ML19320A391

Submits Sampling Table for Stocking & Distribution of Threadfin Shad in AR River Sys in Response to Request. D Broach Apr 1966 Article & Jl Collins & Ah Hulsey Jan 1962 AR Game & Fish Commission Articles Encl

ML19320A391
Person / Time
Site:	Arkansas Nuclear
Issue date:	11/16/1970
From:	Keith R US ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION (AEC)
To:	Mensinger G OKLAHOMA, STATE OF
References
NUDOCS 8005020407
Download: ML19320A391 (17)

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{{#Wiki_filter:.,v r ] { A tt 0;fd 3 P)%,,,;ve,. s , e t.d y ,/ k. ~ f' THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS ' P00R QUAUTY PAGES a _. No vec ber 16, 1970 Mr. Gary C. MencinScr ~ Accictant Chief-Reccarch Ohlahem Dep.:rrt::ent of Wildlife Conservatiaa 1801 !;or h Lincoln Ohichocta City, Oklationa 73105

Dear. Gary:

In nurser to your request fer info:Tucion egncerning the stocking and distribution of threadfin shed in trte Arkansac River cystc: 2 in Arhancas, I ani enclosing ti.e follouing tabic: f,oca t ion o f St ec k i n,r, To:ation_of thgplin3 1964 - 10,000 Overcup Lake, Copuqy Co.* Arkancas River, Paulkncr Co. - Present 25,000 Lake Maumelle, ruinski 'o.* l'365 - 12,000 Lake Atkinc, Pope Co.* 24,000 Dardanolic Ecservoir 1966 - Dardanolic ::cscrvoir - Hone Present 1967. 14,000 Ecaverfork Lake, Paulkner Dard,nelic Reservoir - 0 Co.* l.dults 14,000 Lehe Atkins, Popo Co.2' 1963 - 50,000 Lahn Maumalle, Palatti Co.* Darda.telle Reservoir - Co. ran in un::;ple 1969 Danlancile Reservoir - Connoa in criapic Arkancus River, Prcnhlin Co.- Notic found 1970 Dardenolle Recorvoir - Precent Ozark decervoir, l'ranklin Co. ~ Co;uon in sampic

• Located 'on tritentary streaa. of Ac': tc.c.ac 'itve r.

'llo threadfin thad s. ora utoc',c[n*, a.re Dar leerlie Reservoir, und nonc ucre fo':.a4 in a rotenonc suple ir. the river si" te Ucrd inulle ir.1969, hnw-cvor, thenadfi..: ucra c m w i.n thi., u ;. er u n' t;ee :e.ily icpounded 0:crk 8005020 yg 7

o.- ? . caber 16, 1970 !!r. Gary !!cacin;'er Roocrvoir i.3 197C llope tilis intforr.atiori trill be licipful. Yours tre.ly, Bill Keith Ca.nc and Fich I.iologist III C(:bp cc: W"lic n F. Mathis andreu II. iblsey k e e e s

