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Submits 750116 Response to NRC Re Environ Monitoring Program for Fish Impingement Problem at Dardanelle Reservoir.Ar Game & Fish Commission 750130 & 0211 Ltr & American Fisheries Society 1971 Article Encl
	ML19320A387
Person / Time
Site:	Arkansas Nuclear
Issue date:	01/30/1975
From:	Murphy W; ARKANSAS POWER & LIGHT CO.
To:	Anthony Giambusso; Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
References
	NUDOCS 8005020402
	Download: ML19320A387 (40)
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H E L u f tJ G U LJ I L O A R h a *J S A S ARK ANS AS POWER & LIGHT COMPANY 97-F. LOUISIAN A GT AEETs LITTLe ROCK. ARK ANS AS 72203.(301)372-4311 February 14, 1975

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Mr. A. Giambusso, Director (J

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m Docket No. 50-313 License No. DPR.51 Environmental Monitoring

Dear Mr. Giambusso:

Our letter of January 16, 1975, committed to providing certain information in response to Mr. Muller's letter of Jannry 9,1975. This information is listed below, numbered according to the numbers set out in the above mentioned letters.

1.

Enclosed is a copy of a letter (Reference 1) from Mr. Andrew 11. Hulsey, Director of the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. Mr. Iluisey's letter very cicarly indicates tnat our disposal of impinged fish in a land fill instead of by grinding and discharge is directly detrimental to the Game and Fish Commission's fisheries management program which uses the shad as a tool in Dardanelle Reservoir. We are continuing to investigate design modifications to our intake structure to facili-tate easier collection of fish for alternate disposal; however, in view of Mr. Ilulsey's letter and Reference 5, we recommend that further consideration and discussion between all parties involved be given to continuing the practice ef grinding up impinged fish and discharging them.

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2.

We are currently performing a test of the effectiveness of our air bubble curtain and by doing so, in conjunction with the requirements of Environmental Technical Specification (ETS) 4.1.2.a(2), are meet-ing most of the intent of Mr. Muller's recommended program.

By slightly altering our bubble curtain test we feel that we can meet the intent of Mr. Muller's recommended program.

Our program would then consist of the following:

IHIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS 8 F 05 020 k,b P00R QUALITY PAGES gg r A t **vi~o. i~vesTon owneo meusen wCOLe sours uriuries sysreu

Mr.' A. Gizmbusro February 14, 1975 A)

Continue the current requirements of ETS 4.1.2.a(2).

B) Six weeks per season for one year sample the impinged fish every eight hours 6 days per week using methods developed for the procedure now in use for ETS 4.1.2.a(2).

The eight-hour sampics will ' enable us to compare the samples with sampics already taken for ETS 4.1.2.a(2).

These methods aircady provide for total weight determination, and Icngth and weight frequency distributions for each species. We feel that the three samples each day will adequately serve as replicates of each other since species compositions seldom vary appreciably during a 24-hour period.

Since the'above described program provides for a period of more con-tinuous surveillance once each season and more continuity with our existing program than Mr. Muller's recommended program and meets the intent of Mr. Muller's recommended program, we would propose to imple-ment the above described program in order to meet the intent of Mr. Muller's recommended program.

This program will require more man-power than we currently have available and we are attempting to acquire additional personnel to implement it.

Since our proposed program consists essentially of programs already u derway, involves the use of methods already accepted, and is not n

permanent, we do not feel that a revision to the ETS to incorporate this program is warranted.

Following your concurrence with this program we will advise you of

.our implementation schedule.

s 3.

Enclosed Table I shows water temperature data from 5 years of back-ground study and Table 2 shows condenser water box temperature data gathered during air bubble curtain test and existing ETS 4.1.2.a(2)._

surveillance programs. These show that our condenser water box temperature is indeed representative of the Illinois Bayou tempera-ture.

The data from which Table 2 was generated has been plotted (temp-erature vs. date) in Figure 1.

Iko periods of exceptional negative slope were noted. These were November 11-November 13 (a decrease from'60*F to 56*F) and November 29-December 4 (a decrease from 52*F to 45'F). - Our fish impingement was also plotted (pounds of fish vs.

'date) in Figure 2.

190 periods of exceptional positive slope were noted. These were November 12-November 15 (an increase of 2,607 pounds), and November 30-December 4 (an increase of 17,537 pounds).

In addition, following a three day water temperature decrease of 2*F from 45 F to 43*F, water temperature fell to 42*F on January 16, the lowest water temperature since the plant began operation, and fish impingement rose to 9,340 pounds by January 18.

Impingement

.continuwl to be high during the succeeding days when water tempera-

' ture remained at 42*F.

Mr. A. Gicmbusso February 14, 1975 It is immediately evident that increased fish impingements occurred during and immediately after exceptional decreases in water temp-erature and then slowly declined as the water temperature stabilized.

We have also performed computer curve fits for water temperature vs.

fish impingement. A least square fit-power curve accounts for 71%

of the data points, while a least square fit-exponential (y = acbx) accounts for 74% of the data points, and a least square fit-exponential (y = abx) accounts for 74% of the data points.

While these numbers describo no definite causal relationship between water temperature and fish impingement they do show that some correlation exists.

Plots of our fish impingement by weight and by number (Figures 3 and 4) versus water temperature show a remarkable increase in impingement for lower temperatures.

We feel that this data is sufficient to show the relationship between water temperature and fish impingement, and that our existing ETS 6.1 is a sufficient program for determining temperature regimes in Dardanelle Reservoir and Illinois Bayou.

We do not feel,_therefore, that it is necessary to implement any additional thermal monitoring program.

4.

We have in our present fishery survey of Dardanelle Reservoir a trawl-ing program in operation. This program uses a meter net with 1/32" delta mesh nylon webbing, and a midwater trawl with a wood frame opening of 3 feet by 8 feet, approximately 25 feet long, with 3/4" bar mesh knotted nylon webbing.

Trawling is carried out in the intake canal area, the discharge embayment, the reservoir proper, and in the control area of our study. Meter not trawls consist of five minute trawls at constant speed and are presently conducted every other week in March, April, May and June.

Our operation with the midwater trawl is conducted in the same areas in conjunction with the meter net at the time the principal investi-gator feels the crossover should be made.

The sampling frequency is the same as the meter netting operation. Midwater trawling is being done at night.

Data is reported as population counts in terms of catch per unit of effort.

These two pieces of equipment were selected for our trawling study because of the shallowness and irregularity of the reservoir areas being sampled.

We are considering certain modifications to the present trawling survey. Realizing that population estimates of a fishery are a very

1 i

Mr. A.?Gicmbusso February 14, 1975

'l difficult, if not impossible, accomp,11shment, we are considering what is basica11yL a refinement of our present techniques.

The refinements under consideration include re-evaluation of equipment to choose that which is most efficient,- and placement of meters in the nets to deter-mine velocity so as to more accurately determine volume of water filtered.

In addition, we are considering placing a meter outside the net to ascertain constant. towing speeds.

To reduce net avoidance, all tows will be taken at night.

In ~ conjunction with' reevaluation of equipment and volume / tow speed, we are considering enlarging the area to be sampled by setting up a grid covering Dardanelle Reservoir upstream to Piney Bay.

Sampling will be done weekly for the period April through July and bi-weekly during August and September. Samples will be randomly made in 25 grids of the total area and replicated at each station.

The above described' refinements are currently under cost / benefit analysis by APGL and our consultants.

We still have some questions as to whether absolute population determinations are possible or reliable.

Due to the uncertainties and large scope involved, we cannot at this time commit to the above~ described refinements to our existing program.

After further investigations in this area we will report on our intentions by April 4, 1975 5.

The details of our planned laboratory study of the effects of reduced temperature on shad swim speed and behavior have not yet been final-ized.

The following is a preliminary outline of the study which is under review.

A temporary laboratory will be set up on the shore of the discharge bay. Gizzard and threadfin shad will be collected from Dardanelle Reservoir.

A swim speed determination apparatus using reservoir water will be set up in the tenporary laboratory.

The fish will be separated into two groups: an acclimation group and a shock group.

The acclimation group will be acclimated to various temperatures.

Following the acclimation, their swim speed will be determined and their behavior noted.

The shock group will be acclimated to a specific temperature. Following acclimation, they will be subjected to a specified rate of temperature decrease. As soon as the temp-erature decrease terminates, their swim speed will be determined and their behavior noted.

No fish will be used in more than one test.

Preliminary plans indicate that as many as 3,000 fish may be tested.

i Results of.the test will be available by the end of 1975.

6 We have received reports from fishery workers and investigators in Arkansas' expressing the view that winter kill of threadfin shad, and to a limited extent, gizzard shad, is a natural phenomenon taking Place in reservoirs and streams in a large sector of Arkansas.

Reference 5 indicates "that virtually total mortality exists in threadfin shad populations where water temperature falls below 5*C

- (41*F).- Mortality increases significantly at water temperatures

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Mr. Ak Giambusso 5-February 14, 1975 i

.below 45'F, and at ' temperatures below 50*F the threadfin shad become very lethargic..." Mr. Andrew-Hulsey. states that "The threadfin shad is ~ a southern variety of shad that normally did not over winter as far north as Little Rock."

(See Reference 1). Dardanelle Reser-voir is approximately.90 miles northwest of Little Rock at its most southern tip.

Most of.the reported observations of this winter kill phenomenon j

have been on Bull Shoals and Beaver Reservoirs in Arkansas.

Thesc are two very deep reservoirs in which there is a dynamic population of threadfin shad year after year despite extreme and severe winter kills (see References 1, 2 (pg. 4), 3 (pg. 8), 4 and Table 3).

Mr. Alfred Houser, Chief of.the South Central Reservoir Investiga-tions, U. S. Bureau.of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, states that up to 99% of the threadfin shad population, as determined by meter nets, midwater trawls, and population estinates, may be lost in a year. ' (See Reference 4.)

Game and fish managers applaud the winter kill phenomenon as a good tool for population. control (see References i

1 and 3).

Threadfin shad were introduced into reservoirs in Arkansas hoping that by the nature of a resarvoir being a deep water body and not subject to sudden low terrarature fluctuations, overwintering might occur.. They have been introduced and despite severe winter kills, viable populations of threadfin shad are a reality.

Dardanelle Reservoir is much more shallow than Beaver or Bull Shoals Reservoirs and subject to more drastic low temperature fluctuations and conse-quently, possibly more severe winter kills. Yet, a viable, abundant population.of threadin shad is present in the reservoir, the result of the few adult threadfin that did survive the winter. Although severe variations in populations appear, based on Arkansas Game and Fish' Commission rotenone samples, the threadfin shad seems to be established.

(See Table 3).

Although we cannot use this rotenone sample data as an exact population estimate, it does show severe yearly fluctuations in population.

n

. We -realize the -above information is not a quantitative assessment

'of the conditions we are experiencing; however, from our inquiries it appears there are no. quantitative data available and we believe the qualitative data presented.is quite conclusive.

We feel the above information substantiates our view that winter kill of thread-i.

fin shad in reservoirs such -as Dardanelle is a naturally occurring phenomenon.- - We' feel that it explains the inordinate amount of I

impingement that has occurred at-Arkansas ' Nuclear One, and that

' this' is not a result of the operation of the plant. Furthermore,

. iri light of Reference 1, we suggest either raising the 3000 pound l-report level of ETS 4.1.2.a(2) or exempting shad from that report level.- If the report level is raised, the number should be based I

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~6-February'14, ~1975 on 'our first year's analysis required by ETS 4.1.2.a(2)..We solicit your comments on this course of action.

Very truly yours, T

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W. M urphyy SeniorVicePres/

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References 1.

