ML19308C228
| ML19308C228 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Crane  |
| Issue date: | 06/29/1979 |
| From: | TRANSPORTATION, DEPT. OF, MARITIME ADMINISTRATION |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML19308C227 | List: |
| References | |
| TASK-TF, TASK-TMR NUDOCS 8001210561 | |
| Download: ML19308C228 (35) | |
Text
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l STATEMENT T WORK INVESTIGATIONS INIO TRAINI!G, HUMAN FACIORS, AND PROCEDURAL ASPECIS OP 'IHE INCIDENT AT
'IHE 'IHREE MILE ISIAND NUCIEAR POWER PIANT i O I
i Prepared By:
Pesearch Staff National MaritiRO ResearCh Center Maritime Administration U.S. Department of (bnmerce June 29, 1979 i
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8001210 7 6 /
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
h objective of this proposal is to identify the work to be per-formed with the NRC as part of its fact finding hunan factors audit of the recent incident at 'IMI.
The NMRC proposes to support this effort with a nulti-disciplinary team of personnel trained in human factors disciplines including human engineers, systems psycho-logists, physiological psychologists, training specialists, safety researchers, etc. 'Ihis staff will include personnel who also are familiar with process control / power plant operation and will incor-porate key individuals familiar with nuclear plant design, training and operation.
'Ihe team does not propose to highlight nuclear experience, but rather proposes to apply experienced hunan factors personnel in a related industry with wide knowledge of hunan factors procedures in military and crnmercial systems. 'Ibey are familiar with the total system concept of this technology and have wrked together as a team on other projects, including accident review.
It is understood that the objective of this two to three nonth project would be a fact finding audit and not a system design effort or research project, although recumendations for subsequent Q
work in this area might be a product.
'Ihe team will have as its principle objectives the guidelines which follow:
1.
Establish the extent to which a lack of human factor design standards for ccuponent equipnents, systen design, layout, and control rocxn design / operation may have contributed to the incident.
2.
Identify where deficiencies in existing standards in the areas above nuy have contributed to the incident.
3.
Ctnpare NRC guidelines in these areas to well-established human factors standards utilized in Departnent of Defense system design to identify any shortccxnings in NBC standards and specify how DOD standards nay have influenced the 'IMI system design as well as the incident.
4.
Identify where the NRC differs fran Department of Defense and nust develop human factors standards unique to the functions.
5.
Review the potential impact of stress, tine of day and any other physiological or personality factors that should be considered in reviewing the actions of personnel, i.e., not a review of the i
actual situation, but identification of factors that should be considered by others investigating enotional and other factors.
1.1 l
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6.
Ibview the task analyses data, NIC licensing regulations, i.e.
areas of knowledge, skill levels, proficiency decnonstrations, which were used to define actual training received by 'IMI per-sonnel and ocripare specific behavioral objectives that would have been dictated by a scenario of the incident, noting discrepencies fran established Department of Defense training specifications such as systems approach to training or instruc-tional systems developtent.
7.
Review potential for application of CAORF developed systems and technology to nuclear plant control training and hutan factors design evaluation.
8.
Ibview human factors standards applied specifically to 'IMI system design, training and operation in conparison to those at another light water plant and a non-nuclear process control plant.
'Ihis fact finding review will examine the specific plant, NRC rcgula-tions, and ccuparisons (other plants and standards) nore at a broad operating level than at a detailed technical level within the limited period available. However, select examples of detailed opera-tional sequence diagrams, specific behavioral objectives, critical Q
path analysis and other human factors data will be provided to sup-port final conclusions and reconnendations. These conclusions and reccxtmendations will be structured to identify the extent of NBC, utility, vendor and human contribution to the incident fran a human factors point of view.
Where human error is cited, specific causal factors will be provided, including pure failure by the human and potentially preventable on the part of the operator, vendor, utility and NIC. A course of future action will also be identified.
Subsequent sections of this proposal identify a detailed statcment of work, schedule, deliverables and resumes for project personnel.
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O 2.0 STATEMENT T WORK Prior to the study of the specific project objectives identified previously several general tasks will be conducted which are generally applicable to all objectives. These tasks will include the following:
Review of vendor documentation on the system, particularly e
any existing task analysis material on emparable infornation for normal operation and failure nodes.