r. YOU 1GA!! TIC CA:2 A!!D FIS11 COD!ISSIO:i STOCKS S!!AD I:1 OUR IAKES7!!! r by Dick Broach Arkanoas Game and Finh Commission April, 1966 Mantion ' shad" to the averano Arkansan and his immediate thoughts turn to the somcuhat unfavorabic impreccion created in many lakco by the " hickory" or ginnard shad. Ilis opinion of the gie:ard chad may, in many cacco, be justified for uhile the gizzard shad providca c::ccllent forage for game fishec uhen young, it soon execedo maximum ingcatihic cize for moct of our large sport fichco and, trichout . adequate predation, the gizzard chad vill tend to overpopulate and compere uith the uccirabled'. Gi=zard chad don't 'binter kill" in Arkancas uatcrs as of ten as they do in Northern U. S. In northern oraten ubero gizzard shad numbers arc donlor d by lou temperaturen daring the vinter monthn,, they arc considered very derit able as a forage finh. If our fichery biologinto could 'hanufacture" the ideal forage finh, they woald probably try for a spc iica similar to the gizzard. chad uhich unald not exceed -five (5) or six (6) inchen u tength. The threadfin abad (Dorosoma potenenne),-the southern cousin of the gizzard t had, in cuch a forage species. I Early attempts at introducing cl.c threadfin into many Arkansan unters to furnish forage for gcmc cpectico ucre not entirely succcooful. Transplanting the threadfin shad into Arkansas uatcro, acecuhat north of its original range, nuhjected this southern forage fish to uinter vater temperaturec uhich dropped belou the r.inimum acceptabic limito for curvival and in many ccces, t: hen ntoched in relatively the threadfin chad completely "uinter killed" or died out. ,;jllou or small lakco o To date,. acclimatication of the threadfin chad han not occurred to the c:: tent j that it -can vinter in our challou and/or cmaller laken and rccervoirs, hn-aver, con-ditions in come of oar large, deep impoundments tend to favor partial curvival [ ,,_through the vinter. 1 Stratification in our deep lahco combined uith the innulating qualitico-of such ~ larCe volucco of uator offernan artifically created refuge from the cicmenta'. The threadfin shad in one of the principic factora contributing to the phenom-enal grouth rate of the rainbou trout in Dull Shoala 1.ake in North Central Athanaan. 'As the chad begin to die 'off in late vinte):, they "ntagger" about in a uechenad condition end are cacy prey for the trout which literally gorge thcanciven en thi.n abundance of forcCo. Many chad are bloen throagh tha turbinen of the dam and pro- . vide a concentration of food over coveral milen of tha tailvater trout finhing area. Although vinter nortalitica run high in Arkant la lakes where the threadfin shad .has been introduced, the curvivoro spaun prolifically as the unter temperaturen reach 0 70 F, and coon repopulate, providing pelagic vertebrate foraging throughout the o smmer contho. A9 the threadfin chad is an adapt cpauner and tenda.to have a high numer4:a1 concentration of its membora uithin a given arca, diccunnions have understaa.iably arison an' to possible detrimental nido effects of ntoching a neu environment. .Threadfin are sight feedcen, fee. ding on varioun plankton. Tha concern han t acn l

cxpressed over the poonibility of the threadlin's feeding on larvac hatchliaan of L

k

4 certain' other 'finhos. 'Here again Arkansas becaune of the nmall numb the temperature factor u would have npauned and the fry gamefi hwater reac er of'ahad that survive the vinter and ntrol thin in young of year shad. rature for the shad, s the n At' the procent time the benefits t voild have exce or ths population in a lake far oatucinh any conc io be derived fr chad populations inCucos unrk to now conentially'cli i e vabic detriments. n chad Arkansas. So as not to vaste fich and timem nated in so to opcak ccological factors are carefully acudied i capabic of s,upporting shad. Threadfin chad vill completel or "npin our choclaread any cxtended period of time. y die off if cubjected to tTempera c or of lintration. in many of our big, doop impoundFishcry biologists in Arkansa emperaturen belou 45 0F. for out the vinter. mento a small area of varm unter villve Thece cmall pockets of relatively usually suffice in retaining enough foll ct that % owing spring. uarm (above 45 adult threadfin to repopulate the reserF.) uator vill The threndfin shad in Ar' kansas s voirs the a particular cpecies of fish to an artif alteration of aquatic environmentaleems to noll exemplify the trend toua d f the cr icini environment if uc consider th An acu. tent te auarenons of environmentalto uhich thin small ch r itting conditionn brought about.by the largo d rantic perpetuating a good oport finhery in Arkannan. ions -in essential t modificat ams and tat. 9 = l s e S e e 9 9 4

h REDUCTION OF THREADFIN SHAD HAULING MORTALITY BY Tl!E USE OF M.S. 222 ED COCON SALT

• by James L. Collins and Andreu H. Hulsey Arkansas Game and Fish Commission January, 1962 Since the advent of intensive fishery managecent of large can-cade impot nd-ments, biologists have scarched for the perfect forage fish.

