up to this point the data obtained still represent true conditions because frequent calibration checks are being made. The biggest difficulty is that more and more effort must be made in checking calibration and making adjustments. Replacement of some of these parts should be done before an inordinate amount of time has to be spent in checking and testing. Presentation of Data The data reviewed in this report are based primarily on the weekly periods January 6, 1978, through December 22, 1978. Files are maintained and analyzed by day, week, and month. In addition, graphic displays are completed by week and month for summarized normals, standard deviations, departures from average and deviations from Station "T". Data are presented in two basic parts for this report. Part I: Figures D-1 through D-12 are monthly summaries of normals and variations of the elements. Figures D-13 through D-24 are discriminant function coefficients. Part II: Figures D-25 through D-32 represent weekly
D-4 interstation deviations with fluctuations being graphed about the values for the base Station "T". Interpretation of Data ENTIRE PERIOD. Throughout 1978 extremes in temperature were the distinguish-ing feature. The frigid cold of January and February was in sharp contrast to very warm readings in August and September. March and April were very cool, averaging well below normal. The cold spring retarded vegetation growth at least two weeks behind what would be considered normal'for the region. Precipitation was below normal for the year in spite of the blizzard which . resulted in high values for the month of January. July, the only other month that had significantly high rainfall totals, also had a highly variable spatial pattern. Even including the climatological extremes, the patterns of fluctuation were similar to previous years. The complete set of' graphs (Figures D-25 through D-32) illustrates the basic shift between rinter and summer inter-station variability. The typical interstation fluctuation is small in winter and is considerable in the warmer part of the year. The months of January through May had relatively small fluctuations. June had an abrupt shift to a high degree of interstation differences which continued through October. This shift in the interstation fluctuation occurred one month later than in previous years. This is for both summer and winter. In November and December there was no gradual change to the typical winter pattern exhibited in previous years but rather a constant intermediate level. This is attributed to the relatively mild conditions of those months. Maximum temperature departures from base Station "T" are typical of shifts that occur from one season to another (Figure D-25). In the first third of the year, interstation fluctuations were small. Throughout the summer portion both "BG" and "B" were warmer than Station "T". The University site was the warmest because of the distance from water, with "B" slightly warmer because of sandy soils and greatly reduced advection. Stations "OU" and "A" were cooler because
D-S of.the vegetation' canopy. Conditions were more similar in the fall of the year however the stations exhibited a larger fluctuation pattern than would be expected for that time of the year. Minimum temperatures, in terms of departures from Station "T", are an excellent example of the changes that occurred throughout this reporting interval (Figure D-26). During January and February all station fluctuations were similar to Station "T". Most averaged warmer while Station "0W" was slightly cooler. During the summer portion "BG", because of its inland location, and "B" with reduced advection were warmer than the reference Station "T" while all the other stations influenced by woods were considerably cooler. In the last half of the year the woods stations gained relative to "T". This general shift in position between coastal and inland stations is the same as in previous years. However the variation between stations was larger than in the past. Average temperature departures from Station "T" are a composite of conditions described under maximum and minimum temperatures (Figure D-27). Most of the year interstation fluctuations were relatively small. There was a general shift of positions with respect to the base station. During the first part of the year most stations were slightly warmer while later most were cooler than "T". The Station "BG" was constantly warmer; "B" was slightly cooler, with "A" and "0W" distinctly cooler for the period which maintained the established pattern. During November and December most stations were cooler than i
"T" which was unusual. .
Temperature range had the same basic pattern throughout the course of the year as in previous years (Figure D-28). The greatest departures cere during the warmer periods. In the cooler months, the range of temperatures was very similar. Throughout the year "BG" and "B" had greater ranges than "T", with l "A" and "0W" smaller. Evaporation departures from Station "T" again are dependent upon the basic seasonal fluctuations (Figure D-29). The evaporation meters are in operation I
D-6 only during the warmer months of the year since they use distilled water and could easily be damaged. Most stations had values less than "T". It is . expected that most stations would be less since "T" is the most exposed to wind currents. Station "BG" had higher values reflecting the warmer ccnditions. Precipitation had several distinct periods of high variability. During the summer this was due to convectional storms passing over some stations and not others (Figure D-30) . The higher fluctuations in the first half of the year cannot be explained in this manner since precipitation in each instance was wide-spread. High winds during snow storms resulted in poor sets of 4 readings. Humidity is given both in the terms of relative humidity (Figure D-31) and dew point (Figure D-32). Generally there was a high degree of week-to-week fluctuation. Many factors affected the humidity, including evaporation, proximity to water, wind currents, and vegetation growth. Since the degree of interstation' variability was relatively constant throughout the period, no specific sections need further discussion. JANUARY. It was one of the coldest months in the history of climatological records in northwest Ohio. In addition to the colder than normal temperatures there was the blizzard with record-breaking snowfalls. Despite the record cold, all monthly temperature characteristics between stations were j quite similar (Figures D-1 and D-13). The greatest differences according to the discriminant function coefficients were in total precipitation and minimum temperature. The largest interstation variations were between "A" "T" and "A" "0W". This is obvious when looking at total precipitation between stations. The actual amounts may not have been accurately recorded because there was great difficulty in getting measurements during blizzard conditions. FEBRUARY. This month exhibited great variability in temperatures with record lows in the first part and mild temperatures during the last. Conditions were relatively similar amongst most stations. Station "BG" was slightly
D-7 warmer than the others (Figures D-2 and D-14). The greatest discrepancies between stations were between "A" "0W" and "T" "BG". In these instances, the greatest monthly interstation variability was total precipitation and average air temperature. MARCH. Much cooler than normal and relatively dry is the best description of the weather in March. The temperature averaged 5 0F cooler than the long-term statistical average. All stations showed this trend. "BG" was slightly warmer because of its inland location (Figures D-3 and D-15). The greatest interstation, differences were between "T" "BG" based on variations in average air temperatures. APRIL. Cool temperatures were the key distinguishing factor of the month. Overall, there was minimum interstation fluctuation (Figures D-4 and D-16). No one element was o'tstanding, u however, maximum temperature and precipitation made "BG" different from other stations. MAY. There was a sharp break from previous conditions (Figures D-5 and D-17). High temperatures and lack of rainfall were characteristic. Differences between stations were not large compared to previous years. "A" "B" and "T" - "B" had the greatest differences. JUNE. Temperatures and precipitation were normal for the month (Figures D-6 and D-18). Most elements had a degree of variability so that there was considerable difference between stations. Highest overall Dsq values were between "BG" and all other stations. Although all elements contributed to this fluctuation the most important were average air temperature and evaporation. JULY. Precipitation was below normal. There was considerable variation between stations "B" "BG" and "T " "BG". Precipitation was the key factor leading to the ditiurences. Temperatures throughout the region were similar and normal (Figures D-7 and D-19).