Examination of NRC regulations pertaining to human factors e
guidelines for system design / operation, operator selection /
training / retraining.
Selection of a representative human factors system speci-e fication for cmparison to NRC vendor, and utility require-ments.
Examination of testinony by operators concerning sequence e
of events for at least the first hour of the incident and developTent of task analysis /an operational sequence diagram for the incident.
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Identification of specific behavioral objectives necessary e
to insure adequate training of operators for incident and correlation to actual operator training.
Finalization of audit nethodology to insure that all potenti-e ally valuable data and technical procedures (e.g. graphic neck-up on-site walkthroughs, etc.) are considered.
Selection of other site (s) to be considered in the investi-e gation, particularly another light water reactor and non-nuclear process control plant.
DevelopTent of standard operational procedures and other e
failure modes in the form of operational sequences for review in regard to the major audit objectives.
The tasks described below correspond to the objectives described in Section 1 and are considered necessary to accmplish the goals of this study.
Task No. 1 Establish the extent to which a lack of human factor design standards for ccxTponent equipnents, system design, layout, and control roczn design / operation may have contributed to the incident.
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2.1
O 1.1 Review equipnent, subsystas, systms directly involved or potentially related to the incident for human engineering considerations, e.g.,
inpact of functional arrangment of controls and displays on individual panels in relation to the incident.
1.2 Examine allocation of functions and ecjuignents to various individual operators.
1.3 Identify impact of control rocm layout on individual operator workload, comunications flow, and team performance.
1.4 Examine the availability of.autmatic syrtem status infonna-tion which can establish the basis of mar, versus machine
' trade-offs.
1.5 Review the utility canpanies standard operating procedures, special training for failures and impact of system design on procedures.
1.6 Identify procedural factors that may have contributed to incident.
C' 1.7 03nduct on-site walkthrough and/or off-site neck-up simulaticn to evaluate all factors considered in above terms.
Task'No. 2 Identify where deficiencies in existing standards in the areas above may have contributed to the incident.
2.1 Identify vendor human factors design procedures, utility /
vendor training programs, NCR regulations with hunan factors inplications--direct and indirect.
2.2 Review equipnent, subsystms, systms directly involved or patnntially related to the incident for human engineering considerations, e.g., inpact of functional arrangement of controls and displays on individual panels in relation to the incident.
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-2.3 Examine allocation of functions and equiprents to various i
individual operators.
2.4 Identify impact of control roan layout on individual operator workload, comunications flow, and team performance.
2.5 Examine the availability of automatic system status informa-O tion which can establish the basis of, man versus machine
' trade-offs.
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'2. 6 Review the utility canpanies standard operating procedures, special training for failures and impact of systan design on procedures.
2.7 Identify procedural factors that may have contributed to incident.
2.8 Conduct on-site walkthrough and/or off-site neck-up simulaticn to evaluate all factors considered in al:ove terms.
Task No. 3 axnpare NIC guidelines in these areas to well-established human factors standards utilized in Department of Defense system design to identify any shortcomings in NfC standards and specify how DOD standards nny have influenced the 'IMI system design as well as the incident.
3.1 axnpare general approaches of NRC and Departnent of Defense in terms of philosophy of human factors.
3.2 Identify key features of Department of Defense Hunan Factors Standards that are not; covered by NRC, vendor or utility canpany considerations.
v 3.3 Specify unique facets of NBC regulation that require dif-ferences in approach frun Department of Defense specification.
3.4 Provide matrix of key human factors principles and where covered by NBC, vendor or utility.
Task No. 4 Identify where the NRC differs from Department of Defense and must develop human factors standards unique to the functions.
4.1 Se' general approaches of NBC and Departnent ofhiefense -
in terms of philosophy or human factors.
4.2 Identify key features of Department of Defense Hunan Factors Standards that are not covered by NRC,; vendor or utility-carpany considerations.
4.3 Specify unique facets of NRC regulation that require differ-ences in approach fran Department of Defense specification.
4.4 Provide matrix of key human factors principles and where
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covered by NBC, vendor or utility.
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Task No. 5 Feview the potential inpact of stress, time of day and any other physiological or personality factors that should be considered in reviewing the actions of personnel, i.e., not a review of the actual situation, but identification of factors that should be considered by others investigating enotional and other factors.