They wanted a species that would be nuited to reservoir living, but would not be detri= ental to the desirabic species normally found in these' impoundments. Gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum, although tecporarily supplying the needs of young predators in newly impounded waters, soon outgrow their usefulness. Their large adult -size and tendency to overpopulate with consequential reduc-tion of spawning success reduces its utilization by smaller carnivorous species. In'1956, Arkansas " fishery personnel became interested in threadfin shad, Dorosoma petenense, as a replacement for the less. desirous gi:::ard shad. The climate here is such that the thrcadfin, once established, expand i rapidly during the spring and sum =cr, but are controlled naturally by winter 18. A source of supply _nadscovered_irtthe_ southeastern por_ tion of_the state in Lake Chient-Biologists began hauling _threadfin.of ten as far as two hu'ridr6d _.x111cs or more nortGf'Eliutr-nutN67ange. Using routine' hhEl'iiig tidth6ds',' fifty ' percent cortality was cedon and as much as ninety-five percent cortality was experienced at times. During hauling operations in the early suc=er of 1961, Dr. Kirk Strawn, Zoology Department, University of Arkansas and Project Leader of Arkansas ' Dingell-Johnson Project F-8-R, (a project concerned uith threadfin shad intro-duction in Lake Ft. Smith, Arkansas) suggested that the addition of coccon salt to the hauling water might reduce mortality. He based his suggestion on his previous experience with carine and aquarium fishes where the addition of salt improved survival during handling. Since threadfin shad are considered recent emigrants of marine waters, the salt tcchnique was considered worthy of investi-gation. Early trials, using concentrations bf coccon salt (NaC1) ranging from 0.5 percent to 3.0 percent, proved so efficacious that the hatcheries ic=cdiately began hauling threadfin shad in 1.0 percent salt solutions. In addition, it was observed that threadfin shad being transported in plastic bags, inside entdboard cartons, repeatedly (if not continuously) bumped the sides of the containers which, of course, resulted in injury to these deli-cate fish. Prclininary experiments with M.S.222 (Tricaine Methancsulphonate, a product of Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, Hanover, New Jersey) showed that threadfin shad could be tranquili'ted with dilute solutions of M.S.222 without apparent harm. To further determine the best concentrations of salt and M.S.222 to use in the transporting water, an experiment using various concentrations of salt, M.S.222, or a cocbination of the two was carried out at the Joe Hogan State Fish IPtchery,'Lonoke, Arkansas, Tabic I. As a result of this experiment it van concluded that threadfin shad would survive longer in a cocbination of s, alt and M.S.222, consisting of a solution containing 0.5 percent salt and a concentration of M.S.222 equivalent to one gram in twelve gallons of water.

• Ihis work was carried out as part of Job D - Stocking Threadfin Shad, D-J Federal Aid Project F-8-R.

l Revised October 9, 1964 ,-e ,v. -e,-, +

F $d ,SD OF TDE FERIODS TABt.E I -- AMOUNT OF SALT AND MS-222 USED AND FISit SURVIVA1. A1 5 e July, 1961 Experlmant b**an uith five (5) fish in two (7) gallons of solution

i. by wt. gal.

gal. used 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 9 10 11 12 24 25 27 237 245 260 267 309 315 320

• DJYS uact w;-zzz 7.

g r a.n/ gram gram / 1 Cont r:;l Control 5 5 5 5 1 ~- 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0.030 0.16 5 5 5 5 5' 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 0.5 19 0.005 0.01 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 0.5 19 5 0.5 19 0.030 0.16 5 5 5 5 5 5, 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 0.040 0.03 5 5 5 4 2 2 2 2 2. 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D 1.0 33 0.010 0.C? 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 1.0 33 D 1.0 33 0.040 0.08 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

)

5 5 5 3 3 .I 1 0.020 0.04 5 5 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 1.5 57 5 5 1 0.J10 0.02 5 5 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 .2 1.5 57 0.020 0.04 5 4 15 2.0 76 0.040 0.03 5 5 4 2 1 3 2.0 76 L6 2.0 76 0.010 0.02 5 5 3 3 3 .t 0.005 0.01 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 5 4 L7 3.0 114 20 3.0 114 0.050 0.01 4 19 3.0 114 0.080 0.16 5 18 r \\ / P di i h

• M

threadfin shad dith consistent survival rates excFollowing th ported over 200,000 been to discontinue the use of agitation.In subsequent years escribed techinque has through the hauling water. Compressed oxygen is till bubbled s This method of hauling threadfin shad has withstood th e test of time. 9 4 e 5 I t n f t, G ~ -2 ' 9_, L -