D-8 AUGUST. Rainfall for the month was below normal and highly variable between stations. Overall, August had the greatest amount of interstation variability of any month over the last two years (Figures D-8 and D-20). The greatest combined differences occurred between Stations "A" "BG" and "A" - "B". The specific elements that led to these differences were maximum temperature, evaporation, and total precipitation. SEPTEMBER. Precipitation was below average while temperatures for September were above (Figures D-9 and D-21). Variability was less than August with Stations "T" "BG" having the most significant differences. The specific elements that ranked highest were evaporation and precipitation. OCTOBER. The month was cool and dry. Precipitation was below normal at all stations (Figures D-10 and D-22). Bowling Green was again the warmest station but the dif ferences between locations were smaller than the preceding summer conths. The fluctuation patterns that gradually shift from highly variable to more similar conditions did not. Greatest differences were between Station "B" and all others. Evaporation and precipitation were the principal elements causing the variability. NOVEMBER. Above normal temperatures and average precipitation were characteristic (Figures D-ll and D-23). Station "BG" still ranked the warmest but overall differences were smaller. The Dsq ranking had the most significant fluctuations between Stations "B" "BG" and "T" "BG". Maximum temperature and temperature range were the most important elements leading to that difference. DECEMBER. Temperatures were colder than normal with precipitation slightly below average (Figures D-12 and D-24). Most elements were more similar in their fluctuation patterns as they were in November, but not yet as low as previous years. The interstation variability was greatest between "A" "B" and "B" "BG". Precipitation was again the leading element in determining the variations.
D-9 Conclusion No significant statistical differences were found between the atmospheric conditions during pre- and post-operational phases near the Davis-Besse site. Therefore, no short-term effects have been determined. 4 4 0
=
1 } m% D-
l l CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR JANUARY 1978 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 19.74 7.13 23.55 8.28 HIN TEMP AIR 9.87 8.50 13.06 8.74 AVE TEMP AIR 14.32 7.92 18.29 8.97 RANGE TEMP AIR 9.94 6.43 10.81 .i6.67 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 0.97 3.74 ACTUAL EVAPORATION AVE REL HUMIDITY 89.03 7.53 81.16 20.67 AVE DEW POINT 11.90 8.51 15.68 9.51 STATION A l STATION B STATION OW MEAN STD. DEV.lMEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 20.61 7.79 19.65 7.57 21.52 7.76 MIN TEMP AIR 12.52 8.44 9.90 8.94 10.97 9.16 AVE TEMP AIR 16.90 8.07 14.71 8.59 16.42 8.30 RANGE TEMP AIR 8.10 5.15 9.77 5.39 10.55 6.36 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 0.98 2.96 1.96 ACTUAL EVAPORATION AVE REL HUMIDITY 84.13 7.50 85.42 8.20 89.81 7.84 AVE DEW POINT 13.48 8.68 11.42 9.06 14.00 9.13 MAX TEMP 50ll 10 CM 22.90 0.82 23.94 0.35 41.00 0.98 MIN TEMP S0ll 10 CM 22.52 0.71 23.68 0.47 40.10 1.06 AVE TEMP 50ll 10 CM 22.61 0.70 23.81 0.40 40.55 0.94 RANGE TEMP S0lt 10 CM 0.39 0.55 0.26 0.44 0.90 0.73 MAX TEMP S0ll 20 CM 24.45 0.66 23.94 0.25 35.42 0.87 MIN TEMP S0ll 20 CH 24.29 0.68 23.58 0.55 34.42 0.61 AVE TEMP 50ll 20 CH 24.42 0.61 23.77 0.42 34.94 0.76 RANGE TEMP 50ll 20 CM 0.16 0.37 0.35 0.48 1.00 0.76 MAX TEMP S0ll 50 CM 27.35 0.74 31.29 0.63 43.03 1.31 MIN TEMP 50ll 50 CM 27.10 0.69 30.84 0.72 41.90 0.93 AVE TEMP S0lt 50 CM 27.23 0.66 31.06 0.76 42.48 1.13
- RANGE TEMP S0ll 50 CM 0.26 0.44 0.45 0.56 1.10 1.03
! FIGURE D-1
CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR FEBRUARY 1978 l STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 21.18 5.24 23.43 5.33 MIN TEMP AIR 6.04 4.86 8.39 6.49 AVE TEMP AIR 13.25 5.26 17.04 5.95 RANGE TEMP AIR 14.64 3.52 14.68 3.81 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 1.70 1.53 ACTUAL EVAPORATION AVE REL HUMIDITY 79.96 4.45 84.04 5.63 AVE DEW POINT 9.04 5.38 13.54 5.56 STATION A STATION B STATION OW MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. [MAXTEMPAIR 21.89 5.38 21.50 5.70 l 21.36 5.45 MIN TEMP AIR 8.36 5.95 6.36 6.42 5.79- 4.62 AVE TEMP AIR 15.04 5.56 12.96 6.36 13.36 5.68 RANGE TEMP AIR 13.25 3.86 15.11 3.52 15.82 3.33 TOTAL PRECIPITATION l.77 1.51 1.80 ACTUAL EVAPORATION AVE REL HUMIDITY 81.04 4.05 81.43 5.03 83.93 6.31 AVE DEW POINT 10.64 5.62 8.68 6.34 9.93 6.03 MAX TEMP S0lt 10 CM 23.75 0.83 22.04 0.42 41.64 1 .01 MIN TEMP S0ll 10 CM 23.21 0.98 21.14 0.-74 40.50 0.82 AVE TEMP 50ll 10 CM 23.46 0.94 21.75 0.63 41.21 0.98 RANGE TEMP 50ll 10 CH 0.54 0.57 0.89 0.56 1.14 0.58 MAX TEMP S0ll 20 CH 24.71 0.75 22.39 0.56 36.07 0.88 MIN TEMP 50ll 20 CH 24.32 0.85 21.21 1.08 34.46 0.57 AVE TEMP S0lt 20 CM 24.54 0.73 21.89 0.72 35.32 0.80 RANGE TEMP S0ll 20 CM 0.39 0.62 1.14 0.91 1 .61 0.72 MAX TEMP S0lt 50 CM 26.71 0.65 29.25 0.43 44.00 0.96 MIN TEMP S0lt 50 CM 26.32 0.85 28.25 0.87 42.00 0.60 AVE TEMP S0lt 50 CM 26.50 0.73 28.82 0.54 43.04 0.78 RANGE TEMP S0lt 50 CM 0.39 0.49 1.00 0.93 2.00 0.93 FIGURE 0-2