5.1 Provide a literative review of key human factors data rele-vant to performance under stress and other relevant variables, such as de' cision making, showing relationship to 'IMI incident.
5.2 Identify potential techniques for identification of stress levels on the job and personnel selection consideration.
Task No. 6 Feview the task analyses data, NRC licensing regulations, i.e. areas of knowledge, skill levels, proficiency denonstrations, which were used to define actual training received by 'IMI personnel and crmpare specific behavioral objectives that would have been dictated by a scenario of the incident, noting discrepencies frcm established Department of Defense training specifications such as systes ap-preach to training or instructional systems developnent.
AV 6.1 Analyze sequence / task analysis of events during incident to define the specific behavioral objectives that should have been covered during training or on-the-job experience.
6.2 Provide analysis of operator training to determine extent of formal training.
6.3 Develop matrix of SBO's acomplishment during training, on-the-job training and those achieved only during the incident.
6.4 Specify applicability of training for other potential fail-ure modes, particularly those with nore than ene failure.
6.5 Identify potential that a procedural " mental set" may have defeated failure mode training.
6.6 Examine the potential for decision-making training as applied in Department of Defense systems where non-procedural responses are required.
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2.4
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Feview potential for application of CAOW developed systens and technology to nuclear plant aantrol training and human factors design evaluation.
7.1 Review MarAd T and C program findings relating use of sinu-lator and sinulation techniques in the aviation, marine, and terrestrial transportation industries.
7.2 Ctrnpare the findings of 7.1 to use of these techniques in the nuclear power industry.
7.3 Evaluate the potential benefits of application of CAOW operator and hunan factors observation station simulation technique to nuclear power plant operator training.
Task No. 8 Feview htunn factors standards applied specifically to 'IMI systen design, training and operation in cmparison to those at another light water plant and a non-nuclear pixx:ess control plant.
8.1 This task will consist of brief overview of the tasks uncer-taken for Nos. 1, 2, and 6 above.
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O Le 3.0 DELIVERABIES
'Ibe deliverables on this program will include a weekly letter status report and a final report for the project.
Pegular briefings at NRC are also envisioned.
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O 4.0 STAFFING
'Ihe resunes that follow describe the background and qualifications of the personnel proposed for full-tim assignment to this prwauu.
'Ihis group has been selected to provide a broad base of experience in all of the disciplines required to cmplete the program within the allotted time. 'Ihe full-time staff includes hunan factors, training, and operations research experience.
In addition to the full-tine cadre of personnel, the depth of ex-pertise to be applied to this program is increased by the availability on an advisory and as-needed basis of additional professional staff.
Even though they will not be either needed or used continually, their availability will insure that performance on all tasks will be subject to scrutiny and analysis by a wide variety of highly qualified profes-sionals..
'Ihe am will be under the overall control of S. D. Wheatley.
Goldberg will be assigned as the Project Engineer and will Dr.
oe have full wntrol over project team personnel and the authority to determine the need for participation by the technical support.
'Ihe project team personnel will be assigned full-time to the pro-O erem for tota 1 mengower egg 1iceeson of emproximete1y 21 men-onths.
'Ihe personnel designator as advisory will have an aggregate availa-bility of at least six man-nonths.
Program Manager S. D. Wheatley Project 'Ibam Technical Support Dr. Joel Goldberg Dr. Michael Denny Richard Cboper Dr. 'Ihcznas Hannell Walter Henry Dr. M. Smith David Nieri Dr. Kent Williams Athos Macris H. O. Travis Mark Gilder K. Gerweck Henry Manning A. J. Pesch Mr. Frank Kelly T. D. Mara William L. Bohannan O
4.1
JOEL GOIDBEIG, SENIOR 1RNAN FACIORS ANALYST O
EDUCATION:
B.A., Psychology, New York University M.A., Psychology, University of 'Ibledo Ph.D.", Experimental Psychology, Yeshiva. University EXPERIENCE:
Dr. Goldberg is currently involved in several research programs related to human performance and decision-naking. He has developed performance profiles of individuals working under mntrolled stress conditions.
The performance profiles include personality inventories, physiological responses, and cog-nitive and physical workload factors.
Dr. Goldberg has been in charge of research programs to investigate proble n solving and decision-making and has developed an ambulatory nonitoring system to simultaneously record the voice and involuntary physiological responses of individuals under controlled and varying degrees of stress.