~ 9; .E ). ,,=,a .g ; 9, ,i - g l .g i :- J's O THE MANAGEMENT OF TROUT FISilERIES IN RESERVOlllS HAVING A SELF-SUSTAINING WAllM WATER FISHERY Pnscc Wstntus, Tennessee Ga:

• aml Fish Cornonission Lcon KsRutAND, Georgia Ga and Fish Commission 1

Anontw Hutsus, Arkansas Game and Fish Corninission ? l Reprinted from Reservoir Fishery Resources Symposium c' Athens, Georgia, April 5-7, 1967 Published November 1968 i P S 6 f s 9 , h t 4 e 1 m, g su s m 5 g. w .h u

,r S i' fi It ". ( I 'if TiiE MANAGEMENT OF TROUT FISHERIES IN RESERVOIRS HAVING A j SELF-SUSTAINING WARM WATER FISHERY Pascc Wstusus, Tennessee Game and Fish Commission Lton KsanLAND, Georgia Game and Fish Commis.sion ANDRcw IlvLstY, Arkansas Game and Fish Commission '\\ i t Abstract A national sursey indicated that management of trout in reservoirs with sustaining warm-water fish populations for production of trout is an importan segment of the fisheries prograrp in thirty-one of forty-seven responding sta / Most of these trout fisheries originated and are maintained from stocked fis l Previously established criteria of 70* F. maximum temperature and 3 p.p.m. 2 l minimum dissolved oxygen for determining suitability of reservoirs for rainbow and brown trout were verified. Two basic situations that produce water of this 4 I quality are discussed. Rainbow trout is the most extensively used specie l brown and brook trout have given good results under certain conditions. A ma of respondents preferred fall and winter stockings of fish larger than six (6) inches in length for re.aintenance of these fisheries. An invertebratr diet produced rapid growth of trout up to approximately length. Where a pelagic, plankton feeding forage species was 'l 12-14 inches. 1214 inches grew at a more rapid rate, ap to one inch per available, fis's ove: month, and reach d a larger average size. Trout stocked in areas of reservoirs maintaining suitable environmental con-ditions did not migrate extensively except to enter adjacent tributary streams immediately following stocking and on spawning runs." When stocked in areas g,, not suitable during critical summer periods, trout sought out a suitable environment by migrating as much as thirty miles. A recovery rate of fifty per cent (50%) by weight is suggested by the authors to justify stocking. The consensus of the survey was that costs of maintaining ,i these fisheries were justified. INTRODUCTION have been successfully introduced in reservoirs Ll1 SPECIES. of trout 2 where some water always exists having 70* F. maximum temperaturc and 3.0 p.p.m. minimum dissolved oxygen. The resulting fishcry is known as a "two-story" fishery Kirkland and Bowling (1966) definc this fishcry as follows: "The term 'two-story' denotes the vertical c t position in the lake inhabited by trout, below that norrreally occupied by warm-water species. This term is not completely accurate since i 1 Names of fish used are the accepted common names as listed in' America I Fisheries Society, Special I ublication No. 2,1960. i 444 4 i a s n A

~, ~ t, J -k 4 2-C' . < s, o ..a 445 Reservoir Trout Fishcries atures trout move into warm-v::cr zones during pe id to Y - feed even during the summer ruonths. The concep i e that to the development of this type fishcry was based on the prem sd the lower reservoir icvel was not being utiliz t i 1 an additional species without serious harm completely reservoirs in the northern or northwestern states to a States. warm-water reservoirs in' the southeastern United Reservoir Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Levels as Related to Potential "Two-Story" Fisheries / Temperature and dissolwd o. ygen are the two most im in determining whether reservoirs are suitable for trout su s ~ Burdick, et al. (1954) gives the temperature and oxygen con survived. and brown trout centrations' at which brook, rainbow, Drook trout withstood oxygen down to 3.4 p.p.m. at 70' F ~ t 2.47 trout down to 2.82 p.p.m. at 69* F., and rainbow trout down o idly p.p.m. at 71.l* F. These results were obt p i l increased ture increased, the arnount of oxygen necessary for surv va d and as temperature decreased, the am b t . Oxygen level could be reduced to a ou on -for broo ment. tization of trout to low oxygen levels is very significant to mana i of "two-story" fisheries. Trout must occupy deeper zones i depths may to find suitable temperatures, and dissolve near in these reservoirs when temperatures and oxygen levels are i d to the optimum and as the season progresses become slowly a i Nichols (1959) and Kirkland and Bowling f1966) re '3 reduced onygen levels. j F. maxinium temperature and 3 p.p.m. minimum dissolv t y" criteria for determining the suitability of reservoirs for "two-s 3 _ fishenes m 1cnnessee and G(orgia. Success u fisheries were established in res:rvoirs d len.t com-reservoirs having warm-water fish populations. The first an i ble for mon type is the thermally stradfied reservois without inflo h maint, ins i - ' trout but with a large volume of "wir>ter-stored" water t at ival sufficiently low temperatures and adequate oxygen for trout l-i d d as throughout the season. The volume of this suitable water t ma;l ~ the season progresses until fall turnove { 1). .i i a x 14 _a_ P e A '