Le r from Andrew li..liulsey, Director of the Arkansas Game and F 2.

.Claude D. Baker and Eugene II. Schmitz, " Food liabits of Adul and Threadfin Shad in Two Ozark Reservoirs", Reservoir Fisheri Limnology Special Publication No. 81971 of the America i

es and Society.

n Fisheries 3.

Shoals Reservoir", Proceedings of the 22nd Annua a

n Bull Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissione erence of the

, 1968.

- 4 Letter. from Alfred liouser, U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries Wildlife Arkansas., South Central Reservoir Investigations, Fayetteville, and S.

' Game and Fish Commission. Letter from William Keith, Chief of

, Arkansas J

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TABLE 1*

WATER TDIPEliA'IURES (*F) AT POIhT 20 IN ILLINOIS BAYOU 1968 - 1973 Month One Observation Only Maximum Minimum Average

- October 72.3 60.0 65.1 November 51.6 December 43.2 January 45.5 35.6 41.2 WATER TDIPERATURES (*F) AT POINT 16 IN ILLINOIS BAYOU 1968 - 1973 Month One Observation Only Maximum Minimum Average October 70.3 60.8 65.6 November 56.4 December 43.2 January 45.5 35.8 41.3

'Ihis information is taken from the Arkansas Nuclear One-Unit 2 Environ-i mental Report Operating License Stage (Docket No. 50-368), Appendix 2A.

The average temperatures are averaged over the entire depth measured while the maximum and minimum values are for any depth.

s TABLE 2 CONDENSER WATER BOX TEMPERATURES (*F)

AS RECORDED IN IMPINGDfENT SURVEILIANCE PROGRAMS D

e Month Maximum Minimum Average

'btober

.65

' 63 64.5 November 67 51 57.5 December' 46 43 44.3

. January _

47 42 43.3*

. Parts of January were exceptionally warm in 1975.

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l b V' =m ?, ['[.'..'l,# g i c~ ::nu h25 Game and Fish Commission i(GA,lM1 s;&j D MicHAFL F MAHONY E L DOR ADO LITTLE ROCK. ARKANSAS 72201 '4 ass 0* ,,,ga,f,yajgg January 30, 1975 e

^5#r"E!,IL Mr. Charles Steele Director Public Affairs Arkansas, Power G Light Company 9th and Louisiana Streets Little Rock, Arkansas 72202

Dear Mr. Steele:

This letter is in reference to a newspaper article I saw in the Arkansas Gazette Tuesday, December 24, 1974, relative to the fact that dead and dyin'g shad were being drawn into the water intake structure at Arkansas Power G Light's nuclear #1 power plant on Lake Dardanelle near Russellville, Arkansas. You may or may not know that the Arkansas Game and Fish .Commissio'n stocks Lake Dardanelle as well as all the other large reservoirs in Arkansas with thread fin shad as a fisheries management tool. shad that normally did not over winter as far north as LittleThe Rock, however, due to the fac+. that the water in the large reservoirs does not cool off es fast as the shallow natural waters did prior to impoundment, we have been able to obtain Shoals Lake in north Arkansas.over winter survival of threa that all the shad in the lakes survive.Of course, this does not mean over a 90% kill due to low temperatures each winter.I imagine we still get that the shad suffer and flounder around in the water before The fact they die, and this proceeds off and on all winter long is one The predator game fish in the reservoirs cannot resistreason the dying shad. eating food source and even thoseTherefore, the thread fin shad is a wonderful that consumed by the striped bass, catfish, and drum. die and sank to the bottom are I was quite surprised to learn that the shad were not

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.muary 30. ucluded a. . 7,, - time the Atomic Energy Commission required a report wher.T3 -[-h..he thar. 3,000 pounds of fish die during a er more cd The fact : hat the thread fin shad die is a 24 hour p ,;,$n; cme.non and, in.ay way of thinking, is completely 1:atural p inconsequen 52rr the ruling is to protectaal and should 1.at be counted since, I the reason the " native" fish population-c V *,*J thnough I was surprised to read that such a limit ~ has been p-C.u-ace-;d upon the Arkansas power 6 Light Company, I was double sur' _i,7 shad from the ' lake', such as, burying them.ned and di to remove I am sure that ..,e h:: ave failed in our communications because if the Game and F '..sh Commission had been asked what to do with the shad your screbn, we would have requested that they be on that lodge ground up Ind returned to the lake. Fish production is in direct prc yi.ortrion to the nutrients and food available to the fish popul.'~ican and I consider it a definite loss to remove these fr-om the* food chain..

orage fir -

if by thance, you get an opportunity to renegotiate the condition; of your permit with the Atomic Energy Commission, that agency that the Arkansas State Game and Fish se please ad.Commissio.7 would prefer that the fish be ground in a " garbage and Teturned to the lakes water so that the' native disposal fish popu,+ tic:n would not be deprived these nutrients and this food. Ver truly yours, D' & W-Andrew H. Ilulsey Director Allll/kj f q 1, l

e k Reference 2 s Ik p e mt ed from Hrsantam P ams.aren amo la w wos ar.1r Spyrial l'ut.I,cniian No. S.1971 of the American Fi.beeie. Soc.et y ) Pp 3 ii i i Food Habits of Adult Gizzard and Threadfin Shad in h if [ Two Ozark Reservoirs d E Claude D, Baker' and Eugene H. Schmitz j Department of Zoology ?,. University of Arkansas a Fayetteville, Arkansas Li Abstract under some conditions may represent a The food habits of 620 gizzard shad significant addendum to the diet of the and 38G threadfin shad wer.e studied threadim shad. Competition for food from May 1965 to August 1967 in newly may ccur in the older reservoir. j impounded Beaver Reservoir and in old-er Bull Shoals Reservoir, Arkansas. Spec-Introduct. ion imens were taken by trawling the lim-netic areas and by electroshocking-the The gizzard -"d, Dorosoma cepedi-littoral areas. anum (LeSuet - ' '. tlie threadfin. shad * . Dorosoma peu 't (Gunther), have Sucrose density-gradient centrifuga-tion was used for separatmg detritus been frequently cited as valuable forage from identifiable organisms. Gizzard fish. Their advantages include: (1) direct shad foreguts contained primarily detri-utilization of plankton and detritus ma-tus, whereas threadun shad foreguts con-terial, (2) high reproductive potential tained identifiable organisms. Relative (3) general freedom from parasites, and quantities of organic detritus present in (4) utilization as food by important gizzard shad foregut contents varied game fishes. between reservoirs and within reservoirs Several earlier studies of the food on a seasonal basis. In both reservoirs' habits of gizzard shad and threadfin shad I both species ingested essentially the exist in the literature: Gizzard shad-I same organd: s, predorninantly diatoms Forbes (1888), Forbes and R'ichardson r and green algae. Orgame detritus was a (1920)* TiffanF (1921' 1922)' llilde-major food item of the gizzard shad and brand and S hroeder (1928), Ewers and Boesel (1936), Rice (1942), Dendy The research on which this paper is based (1946), Kutkuhn (1957), Bodola (196G) was supported by United States Department of and Dalquest and Peters (196G); thread. ) f n shad-Kimsey,llagy, and McCammon i i$dl e or$tr t 'o. 14160 68] (1957), Kimsey (1958), llaskell (1959), g). g,y 14 164008-899 Gerdes and McConnell.(1963), and Q/ $, g.g { , y,: ' Present address: Department of Biology, Miller (1967). w5 .A J University of Louisville, Kentucky 40208. Only one investigation has preser:ted E f. M.T lQ]) 'For the purposes of the present investiga. ' data in which the food of *. aoth species h tion, Pennak's (1964) definition of " detritus" is was considered. As part of a larger hQ.W. adopted; i.e. ".... any fine particulate debris investigation of the food habits of fishes .v ; : A ot organic or inorganic origin...." in Lake P o n tchartrain~, Louisiana, M[rl3fp;f i

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'YY Jr& h f. i ? h.hk Q;,}&h;d f f It a f h 3 4 ItESEltVOlit FISilEltlES AND LIMNOLOGY t Darnell (1958) studied the food of 11 it underwent a population explosion f gizzard shad and 5 threadfin shad. From (llouser and Bryant,1968) similar to 1 1 these earlier studies it is apparent that those described by Kimsey, !!agy and R adults of both species ingest a wide McCammon (1957), and Kimsey (1958) variety of microscopic and macroscopic after its introduction into the rivers and l organisms and a considerable quantity of lakes of the Western United States. Sub-organic and inorganic detritus, sequently, a large population of gizzard o The role of detritus in the diets of shad in Bull Shoals Reservoir declined gizzard shad has not been investigated both in number and condition (K factor). p intensively. Ciude estimates have been This study compares the food habits made of the relative proportions of of the two species in reservoirs of differ-l )

L detritus present in foregut sampics, sup. ent ages in an attempt to identify inter-s porting the conclusion that gizzard shad specific competition and reserve r aging

[ i feed only on plant and ar,imal material. effects. U l According to Miller (1960), the gizzard Bull Shoals Reservoir, the lowermost J shad is almost strictly herbivorous, feed. of four impoundments on the White ing heavily on microscopic material. River of Arkansas and Missouri, was 1 Dalquest od Peters (1966) contend that filled in 1952 (Figure 1). It extends 87 K the bulk of the material ingested by miles upstream, incorporating an area of p gizzard shad is without food value. 45,440 acres at an elevation of 654 ft Darnell (1961) recognized the im. (top of power pool). Beaver Reservoir, [ portance of detritus in the diet of nearly the uppermost impoundment, began fill _ k F all species of fish in an estuarine com-ing in December 1963 and in 1966 attained a maximum area of 28,200 [ munity and reported that gizzard shad in g Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, procured acres and a length of 73 miles at an E ime particulate detritus from shallow, elevation of 1,120 ft. For details of the E silty bottoms. The ingested organic detr. hydrographic and physicochemical fea-M' tus con.tituted 50% of the food. tures of Beaver Reservoir and Bull Shoals According to Wickliff (1933), the Iteservoir, see Mullan and Applegate l presence of the gizzard shad determinas (1965). whether impounded waters in Ohio are Methods a b productive of several game fish species. L llowever, the gizzard shad may be a Gizzard shad and threadfin shad were l nuisance (Miller.1960) because of its taken from Beaver and Bull Shoals natural mortality and its rapid growth Rest.rvoirs by electroshocking the shore-1 rate which in some waters limits the line area with a 220-volt a-c, boat-utilization of. older gizzard shad by mounted electroshocker during daylight most game fish species. Jenkins (1953) hours, and by trawling the limnetic areas observed that even though its rapid at night with trawling gear de.ccribed by I growth eliminates the gizzard shad from llouser and Dunn (1967). When possible, a size range suitable for food of the 20 adult fish representing each species smaller gr.me fishes, the annual produc-were taken monthly from both reser-q tion of young shad offsets this dis-voirs. 110weverdue_to_aavinter._ki.lloi r advantage. Q.ually_allthreadfin shad in both.reser._ The threadfin shad, although equally voirs in 1966 and_196Leollections were l prolific, reaches a length of only 150 to ii6t'aEv_ays complete. In Beaver Reser-j 225 mm, which is within the range of voir, 529 gizzard shad (200-325 mm utilization by the larger predatory spe-total length) and 197 threadfin shad I cies. For this reason, it was introduced (100 150 mm total length) were taken into lleaver Reservoir and llull Shoals from the Rocky Branch and Ilickory Reservoir, both on the White River in Creek areas in 1965,1966, and 1967. In northern Arkansas, in both reservoirs, Bull Shoals Reservoir, 91 gizzard shad h [ s\\ l l I lasua m m