1975 - 1978 Assistant Director, Staten Island Biofeedback Center Dr. Goldberg specialized in the treatment of stress related dison3ers by means of recording and analysis of physiological response.
He was cmpletely respon-p'J sible for specification and purchasing of all equipnent, data recording and analysis, research into new procedures and techniques, and developed and directed stress control seminars for various corporations.
1965 - 1975 Dr. Goldberg held posts in which he conducted graduate and undergraduate murses and investigated human perception and special techniques and proce-dures for physiological research.
TEO NICAL PUBLICATIONS:
Dr. Goldberg is the author of several basic research publications along with Irvin Ibck in the field of perception.
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t RICHARD B. COOPER, HUMAN FACTORS ANALYST O
eDuCATIDu, B.A.
Psychology University of Tampa - 1967 EXPERIENCE:
1975 to Present, Eclectech Associates, incorporated Project manager of a U.S. Maritime Administration program for the development and evaluation of standardized merchant ship bridge designs.
The project specify functional bridge arrangements for various merchant ship types and operating conditions. Criteria for the program were derived from extensive task analysis at-sea data collection and simulator experiments. Mr. Cooper planned and developed a new bridge display, evaluated several bridge designs and developed specific recommenda-tions for safe ship handling displays.
Mr. Cooper authored a series of reports evaluating CAORPs effectiveness as a training device for familiarizing masters with the pilotage requirements of the Port of Valdez, Alaska.
Recommendations led to changes in some U.S. Coast Guard regulations for the Valdez waterway and for substituting simulator experience for actual at-sea experience in fulfillment of the pilotage licensing requirement. He has worked extensively with a large variety of specifications and standards including submarine specifications, MIL-H-46855A, MIL-STD-1472B, MIL-H-24148, MIL-H-8144(AS), MIL-STD-470, MIL-S-38130, and Air Force standard 375 series.
Participated in a study of Human Resources in Ship Operations on the following O
shipboard environmental topics: space allocation and arrangements, furnishings and decor, temperature and humidity, noise and vibration, odors, dusts and particulates,
, gases and vapors, illumination, and nonionizing radiation.
Currently directing a U.S. Coast Guard sponsored human engineering study for determining navigation display effectiveness as a function of system inherent errors and display format.
1972 - 1975 General Electric Ordnance Systems Lead human factors engineer for design and development of the MK 88 Mod 2 and MK 98 Mod 0 TRIDENT FBM Fire Control Systems.
Human factors investigation of optimal indicator chromaticity and brightness for the unique submarine environment, illuminated switches and multiple projection display actuators were evaluated and specified for system-wide application.
Designed and conducted a missile launch countdown simulation evaluation in the l
TRIDENT submarine mock-up which demonstrated fire control effectiveness with interfacing shipboard systems, and personnel.
Directed a comprehensive human engineering operability evaluation of the prototype TRIDENT Fire Control Console.
1968 - 1972 General Dynamics, Electric Boat Division Coauthor of Human Factors in Ship Control (5 volumes). This study required the human engineering design and construction of a full-scale merchant ship bridge mock-up, and composition of a simulator script. Three unique bridge designs were evaluated O
ter cost errectivemess eaa eeeretor co#eim8 verrormeace. stuaiea the oeeretioa of
i RICHARD B. COOPER PAGE TWO marir.e radar systems by deck officers on a dynamic ship's bridge simulator.
Conducted studies on habitability, workspace allocation, equipment arrangement, and panel design for the TRIDENT Submarine System.
Wrote and instructed a comprehensive training program on the AN/BQH-4 Sonar System.
1967 - 1968 HRB-Singer, Incorporated Investigated driver passing behavior on rural highways through controlled field tests which determined the effects of speed and distance and traffic volume where sight distance was restricted. Performed human engineering tasks analyses for airborne, infrared imagery photo interpretation systems and Investigated human engineering requirements for various commercial' microfiche, aperture card, and microfilm reader-printers.
Performed a human engineering evaluation of the U.S. Navy Corps School curriculum to determine its relevance to Southeast Asia theater operations. He conducted a study on the behavior of civilian shelter occupants in controlled confinement and coauthored the final report, Phychological Factors Related to Tolerance of Confinement.
PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATION:
Society for Information Display O
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I WALTER O. HENRY, BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST C
EDUCATION:
B.A.
Industrial Psychology, University of Southern California - 1949 M.A.
Industrial Psychology, University of Southern California - 1950 EXPERIENC"'
Mr. Henry. completing a task analysis and development of training objectives for developmen; d a Type A specification for a tactical team trainer system. Previously be completed a task analysis and developed a training program for the Navy's new Sonar Operational Trainer (SOT) which enables realistic operational training of Navy Sonarmen.
Mr. Henry has worked in decision analysis training program design, development of training courses, specification preparation using MIL-STD-490 and others.
He has considerable experience in using many human engineering, submarine, reliability maintainability and safety specifications such as MIL-H-46855A, MIL-STD-1472B, MIL-H-24148, MIL-H-8144(AS), MIL-STD-470, and MIL-S-38130.
1956 - 1977 General Dynamics, Electric Boat Division As a member of the Human Factors Group, Mr. Henry worked on a variety of projects involving training task analyses, and human engineering design. He designed a course for Navy divers on the MK II Mod 1 Deep Diving System designed by Electric Boat.
Responsibilities included specification of training requirements, formulation of course objectives, development of specific learning objectives, preparation of student and instructor training guides and teaching of the' course. He also developed a console O
layout based on task analyses for this project. Prior assignments included system analysis for the Fleet Deployment Logistics project, human engineering studies associated with the handling system for a towed sonar array, and various research projects including a study of submarine habitability and an exercise study for the TRIDENT submarine. He also participated in crew arrangements studies for TRIDENT working within nuclear specifications.
Previously, Mr. Henry did research in the areas of maintenance and maintenance monitoring and is conversant with problems of maintaining electronic equipment. He i
completed a maintenance engineering analysis for an MEA development program, including preparation of the maintenance requirement cards (MRCs) for a towed array handling system.
1 He has worked on various aspects of the CCS Trainer for the TRIDENT Training Facility (TRITRAFAC) including preparation of basic technical documentation funda-mental to development of a Type A specification, analytical, and arrangement studies and Mr. Henry is experienced in areas of system analysis, using such tools as operational sequence diagrams (OSDs), flow analysis, and charting techniques. Use of these tools is described in " Final Report - Human Factors in. Ship Control, Volume lh Human Engineering Techniques and Guidelines Applicable to Merchant Marine Bridge Design",1968 (PB 179357): Henry, W. O., Jones, 3.3., and Mara, T.D.
and has been referenced in several guidelines used by the Navy.
Mr. Henry has had extensive experience in operability and feasibility studies involving task analyses, personnel studies, human engineering and functional allocation efforts.
Mr. Henry's early experience included work in all types of electronic maintenance, O
eiectronic iesPectioa, maiatenence decnmeatetion, end both ePeretioa and maiate-
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WALTER O. HENRY PAGE TWO O
i nance training of military personnel. As a field engineer, he was responsible for developing, organizing, and conducting a variety of maintenance and operation courses for military personnel on sophisticated electronic gear.
PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATION:
Human Factors Society - Member l
American Psychological Association - Member Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers - Member O
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i HENRY T. MANNING, APPLIED RESEARCH PSYCHOLOGIST Q
EDUCATION:
B.A.
Psychology, University of Connecticut Graduate Work in Oceanography, University of Rhode Island Continuing Graduate Work in Experimental Psychology, University of Rhode Island
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EXPERIENCE:
1977 - Present Mr. Manning has been employed as an applied research psychologist in the human factors field since joining Eclectech Associates. During that period he has been involved in a number of Naval and Maritime Administration research and develop-mental projects. His front-end task analyses on these projects have provided the structural framework for such diverse human factor efforts as:
Training:
Performance criteria, measures, and standards (concept to algorithm) defini-o tion Decisionmaking performance measure development e
Training process development (training methodology selection, modular train-e ing structure development, exercise / scenario development Trainee, instructor, and training hardware interfaces (control / display func-e tional requirements)
Training exercise guidelines (training process development, training metho-e dology selection, scenario development, etc.)