u - s f 'E d. o a i 446 Reservoir Fishery Resources Symposium Tagure 1. From Kirkland and BoEling (1966) M Showing a Strata of 70' F. Mamimum Temperature and 3 p. p. m. Mimmum Dissols ed O2 on October 1 in j Lake Lamer, Georgia, Resulting f rom Winte r. stored" Water. r Dam -{0g*ile s - ...............................H-----.----------------uPPerIamit

• I'"'"**'

De p*.h , g g tit. ) 20 t 40 I 60 ( . Trout Water 80 s j 100 120

140, 160 E

The critical period for trout is immediately prior to fall turnover when oxygen in the deeper strata is at a minimum. l - The amount of dissolved oxygen. is actuallj the controlling factor in most large reservoirs since few of these impoundments except the shallow. unstratified ones fail to have suitable temperatures. The amount of dissolved oxygen present is primarily dependent on age of the reservoir, fertility, and the chemical and biological oxygen demand of inflowing waters. New reservoirs initially unsuitable for trout because of ic oxygen demand of decomposing organic material may later develop savorable conditions (Keith and Hulsey,1967). ~ The o her basic reservoir habitat capable of supporting a "two-story" fishery is fed by tributaries sufficiently cold all year for trout. These streams form density currents that flow through or build up in the im-poundments and may be natural trout streams or low-level discharge from upstream reservoirs (Figurc 2). In this case the formation of-a j suitab!c situation is dependent on volume of inflow and its biological and chemical oxygen demand. The' resulting habitat may be stored . water in the!!ower levels of the lake or a density current flowing through the impoundment.- Cold-water Species Un.ler Management Results of the survey show that nine cald-water species are presently being used in the various state programs. Rainbow trout have adapted successfully to the."two-story" environ-ment in 29 of the 31 states reporting this resource. I Brown trout are in general use in New Jersey, Msv Hampshire. t, Connecticut,' Pennsylvania, and Vermont and under experimental man-agement in Georgia, Virginia. North Carolina,e South Dakota, Maine, i -l ..j. -Michigan, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. e 6 i

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-- T t ..r ( t 1 [ a O Reservoir Trotst Fisheries 447 .y rr..,..r.........s..,.o....,t. t... n.....a.. c................... n...... I -w --w n:

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r,, g* y n a, o n...,. er...,. i ,3,: L .mt. im 5.f/ /////..//..///////.M/////I/

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x l l = m m uw. e,...,.,uu,,3. m. c. i,, .im ~ e a s s s ~.1 e starsos emac. Brook trout re generally unable to compete successfully when super-imposed on estah..shed populations of either warm-or cold-water fishes. Ilowever, they are responding to management in Maine, Wisconsin, and New Hampshire lakes where they are native. Other salmonids used in these prograrr.s but not dealt with exten-sively in this presentation are lake trout (New Hampshire. Wisconsin. Vermont, Massachusetts, and Minnesota), landlocked salmon (Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire) kokance salmon f Cali-e fornia, North Carolina, Minnesota, and Tennessee), splake (New Hamp-shire, Wisconsin), coho salmon (Tennessee), and cutthroat trout (Oregor.)'. Stocking Considerations Trout fingerlings have been used successfully in new reservoirs where resident fishes in the immediate watershed were poisoned just before impoundment. Two examples of such renovation projects in large impoundments are recorded for Navajo Resersoir in Colorado and New Mexico (Olson and McNall,1964) and Chilhowce Lake, Tennessee j (Wilkins,1957). The use of fingerlings following the renovation of problem waters is ari accepted management practice. However, once . carnivorous warm-water fishes are established, small trout of hatchery . origin usually do not compete well enough to sustain a productive fishery. Exceptions are bodies of water where fingerlings survive wellin basically cold-water lakes that have been invaded by warm-water fishes. An l I e .h