,f,; '!) j& ..,' y p l}' i, 5 $'j b_ I 7;

E

(( FOOD llAllt s ' of 91AD 5

d i

%'!!m..,. YAM fh l ( 4 y 2 w J.=$ 't; i ?oc l T e^,....u - .t l p j... y. - a..n ~t g, e i 4,6. p gf41@ f f I Q x ~ t I ennnem Creek;125,liighway 125 Bridge Area. Figure 1. Map of the reservoirs located on the upper Wh a ( h 1 j (180 310 m m total length) and 189 h. use of 50% and 70% sucrose solutions as err I threadfin shad (110-160 mm total [I length) were taken from the State liigh-density gradients (Baker et al,1971). l These g, solutions were pipetted re-way 125 (Bridge) area in 196G and 1967 (Figure 1), spectively into 50 mi centrifuge tubes so'that the 507o solution was above the i The specimens were preserved in for-70%' solution. The pooled contents of h t malin and the foreguts (esophagus and one monthly sample of the foregut L gizzard) were dissected. These foreguts contents taken from a single collecting l were incised longitudinally, and the con-s:te were suspended in water or 70% tents were pooled. ethanol and pipetted on top of the 50% hl Subsequent procedures differed from sucrose layer. The material was subjected g j those used by other invest.gators (Baker to 100 X g for 10 mmutes in a chm, cal - g et al,1971). We found that the volume en ugef H ng w speed was of threadfin shad ingested contents E' " "Y E for 5 ( could be determined with visual estima-nunu es. emp frach.ons were usuaHy g; tion methods described by Gerdes and g McConnell (1963) and Haskell (1959). In ac ions conta ed the detritt m te ial. gizzard shad, large quantities of detritus Therefore, in analyses of shad foregut contents, the top fractions were pooled often exceeded the quantities of as identifiable orgardsms. identifiable material. To compare the The two pooled fractions were washed food habits of the two species, a method in distilled water to remove the sucrose. 'of separating such material from taxo. Organisms in 1 mi from a 10 mi volume nomically identifiable organisms was of each fraction were counted. The necessary. We used a modification of a identifiable organisms in the detritus sucrose density-gradient technique de-fraction were counted to maintain a scribed by Lammers(1962), involving the continued check on the validity of the Kir!Is t d a y _M B) li i

i f N f,b. ,f.6' G RESERVOIR FISilERIES AND LIMNOLOGY i c separation method. The plankton frac- .; =: - :::~:.7 7 g ::::.:.: :::.;;:.f..-,,,, i *,- tions were counted to determine the E " ~ ~ "- relative frequencie.s of the identifiable F *,"~. i f q3 organisms present in each sample. Where MI

6 t

\\ /\\,/ '/ i / ?[? / '.M fij*.'r, possible, organisms were identified to h ". i,k/ d s / the generic and specific level. However, d; lL Y ' ~ some organisms had disintegrated to the f; extent that such identification was im-b

m,,,,,,, g,,,, dg W = a, p possible; this condition was found to be "a

7,, especially prevalent among the ingested figure 2. Organic detntus ingested by gizzard ' l$, copepods and filamentous algae. shad and threadfin shad in Be' ver Reservoir ~, t a '+ Dry weights and ash weights were and Bull Shoals Reservoir expressed as a per. t h recorded for both plankton and detritus, centage of total quantity or organic rnaterial d

V fractions to determine the relative inor, ingested.

6, ganic and orpnic weights of the materi- ' a eh.{ al, as well as the percent of organic of ingested organic detritus were lower Q ('n material present in the ingested detritus. than those recorded for Beaver Reser-The material was dried at SS C for 24 voir. I hours, placed 'in a desiccator for 24 Threadfin shad foreguts, by contrast, h' 5 hours, and weighed to the nearest 0.1 contained relatively small quantities of /.f mg. The dried material was then ashed in detritus, the major constituent being S a muffle furnace at 650 C for 20 ingested organisms (Figure 2) The rela. .Y minutes. The ash was allowed to' cool to tive quantities of organic detritus in 7 g ",, room temperature in a desiccator prior samples taken from Beaver Reservoir s, . to reweighing. ranged from negligible quantities to 807o d - J Q The weights of the organic content of in October 1966 and December 1966. ,y y j g, both the plankton and detritus fractions Foregut samples of threaafin shad from were obtained by subtracting the ash Bull Shoals Reservoir, on the other hand, i i f,5ig/ weight from the total dry weight. The had less than 127o organic detritus in all l ,: #f organic weight of the detritus fraction samples stuc';ed. q . ;f b was divided by the sum of the organic Although the major constituent of J O,, - weights of the plankton and detritus organic materialingested by gizzard shad i i '27C fractions to give percent of total organic was detritus, the percentage values of the ,'y,(d. g ; .,{ yve4 it represented by ingested detritus detritus fractions varied among sampling c, m each sample. periods because of the nature of the 3.;, inorganic detritus ingested. Reduced to Food liabits ash, the inorganic detritus in the foregut L..J; 94 contents varied from sand to finely Fs,[ f g Gizzard shad from both reservoirs divided ash, thus consistently influencing j pl.l g }+ consistently ingested relatively large the. elative weights. Generally, the low- '3 quantities of organic detritus (Figure 2). est percentages of ingested organic detri-1.' $ g ..C5 R in specimens taken from Beaver Reser-tus were obtained during the summer 3 ,.N voir by electrosi.acking, the ingested months and the greatest values were g;f..Ji organic detritus percentages ranged from obtained in late winter (Figure 3). The l 1,9 - 427c in September 1965 to 997o in relative weights of ingested organic detri-1 (F . 9,b.' % November 1966. In gizzard shad taken tus in the foreguts of gizzard shad taken L([' by night trawling, the range in Beaver by night trawling from Beaver Reservoir L. ';. . yt, Reservoir was from 44% in August 1966 were somewhat lower than those found i to 997o in November 1966; and in Bull in specimens taken by electroshocking l '? M.4 Shoals Reservoir from 23% in September during August and September 1966. No . d. 1966 to 697o in October 1966. All doubt, large grains of sand entangled in ')M,. W samples taken from Bull Shoals Reser-the mucus of the gizzard in specimens -;f voir revealed that the percentage values taken by night trawling belic the abso-0.. ' l. .c .y } .* i

.y: 4.....4

.,m s f.j, d;,, .f. ,$ f ). g T q g k fd i c Y a [ FOOD !!ABITS OF S!!AD 7 '.t...:'.". r.".;. *.*.*,.: ':.'.....' shocker sampics were during May and l adult gizzard shad taken in electro-l _s a .+ 3 / e/ October 1965 and during August 196G and 19G7. Conversely, specimens taken J )'/ \\ in trawl samples yielded the greatest \\,\\,' t[, / 's*[ absolute weights of ingested organic ma-4 i0 terial during December 1966. The lowest g ? 3" r

. i.. u,, i,............,, m-r;-

absolute weights for organie material con. a. nu ,u, tamed in the foreguts from electro. h Figure 3. Percentages of dry weight of foregut shocker samples were recorded during 4-contents occupied by organic detritus in gizzard April 1966 and 19G7, the spawning ( shad from Beaver and Ilull Shoals Reservoirs. periods. ? 1 Identification of the organisms obtain-lute quantities of organic detritus as ed from the foreguts of both species expressed in relative terms. The foreguts revealed that gizzard shad and threadfin of gizzard shad taken by night trawling shad fed' on many of the same genera. I were generally empty during the summer Four plant divisions and seven animal g months, except for a few sand grains phyla were represented by a total of 104 ^ apparently entrapped in the gizzard mu. species (Baker,1968). The most pre-cus. During the winter months, few sand dominant group was the Chlorophyta, grains were found, possibly indicating which was represented by 24 genera. Jn that bottom feeding does not occur to a general, those Chlorophyta occurrng great' extent during this period. The most frequently in the foreguts of giz-foreguts of gizzard shad taken in night zard shad and threadfin shad were Ped-g, trawling samples from Bull Shoals Reser-iastrum, (607e of all pooled samples). , 3,k voir yielded lower percentages of organic Closterium (4170), Cosmarium (497o), and detritus than the foreguts of specimens Stauraskum ( M o). The Chrysophyta taken either by night trawling or shock-ccurred almost as frequently with 21 g p ;I ing m Beaver Reservoir. genera being identified, ar.d this group N[c.-.m'W N[:$ Although the relative quantities of included 18 genera of diatoms which organic detritus were lowest during the constituted the largest single group of i 4 d

7Ni summer, due to the presence of larger ingested organisms. Diatom genera oc-quantities of inorganic detritus, the abso-curring most frequently m the foreguts

.Mb lute wei; hts of organic material in the f both species were Melosira (GS7o), i ' n 'i) foregut of each specimen were usually Stephanodiscus (427c), Fragitaria (G37o), e .MM JDh greaterin gizzard shad taken from beaver yne ra (8 c), NaWcula (Mo), and Reservoir (Figure 4). The greatest abso. Cymbella (227o). Stephanodiscus occur-YM lute weights recorded for the foreguts M red more frequently m foregut samples c.;E.( taken from Bull Shoals Reservoir (797o) . ) 4 'O.'t .... y whereas Cymbella and Navicula occurred

f '4

/ L. more frequently in foregut samples f / /

- \\/'*/

taken near the shore in both reservoirs .f ;'$. (567o and 727o). o ; ;.- ],,,, ; / Rotifers, cladocerans and copepods g [ were the most frequently occurring zoo. i "* f C"~~ 5,r,:[j]* (yf p ,/ plankton genera with 17 rolifer genera 3 "" l and 13 cladoceran genera heing identi- . I N,4 j h.... ; i.... Nr;;v.; ; ; ;. ;. ;. be fragmented beyond recognition, their v 3 ', ""i fied. Inasmuch as the copepods tended to Ji) "a taxonomic identification could not be " f (I Figare 4. Absolute quantities of organic detri. carried to the generic level. The rotifer 1 tus ingested tiy gizzard shad taken from lleaver Keratella cochlearis was encountered I P, Reservoir in 1965,1966, and 1967. I bA(? most often (857 of all pooled samples), 1 M ,a , i-. p A y [ WYS@N$MEMd5EitlBhN 2C#HTMMX;Mif,E:,Cy.i:d*,Mf (.- 9 I

.- s s i' h j ~ it g! V: 3 8 ItESEltVOlit FISilEltlES AND LIMNOLOGY [ I the second most abundant rotifer being dominance of Dinobryon dieergens in d Trichocerca (5G%). Monostyla was noted the foregut samples. in 40% of the foreguts of gizzard shad taken from the littoral areas, and Gastro-Discussion pus was observed in 26% of the samples taken from the limnetic area. Bosmina Gizzard shad and threadfin shad feed >y> longirostris was the crustacean mest fre-both in the limnetic zone and on the quently encountered in the foregut lake bottom, as shown by the foregut tamples (84%). Daphnia species occurred samples studied during the present inves- ] in 32% of the foregut contents from the tigation. liowever, adult gizzard shad are p ,M limnetic area. Chydorus sphaericus was primarily bottom feeders whereas adult noted in 32% of the foregut contents of threadfin shad are hmnetic feeders. , t t ,both gizzard shad and threadfin shad Whether gizzard shad ingest material .$ [h, 4 taken from the littoral and limnetic areas selectively or unselectively c~ould not be of both reservoirs. On the other hand. determined. Althoiagh these fish appear copepods were most often encountered to be selective with regard to the size of 1 I in the foreguts of threadfin shad taken the food particles ingested, nearly all from the littoral and limnetic areas of y such particles are microscopic or semi-V both reservoirs (60%). microscopic. The largest ingested items Seasonal variations in the frequency observed during the entire study period of occurrence of algal genera in the were several small pieces of gravel. [' I foregut samples were significant, and Observations by SCUBA divers reveal ( / these variations were most striking in the that gizzard shad gently peck at the f foreguts of adult gizzard shad specimens bottom, gathering up material and inter-5 ~- taken from the littoral areas of Beaver e ing it through the gill rakers (Jenkins, lteservoir (Figure 5). Diatoms and green personal communication). Gizzard shad algae were the predominant forms in-have also been observed moving slowly b gested by adult gizzard shad.The diatoms along submerged vegetation apparently i Navicula. Cymbella and Fragilaria were gathering Aufwuchs. Although casual the predominant forms ingested by giz-evidence suggests facultative bottom zard shad during the summer months. feeding in the littoral area, the impor-Although the diatom populations de-tance of food of planktonic origin in the clined in trawl samples taken during the diet of gizzard shad cannot be disputed. h summer months, the Chrysophyta as a Whether plankters are ingested with the group were still the most abundant be.ttom materials or filtered from the forms ingested,.as shown by the pre-water while shad are feeding above the bottom could not be determined. It is certainly possible that both forms of feeding may be utilized since plants and -} "" Z 7*.. 7~t. 4 'T*" ~ g animals from both areas are utilized.