l 1 i CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR MARCH 1978 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 34.52 11.48 38.87 11.01 HIN TEMP AIR 21.77 11.54 24.39 11.62 AVE TEMP AIR 2/.29 10.81 32.68 10.67 RANGE TEMP AIR 12.42 6.29 14.48 6.77 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 1,g3 4.05 ACTUAL EVAPORATION AVE REL HUMIDITY 83.16 9.15 77.35 11.04 AVE DEW POINT 23.06 10.84 26.58 10.71 STATION A STATION B STATION OW MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. HAX TEMP AIR 35.84 10.36 33.58 10.59 35.16 9.30 MIN TEMP AIR 23.29 11.72 20.52 10.17 22.65 11.67 AVE TEMP AIR 29.39 10.48 25.52 10.95 28.13 10.66 RANGE TEMP AIR 12.23 5.61 13.06 6.80 12.19 6.05 TOTAL PRECIPITATION l.98 2.16 1.98 ACTUAL EVAPORATION AVE REL HUMIDITY 82.52 8.44 82.55 9.20 84.29 9.37 AVE DEW POINT 24.97 10.40 21.03 10.37 24.55 10.50 l MAX TEMP S0lt 10 CH 25.45 3.00 28.55 5.35 39.77 1.66 MIN TEMP S0lt 10 CM 24.81 2.67 26.55 3.73 38.84 1.83 AVE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 25.03 2.68 27.19 4.28 39.19 1.53 RANGE TEMP S0ll 10 CH 0.68 0.89 2.03 2.39 0.94 1.22 MAX TEMP S0ll 20 CM 25.74 1.81 27.84 4.10 34.48 1.85 MIN TEMP S0ll 20 CH 25.45 1.52 26.48 3.14 33.35 1.18 AVE TEMP S0ll 20 CM 25.58 1.64 26.97 3.45 33.90 1.61 RANGE TEMP S0lt 20 CM 0.29 0.52 2.35 5.45 1.13 1.07 MAX TEMP S0lt 50 CM 26.77 0.83 31.23 3.04 41.29 1.89 MIN TEMP 50ll 50 CH 26.52 0.80 30.55 2.53 39.94 1.83 AVE TEMP S0ll 50 CH 26.58 0.71 29.90 5.94 40.65 1.89 RANGE TEMP S0lt 50 CM 0.23 0.42 0.68 1.00 1.35 1.09 ; 1 FIGURE D-3
CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR APRIL 1978 STATION T STAlION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 51.57 10.20 I 58.70 8.30 MIN TEMP AIR 35.17 4.60 39.67 4.66 AVE TEMP AIR 41.57 5.67 48.13 6.40 RANGE TEMP AIR 16.40 9.86 19.03 J6.98 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 3.26 3.03 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 0.16 0.48 AVE REL HUMIDITY 86.07 9.39 69.90 17.54 AVE DEW POINT 37.73 5.45 37.53 6.08 STATION A STATION B STATION OW MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. HEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 47.27 9.50 l 57.07 10.43 50.37 8.46 MIN TEMP AIR 33.30 4.43l 39.50 4.65 35.20 6.11 AVE TEMP AIR 39.20 6.00 46.60 6.23 41.57 6.39 RANGE TEMP AIR 14.13 8.98 17.57 8.52 14.80 7.56 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 2.86 3.12 2.95 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 0.12 0.36 0.06 0.20 0.13 0.40 AVE REL HUMIDITY 84.60 10.35 84.20 11.02 87.57 9.22 AVE DEW POINT 34.37 5.61 41.80 6.26 38.13 6.28 MAX TEMP 50ll 10 CM 41.17 3.94 45.80 4.66 37.10 1.25 MIN TEMP 50ll 10 CM 36.13 3.72 38.37 4.06 36.03 1.38 AVE TEMP 50ll 10 CM 38.57 3.99 41.43 4.16 36.60 1.25 RANGE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 5.03 1.89 7.43 3.45 1.07 1.12 MAX TEMP 50ll 20 CM 38.57 3.08 42.70 3.45 45.80 2.10 MIN TEMP S0ll 20 CM 36.90 2.90 38.07 3.08 44.00 2.18 AVE TEMP 50ll 20 CM 37.83 2.97 40.33 3.21 44.87 2.12 RANGE TEMP S0ll 20 CM l.67 1.16 4.80 1.58 1.93 1.15 MAX TEMP S0ll 50 CM 34.77 2.36 43.87 8.79 39.00 1.06 MIN TEMP S0lt 50 CM 34.60 2.50 41.03 1.99 37.27 1.24 AVE TEMP S0lt 50 CM 34.60 2.50 41.47 1.93 38.17 1.21 RANGE TEMP 50ll 50 CM 0.17 0.37 1.17 0.97 1.77 1.17 FIGURE D-4
l CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR MAY 1978 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 64.74 11.90 70.77 13.38 MIN TEMP AIR 50.26 8.16 54.00 8.87 AVE TEMP AIR 57.52 9.60 61.84 10.51 RANGE TEMP AIR 14.48 6.45 16.45 6.69 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 3.32 2.03 ACTUAL EVAPORATION l.13 0.84 AVE REL HUMIDITY 90.29 8.21 82.82 15.06 AVE DEW POINT 54.61 10.06 55.71 9.52 STATION A STATION 8 STATION OW MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. ItEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR l 60.32 11.22 70.55 12.'02 64.65 .10.69l MIN TEllP AIR 49.23 9.00 55.97 7.84 50.52 6.95l AVE TEMP AIR l 54.87 9.58 62.84 9.71 57.29 8.57 RANGE TEMP AIR 10.81 5.49 14.42 7.40 14.13 6.38 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 3.13 2.94 2.54 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 1.39 1.57 0.76 0.46 1.05 0.92 AVE REL HUMIDITY 84.61 7.11 88.97 9.11 91.16 8.84 AVE DEW POINT 50.26 9.16 59.58 10.47 54.90 9.37 MAX TEMP S0ll 10 CM 52.23 6.58 54.84 5.96 35.19 1.61 MIN TEltP S0ll 10 CM 48.58 6.47 50.42 6.29 34.19 1.53 AVE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 50.39 6.52 52.48 5.99 34.84 1.57 RANGE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 3.65 1.70 4.42 2.65 1.00 0.80 MAX TEMP S0ll 20 CM 49.55 5.40 52.55 5.31 55.42 ' 6.00 MIN TEllP S0ll 20 CH 48.03 5.69 49.61 5.69 53.35 5.28 AVE TEMP S0ll 20 CM 48.94 5.55 51.16 5.52 54.52 5.62 __ RANGE TEMP S0ll 20 CH 1.52 1.58 2.97 1.31 2.06 1.24 MAX TEMP S0lt 50 CM 44.71 3.74 51.35 4.17 37.32 1.28 tilN TEMP S0ll 50 CM 44.13 3.57 50.10 3.83 35.74 1.66 AVE TEMP 50ll 50 CM 44.52 3.68 50.77 4.12 36.68 1.33 RANGE TEMP S0ll 50 CM 0.58 0.79 1.26 1.01 ' l.58 1.13 FIGURE D-5