Training management information flow system development (macro and micro-e structure considerations)
Training diagnostic and performance assessment structure development e
Human Engineering:
Information display development (information requirements, display format, e
etc.), e.g., advanced bridge displays, tactical decisionmaking displays Software modeling of operational simulation, training, and decision-aiding e
displays (f u.ctional requirements, primarily) i System human engineering (analysis using design standards, e.g., MIL STD e
1472B, etc.
ILS/ human engineering consideration regarding reliability, safety, and main-e tainability of shipboard tactical equipments Additionally, such research issues as display effectiveness, the effectiveness of color for enhancing display information density, training ;ystem overall effectiveness, etc.,
have been experimentally evaluated by Mr. Manning.
Mr. Manning's performance in the areas listed above is documented in a number of R&D reports.
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i HENRY T. MANNING PAGE TWO O
Beyond his applied R&D psychology employment at Eclectech Associates, Mr. Manning has been instructing a course in Human Engineering for the University of Bridgeport for the past year.
1971 - 1977 General Dynamics, Electric Boat Division During this time period Mr. Manning was employed as a human factors engineer. His role was more developmental / design in nature while at this company. Some of the areas he performed in are:
Task analysis for operational and maintenance training SSBN (including e
TRIDENT) ship control stations e Maintenance training development for software-controlled maintenance troubleshooting /f ault isolation procedures Shipyard installation and test personnel training e
Additionally, Mr. Manning has authored a number of engineering studies involving the human factors evaluation of tactical equipment (e.g.,
Ship Control Station) control / display evaluations, and training devices (e.g., TRIDENT Training Facility Command and Control Team Trainer Type A Specification Instructor's Console related studies).
MILITARY SERVICE:
O 1966 - 1970, United States Navy, SSBN Submarines Sonar Technician, Watch Section Supervisor; operation and maintenance of submarine
, sonar systems, radar and ESM operation, fire control plotting, etc.
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MIDIAEL S. DENNY, SENIOR IIUMAN FACIORS ANALYST O
EDUCATICN:
B.S. Michigan State University, Psychology M.A. Michigan State University, Experinental Psychology Ph.D. Michigan State University, Experinental Psychology and Quantitative Psychology EXPERIINCE:
Dr. Denny currently works on several narine research programs that involve optimization of shipboard perfornunce by deck and engine personnel. :1his research requires a thorough knowledge of personnel skills and operating procedures, as well as shipboard systems. He has applied a knowledge of hunun factors and engineering psychology to nurine operations to develop pragnntic reconmendations on optinal use of, crew, manning reduction, train-ing requirements and system nodification to neet operator capabilities.
Dr. Denny has also developed unique suggestions for shipboard training and crew capabilities through standard audit procedures.
In other industrial areas Dr. Denny has been involved in the developnent of conputer-enhanced decision making systems.
These endeavors have included research on optimizing the selection and display of infonnation, user p
training, and ccuputer system inplementation.
Dr. Denny has also investi-gated the impact of designed environnents on human problem solving perfornance.
1971 - 1978 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology '& College of Human Mxlicine, Michigan State University Dr. Denny was involved in htunn factors and educational research, curriculta developnent and program evaluation, and teaching courses in human learning and problem solving.
PROFESSICNAL AFFILIATIONS:
American Psychological Association Environmental Design and Research Association Midwestern Psychological Association Psychonmtic Society O
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.i DR. THOMAS 3. HAMMELL, PRINCIPAL SCIENTIST
! Q EDUCATION:
B.E.
Electrical / Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1966 M.M.S.
Management Science, Stevens Institute of Technology,1968 Ph.D.
Experimental Psychology, University of Connecticut,1974 EXPERIENCE:
Dr. Hammell has extensive experience in all aspects of simulation and its effective application in research and training.
He has directed projects that involved the development of functional requirements for simulation facilities, development and implementation of real-time interactive simulation models, validation of simulation facilities, and conduct of empirical research on these devices. He has directed a long series of studies involving Naval officer training in the ASW command and control, decisionmaking, tactics, and sonar areas. Selected studies directed by Dr. Hammell are summarized in the following line statements:
Directed the validation of NMRC's Computer Aided Operations Research e
Facility (CAORF) at Kings Point, New York. The validation study addressed the areas of hardware, perception, information processing, and behavioral activity, i.e., decisionmaking outputs Coordinated the development of training guidelines for the prototype SSN e
AN/BQQ-13 Sonar Operation Onboard Training System.