- \\p

\\ The ingestion of organisms by thread-3i / 1% f \\j fin shad, in general, followed the season-l

=

P 5.' al succession of plankton ciganisms pre- [ 7 j ". /\\. sented by Applegate and Mullan (1968). s..*................c....(.*.*.1. Smce most of our samples were taken at night, the data may not accurately "4 V express daytime feeding activity. In day-r Figure 5. Frequency of diatoms and green algac' expressed as a percentage of the total number of ~ t me samples of threadfin shad taken I t wtanism5 ingested. m the forcrut contents of l ud as removed from regions gizzard shad taken from Beaver Itcservoir in of high turbidity, the foregut contents 1965, 1966. and 1967 by electroshocking. consisted of large-numbers of 200-f Predominant genera are in5cated in seasonal plankters, suggesting that food selection i, sequence. may occur during the day. Moreover, i s I .cE. ' } - - -.n== m

(M,9. *, ' P.. y ' ? - .,,-f M* .. M b, Y,' ,/ 4 6-,e N - J c. i 4 F E s FOOD llAinTS OF SilAD 9 s Applegate and Mullan (1969) stated that Reservoir and Bull Shoals Reservoir, it t the threadfin shad selectively eliminate may serve such a function in reservoirs d large zooplankters from Bull Shoals and lakes in which it occurs in high i l Reservoir. On an annual basis, however, concentration; e.g., Lake Pontchartrain, 3 diatoms were the organisms most fre-Louisiana, where particulate organic g' f, quently ingested by threadfin shad in matter makes up 15% of the diet of L both reservoirs, but zooplankters were threadfin shad (Darnell,1961). The act. utilized to I a greater extent than by ual food value of detritus, and the gizzard shad. specific sources of such material are f t In Beaver Reservoir, organic detritus problems that must be solved before s [P made up 44% to 99% of the total definitive conclusions can be considered. 4 quantity of organic material ingested by However, such materiai appears to be y 5 -Q adult gizzard shad; in Bull Shoals Reser-one of the major factors enabling shad to tF i voir, the proportion was lower. Assum-grow more rapidly in new reservoirs than [ ing that detritus does have siginificant in older reservoirs. F ? food. value and provided that trawi Since both gizzard shad and threadfin j Y samples from Bull Shoals Reservoir rep-shad feed mostly on microscopic materi-resent adequate sampics, we suggest that als, do these coexisting species compete a the organic detritus ingested may have for food and space? Miller (1.961) con-4 contributed significantly to the more cluded that gizzard shad and threadfin rapid growth of gizzard shad in Beaver shad exist sympatrically in Lake Chicot, Reservoir (South Central Reservoir In-g Arkansas. It is by no means certain that vestigations, unpublished). there is measurable competition between Particulate detritus maten. l was also a l found in the ingested material of thread. populations for a limited food supply (Larkin, 1956). Several investigators g fin shad. Gerdes and McConnell (19G3) (Van Oosten, 1944; Lagler 1944-found that threadfm, shad could be l Hartley,1948; Starrett,1950) l$ ave em-attracted by vigorously agitating large mats of Anacharis to release trapped phasized that even though different spe-f seston and decomposed Aufwuchs. The cies may eat the same foods, it does not shad were observed to swim rapidly back prove that they compete as populations. F i and forth through the cloud of sus. Our evidence indicates that threadfin pended material. Gerdes and McConnell shad are mainly limnetic feeders and (1963) suggest that wave action releasing gizzard shad are primarily bottom feed ' particulate matter from shoreline vegeta-ers. Exceptior..; were observed in some g. tion may be a source of organic debris winter samples, and m samples where for threadfin shad. We observed a similar both species were found in turbid, wave-5 phenomenon when threadfin shad were swept, onshore waters. taken in areas of highest turbidity result-The growth rate of a large population r ing from wave action along the shoreline. of gizzard shad in the older of the two The possible food value of this material, reservoirs is low (South Central Reser-l as well as matter formed in situ in voir Investigations, unpublished). Appar-1;mnetic areas, may have been under-ently less organic detritus is consumed estimated. Sutcliffe, Baylor and Menzel by gizzard shad taken in open water (1963) have shown that particulate trawl samples. It appears that gizzard C material can be formed in situ in sea shad depend more-on plankton as a food water through the action. of rising item in Bull Shoals Reservoir, and some i, bubbles. The food so produced can competition may occur when both spe-support the growth of brine shrimp, cies approach high population densities. 4 Artemia (Baylor and Sutcliffe,1963). Indeed, the coefficient of condition was f Although particulate organic matter found to be lower for gizzard shad n.ay not serve as a significant addendum populations during 1966, the year when I to the diet of threadfin shad in Beaver threadfin shad populations were highest. A a

[4)%%h<.,h; a:M, &&, ps:...&' x. + c <$ . p; - y L 'n -V ~ e t J Y 4 f n i;b h y f b e 4 L., 7 9 r* 7# HESEltVOlit FISilElt!ES AND LIMNOLOGY

f if i

Ourk fleservoir. Resenoir Fishery R e. N 10 Additional competitive effects involve sources Symposium. Univ. of Ga. Press p. y the reported cannibalistic tendency of 517-530 c , and J. W. Multan.1969. Ecology of [j y ( adult threadfin shad and juvenile gizzard l U DaP nia in Hull Shoals He.servoir. U. S. Ilur. 'd shad (Dendy,1946). Itobert Baker of - h ( f Sp rt Fish and Wild). Hes. Rep. 74. 23 p. Arkansas Game and Fish Com. q mission relates in a personal communica-Baker, C. D.1968. Comparaine studies of the the i food habits of the g nard shad, Dorosoma N 'l tion that he has observed threadfin shad devouring small fish larvae in Bull Shoals cepedianum (LeSucur), and the threadfin i' (Gunther), in shad, Dorosoma pcteneme Reservoir. The terminal mouth of the Beaser and Bull Shoak f g Reservoirs. Final threadfin shad is an adaptation for such to U. S. Fish and Wildlife Servu e l Report 1416 0008 680 and 899 with feeding (Schmitz and Baker,19G9). Such Contract Nos. h j activity may be detrimental to newly the University of Arkansas. hatched gizzard shad and may account . D. W. Martin.and E. H. Schmit z.1971. p Separanon of taxonomicany identifiable or. partially for the decline of Age O shad in + Bull Shoals Reservoir during recent years g nisms and detntus taken from sh.id foregut a c ents uW 4ndypahnt centtha. g (!!ouser and Bryant,1968). Other com-100:138 139. I petitive interactions may also exist. tion. Trans. Amer. Fish. Sec. 1963. y Baylor, E. H., and W. 11. Sutclif fe. Miller (1960), for example, states that a d Dissobed organic rnatler in seawater as a I - g ij great abundance of shad may result in food. Limnol. and N of particulate t'; competition with young game fish for source Oceanogr. 8:369-371. f available food, Bodola, A.1966. Life history of the ginard y 4 Although it is possible that various shad, Dorosoma cepednnum (LeSueur), in kinds and degrees of competition occur Westem Lake Enc. U. S. Fbh and Wildl. [p between gizzard shad and threadfin shad Serv. Fish. Bull. 65(2):391425. l 'z in the same lake, such competition can. Dalquest, W. W., and L. T. Peters.1966. A life i f f ur problematic fish in not be substantiated by the findings of hist ry study the present study. Perhaps subsequent Law Dinion, Archu and Haylor CnnMs, P" investigations may lead to methods i ks[**jt o G. 6 p i which will test the validity of these Darnell, R. M.1958. Food habits of fishes and hypotheses. Further mtensive research on r shad population dynamics and the role larger imertebrates of Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, an estuarine c<.mmunity. Inst. of detritus,in their diets could solve tl,, Marine Sci. 5:351-116. f 1961. The trophic spectrum of an 7 some of the major problems of reservoir estuarine community based on studies of ( }' ?. productivity. Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana. Ecology O ) Acknowledgements 42:553 568 4 Dendy, J. S. i916. Food of sescral species of We are grateful to W. M. Clay, Univer-fish, Norris Reservoir, Tennessee. J. Tenn. i l sity of Louisville, and to R. M. Jenkins Acad. sci. 21:105127. I and L. E. ogele, Itureau of Sport Ewers, L. A., and M. W. linesci.1936. The food t Fisheries and Wildlife, for their construc-of some Buckeye Lake fishes. Trans. Arner. Live comments and criticism of the .{ Fish. Soc. 65:57 70. i y Forbes. S. A.1888 Studies of the food of f ru.h indebted to the I We are manuscript. personnel of the llureau of Sport Fisher. water fishes. Bull. Hl. State Lab. Nat. Ihst. t ies and Wildlife for kindly providing the 2:433 R. E. Richardson.1920. The specimens used in this twdy and for fishes of Illinois.111. Nat. Ilist. Sury.,357 p. p their willing assistance in all rnatters Gerdes. J. H., and W. T. McConnell.1963. v f, pertaining to the completion of the Food habits and spawning of the threadfin l manusenpt. shad in a un H deert imp undment. J. 1 I Arizona Acad. Sci.2:113116. .E Literature Ciled Harticy, P.11. T.1918. Food and feediag Applegate, R. L., and J. W. Mullan.1968. relationships in a community of freshwater Standing crops of dissolved organic matter, fishes. J. Anim. Ecol.17:1 14. y[ ..n plankton, and seston in a new and an cid b k y V v w }

s

y 'y, ; g....f MID ;;; ' L :.%'fn& ; a %9 ' ~.x. h;, g. 'b Q Ji ; jW'.:

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.hhh [ h fp( I .M N Mkb 1[' 5 e - - s. 9 b I F d l 4 A. FOOD llABITS OF SilAD 11 g i liaskell, W. L.1959. Diet of the Mississippi and related fishes. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. y threadfin shad, Dorosoma pctenense atcha. Fish. Bull. 60:371392. g falayac,in Arizona.Copeia 1959:298 301. Miller, R. V.1961. The food habits and some Ilildebrand, S.- F., and W. C. Schroeder.1928. aspects of the biology of the threadfin shad, The fishes of Chesapeake Bay. U.S. Fish and Dorosoma pctenense (Gunther). Unpub. M. (t:cy ' (,[ Wildt. Serv. Fish. Bull. 43:1366. S. Thesis, University of Arkansas, Fayette.

g flouser, A., and J. E. Dunn.1967. Estimating ville, Arkansas.46 p.

the size of the threadfin shad populations in 1967. Food of the threadfin shad, I J i s Bull Shoals Reservoir from midwater trawl Dorosoma pctenense, in-Lake Chicot, catches. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 96:176184. Arkansas. Trans. A m e r. Fish. Soc. L 96:243 246. E and !!. Bryant. 1968. Sampling reserscir fish populations using midwater Mullan, J. W., and R. L. Applegate.1965. The 4 I trawl catches. Reservoir Fishery Resources physical. chemical limnology of a new reser. Symposium. Univ..of Ga. Press. p. 391 404. voir (Beaver Reservoir) and an old rescivoir Jenkins, R. M. 1953. A pre. impoundment (Bull Shoals) located on the White River, sursey of Fort Gibson Reservoir, Okla. Arkansas and Missouri. Proc. S. E. Assn. g g Game and Fish Comm. 19:413 421. (summer 1952). Okla. Fish. Res. Lab. Rep. Pennak, R. W.1964. Colle;,iate dictionary of No. 29. 53 p. z of gy. The Ronald Press Co., New York. r

Kimsey, J.