CLIMATOLOGICAL SUMt%RY FOR JUNE 1978 STATION T STATION B3 MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 75.33 7.84 81.23 6.37 MIN TEMP AIR 59.00 6.99 62.10 6.70 AVE TEMP AIR 67.03 7.02 71.30 6.58 RANGE TEMP AIR 16.33 5.23 18.77 5.31 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 6.47 5.59 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 2.11 1.49 2.91 1.03 AVE REL HUMIDITY 81.92 12.74 75.07 13.75 AVE DEW POINT 61.39 8.54 62.33 8.37 STATION A STATION B STATION OW MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 71.20 6.72 82.73 6.60 72.47 6.77 MIN TEMP AIR 58.90 6.25 64.00 7,22_ , 57.97 A ;? AVE TEMP AIR 64.57 6.48 71.80- 6.35 ' 64.90 6.18 RANGE TEMP AIR 12.23 3.73 19.67 4.69 14.50 5.32 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 6.9 6.95 6.56 6.78 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 1.22 0.66 0.97 0.47 1.04 0.70 AVE REL HUMIDITY 78.00 8.85 84.40 8.38 86.57 7.23 AVE DEW POINT 57.63 7.84 67.33 7.24 60.87 6.82 MAX TEMP S0lt 10 CM 61.17 3.42 59.40 3.04 63.77 1.76 MIN TEMP 50ll 10 CM 58.27 3.59 58.07 2.79 61.50 2.17 AVE TEMP 50ll 10 CM 59.73 3.24 58.40 3.05 62.63 1.92 RANGE TEMP Soll 10 CH 2.90 1.40 1.33 1.47 2.27 1.31 MAX TEMP S0lt 20 CM 59.60 2.36 59.60 2.73 62.77 1.52 MIN TEMP S0ll 20 CM 59.13 2.03 57.87 2.96 61.33 1.01 AVE TEMP Soll 20 CM 59.37 2.26 58.60 2.78 61.47 2.08 l RANGE TEMP S0ll 20 CM 0.47 0.62 1.73 1.00 1.43 1.23 MAX TEMP S0ll 50 CM 53.73 2.17 58.00 2.00 54.73 1.29 - , MIN TEMP S0ll 50 CM 53.17 2.24 56.90 1.83 54.23 1.26 AVE TEMP S0lt 50 CM 53.40 2.24 57.43 1.84 54.50 1.18 ) RANGE TEMP S0lt 50 cM 0.57 0.76 1.10 0.91 0.50 0.72 i FIGURE D-6
CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR JULY 1978 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 76.87 7.23 82.29 7.69 MIN TEMP AIR 63.06 6.53 64.42 5.31 AVE TEMP AIR 70.32 5.53 72.90 5.71 RANGE TEMP AIR 14.06 5.27 17.81 6.21 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 0.24 0.97 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 2.05 1.08 2.93 1.59 AVE REL HUMIDITY 78.63 8.34 79.58 13.24 AVE DEW POINT 63.48 5.66 65.97 6.60 STATION A STATION B STATION OW MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 73.97 7.64 81.97 6.20 76.74 7.03 MIN TEMP AIR 61.48 4.29 62.48 6.15 61.68 4.34 AVE TEMP AIR 68.26 5.57 71.26 4.84 68.55 5.24 RANGE TEMP AIR 12.52 4.76 18.77 5.88 15.10 4.73 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 0.12 0.39 0.69 ACTUAL EVAPORATION l.64 1.72 0.57 0.50 1.29 0.44 AVE REL HUMIDITY 81.19 8.01 83.28 12.12 82.39 10.62 AVE DEW POINT 62.42 5.99 65.71 6.56 63.19 6.76 MAX TEMP S0ll 10 CM 63.90 2.02 61 .32 1.75 65.00 2.81 MIN TEMP 50ll 10 CM 60.87 1.76 59.61 1.68 62.65 3.14 AVE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 62.32 1.86 60.48 1.62 63.94 2.90 RANGE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 3.03 1.31 1.68 0.93 2.32 1.35 ' MAX TEMP S0ll 20 CM 62.00 1.67 61 .58 1.50 63.23 1.50 MIN TEMP 50ll 20 CM 60.81 1.42 60.35 1.58 62.42 1.16 AVE TEMP S0lt 20 CM 61.23 1.52 60.87 1.48 62.58 1.24 RANGE TEMP S0ll 20 CM 1.16 0.92 1.42 0.83 0.81 0.69 MAX TEMP S0ll 50 CM 57.23 2.39 61.19 1.06 59.23 2.24 MIN TEMP S0ll 50 CM 56.45 2.31 60.06 1.34 58.52 2.26 AVE TEMP S0lt 50 CM 56.90 2.39 60.74 1.14 59.00 2.17 RANGE TEMP S0ll 50 CM 0.77 0.91 1.16 0.68 0.71 0.68 FIGURE D-7
CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR AUGUST 1978 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 82.00 4.75 83.00 3.90 MIN TEMP. AIR 59.57 3.77 63.61 5.14 AVE TEMP AIR 69.43 3.92 72.71 4.08 RANGE TEMP AIR 23.00 3.16 19.71 5.32 TOTAL PRECIPITATION l.84 1.64 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 2.36 0.36 2.71 0.93 AVE REL HUMIDITY 76.85 3.81 77.03 10.30 AVE DEV POINT 62.42 4.68 65.32 5.69 STATI0ft A STATI0tl B STATI0?l OW MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. IlEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 70.58 3.46 l 81.23 3.63 74.74 4.63 l filN TEMP AIR 61.26 3.94 61.29 4.81 58.94 4.38 l AVE TEitP AIR l 66.52 2.89 70.00 3.96 l 68.74 3.26 l RANGE TEllP AIR l 9.32 3.28 19.77 4.76 15.68 4.85 4 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 1.30 l 1.90 1.02 l l ACTUAL EVAPORATION 1.09 0.75 0.77 0.25 1.11 0.60 AVE REL HUltIDITY 85.23 5.98 87.16 8.82 81.35 7.58 AVE DEW POINT 62.03 3.81 65.50 6.91 62.75 5.68 MAX TEMP S0lt 10 CM 63.81 2.04 63.00 1.88 65.97 1.33 filN TEMP S0ll 10 CM 61.29 1.73 60.97 1.47 63.97 2.01 AVE TEMP S0lt 10 CM 62.68 .l.75 61.97 1.60 65.23 1.36 RANGE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 2.55 1.41 2.00 1.16 2.00 1.46 MAX TEMP S0lt 20 CM 62.74 1.32 63.48 1.50 65.13 0.87 MIN TEMP S0ll 20 CM 61.48 1.07 61.87 1.48 64.45 0.76 AVE TEMP S0ll 20 CM 62.00 1.19 62.71 1.59 64.81 0.78 RANGE TEMP S0ll 20 CM l.26 0.72 1.61 0.83 0.77 0.66 MAX TEMP 50ll 50 CM 60.00 0.80 62.52 1.10 61.19 1.09 filN TEMP S0ll 50 CM 59.58 0.87 61.84 1.32 60.81 1.18 AVE TEMP 50ll 50 CM 59.87 0.71 62.13 1.18 61.19 1.40 ; RANGE TEMP 50ll 50 CM l 0.42 0.49 l 0.74 0.62 l 0.48 0.84 ! FIGURE D-8 l l
i l CLIMATOLOGICAL SU. VARY FOR SEPTEMBER 1978 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR. 75.80 8.64 80.80 7.61 MIN TEMP AIR 58.37 6.96 60.57 8.08 AVE TEMP AIR 65.13 7.10 69.90 7.27 RANGE TEMP AIR 17.43 5.52 20.53 5.83 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 2.65 2.40 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 1.92 0.80 2.34 1.23 AVE REL HUMIDITY 77.30 8.89 76.53 12.15 AVE DEW POINT 55.25 8.92 62.10 9.41 [ STATION A STATION 8 STATION OW MEAN STO. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. HEAN STD. DEV. AX TEMP AIR ! 69.93 8.15 79.93 8.26 71 .50 9.19 I filN TEltP AIR 57.83 7.15 58.23 7.75 55.90 7.14 l AVE TEMP AIR 63.07 6.77 66.30 7.32 62.43 7.17 l RANGE TEMP AIR 12.30 6.21 21.37 7.37 l 14.77 5.77 l TOTAL PRECIPITATION 2.08 3.06 1.73 l ACTUAL EVAPORATION 1.27 0.72 0.77 0.43 1.10 0.56 AVE REL HUMIDITY 82.30 7.43 87.33 7.84 82.20 9.20 l AVE DEU POINT l 57.87 8.05 62.70 9.49 l 56. 53 7.75 I MAX TEMP S0ll 10 CM 62.23 4.71 61.03 4.19 ' 62.07 3.80 tilN TEMP S0lt 10 CM 59.70 5.12 59.23 4.06 60.23 2.09 AVE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 60.93 4.96 60.00 4.11 61.47 1.98 RANGE TEMP S0ll 10 CH 2.60 1.62 1.83 1.49 2.43 1.61 l MAX TEMP 50ll 20 CM 60.91 3.95 61.77 3.80 62.30 1.97 HIN TEMP S0ll 20 CM 59.70 3.98 60.27 3.76 l 61.50 1.78 AVE TEMP S0ll 20 CM 60.27 4.28 60.93 3.76 61.73 1.71 RANGE TEMP 50ll 20 CH 1.13 0.88 1.73 1.18 0.90 0.75 MA;; TEMP S0ll 50 CM 58.70 1.69 61.67 2.31 61.97 2.07 l MIN TEMP 50ll 50 CM 58.13 1.31 60.33 2.33 60.63 2.02 l AVE TEMP S0ll 50 CM 58.40 1.59 60.93 2.29 61.33 1.97