4 ~ l ^ I, f -.t 448 ' Reservoir Fishery Resources Symposium .,7 example of the futility of releasing small trout occurred in Watauga Lake, Tennessee, a 6,430-acre "two-story" reservoir, where 346.000 (3 to 5 inch) marked rainbow fingerlings contributed insignificant numbers to the creel (Wilkins,1965). Responses from four states make reference to populuions of rainbow trout tLit mature in res:rvoirs and migrate into tributary streams to spawn. Evidence is given by Schumacher (1964) that rainbow fry released in a tributary to Kabckona Lake, Minnesota, instinctively returned to the same nursery stream at maturity. A self-perpetuating race of rainbows utilizing McConaughy Reservoir and tributaries of the North Platte Liver is described in the 1964 Nebraska annual report. A similar / I spawni g run' occurs in Doc Creek where out-migrants to Watauga Lake. Tennessee, return to their natal area for spawning. Since 1954 a total of over 4,750 rainbows averagine 19.1 inches and 2.8 pounds have been recorded from the sport catch in Doc Creek (Wilkins,1965). A majority of the survey respondents agreed that trout from nine to '[ twelve inches give optimam survival since fish of this size convert readily to a fish diet and are not easily cannibalized by carnivorous warm-water species. Rainbow and brown trout in Quabbin Lake, Massachusetts. shift to a diet of smelt at about 12 inches (Mullan and Tompkins, 1959). i Calhoun (19661 reports a transition to the piscivorous habit for rainbow j around 12 inches in Pine Flat and Shasta lakes, California. These find-ings confirm the observations of Kirkland and llowling (1966) and R. F. Baker (uapublished data) that 8-to 10-inch rainbow and brown trout in southern imp _oundments convert to.;ubreadfiniliad' dict so'on ~ -~ after relow irout stocking in southern reservoirs is generally initiated when e declining lake water temperatures approach 50' F. By this time, predator fishes, e.g., largemouth bass, walleye, and white bass, are becoming ,l inactive and the semi-dormant shad are easy prey for trout. Threadfin j 'I shad are very sensitive to cold, rapidly-falling water temperature, and enter a moribund stace aroand 50 F. Actual mortality bet' ins at e j 45' F. (Parsons and Kimsey. 1954). Winter stocking also allows adequate time fo.' dispersal and acclimatization before thermal strati- . Jation begins the following spring. March and April are the preferred months for stocking two-year-old l trou. In ponds and lakes less than 1,000 acres in 3.lassachusetts (Mullan and Tompkins,1959). This is generally true of all states where rigorous { winter conditions and ice cover preclude successful fall stocking. ' l Food Habits Trout in reservoirs can be expected to utilize the most vulnerable and numerous forage organisms available within confines of their range dur-iag any season of the year. The large, fluctuating reservoirs in the Southeast do not produce important quantities of mjuatic insects and other macro-invertebrates. l i J L '4 t t L.