II., R. II. Ifagy, and G. W. Rice, L. A.1942. 'Ine food of sesenteen I McCammon.1958. Frogress report on the I lfo fs n 1941. Rep. Reelfoot Mississippi threaffin shad, Dorosoma peten. ke i b' ense (atchafalayac), in the Colorado River Schmitz, E. II., and C. 'D. Baker.1969. Diges. for 1956. Calif. Inland Fish. Admin. Rep, tive anatomy of the gizzard shad,Dorosoma 57 23.48 p. (mimeo). cepedianum, and the threadfin shad, D. f. .1958. Possible effects of introducing pctenense. Trans. Amer. Microscop. Soc. threadfin shad (Dorosoma pctenense) int 88:525 546 8 the Sacramento. San Joaquin deita. Calif. Starrett, W. C.'1950. Food relationships of the Inland Fish. Admin.. Rep. 5816. 21 p. minnows of the Des Moines River, Iowa. .k I *' **"b Ecology 31:216 233. Kutkuhn, J. 11. 1957. Utilization of plankton Sutcliffe, W. 11., E. R. Baylor, and D. W. by juvenile gizzard shad in a shallow prairie Menzel.1963. Sea surface chemistry and ,j n, ih': lake. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 87:80-103. Langmuir circ ula tion. Deep. Sea Res. .= Lagler, K. F.1944. Problerns of competition 10:233 243. and predation. Trans. N. A. Wildlife Conf. Tiffany, L. II.1921. Algal food of young g. 9:212 219. gizzard shad. Ohio J. Sci. 21:113 122. Lammers, W. T.1962. Density gradient separa-1922. Some algal statistics gleaned tion of plankton and clay from river water, from the gizzard shad." Science 56:285 286. s Limnol.and Oceanogr 7:224 229. Van Oosten, J.1944. Factors affepting the Larkin, W. T.1956. Interspecific competition growth of fish. Trans. N. A. Wildlife Conf. and population control in freshwater fish, J. 9:177 183. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 13:327 342-W ekliff, E. L.1933. Are newly impounded Miller, R. R.1960. The systematics and biology waters in Ohio suitable for fish life? Trans. of the gi zard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) Amer. Fish. Soc. 62:275 278. 9 c } s i

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r "R eprint ed from the Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the aoutheastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, 1968. -3 -d r^.0 N ]'$

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1 GROWTH OF THREADFIN SHAD IN BULL SHOALS RESERVOIR

f Bv Horace E. Bryant and Alfred Houser South Certral Reservoir Investigations

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) FayetteviUe. Arkansas 7 f - 44 % 3 y 9 jd + 1 ABST R ACT [. Threadfin shad. Dorosoma petenense, were first introduced into Bull Shoals [ !*;l.... Heservoir in 19G1. Based on fish collected in 196G and 1967, weighted average s j" ~ wiculated total lengths of females at the end of each successrwe year of life were CG, P. 718,134 and 141 millimeters, and of males 64,118 and 123 milhmeters. Grdwth of mreadfin shad in Bull Shoals was slower than in mort southern and temperate g l 't 841 negions, but life span was longer. A strong year class in 10G4 was indicated by the y o 79. snesence of a relatively high number of 2-year old fish in 1966 and 3 year-old fish in ) 1'367. 'y 4, The ratio of femaies to mates in cove rotenone sa.nnies was 3.8 io 1, whiie in TM ' Tstg* g -.idua:cr irawl sampies the ratio was i.o io 1. Threadf.n shad comprised so percent 4.,-q. j +,j j me e 9 the toti.) shad population by number, but only 17 percent by weight. 9 k w g ) r, 3 8 N.6 7., f, i u ~ k j %); 3 ($g 'T {,{,f c -M G . C; ..(shh 4 s. 1' [, l / .o

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e yr r u. gt s r r p w eS t mn a g r la ta )3 et e a ht R : ' ' a e e r o at r 5 a e p i e nf on ao oo%et i y d a at e n et i ai l a c a t pr le s d p sl s tc ub c i ) n nobl r t e r e e v s to5 r l e a na n ee ol n nt T re pQ L f 4 t nmt ee s ic nlloa le c h rt si yh s r na e r igd C c t a hf n et s s s g i 9 P e n nt e eh lu e e h e or s c dluh wo a e Ho1( la nt n o fner rv a t o e fahM "5 S4n i c r i e mc npe ouh r ).n i 3 s e ivl i n o Tl Us u as ) ph r + r e c ta en s s e st f O %. e b la a c n h St y we oSl d e S( coih e a h amht sl ah r O s pt t en1 n yf s i nn h r id . y. Oin y a t' t u e t a s v ee e e ru is ab e c wl taf d d e I d r d ut ru o s uf tnii e ens (.io+ wd al 1 H1 3 h r g ph uG r s h o a h t le 3 n ms wd t e n oil r edh wn e s pa t h B 9 s r d e .it c i e t-lu oe of T a u o aF Tee G n t ta ), s ht.mWl r r a e uuh s f m1 t fi fo oq c =d ve a r i nd a r gt iet o n 1 t in= tubh Ar T b e E 9 e ao g).c i nf nt a d oi f to1 - i leS c e a d n s e 6 n n', DMnr dll gn nn ed mtire la dd mdslao tg+ t, oh d d a ruaah umt r c( te s nn' '5 a e e iF a ok cyr 9t E r at p f Ll yd ct a p le r h 0: ad a ihii c n mh o E ab teb n A a. e'm d y s et e B 1 s c te r e a a af c ot s s e el eti s e s for ol i oewcd n li cc t w n ak mot r Hs nt b s . N i a tmet te f h c a md o ed el c s s n e a d o y us s o c tei o 16 E e wl a n lo a t i A c n e d e dNJ ta phr s cl sS ti ca a eit e r t t a h e dpnt e ty i a n o u 3 i le r ol ceea ateS s n y h opa f v r sm r s n oladi t oah ge r eQy i c s b a oeB Lt sdpmo s a s 0 S e s h f st,5 r et s eui" 9 Lq d ua r s Af s) s w h ayel ra a s w c A d 'r m h a r nr r id T phbeme e pd m a s .e n a Co nadd d re3 r ot e s r 1 s a o eor m ( RMb I r n a og x e t d at nr uc+ GK e n s i d 9e i wel 1 c t mtnJ os f d. e e ts s u a e p meif S x e a d E m7 g w d [w aow ms y c2 c( o I e wae a t e a u. x i ubh w n H hQ n o h o sh r t o e e f h d F ts x e3 e a s l e f o s s o Yt wf tai e t s us n )0iC' ta g n e s u y e e ce leyg o a tat cd n t n al yed Dn) ) 4 s '5 g T Fe6i at e 4 s nish e ut 1 I si

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o d d c e e a s o pr e h n1 ie a e1 e i a ng yi wal dl L r ,d n eu r nd r e0a e ( sF p f n a m s ye e l e tehi eb s g e s c o gohht t a( ) ch k s " ' d ys r e o r ow4 n i a r e ymel i r d ruiis gsiv anh n t r c nd wl d c s e pla i ea r tgt foet m t h oee ct r l aid d de a h st la a n at r nla o eef r a nd ot chb oaapagwnaiz ct s ins or r a ui ta ae na pn e o io oe c re ef etubol i c oml r r g Bk a, I n u uef r ag c e r i oiaf d c r f as r e v ee s u inet ) or h emesl wyn nyt e r rc c u a e imf n a tg hipe ios ir r g ,e r coe col gor nAgl h lAe-h

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a g r te . a ah. e n e i a d ai a s v ne e a e ede h. a r omd \\ $p y r r o gnie t t ht F om l r c g r a l a p* f t r u* a u a noh p oht e t g (1 f h o eh m ma n af gs g g. h s d ut d o ok e .f n o nt e e e r e ut v agb eS f Ob p4*# g h d. A a r n b ot i oue .t , e q adh ont lc h )1 a a w yhf s f s s i f. d nt pr d n os E a t J h g j \\ oame s a of eCnh lh.,[tgQ1 c 'g 5f-. W; oy i nh cor a s \\'I.d,' %.4h, O f /.)[;((i *M r r. n l Q+ r s me oyo s uf k n bf m )6 a igu r ie N h wdgdf 5 pFG Ac E* ~ - { 7 hl c f i ( y' ( d e t ei ed9s( np [*e g + a Owrodh I' i e s i a1 e h r oat hi t s r e( r r h f I oge d""TT I* e s s I hi T ei i h yh egt h o Cnt nh lb t d s ynut t v o u t Us r o noly f e r Q' Di n ef pdo ({ la s r oof e a ul so ,s n uMe o a me 4 Oe s Rmot ef ivf s e, s ea R c e o 8 .,b 'n e s ls e n T eda imb) dt f d e g f n d nao ns c r gs n }' .**. mY }'.# te as4 l e si r a Neih na5 aeet et t c o I r u eh t yh 9h ie edaTo A ,i i / ). eh 3 aen a uono( isr ed mS pgwd n1 u { lbl t h h tr f s i .