, RANGE TEMP S0ll 50 CM 0.57 0.53 1.37 0.84 l 1.33 1.22 l
( FIGURE D-9 l
i CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR OCTOBER 1978 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 57.87 /.08 60.19 7.74 MIN TEMP AIR 42.16 6.62 43.29 6.48 AVE TEMP AIR 49.71 5.75 50.94 6.60 RANGE TEMP AIR 16.55 6.30 16.94 5.81 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 2.16 1.01 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 1.31 0.69 1.12 0.96 AVE REL HUMIDITY 77.29 7.54 79.16 8.70 . AVE DEV POINT 43.00 6.73 44.06 6.51 STATI0il A STATION B STATION'0W MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. HEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 54.55 6.87 59.61 7.29 56.61 6.95 l MIN TEMP AIR 41.90 4.95 40.19 5.47 40.35 6.91 l AVE TEMP AIR 48.26 5.07 49.42 5.43 48.55 5.89 RANGE TEMP AIR 12.58 6.68 19.06 5.25 16.26 6.32 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 1.68 2.27 1.25 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 0.82 0.47 0.47 0.22 0.83 0.57 AVE REL HUMIDITY 81.29 6.87 79.57 7.24 80.39 8.11 AVE DEW POINT l 42.42 5.00 43.71 5.17 41.40 5.97 MAX TEMP S0lt 10 CM 47.74 3.32 47.13 2.77 50.10 2.64 MIN TEMP S0ll 10 CM 45.10 3.48 45.84 4.41 48.58 3.10 AVE TEMP S0lt 10 CM 46.42 3.36 47.10 5.74 49.39 2.81 RANGE TEMP 50ll 10 CM 2.55 1.43 1.87 1.04 1.52 1.36 MAX TEMP S0ll 20 CM 46.74 3.08 48.10 4.07 50.65 2.24 MIN TEMP S0lt 20 CM 45.52 3.04 45.87 3.02 49.35 2.47 AVE TEMP 50ll 20 CM 46.26 3.01 46.71 2.95 49.97 2.38 RANGE TEMP Soll 20 CM 1.23 0.97 1.81 n 00 1.26 0.84 MAX TEMP S0ll 50 CM 48.74 3.29 50.32 2.61 51.39 2.15 MIN TEMP S0ll 50 CM 48.32 3.18 48.77 3.02 50.45 2.75 AVE TEMP Soll 50 CM 48.55 3.22 49.90 2.75 . 50.39 4.54 RANGE TEMP 50ll 50 CM 0.42 0.55 1.23 0.79 'l 0.90 1.12 FIGURE D-10
CLIMA10l0GICAI.
SUMMARY
FOR NOVEMBER 1978 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 47.40 10.90 49.50 12.45 MIN TEMP AIR 34.90 5.78 37.30 7.93 AVE TEMP AIR 40.50 7.12 42.63 9.29 RANGE TEMP AIR 12.3C 7.11 12.53 6.37 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 2.71 2.15 , . ACTUAL EVAPORATION 0.83 0.79 AVE REL HUMIDITY 82.20 7.07 87.37 7.00 AVE DEW POINT 35.42 6.37 39.33 8.52 STATION A STATION B STATION OW MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STO. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR l 45.83 11.35 48.00 11.62 47.00 11.37 l MIN TEMP AIR 36.07 7.16 34.73 6.20 32.73 5.05 AVE TEMP AIR 41.07 8.50 40.77 7.92 39.63 7.63 RANGE TEMP AIR 9.77 5.96 13.43 8.48 14.00 8.63 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 1 .91 2.51 2.04 l ACTUAL EVAPORATION AVE REL HUMIDITY 85.53 7.38 85.35 9.93 79.96 9.85 AVE DEW POINT 36.67 7.49 36.37 8.40 34.27 6.61 MAX TEMP 50ll 10 CM 40.93 5.34 46.20 3.41 44.50 3.02 MIN TEMP S0ll 10 CM 40.c/ 4.42 44.6/ 3.1/ 43.1/ 2.81 l AVE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 39.53 4.57 45.30 3.15 43.87 2.78 RANGE TEMP 50ll 10 CM 2.47 1.93 1.57 1.38 1.33 1.25 MAX TEMP S0ll 20 CM 41.50 4.06 47.93 3.56 45.47 2.51 MIN TEMP 50ll 20 CM 40.13 3.58 46.30 3.02 44.23 2.23 AVE TEMP S0lt 20 CM 40.73 3.75 47.23 3.19 44.80 2.14 RANGE TEMP Soll 20 CH 1.37 1.02 1.53 1.18 1.23 1.20 MAX TEMP 50ll 50 CM 43.00 2.65 49.67 3.34 45.07 3.46 MIN TEMP 50ll 50 CM 42.43 2.55 48.73 3.39 43.87 2.80 AVE TEMP S0ll 50 CM 42.63 2.65 49.27 3.34 l 44.43 2.99 RANGE TEMP S0ll 50 CM 0.60 0.71 l 0.90 0.79 l 1.20 1.22 l l FIGURE D-ll
CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR DECEMBER 1978 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 34.81 8.12 36.87 8.70 MIN TEMP AIR 23.68 6.00 24.29 6.41 AVE TEMP AIR 30.03 6.59 30.90 6.32 RANGE TEMP AIR 11.13 5.16 12.58 5.73 . TOTAL PRECIPITATION 1.52 1.82 ACTUAL EVAPORATION AVE REL HUMIDITY 76.84 8.59 84.39 7.93 AVE DEW POINT 23.68 7.45 27.06 7.19 STATION A STATION B STATION OW MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEftP AIR 32.13 8.09 { 34.55 7.54 34.13 7.52 l illN TEMP AIR 23.55 5.74 23.23 6.22 22.45 7.42 AVE TEMP AIR 27.90 6.34 29.23 6.15 28.68 6.67 RANGE TEMP AIR 8.46 4.72 11.32 4.91 l 12.29 5.50 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 1.41 1.22 1.27 ACTUAL EVAPORATION AVE REL HUltlDITY 83.06 7.78 79.21 8.76 75.23 8.93 AVE DEW POINT 23.81 7.24 23.03 7.13 22.35 7.92 MAX TEttP S0ll 10 Cli 31.03 2.81 35.48 2.09 34.23 1.54 filN TEMP Soll 10 Cli 29.87 2.70 34.35 1.36 33.29 1.80 AVE TEMP SOIL 10 Cli 30.35 2.63 34.94 1.81 33.74 1.54 RANGE TEliP 50ll 10 CM l.10 1.09 1.10 1.30 0.94 1.08 MAX TEMP 50ll 20 CM 31.68 2.04 37.32 2.51 36.06 1.48 , tilN TEMP 50ll 20 CM 30.97 2.10 36.29 1.87 37.29 1.37 AVE TEMP S0ll 20 CM 31.39 1.99 36.81 2.26 35.68 1.55 RANGE TEMP S0ll 20 CM 0.71 0.77 1.06 1.16 0.77 0.79 MAX TEliP 50ll 50 CM 34.65 0.82 39.39 1.68 37.13 0.98 tilN TEMP S0ll 50 CM 34.16 0.92 38.90 1.73 36.39 1.04 AVE TEMP S0lt 50 Cii 34.45 0.80 39.16 1.78 36.81 0.96 RANGE TEliP S0ll 50 CM 0.48 0.50 0.42 0.55 l 0.74 0.84 l i FIGURE D-12 1