<.s ,.s ~ . w y Reservoir Trout Fisheries 449 ,g The ayaijability_o.f. forage _ fish.is_important: ednsequently, the_ presence of threadfin shad is considered critient fn the meess ^f "'mnatory" fisheries _In these waters. From the time of fall overturn until tront[ar below the epilimnion, threadfin shage_ptdctred nigiost to the exclu. t sion of other forage.Emportance of this fish to the rapid crowth' of lake rainbow is confirmed by food habit studies of Kirkland and r; hjwling (1966) and R. F. Baker (unp_ulli3JtedL The only inverte-brate form commonly taken by these trout was the phantom midge (Chaoborus sp.) Gizzard shad may provide important trout food in the more sterile, high elevation lakes where their growth rate is inhibited. Such lakes '/ usually_contain adequate invertebrate forms for food. r Calhoun (1966) reports that threadfin shad, first introduced to California in 1953, account for most of the trophy s'ize non.anadromous rainbw taken in that state. i the stomach co/ composed 99% by number and 53% by volume of Zooplankto ntents sampled from a fast-growing population of rainbow trout in Lake Powell. Utah (Stone and Miller,1965). Indisiduals larger than 13 inches occasionally fed on green sunfish and red shiners. An open water plankton feeder, e.g., the threadfin shad, has not been introduced in Lake PoweU. Growth Rate The growth rate of rainbow trout in large reservoirs. where threadfin and gizzard shad compose the primary forage, exceeds the growth achieved in many producticn hatcheries. Growth increments fron' a three-year series o' f experimental rainbow i trout releases in Bull Shoals Lake, Arkansas, ranged from 0.57 to 0.96 inches per month. Each fish was approximately ten inches in. length when tagged for release and recoveries extended over a two-year period (R. F. Baker, unpublished). Similar results are recorded for Lake Lanier, Georgia, by Kirkland

1. ~

and Bowling (1966) where three marked plants of 8.0- and 8.7. and 10.0-incl rainbow resulted in average monthly gains oT 0.65 to 1.01 3 inches over a seventeen-month period. One Ict of brown trout in Lake Lanier averaged nearly 0.9 inches gain per month after 6.5 months. The average size of rainbow trout released in Norris Lake. Tennessee, increased from 7.4 to 16.4 inches in 12 months, an incremeat of 0.75 inches per month (TVA, unpublished data). Reservoirs with abundant zooplankton n'nd aquatic insect pop ita-tions also produce rapid rainbow trout development. especially tnrough the second season of growth. Olson :.nd McNall (1964) report rainbow growth in Navajo Reservoir, bcw Mexico / Colorado, from fry to about 8 nine inches after one year and 14 inches a 3 car later. Growth rate in Lake Powell, Utah / Arizona. is comparatic with fingerlings attaining 8.5 and 14.7 inches during the thst two years. m; - L D I. e 4 9 h . -.: 2. ^ - - - ' - ' ^ ' ^ ^ ^ ^ ' - - ~ ~ ^ ' ^ ^ ~

?.' h ~ ...A l Reservoir Fishery Resources Symposium 450 O Dispersal and Migration .f In Lake Lanier, Georgia, all recoveries f rom 41,000 stocked rainbow and brown trout (6 to 12 inches) were recorded within ten m the release point during a ten-month census period. A majority of these were reported from within five miles of the stocking location (Kirkland and Bowling.1966).Of interest is a forced migration o near the mid-point of Norfork Reservoir. Arkansas by R. F. Baker r (unpublished data). Voluntary tag returns were reported progressisely closer to Norfork Dam as dissolved oxygen declined in the upper and middle zones of the lake. Oxygen depletion, below the epilimnion con-tinued until the trout were finally forced through the turbines. and final tag recoveries were from fish caught below the dam. A similar pattern of migration was noted for nearby Bull Shoals Lake where trout avoided diminishing oxygen content in the upper two-thirds of the lake in pref- ~ cr6nce to more favorable conditions 'near the dam (Figure 3). This '" ' U..~ '.;.!2..:.:",T2.:.*::::"- ,2,g'2p y+Q.u.~ 7 Q. e g j 4 g 9 r u s\\" rh e / ,/uat .+. ~ i

x. _

m.... ..a, m........ A ......s.,.... ? f .'. I."*~ ' $'i,I. 'M'A Q - - ~ - y-demonstrates in the field an avoidance reaction to critical oxygen Icvels from as reported by Whitmore. Warren, and Doudoroff (1960) ' laboratory experiments. Recovery j "Re percentage by number or weight of the hatchery product crceled is commonly accepted as a measure of stocking success. Of the two. the I weight-harvest percentage is considered a more meaningful indax since I rapid. growth is the best indicator of suitable take habitat. -l + Al-l W 4 8 l-