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, -r.0 80 to-- r L = E6 483 - 1733 S + 0 0427 52 -0 000183 S, 6 -,O, 120,, - 0,,so to,o ""vio

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,#~ i An examinat.on of the variahon in tne body-scale r2 tat +onsh p (htu<c hw.d.d l'ttle dif ference between male and f em3le threaofin shad m 19CG. Ihr e, %le r f ,' ('- 1967 rbd rectuire a third degree pchnormal for females. Compared t > a burrA&mt c ,e polynomial for males. This may t'e attributed to the smMler nu mbe r of stula 120-4[,,, ' col'ected. Body-scale relationships of t he e.*d f m shad are t cs' / t eu ritml Ji.. t ,3-- e ,i' curvd near function rather than a st a 9 t hne. 5 ,o i 100-gggg LENGTH r.EIGHT RELATIONSHIP d g The relationship batneen total feegth and neight of th'ead'm shad m Dul10bn;i-f 80[ Rcsmo was cdcola'ed for eac5 su Since no dif ferer'ces in length imte.cen t% semes were observed in yearbng fish collected by midAJter trant, all inung of t! e - 60b' " - E year fish nere cominned with each scw in ca!cul stions. The i -9,n e.. shi orionen j expressed in logarethmic form for females is leg W = G60091 + 315"9 too L. hw .c: d ' r-ales. tog W = 6 56021 + 31870 log L. ~ s' cy The calculated weight plotted ag3 nst teneth (Figure 3) shoos that matas e i C db ' O slightly heavier than f emales These collecticas ere made af er mae.nm3 f n our t fiefd observations immechately pesor to spannmg. We found o i' temates eM < a g i 16 0-more than mah s. 'a /.} AGE COMPOSITION AND SEX R ATIO g i40 Age ll was the dominant age group in the two rotenene sarrples 11 na em' -* /- the 1064 year class wJs strong by the sequential appaarance of a hree nur*te [ f ,'~ 2 year. olds in 1966 and 3 year-olds m 1967 (Table 11. 12F i A total of 1,917 thresdf m shad collected by rdtenone and mide.ater trmt ne ta ,o t i sexed to determine the ratio of females to males. In all age groups neth the esce otmn o i i 100- / / ,/ of yearling fish the ratio was p ogresswely higher nith a t t :rcase in act. Nr b r'q ggg7 ,e f fish collected bv midwater trawl t ad a ratio of 1;1. In the cove rotence sanvies.e'. ,e one thrnugh three, the ratio was G G:1, 2 2.1 and 121.1. F ve f em. les m the 80-i e colicction had reached an age of four years. To determine time of annutus formation, two collecisons of threanfm shad mere /,' made April 18 and May 27,1968 No annutus fermition had occurred m bril, but was visible on scales in the May coUection. ,/ ,f 40 ,/ GROWTH HISTORY Growth rates were calculated f or 552 f ernates and 147 males. Weighte d avere s' ca'culatect total lengths of females at end of successive years of life were GG,118 ' u 40 60 80 100 12 0 40 60 80 100 120 134, and 141 mithmeters. f or males they were G4.114. and ' 23 mithr~tr rs (T.,hh s 2 and 31. Scale length (X40) remaie threaarm shad hve ionger and attam a greater s;ie inan maies. rrm e Figure 2 Bodyacale relationsNps of threadfin shad from Bull Shoals Reservoir had a shghtly f aster grnath rate (Figure 4), but ddferences m lanjth be teren the (95 percant confid nce limits indicated by dashed bnes)- seses were not significant at the end of the first two ge3rs of orcuth Af thr end ut the third year, mean female totat leng?hs emceeded that of ma'es by 11 meamte-r*, in the sample of 699 fish,11 males and 99 fernales had attained the.w of t+" a years, and 5 females had reached the age of four years. No et fort was made to sex age O fish, but age'l fish collected in January of 1967 Kimsey (1958) found. t5readim shad reached lengths of 101 ed 114./ and 1968 were sewed and showed no dif ference in lengib between sexes. The,cfoie, milhmeters at the end of the first and secend ) cars of hfe m the Cnloradn Hnre all young of the year fish in each year's sample were used in the CaICulation of EJCh Growth in Bull Shoals was much sloner durmg the first year of lif e, but t'y the end of body scale relationship. second year the si2P is comparable enth that m the Colorado RNer. Equatiorn obtamed which most adequately f at the data werc as follows: Bull Shoals threadf m shxt Iwe lonner, but do not attam ler oths rc. n, den Body Scale Relationship cIsewhere. McConnell and Gerdes (19 fit) remrted threadf m '.had in l'ena Ut. nc e Males 1966 Lake, Arizona, reached 175 matimeters in length _ Parsnns arui Kmr.ey ll%4l statot L - 75 6G2 - 1206 S O 0103 S2 + 0 00127 S3 0 0000151 S + 0 0000000519 Ss threadfm shad seldom grow beyond seven mches or 179 mdhmt ters. LamNu (1Ne'd 8 Females IDGG collected fish eight inches (203 mahmeters) in totallength m the Fnyue F sbva D wer. L = "O 502 2 732 S + 0 0153 S2

O 000255 S' - 0 00000GG1 S4 i

+ 0 0000000258 S Louisiana The largest fish collects:d from Bull Shoals Remoir was a tG1 emthnirter Males 1967 female. Shorter groWir 9 seasons.tnd possibly more acute mterspecific competetson L = 24 423 + 4 GG2 S - 0112 S2 + 0.00135 S' 0 00000538 S may account for the smaller maximum See en Cull Shoals. 4 2Ej m f .,If m a .f &

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-a o-Calendor year nax 0 80'4 8 8 G 8 " ' I ..c. 4 e."".", p. 1 .,m... % a w. wmu% w w a..u N' e 'i N + .e s l ~~--

-; = = %.o,,, ;;=

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'N t'g. e n .E Comiderable ditterence m first year growth was observed ansong the year classes. T) to Deviavon m growth in enm of eacn' year class f rom the unweighted calculated 4-year E' ' average was as follows: dE o g ce g n 4I ,N & c) M { 1963 1964 1965 1966- 'i Fesiules 422 12 -4 8 y .o Udes +19 11 +1 -9 S . o. $ 8 8 8 T ra vasten pa.stn occurred in 19G3 for both sexes and the slowest in 1064. The fast E cornpetition e.as not as keen within the species. The slow growth in 1964 may be 8 m. growth in 1963 snay bave been due to an expa'iding population at that time when 8,. -. attributed to intraspecific competition within the large 19G4 year class. 4 = Some of this ditference in gre.vth could be due to the success or failure of second ~ ior therd hatches during the suminer. A successtui sacond spawn would produce more k '

o < I $I A

small fish in the year class. A failure would result in more large fish from the first maaning period. Another factor which may influence the size of fish during the first ; 5% i e would be the time and location of spanning. We found that spawning occurred E' least a week cartier in the upper region than in the lower regiort of the reservoir. ou SI I S"8 i Thre dtm shad nere significantly larger in the upper region and smaller in the lo D O wer. region of the reservoir thsoughout the summer. A successful spawn in the 49per.

repon* arid failure in the lower region of the reservoir would produce larger fish.

j tConversely, a successful spawn in lower region and failure in the upper region of i . reservoir would psoduce smaller fish. ~ J Since intsoductic.) in 1961, threadim shad have become increasingly abuncant in

Eull ShoA Reservoir ' Annual rotenone samples conc.ucted by Mr. Robert Baker, t

g - .,i 8 g. 3. '. g g; 6' ' Arkanus Game and Fish Commission Fishery Manager, since impoundment in 1952 - m }ndicate that thseadlin shad numbers, increased from 19G2 through 1965 and .,y g .& creased in 19G6. ' Population studies nude in 196G and 1967 by South _ Central f j - {.. > 2, ; >'g8-g.y'gj', citevevoird:cvestigations show that threadfin shad surpassed the gizzard shad, g. .o

Dortnoma cepedunum, in numbers but not in weight. The dominance in weight by '

va s c s~ cq..g, , ' pizard shad is oue to fewer, but much larger individuals in the population. 4~' '*-E i f sy-a

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Houser, Alfred, and Horace E. Bryant. lin prestl Age, growth, sem compositen and TA LE 2 r turity of Whit) bass in BuH Shoals Reservoir. Technical Paper, Bur.au of.

Average calculated growth rat] of f emale th.- ;Ifin sha i from Butt Shnis Reservoir. 09* ';'h;" *"0 #i'd' ' '_. 1968 S3mphng racevoir fish populations w sq..' Year Number of fish, age Totallength immi tt exh annutus -- _, an d _ _ _ _ _ nudmtry it. mis Rescrmr Fishery Resnuscrs Ss mposium. Apit 1967, e,. class groups I throagh lV l 7 J 4 1966 135 67 Georgia. Publ. by Univ. of Ga. Press. Kemsey, J. B.1958. Possible ef fects of introducing threadtm sh;rd (porosume 1965 '00,24 71 1?G PC'enensel int the Sacramento San Joaquin Detta, Calif. Intand T:sh A*n-icird 303,303,90 ' 63 117 134 Rept. No. 58-26,21 p. (Mimeol. tpgn,r, Karl F., and Vernon C. Applegate.1942. Nge and groath of the o.rf ard s%f 14,14,14,5 97 124 132 141 Mahted mean 66 IIL 134 141 as f orage of game fishes. Inves ind Lakes and Sticams,2(GU 99 t 10. Lambou, Victor W.19G5. Observations on size distributions a sd spa.vn;ng twhav.oe Annual increment G6 S2 t6 7 f threadfin sh..d. T rans. Am Fish. Soc.94. 385 3SG. f rom three Number of fish 552 341 104 5 LaPomte, Donald F,1957, Age and groath of the Americars shact, Atlantic Coast rivers. Trans Am. Fish. Soc. 87: 139150. McConnell, WiHiam J., and John H. Gerties.1964. Threadf n shad, Coro?0ma f perenense, as food of yearbng centrarch;ds. Calif. F rsh and Game 50(31: T ABLE 3 170 175. Average calculated growth rate of male threadfin shad from Bull Shoats Reservoir. MuHan, Jarnes W., and Richard L Apotegate.196G. The physical chemical bmncicwyy Veer Number of fish, age Torar length (mm) at each annulus of a new reservoir (Beaver) and a fourteen year old reservoir (Cult Sheatst c/ ss groups i through lV F 2 3 4 located on the White River, Arkansas and t.hssouri. Proc. Nineteenth Annuat Conference, Southeastern Association os G3me & Fis5 Commissioners. log 5, r 19G6 18 62 413 421, 10-35 19,5 74 117 Parsons, John W., and J. Bruce Kimsey.1954. A report on the Mrssissippi threr.! fin 1964 108,108,6 62 114 123 shad. U. S. Fish and Wildhfe Service Prog. Fish. Cutt.,16(4): 179 181. Turner, William R.1953f The age and growth of the gizzard shad. Dorosnma 19G3 2, 2, 2 92 118 123 cepedianum (LeSueur) in Herrington Lake, Kentucky, Kent. Fish. Bull 13,14 p. Weighted mean 64 114 123 Wyatt, Herbert N., and Howard D. Zelter.19G2. Fish population dynamics foHowing a selective shad k ill. Proc. Six teenth Annual Conference, Southeastern 64 50 9 Annuat increment Association of Game & Fish Commissioners,1962, p. 253 2G4 Number of f e 147 115 8 I An indication that threadfin shad are suppreting gizzard shad survival is shown by four rotenone samples taken in 19G6 and 1967. The ucrane number nf '~L/ 1 clR3 rwr nere, weighing 110 4. pounds per acre. i mcactin shad recovired was constituteMpercent of the number anti 1/ percent of the weight of the clupN crop Similarly, Wyatt and Zeller (1962) reported threadfin shad made up 67 percent of the total shad population, but only 4 percent of the weight in Lake Blackshear, l Georgia. l Threadfin shad appear to be an excellent forage fish in Bull Shoals, This fish is short-lived, prgfic, rioes nnj grow out of the forane range, and winter kiffe. keep trie populatinn in cneck. Although increased growth rates of white bass have resulted since intmouction of this fish, further studies are being undertaken to determine its interspecific competition cf f ects on other f %es.' LITERATURE CITED g Berry, Frederick H., Melvin T. Huish, and Harold Moody.1956. Spawning mortality of the threadfin shad, Dorosoma perenense (Gunther) in Florida. Copeia,1956 13): 192.

van, Black, John D.1940. The distribution of fishes in Arkansas. Doctoraf disserta University of Michigan.

ill GravbiH, Franklin A.1961. An intrcxfuction to linear statistical models. Mc' Dook Company, vol.1,4G3 p. aue), Hile, Ralph.1941. Age and growth of rock bass Ambloplites rupestris (Ra. in Nchish Lake, Wisconsin. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci., Arts and Lett. 43: M 337, e