-.l
s DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR JANUARY 1978 T-A T-B T-0W T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP 0.01229 0.02133 -0.04839 -0.04481 0.02827 MlN AIR TEMP -0.01472 -0.02167 0.04804 0.04288 -0.03247 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00486 0.00300 -0.00838 0.00051 -0.00375 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.01431 -0.02118 0.04734 0.04323 -0.03201 TOTAL PRECIP -0.00345 0.02682 -0.03249 -0.01437 -0.02341 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM -0.00373 -0.00063 -0.00197 0.00046 -0.00225 AVE DEW POINT 0.00839 -0.00228 0.00837 0.00015 -0.00843 OVERALL DSQ l.02444 0.41582 0.40307 0.65590 0.58642 A-0W A-BG B-0W B-BG BG-0W l MAX AIR TEttP 0.00022 -0.00321 -0.03505 -0.02806 0.00197 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00358 -0.00077 0.03631 0.02568 0.00035 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00705 0.00748 -0.00235 0.00473 -0.00196 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00349 -0.00067 0.03543 0.02625 -0.00065 TOTAL PRECIP -0.03129 -0.00908 0.00564 -0.00453 0.00835 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM -0.00427 0.00011 -0.00143 0.00037 -0.00064 AVE DEW POINT 0.01115 -0.00411 0.00132 -0.00343 0.00049 OVERALL DSQ l.13139 0.72380 0.39443 0.48806 0.32698 FIGURE 0-13
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR FEBRUARY 1978 T-A T-B l T-0W T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP -0.00159 -0.00247 0.00428 0.00558 0.00070 MIN AIR TEMP 0.00138 0.00384 -0.00371 0.00013 -0.00168 AVE AIR TEMP 0.00539 0.00129- 0.00126 -0.00615 0.00045 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00052 0.00376 -0.00677 -0.00296 -0.00346 TOTAL PRECIP 0.00683 -0.00934 0.01296 -0.00572 0.01646 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM 0.00153 0.00178 -0.00303 -0.00283 -0.00053 AVE DEW POINT -0.00413 -0.00280 -0.00031 -0.00135 0.00129 OVERALL DSQ 0.40100 0.29599 0.98579 1.51723 0.38770 A-0W A-BG l B-0W B-BG BG-0W MAX AIR TEMP 0.00174 0.00187 0.00866 0.00004 0.00263 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00243 0.00286 -0.00707 0.00521 -0.00677 AVE AIR TEMP 0.01228 -0.00234 0.00033 -0.00419 0.00568 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00752 -0.00228 -0.00925 0.00168 -0.00651 TOTAL PRECIP 0.02820 0.01801 -0.00399 -0.01784 0.00834 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM -0.00129 -0.00268 -0.00130 -0.00164 -0.00088 AVE DEW POINT -0.00990 -0.00381 -0.00150 -0.00293 -0.00007 OVERALL DSQ l.68498 1.30575 0.46120 1.38340 0.84227 FIGURE D-14
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFIC.IENTS FOR MARCH 1978 T-A T-B T-0W T-BG A-B
~
MAX AIR TEMP 0.00003 -0.00410 0.00005 0.00548 0.00436 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00537 0.00516 0.00023 0.00325 -0.00760 AVE AIR TEMP 0.00259 0.00427 0.00400 -0.00684 -0.00650 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00312 0.00480 -0.00009 -0.00076 -0.00596 TOTAL PRECIP -0.00833 0.01555 -0.00704 -0.00210 0.00140 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM -0.00165 0.00167 0.00106 0.00202 -0.00335 AVE DEW POINT 0.00338 -0.00578
-0.00 % 5 -0.00PR1 0.01084 OVERALL DSQ 0.32774 0.22507 O.12818 1.67290 0.68117 A-0W A-BG B-0W B-BG BG-0W l
MAX AIR TEMP -0.00114 0.00237 -0.00346 0.00671 -0.00614 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00248 0.00324 0.00581 -0.00165 -0.00101 AVE AIR TEMP 0.00642 -0.00275 0.00514 0.00251 0.00876 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00107 0.00060 0.00413 -0.00455 0.00250 TOTAL PRECIP -0.00713 -0.00219 0.00176 -0.00543 0.00438 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM 0.00026 0.00211 0.00187 0.00323 -0.00061 AVE DEW POINT -0.00287 -0.00369 -0.00823 -0.00874 -0.00124 OVERALL DSQ 0.24389 0.83489 0.53780 1.49651 1.38437 FIGURE D-15
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR APRIL 1978 T-A T-B T-0W T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP -0.00196 0.00137 -0.00266 -0.00055 -0.00800 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00112 0.00240 0.00416 0.00417 0.00074 AVE AIR TEMP 0.00825 0.00130 -0.00444 0.00066 0.00426 RANGE AIR TEMP 0.00071 -0.00100 0.00341 0.00120 0.00633 TOTAL PRECIP 0.00648 -0.00246 0.00702 0.01576 0.01215 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM 0.00167 0.00038 -0.00140 -0.00092 0.00053 AVE DEW POINT -0.00737 -0.00161 0.00292 -0.00123 -0.00277 OVERALL DSQ 0.67683 -0.89920 0.18156 2.13324 2.38717 B-0W B-BG BG-0W f A-0W A-BG l MAX AIR TEMP -0.00244 -0.01043 -0.00099 0.00042 -0.00221 MIN AIR TEMP 0.00199 0.00413 0.00394 -0.00065 0.00641 AVE AIR TEMP 0.00546 0.00167 0.00527 0.00237 -0.00065 RANGE AIR TEMP 0.00177 0.00850 0.00185 -0.00071 0.00391 TOTAL PRECIP 0.01067 -0.00876 0.00110 0.01130 0.02488 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM 0.00093 0.00119 0.00133 -0.00031 -0.00117 AVE DEW POINT -0.00660 -0.00073 -0.00587 -0.00281 -0.00142 OVERALL DSQ 0.68336 3.26044 0.92527 1.13545 2.55657 FIGURE D-16