y c ~ Rescrwir Trout Fisherie.s 451 Ouabbin Lake in Massachusetts (25,000 acres) 230,000 one-and two-year-old rainbow, brown, an ,1 cight-year period, and yielded returns of cipht p u. over an 85 per cent by weight to the sport catch. Some of th ut individual p! ants in Ombhin Lake pave r t successful per cent by number (llambly,1965). e urns between 30 and 66 an initial plant of I1,025 rainbows, av o v ng Georgia (38,000 acres), restilted in a three per c

anier, but 43 per cent by weight. A high percenta y number entering the catch 24 months alter releasc. ge of these fish were st of 12 per ccot by number and 41 per c J

ns trout in 45,400-acre Bull Shoals Reserv e of rainbow recaptures from 13.8 to 22.6 per cent over a three-y s, gave numerical Baker, unpublished). an ultimate return of 50 per cent b ast Only three respondents questioned the economic ram. managing their particular waters with

• artificially pr n of Fishery administrators, pcocrally, are willing to foreg e

trout. . returns of hatchery trout insested because of popula g numerical unique fisheries and the trophy size attained by man t ese -i ual fish. j LITERATtJRE CITED i Burdick, G. E., hforris Litshverz, Howard G. Dean " Lethal Oxygen Concentration for Trout and Small. and Earl J. Fish and Game Journal, Vol.1 No.1. January mouth Bass." New York Calhoun, Alex.1966. "Infand Fisheries Management " Stat .1954. pp. 84-97. ment of Game and Fish. e of California. Depart. Frey, John E. and Phillip C. Pierce.1966. "The Eficcts of C on a Downstream Re'.crvoir's T of the 20th Ann o Commissioners. ual Conference,emrerature and Oxygen Levels." Proc Southeastern Association of Game a Fry, F. E. J.1951. "Some Environmental Relations of the S e~ linus fontinalis)." Report Fisheries Conference htay 1951of the Proceedings of the Northeastpec flambly, Louis S.1965. Quabbin Reservoir Investigation Atlantic f Job Completion Report Job I (April 17 to O s-- htassachusetts Divi-s- Keith. William E and Andrew lluiscy.1967. 'The Possit ilitics . -. 2, . 1965). Arkansas Game and Fish CommissionTrout Fishery i . H pp. s rative report to the Khkland, Leon and hiichaci stowling. Establishment of a Reservoir Tsout Fishcry." Proceeding 19 Confcicmc. Southeastein Association of Game ~ g s of the 20th Annual Asheville. N. C. ,8j htullan and Tompkins.1959. s ommissioners. Nichols it. AI. 1959 "1.arge Impoundment 't Olson. Harold F. and Wairen J. hicNall.1961Dingell. Report s ommimon. . " Fisheries Survey of Navajo .J i. Ij 4 6. .A

_f ' 'i _c ~

• e Reservoir Fishcry Resources Symposium 1

452 c Reservoir," Job Completion Report. Section 8 project Job Numb and A-2(b) Dingell-Johnson project New hiexico. O Parsons, John W. and J. firuce Kimsey,1954 "A Report on the f fin Shad." Progressive. Fish-Culturist. Vol.16. No. 4, rp.179183-f .s ~ l Schumacher, R. E.1944. " Preliminary Results from Experimenta 7 LaLes." Rainbow Trout as an Additional Game Fish in I.ake h!innes Administrative report to h! inn. Dept. of Conservation. Stone, Roderick and Kent h! iller.1965. " Glen Canyon Reserv Utah State ment Investigation." Progress Report No. 3, Section 8 program. Tarzwell, Clarence af.1957. " Water Quality Criteria for Aquatic Department of Fish and Game. tion of U. S. Department of llealth, Education, and Welfare, t i Whitmore. Cecil M., Charles E. Warren. and Pe j ) f American Fisheries Society Transactions,' Vol. 89, No.1, pp.17-26 Wilkins, Price 1965. " Doc Creek Rainbows." The Tennessee [l April.1965. Vol. 31, No. 4. Pp. 3-5. Wi! Lins Price.1957, "Redamation of Chilhowce Lake Site." Je t d Report F 18-R.I. TNogell-Johnson project, Tennessee. 1 b^g 9 9 p . ~. 4 1 1 1 e 4 b 6 i : t r i - ~ i k . t '.4 wa> ^ ^ } 1 j. e S I r m f t __}}