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Reference.4 ,btates pJ - lJ m t e L;. )eparttuent'of the Interior IISil AND WILDi'IT. sEnvicg '"*""*"a2" A {h , "' u J W O! Mi&lt.silHm a;;;, w;g;m g .% nth Central lic-cd... Investigat;on, p ll:t.% utis!...,n nsrect ~* Fayetteville, Arkansas 7 sol l':h, f.,',#,; February 10, 1975 3 h.u y" g a r@,;' - Ed Grteen ~, nht Company i',, ; o' ""c ' [ '{ nsas ToWC#

ets 9th and Louisiana 72203 tiQli CC.
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{f:,,; U Desr W- - hone conversation on February 7, 1975 regardini; shad to our cration of your nuclear power plant on Dardanelle c. ~ t s they af f ect g _ ;ne some of my opinions. E8 servo: r

h Central R.eservoir Investigations have been conducting f threadfin shad and gizzard shad for some ten g

As You h" W "" yj.*:;. rese rc'h nppt' f -e ir. In ur resear h we have developed gear for Years C'" 3cav r c ycar throughout larval and juvenile stages. We have ~ g young-C 7_ ques for estimating the total population numbers and samP develope Iculate production. These yearly studies reveal. els rom Wh$ -- bioma ~ -V r of shad larvae and early juveniles reach their e maximt' seaver Reservoir in 'early June. Gizzard shad reach that t abundac' *,1 cod threadfin do so in June. The exact time of course maximtS g, t - .f, nditions from year to year. M theLT yag;

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,r cgether as larvae or early juveniles it can.be stated [.' T' kins both sp*',pj;hed their maximum abundance in early June they will after hav A g,, e.ortality of approximately 307. weekly for the three .thst aC s., p.ugust that rate will decrease to perhaps 57. or less

P"'ingwee'/'".[',eveluntilwinter.

iow at ""d remain yu density and extreme variability in distribution during f '# " n 1 t develop estimates of population size by our Beca"S" ' e winter W }gwever, we do take occasional samples each winter at opting metho . nn opportunity to observe the effect of winter on these hhichtim** r;ng 5 of the last 6 years we have experienced an almost ulations. ',,noreniity of threadfin. shad due to lethal low temperatures Etotal Wi"C"#Li l 40 F. This may occur as early as October or may whichisSPP"h.W.y b f shallow upper reaches of the reservoir or not at.ill. If j occur.on17 jen the severity of the mortality is greater and gizzard shad cooli"E in Idfi# """ "#Y also dit pr cooling is gradual as it has been this winter the n... When the proc esperienced over a longer period of time. Death will not 2.Y* g ortalityvg,qu3threadfinmaybeseensufferingfromthelowtemperature I ___ _..j n]wM:v'-+: :M..;..

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cffccts over wide areas for extended perr-h. They will characteristically display loss of equilibrium and various stages of lethargy before death $5 ^ c In this condition they appear to be unabic to maintain oriented W ^- occurs. The severity movement as normal shad do, esoecially as in moving water. au are experiencing at the Dardanelle power of the problem of impingement plant is probably related directly to the gradual cooling of the water. The prolonged cooling has probably produced near lethal temperatures inbecame incapacitated Shad that the reservoirs for a longer than normal period. and dead were unat.le to overcome even minimal current although not yet were swept into the screens of the cooling water intake of the power plant. WX} 5,6~ 3 The effect of winte; mortality of threadfin shad on the population dynamics ?!E of other species, in particular the predator sport fishes, is extremely Despite the considerable effort we have made to difficult to assess. these ef fects we have thus f ar obtained mostly identity and measure Other natural phenomena usually mask the ef fects inconclusive results. in our sampling. those fish that Your probicm has c.; unusual aspect when you consider that existed this winter hg become impinged on the screens under conditions that p$',;", f.Z. into the cooling water were not dead, I presume, when thUy a e crawn system but even without the power plant they may have be'en destined to Whether death may have occurred anyway die from the lowered temperatures. as a natural consequence is not certain. I am interested in the prob? cm of impingement of shad in your power plant system and would appreciate it if you would keep me informed on any corrective actions you may take. '.,i.' Please call or write if I can be of further assistance. Sincerely yours, f' ? ff ff?fh 4l04'* Alfred Houser Chief, SCRI Enclosures I i L..

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wweg.m:- - m wm.wsw3% wggwsm egggymmpa,gg i ^f n _ ~ 7.;,93. -. y.. \\ PROCEEDINGS of the SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE 1 SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION OF GA31E AND FISH CO3IBIISSIONERS Septemlier 29, 30, Octol>er 1,2.1963 l l Ilot Springs, Arkansas OFFICE 1tS FORitEST V. DUR AND President Tennessee Game and Fish Commission A. D. AI.DI:ICII. Vice.Presilent Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission l J A311:S W. WCitt: Secretary-Treasurcr l South Carnlina Wildlife Res. urces Pepartment 31E3111Elt STATES Alabama. Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentuck, t.nuisiana, 3f aryland. 3 f Slissic=ippi 31issouri, Nntth Carolina. Oklahnma. South Carolina. j Tennessec, Virginii . -l Yill Edited by JA31ES W. WI:ll!! t i Printed at Colurobia S. C. Ily Southen'tcrn Association of Game and Fish Cnmmissioners i)t ps-

g qEJZWgn_*2-4MrA -* b-Md M.Qgf;M.id:g jgg;QD.;'g 2.,-M.f CC (..,. ' ; y '.n._....: u. v, Barkt:y, H:rry. 1960. Two 'sissippi flood control rese.yzars of creal census on three north 3!is-the number dead, and Joe E. Cowar/, a student supported on Fe'en* rvoirs. Proc. Southeast. Assoc. Game and Aid Project F-8.R-5. fed them each night. Threadfin shad de w:,- Fish Comm., pp. 148-174. t on a diet of newly hatched brine shrimp, but did not do well on dry Burress, Ralph SI. 1960. A quantitative creel census on two arms of fishfood. One threadfin shad was maintained in the laboratory far. - Bull Shoals Reservoir, 3!!ssouri.. Proc. Southeast. Assoc. Came and over a ear and a half on a diet of brine shrimp.- Small specirnens do ' -- Fish Comm..(In Press). not fee on the bottom and although large threadfin shad will feed en Houser Alfred and William R. Ifeard.1958, A one-year creel census the bottom, they are not predominantly bottom-feeders. A few ginard on Fort Gibson Reservoir. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 38: 137-146. shad were kept with the threadfin shad. and they spent much time Hugl.es, Janic1= S. and James T. Davis, 19G1. First six months of creet feeding on the bottom. census on Bussey Brake Reservoir, Bastrop, Louisiana. Proc. La. Starting on October :'9,19G1. the temperature of all four tanks Acad. Sci., 24: 4G-56. was dropped from 15.0* to 14.0* C and the temperatures were drg;'e! Jackson, Samuel W.. Jr.1958. Summary of a three-year creel census on one degree at the end of each week until temperatures of Of C. fer Lake Eucha and Spavinaw Lake. Oklahoma. with comparisons of Y tank 1,7.0* C. for tank 2. 6.0* C. for tank 3. and 5.0* C. for tank 4 w ere other Oklahoma reservoirs. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci., 38: 146-154. reached. An ultimate temperature of 8.0* C. was not used because cf- - Kathrein, Joseph W. 1953. An intensive creel census on Clearwater a shortage of tanks. Room temperatures had to be controlled manually Lake, 5tissouri, during its first four. years of impoundment,1919 and slight drops in temperature below the temperature to which the 1952. Trans. Eighteenth N. Am. Wildlife Conf., pp. 282 295. . tanks were cooled occurred during cold spells. The threadfin shad in the tank lowered to 5.0* C. all died durine the next six days (Fig.1). Some survived longer in the tank lowered to 6.0* C. and at 7.0* C. a few lived still longer (Fig.1). Three shal RESISTANCE OF TIIREADFIN SHAD were alive at the end of 10G days in .0* C. water.. During Christmas TO LOW TE'.1PERATURES i TABLE I Klan STRAWN Summary of Slinimum Intake Temperatures from Fort Smith Water Department of Zoology ' Plant Records,1938.GO. November through April. 23 seasons. University of Arkansas (Underlines indieste yearly minimums Fayetteville, Arkansas which may extend over several monthst Year N ov. Dec. Jan. Feb. S' - S A rr 1~~ ABSTRACT i 1937-38 48 F 43 42 42 S ~' Threadfin shad can be successfully maintained in aquaria for long 1938 39 4G 41 41 40 -12 52 periods on a diet of newly hatched brine shrimp. They quickly die at 5.0 and will survive the winter in a lake tlat does r:ot go below 9.0*C. 1939 40 50 44 3G 3s 42 51 1910-41 50 45 II 42 42 50 INTRODUCTION 1911 12 50 45 39 41 42 50 1912.13 52 45 E 40 41 53 The Arkansas Came and Fish Commission and the t'niversity of Arkansas conducted a cooperative study (Federal Aid Project F-8.R-1 1943-14 47 42 3 41 17 50 throuch 5) on the effects of stocking threadfin shad, Dorosoma vetenense 1944 45 53 42 40 15 53 as (G0nther) in Lake Fort Smith, Crawford County. Arkansas. This lake, 1945 4G 51 40 40 40 45 60 a city. water-supply impoundment. was aurveyed for nearly two years. 194'G 47 50 47 42 40 40 49 'under the direction of Dr. Charles F. Cole, and then stocked with threadfin shad by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. They 1987.'13 50 - 41 36 36 42 53 failed to survive the following winter und a study on their tolerance 194m49 47 43 42 4,0 e 51 to low water temperatures was conducted in the laboratory to de-19 4'J.50 51 45 45 45 46 50 termine if they could be expected to survive the usual winter water 1950 51 49 41 as 36 47 52 temperatures recorded for Lake Fort Smith. Published observations (Parsons and Kinsey,1951) and conversations with fisheries workers 1951 ~5 49

41 41

~5 45 52 ~ Indicated that temperatures within the rance of 5.0 to 9.0*C. would be 1952 53 47 40 40 43 l a. 53. pertinent to this study. I wish to thank Dr. Charles F. Cole for the 1953 51 49 40 as 41 44 N use of Table 1-1951 55 52 43 It~ 41 45 4" 5!ETIIODS AND RESULTS 1955-56 49 42 40 .io 47 5 To investigate the minimum survival temperatures of threadfin 195G-57 51 C y. C shad, approximately forty fish, that had been acclimated at 15.0*C. for 1957 5R 50 4G 42 41 43 4 over a month. were put in each of four tanks. The transfer of thread-1953-59 52 45 40 41 4G 5,. fin shad from one tank to another usually results in some deaths from injuries. Records of mortality were not kept until after injured fish 1959 4 0 48 47 . il 10 -39 43 had died and the temperature had been lowered to :1.0*C. Initial mor-i tality was unusually high in the tank that was chosen to be lowered.to Range 4G-53 40-47 36-45 36 15 30 17 4S CD 9.0* C. and was low in the other tanks. Fish for our experiments were i A ve. 49.0 43.4 40.2 40.7 41.1 51.9 raised at the Centerton and the !!ot Sprin;rs state fish hatcheries. The i stock originally came from southeastern Arkansas. Percentage this Loren G. !!i!!, a student supported by N.S.F. Grant 19342, fed newly month contains hatched brine shrimn to thc.threadfin shad each morning and recorded a yearly minimum. O '.,, 17 ",