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR MAY 1978 T-A T-B T-0W T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP 0.00854 0.01789 -0.01359 -0.00248 -0.00917 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00752 0.00859 0.03755 -0.00843 -0.00471 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00462 -0.02429 -0.02863 0.00100 0.00279 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.01227 -0.00588 0.02576 -0.00111 -0.00146 TOTAL PRECIP -0.01445 -0.00213 -0.01294 -0.01855 -0.00749 ACTUAL EVAP 0.00165 -0.03534 -0.00200 0.00719 AVE REL HUM -0.00433 -0.00131 -0.00063 -0.00141 -0.00600 AVE DEW POINT 0.00450 0.00097 0.00461 0.00934 0.01006 OVERALL DSQ l.96962 2.62981 0.57632 2.44903 2.72650 A-0W B-0W 8-DG BG-0W A_BG MAX AIR TEMP -0.00652 -0.00636 0.01028 0.00139 -0.00277 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00584 -0.00228 -0.00165 -0.00135 0.00381 AVE AIR TEMP 0.01556 -0.01660 0.00207 -0.00769 0.00811 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00293 -0.00098 -0.00712 -0.00088 0.00180 TOTAL PRECIP -0.00322 0.01806 -0.00457 0.01712 -0.02170 ACTUAL EVAP 0.00200 -0.01685 AVE REL HUM -0.00185 -0.00952 0.00185 -0.00113 0.00109 AVE DEW POINT -0.00278 0.02564 -0_00798 0.00Rna -n nnR11 OVERALL DSQ 2.00711 2.47242 1.47993 1.85208 2.27922 FIGURE D-17
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR JUNE 1978 T-A T-B T-0V T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP 0.00255 0.00713 -0.00087 0.00468 -0.0052R MIN AIR TEMP -0.00161 0.00022 0.00130 -0.00042 0.00068 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00418 -0.00409 0.00090 0.00481 -0.00409 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00485 0.00005 0.00098 -0.00079 -0.00538 TOTAL PRECIP -0.00161 -0.00853 0.00272 -0.00079 -0.00869 ACTUAL EVAP -0.00928 -0.02687 0.01482 0.00676 0.0261? AVE REL HUM -0.00092 0.00127 -0.00097 0.00255 -0.00292 AVE DEW POINT 0.00294 0.00041 -0.00167 -0.00756 0.00519 OVERALL DSQ l.20941 4.53280 1.73676 1.49775 5.92802 A-0W A-BG B-0W B-BG DG-0W MAX AIR TEMP 0.00473 -0.00244 0.00689 -0.00493 0.00067 MIN AIR TEMP 0.00659 0.00300 0.00153 -0.00085 0.00077 AVE AIR' TEMP 0.00002 -0.01076 -0.00277 0.01825 0.00933 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00369 -0.00334 0.00152 0.00179 0.00187 TOTAL PRECIP -0.00231 -0.00505 -0.00155 0.01395 0.01146 ACTUAL EVAP -0.00354 -0.03623 -0.03264 0.05846 0.03544 AVE REL HUM -0.00023 -0.00356 -0.00031 0.00545 0.00268 AVE DEW POINT -0.00993 0.00870 -0.00148 -0.01535 -0.00962 OVERALL DSQ 2.43411 6.77475 3.60564 7.91453 5.75255 FIGURE D-18
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR JULY 1978 T-A T-B T-0W T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP -0.00051 0.00847 0.00187 0.02827 -0.00674 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00141 0.00033 0.00025 -0.00225 -0.00469 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00206 -0.00720 -0.00751 -0.01011 0.01245 RANGE AIR TEMP 0.00060 0.00276 0.00308 -0.00994 -0.00288 TOTAL PRECIP -0.39678 0.34480 0.07824 -0.01469 -0.40585 ACTUAL EVAP 0.00100 -0.04620. -0.02216 0.02077 0.01389 AVE REL HUM 0.00228 0.00154 -0.00049 0.01094 0.00182 AVE DEW POINT 0.00374 -0.00255 0.00335 -0.01713 0.00031 OVERALL DSQ 2.95778 7.03731 ' 2.03904 7.11077 5.13391 F A-0W A-BG B-0W B-BG BG-0W MAX AIR TEMP -0.00264 -0.00658 -0.00038 0.00213 0.01293 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00480 -0.00425 -0.00378 0.00144 -0.01353 AVE AIR TEMP 0.01151 -0.00048 0.00463 0.00177 0.00974 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00276 -0.00196 -0.00065 0.00064 -0.01151 TOTAL PRECIP -0.04373 -0.03322 0.03638 -0.01892 -0.04175 ACTUAL EVAP 0.00638 -0.00622 -0.07683 0.04982 0.03182 AVE REL HUM 0.00290 -0.00501 -0.00156 0.00648 0.00624 AVE DEU POINT -0.00309 0.01068 -0.00026 -0.00679 -0.0087? 0VERALL DSQ l.85068 2.56337 4.24794 9.72359 5.15921 FIGURE D-19
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR AUGUST 1978 T-A T-B T-0W T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP 0.00483 0.00205 -0.00464 0.00648 -0.01636 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00166 -0.00133 -0.00836 0.00724 0.00203 AVE AIR TEMP 0.00398 0.00202 0.01313 -0.00252 0.01299 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00878 0.00425 -0.00111 0.00384 -0.00198 TOTAL PRECIP -0.01137 0.02631 -0.01853 0.01010 -0.02255 ACTUAL EVAP -0.00001 -0.08848 -0.03827 0.01630 0.06755 AVE REL HUM 0.01104 -0.00449 0.00078 0.00627 0.00951 AVE DEW POINT -0.01184 0.00418 0.00139 -0.00880 -0.01320 l0VERALLDSQ 9.73072 9.13799 4.02141 3.90065 18.27399 A-0W A-BG B-0W B-BG BG-0W MAX AIR TEMP 0.00047 -0.03080 0.01007 0.00492 0.01806 MIN AIR TEMP 0.00234 -0.01987 0.00240 0.00015 0.01104 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00583 0.00687 -0.00701 -0.00360 -0.02530 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00278 -0.01118 0.00072 -0.00223 0.00160 TOTAL PRECIP 0.01710 -0.07331 0.02428 -0.02605 0.06354 ACTUAL EVAP 0.02359 -0.02117 -0.06703 0.09263 0.05304 AVE REL HUM 0.00444 -0.01365 -0.00302 0.00242 0.00613 AVE DEW POINT -0.00184 0.03072 0.00135 l -0.00428 -0.00175 OVERALL DSQ 4.81811 19,50943 L 6.46996 12.80958 ll.5P136 FIGURE D-20
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR SEPTEMBER 1978 T-A _
'T-8 '
T-0W T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP -0.00791 -0.00253 -0.00313 -0.00943 0.00001 MIN AIR TEMP 0.00777 0.00924 0.00215 0.00325 -0.00146 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00760 -0.00280 0.00565 0.00796 -0.00366 RANGE AIR TEMP 0.00800 0.00487 0.00226 0.00549 0.00214 TOTAL PRECIP -0.03807 0.01881 0.01898 -0.03692 -0.02419 ACTUAL EVAP 0.02636 -0.12161 0.00884 0.11026 0.01471 AVE REL HUM 0.00525 -0.00785 -0.00079 0.01341 0.00144 AVE DEW POINT 0.00369 0.00181 -0.00324 -0.00921 0.00417
~
OVERALL DSQ 5.64334 8.59695 ' 2.07889 14.81575 2.24063 A-0W A-BG B-0W B-BG BG-0W MAX AIR TEMP -0.00512 0.00514 -0.00816 -0.01013 -0.00454 MIN AIR TEMP 0.00673 -0.00436 0.00940 0.00502 0.00248 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00697 -0.00520 -0.00024 0.00020 0.00308 0.00378 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00773 0.01130 0.00585 0.00496 TOTAL PRECIP -0.00429 -0.00663 0.05137 0.01111 0.00589 ACTUAL EVAP 0.02029 -0.00068 -0.13085 0.05686 0.01489 AVE REL HUM -0.00019 0.00099 -0.00777 0.00204 -0.00004 AVE DEW POINT 0.00516 0.00122 0.00408 0.00201 0.00077 OVERALL DSQ l.26171 ; 3.20073 ' 8.74211 6.92939 2.57875 FIGURE D-21
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR OCTOBER 1978 T-A T-B T-0W T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP -0.00022 0.00454 0.00579 0.00725 -0.00388 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00530 -0.00376 -0.00448 -0.00428 -0.00582 AVE AIR TEMP 0.00897 0.00815 0.00660 -0.00058 0.00803 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00261 0.00090 -0.00554 -0.00450 -0.00163 TOTAL PRECIP -0.02208 -0.00665 -0.03707 -0.06191 -0.03873 ACTUAL EVAP -0.00535 -0.11192 -0.03502 0.00310 0.14209 AVE REL HUM 0.00518 0.00020 0.00155 0.00361 0.00835 AVE DEW POINT -0.00333 -0.00697 -0.00110 -0.00126 0.00325 OVERALL DSQ 3.37117 7.42774 1.76359 ?.49756 13.18821 A-0W A-BG [ B-0W B-BG BG-0W MAX AIR TEMP -0.00009 -0.00705 0.00363 0.00333 -0.07067 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00284 0.00105 0.00380 0.00155 0.07631 AVE AIR TEMP 0.00142 0.00516 -0.00369 -0.00275 -0.005C6 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00237 0.00241 0.00158 -0.00005 0.07453 TOTAL PRECIP -0.02902 0.04548 0.01389 -0.04981 -0.06732 ACTUAL EVAP 0.03127 -0.00883 -0.1 3736 0.05761 0.01949 AVE REL HUM 0.00244 0.00290
-0.00066 -0.00657 0.00743 AVE DEW POINT 0.00179 -0.00014 0.00011 -0.00168 0.00061 OVERALL DSQ l.46687 0.98867 i 7.69419 8.55988 1.91122 FIGURE U-22
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR NOVEMBER 1978 T-A T-B T-0W T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP -0.02025 -0.01101 0.00139 -0.00906 0.00937 MIN AIR TEMP 0.01475 0.00786 0.00558 0.00684 -0.01356 AVE AIR TEMP 0.01050 0.00318 -0.00876 0.00331 0.00745 RANGE AIR TEMP 0.01784 0.00995 -0.00113 0.00962 -0.01120 TOTAL PRECIP -0.01759 -0.00187 0.00454 -0.00633 -0.02701 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM 0.00542 -0.00083 -0.00271 0.00567 0.00475 AVE DEW POINT -0.00345 -0.00033 0.00421 0.00046 -0.0018? OVERALL DSQ 3.52649 0.46544 1.13012 4.87829 4.10918 A-0W A-BG B-0W B-BG BG-0W MAX AIR TEMP -0.00950 -0.00261 -0.00893 -0.00088 0.00119 MIN AIR TEMP 0.01047 0.00021 0.01176 0.00055 0.00373 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00082 0.00888 -0.00355 0.00230 -0.00827 RANGE AIR TEMP 0.00761 -0.00007 0.00807 0.00251 0.00034 TOTAL PRECIP 0.00489 0.00214 0.01279 -0.02443 -0.00050 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM 0.00072 0.00029 -0.00282 0.00539 0.00113 AVE DEW POINT 0.00236 -0.00673 0.00195 -0.00075 0.00577 0VERALL DSQ l.49637 , 0.75393 ____!_l.59322 5.23429 P.31758 FIGURE D-23
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR DECEMBER 1978
. T-A T-B T-0W T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP 0.02486 -0.02145 0.00437 0.00075 0.03751 MIN AIR TEMP -0.03073 0.03029 -0.00301 0.00563 -0.04308 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00003 -0.00282 -0.00007 0.00005 -0.01618 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.03075 0.02656 -0.00442 0.00748 -0.04392
. TOTAL PRECIP -0.02880 0.03078 0.00613 0.03004 -0.05260 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM 0.00470 -0.00105 -0.00106 -0.00273 0.00282 AVE DEW POINT 0.00337 -0.00565 0.00002 -0.00481 0.01880 OVERALL DSQ , 4.52802 1.24899 0.47788 2.84448 9.73546 A-0W A-BG B-0W B-BG BG-0W MAX AIR TEMP 0.00657 0.00146 0.00635 -0.00034 0.00182 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00618 0.00078 -0.00147 0.00613 -0.00315 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00722 -0.00501 0.00287 0.01551 -0.00653 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00942 -0.00277 -0.00393 0.00381 -0.00328 TOTAL PRECIP -0.03297 -0.00951 0.02597 0.04223 -0.01627 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM 0.0012'. -0.00046 -0.00105 -0.00042 0.00027 AVE DEW POINT 0.00617 0.00238 -0.00627 -0.02040 0.00802 t OVERALL Dsq 2.39836 0.70910 1.91556 6.85175 1.42233 f!0LRf 0-24
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JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC I I i Figure D-27 Average temperature differences from the meteorological tower base Station "T" by weekly averages i for the four network stations during the study period January 6, 1978 through December 22, 1978.
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-mn --m --mm -mm --m -mm -mn m -mm -mm --m -m JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Figure 0-28 Temperature range differences from the meteorological tower base Station "T" by weekly averages for the four network stations during the study period January 6, 1978 through December 22, 1978.
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