707, c

..c.sn mes a m. &,..w n x-= ~ " ~ ! w ' ~ a -2 n].,, %_~ MO===;---- wn-mW~ < m w-y% , <. e t-m. s.v.,o d .%, u.. Both vacation, the mortality rate in all lots increased sharply (Fig.1). Loren G. Ilill and the project leader were out of town for a little over N a week, and the care of th,c threadfin shad was intrusted to Joe E. N g-Coward. '1he reason for this great mortality is unknown. experiments indicate f N g performance of theseto 5.0* C. will eliminate threadfin p g Data obtained in the g in temperature ( - g $ that a slow drop j A sudden drop in temperature would be even more shad from a lake. have time to become deadly because the threadfin shad would notDeaths of threadfin shad at 12.2 4 neelimated to colder temperatures. I' 1951). were -g g to 14.2* C. in the Colorado River at Austin Texas (IIubba, probably causcd by a sudden drop in temperature. For exampic, th / / O fin shad. neclimated at 15.0' C., liva less than a day when sud&n!vSome thre / f_ (O take temperatures as low as 6.0 to 7.0* C. A breeding stock of thread 4 e put at U.0* C. O OOOO i l-N y shad will survive the winter in a lake that does not go below 9.0* C. l provided the drop in temperature is slow enough for them to beco g O O O, O ld O q low acclin ated to cold temperatures. ' llowever, they are slurgish atp sti (D o-CD a F N 3 temperatures nnd it is possible that l g ~~ - g from a lake because of their reduced swimming spa oo o o C l DuHng 23 winters (Table 1), the minimum water oy vu s O 12J E&EE 1G and remained above shad to survive. l ~ I#- temperature fell below 5.0' C. (41.0* F.) durmof overwinterine by threadfin sha

n. g. c. a 1

2 "28 j t.~ g 5.0* C. during 3. No evidence 1959,1960 and 1961. was stocked in Lake Fort Smith in the summers of i V" obtained and a temperature kill of threadfin shad was observed dur ne a f E333 j / - the late winter of 1959-1960 when temperature fell below 5.0' C. JJJJ 8 to f j ) g LITERATURE CITED a a a a Minimum temperature tolerancts for fishes of the yy o x N - + ..4 e 1051. Copeia 1051:237. Ilubbs, C!srk. genera Signalnsa and Herichti,us in Texas. I. 195L A rr v on +h? g o a 4 4 / Parsons. John Ward and J. Bruce l{imsey. N - 3 j # - w >" Mississippi threadfin shad. Prog. Fish-Cult. 16:179-i-a i / - (r 1 e-d <1 Tile ItELATIVE ICESISTANCES OF SEVENTEEN F I -3 /~~ f ek SPECIES OF FISit TO PETitOLEUM 1:EFINEltY EFFLUENTS AND A COMPAltlSON OF s 7 ? SOME POSSillLE METIl01)S OF o ICANKING HESISTANCES 8. 2 l r *./ j + ~ ~ ~ ' \\ i-O' 3 w Utw ty L. BUNT Sc II ANO W. II. IRWIN >d7 b ..N 0] Oldahuma State Unitcrsity 7 d / b l l - N T AUSTRACT - W + Cighteen species of fish including a reference species, were s A j 00 to toxicity bionssay using petroleum refinery effluent as a toxicant. j "b2 g Twenty-four-hour and 9G-hour median tolerance limits were c Ill using a straight-line graphical interpolation based on ten specime f O a replication. Collection, labor atory, and p P.i concentration with recorded for each test species and a general . / i per 8f l ~ N bioassay histories were suitability statement made for each. Twenty-four-hour and UG-hour adjusted resistances obtained b "I --- i N > " Preadjusted-Abbreviated Doolittle" method were subjected to a of variance and to a modification of Duncan's new five percent m j - N h-d.l! l O Six methods were employed to adjust the relativ f-t' I f N 2 _ -[ range te:,t. e obtained by each adjustment from most to leas N for differences in tests. J1 - t t i. t"I O O O O O O O O O h ~ v. TO to N N pDy$ UU p0BJy,( 6Upp }O J3quanN '"a'""""" s s zect twantnot. ou unna Sute t'anman w3.'.E*[r$P'."cu'rre" nth.anarr Enon.citng renier. owann

s. Dep.rtment eit ncitth,1.twattan..na Heure 1.

Survival of thrcadfin shad at various temperatures ,1.0* C. cach week until the de.=p. and their temneratures were dropped' a m uted enh U a w. u. tr=ta All ibh were acclimated at 15.0' rred temperature isveis were reached. weitere. n4eri A 7.rt x =.,.c.. .w . wiv4 cum. indicate a drop in

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Reference 5 ~ ANDO(W CL NULSl7. Detectw i - GM IONCR5 '*W'n 3 c N ASHVILLE C ALPH ft, CRIFFIN 1 N ,,a, au M, ho%, Q+ 1a zu JONE DO O .e. \\y( 3 s' -l // - R.A.NtL5ON Game and Fish Commissmn nf':..". '^%" eLv7 H tv sLLC

== h8 C1 CALPH H DOwt I MICHAEL F. M AHONY CL DOR ADO WM. F. WHIGHT N3GTH LITTLE ROCK " "'rI #T c"v'iIt" February 11, 1975 "I - ^ Mr. Jocl D. Patterson, Manager

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^# Environmental Affairs Section. 0"*' [~ C----- ~ Arkansas Power & Light Company ~ Pred L U.__. Ninth & Lt'isiana Streets S Little Roc.(, Arkansas 72203 '[" hhj[,-" ' 7 Spec. Pro.

Dear Mr. Patterson:

This is in answer to your request concerna.ng verification of the winter dic--off of threadfin shad in certain waters in Arkansas. Attached are several pieces of information which should substantiate this occurrence and establish the following points; The threadfin shad is a subtropical species of fish, and its (1) native range was initially no further north than the southern one-third of the State of Arkansas. (2) Threadfin shad have been introduced by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission into' These reservoirs several reservoirs north of its native range. are primarily the large, deep lakes which provide insulation from cold winter temperatures. The smaller, shallower lakes in north Arkansas, which have received threadfin shad stocking, have experienced total winter mortality of shad in most cases. The threadfin shad was introduced primarily as a forage fish (3) to serve as a predominant food supply for the predator fishes This species of shad adequately serves this ~ of-a reservoir. purpose because it does not reach a size too large for che -predator fish to consume and, in many cases, the shad population (4) Research is partially controlled by cold winter temperatures. indicates that virtually total mortality exists in threadfin shad 0 C. (41 F). populations where water temperatures fall below 5 Mortality increases significantly at water temperatures below 450 F., and at temperatures below 500 F. the threadfin shad become very lethargic which often results in heavy predation on them by the predator fishes of the population. (5) Introduction of threadfin-shad into Dardanelle Reservoir first occurred in 1965, however, this species was not recovered from population samples g The threadfin population in Dardanelle has developed until 1967. significantly only within.the last two to three years.

+ Mr. Joel D. Pat. terson Page two February 11, 1975 Further' reference is made to your comment concerning the recommundation by AEC that the practice of grinding up impinged fish and returning these products to the discharge bay be discontinued. Our thoughts concerning this practice were expressed in a letter from Mr. Andrew Hulsey, Director, Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, to Mr. Charles Steele of your office (copy enclosed). It is our general feeling that the biomass being removed from the reservoir by fish impingement, particularly during the winter period, should be returned to the reservoir. This could be done by grinding up the fish and returning the products to the water during the colder period of~ the year when dissolved oxygen concentrations are not critical, or the impinged fish could be. washed from the screens and ~ carried directly to the outlet' bay. The latter technique, of course, would result in a large number of deau and dying shad being visible on the surface of the water; however, these fish would be directly utilized as food by the predator and scavenger fishes which will be heavily concentrated in the outlet bay during the winter period. I hope this information will be useful to you in making decisions con ~cerning the fish impingement problem at Arkansas Nuclear 1. Yours truly, 4k William E. Keith, Chief Fisheries Division WEK:jh i Enclosures l cc: Mr. Andrew H. Hulsey l i I l' 4

NRC DISTRIBUTION FOR PART 50 DOCKET MATERIAL ~ (TEMPORARY FORM) CONTROL NO: 1802 FILE: bW / # FROM: Arkansas Power 6 Light CoCATE OF DOC OATE REC'D LTR TWX RPT OTHER '^ U.M. ?!urphey 2-14-75 2-18-75 xxx TO: ORIG CC OTHER SENT AEC PDR Mr. A. Gianbusso 1-signed SENT LOCAL PDR xx CLASS UNCLASS PROPINFO INPUT NO CYS REC'D DOCKET NO: xxxx 40 50-313 DESCRIPTION: ENCLOSURES: Ltr ref their 1-16 i ltr ref our 1-9-75 Itr "E trans the follow? PLANT NAME: Arkansas #1 FORACTION/INFORMATION 2-18-75 JGB BUTLER (L) SCHWENCER (L)idlEMANN (L) REGAN (E) W/ Copics W/ Copies W/(Copies W/ Copies CLARK (L) STOLZ (L) DICKER (E) LEAR (L) W/ Copies W/ Copies W/ Copies W/ Copies PARR (L) VASSALLO (L) KNIGHTON (E) SPELS W/ Capies W/ Copies W/ Copies W/ Copies KNIEL (L) PURPLE (L) "YOUNGBLOOD (E) W/ Copies W/ Copies W/JCopies W/ Copies INTERNAL DISTRIBUTION G FIL IECH REVIEW dENTON _LIC ASST A/T IND. t (SCHROEDER GRIMES R. DIGGS (L) BRAITMAN OSC, ROOM P 506A MACCARY GAMMILL H. GEARIN (L) SALTZMAN wGOSSICK/S'. AFF KNIGHT KASTNER E. GOULBOURNE (L) MELTZ CASE PAWLICKl t/fALLARD P. KREUTZER (E) GIAMBUSSO SHAO SPANGLER BOYD STELLO J. LEE (L) PLANS M. MAIGRET (L) MCDONALD MOORE (L) HOUSTON ENVIRO S. REED (E) CHAPMAN DEYOUNG (L) NOVAK WULLER M. SERVICE (L) DUBE (Ltr) SKOVHOLT (L) ROSS DICKER S. SHEPPARD (L) E. COUPE v40LLER (L) (Ltr) IPPOLITO KNIGHTON M. SLATER (E) PETERSON P. CO L LINS TEDESCO YOUNGBLOOD H. SMITH (L) HARTFIELD (2) DfNISE LONG _3EGAN SJEETS (L) KLECKER w EG OPR LAINAS VPROJECT LDRL*",ti WILLI AMS (E) EISENHUT n FILE & REGION (2) BENAROYA AAJd,4TCIA V WILSON (L) WIGGINTON T.R. WILSON VOLLMER HAR LESS' glNGRAM (L) STEELE EXTERNAL DISTRIBUTION _m d-LOCAL PDR_ Russe 11" lle, Ark Ii) A d-TIC (ABERNATHY) ) '2M "" - NATIONAL LABS O I - NSIC LBUCHANAN) M - W. PENNINGTON, Rm E 201 GT 1 - PDR-SAN /LA/NY 1 - BROOKHAVEN NAT LAB 1 - ASLB 1 - CONSULTANTS 1 - G. ULRIKSON, ORNL 1 N I ewton Anderson NEWM ARK /BLUME/AG B ASI AN - 1 - AGMED (RUTH GUSSMAN) / ACRS N SENT / Rm B-127 GT 4 g, gj L LtMK I~ " D. RUNKLE'S, Rm E-201 T}}

ML19320A387

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Dear Mr. Giambusso:

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Dear Mr. Steele:

Dear Mr. Patterson:

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ML19320A387

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Dear Mr. Giambusso:

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Dear Mr. Steele:

Dear Mr. Patterson:

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