Dr. Hammell developed the methodology for operator performance evaluation O
ereject en8 neer en e studx to deveiog the eedio seaeretor reseirements for t
e the AN/BQQ-5 sonar trainer (21B64)
Developed a submarine model for the evaluation of ship response and track o
made good through specific tactical maneuvers Developed the Device 21A40 tactics performance measurement system e
Dr. Hammeil is directing research on a prototype command and control training system to support special Submarine ASW tactical applications.
This effort concerns the development and empirical investigations of advanced concepts of submarine and i
attack tactical strategies.
The efforts have included (1) the development of a computer-controlled real-time interactive Submarine Tactical Operations Model, (2) the prototype development of a special tactical training device simulating the MK81 Weapon Control Console, using a general-purpose computer display system, (3) the implementation and investigation of the diagnostic system, (4) the implementation and investigation of the diagnostic feedback display concept, (5) the development of tactical performance evaluation methodology and material, (6) the implementation of computer-aided / controlled instruction concepts in an applied setting, and (7) the empirical investigation of complex human performance in an applied context.
Dr. Hammell also has extensive applied experience in electrical engineering associated with all of his research projects.
Additionally, Dr. Hammell is familiar with the application of Human Engineering design specifications, standard and guidelines. Both military and civilian documenta-tion has been applied to all control / display operational and training technology which O
Dr. Hammell has developed. The man-machine interface has also assumed a critical role in Dr. Hammell's research and developmental projects.
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1 DR. THOMAS 3. HAMMELL PAGE TWO D
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PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE:
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1968 - 1972 General Dynamics, Electric Boat Division Dr. Hammell directed and participated in projects involving: control / display research; human factors design of command and control systems; layout design of work areas in accordance with traffic flow, informa~ tion flow, operational objectives, engineering constraints, and habitability factors; man-machine interface design; development of advanced training concepts and devices, development and implementation of training courses and supporting materials; application of computer-assisted instruction.
j 1966 - 1968 Re:,earch Assistant, Laboratory of Psychological Studies, Stevens Institute i
of Technology Dr. Hammell implemented research programs investigating computer-assisted instruc-tion, human risk taking, and the automobile driver / vehicle interaction.
He also participated in the development, implementation, and evaluation of testing instru-ments for employee selection, attitude evaluation, and personality assessment. These included individual and group administered tests, as well as structured interviews.
EARLIER EXPERIENCE:
Cadet Engineer - Public Service Electric and Gas Company, Newark, New Jersey.
Dr. Hammell was an engineer working on advanced energy planning, power generation, O
- d distributioa erelects-Engineering Assistant - Aluminum Company of America, Edison, New Jersey. Dr.
- Hammell designed automatic and semiautomatic electrical control systems.
PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATION:
American Psychological Association - Member Human Factors Society - Member Military Operations Research Society - Member O
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I MYRIAM W. SMITH BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST EDUCATION:
B.A.
University of Connecticut, Psychology,1959 M.S.
University of Massachusetts, Experimental Psychology,1965 PH.D.
University of Connecticut, General Experimental Psychology,1973 EXPERIENCE:
Dr. Smith is currentif responsible for designing an experiment to be run for the U.S.
Coast Guard at CAORF.
This experiment is an investigation of the effects of the characteristics of aids to navigation (buoys) on pilot performance in narrow channels.
She is using a factional factorial design which requires extensive preplanning but minimizes the use of expensive simulator time.
1973 - 1979 Teaching Experience Dr. Smith has had a variety of one year and part-time teaching appointments at a number of institutions.
These included the University of Connecticut at Storrs, Eastern Connecticut State College in Willimantic, and Hartford College for Women in Hartford.
child / developmental psychology.She taught courses in the areas of both expe 1960 - 1962 Research Assistant Dr. Smith worked for Doctors David Zeaman and Betty House at the University of Connecticut.
Her duties included the conduct and analysis of experiments in the learning processes of retarded children at Mansfield State Training School.
HONORS AND AWARDS:
Phi Kappa Phi B.A. with High Honors, University of Connecticut N.D.E.A. Pre-doctoral Fellowship, University of Massachusetts,1959 i
PAPERS AND PUBLICATIONS:
i Paired-associates learning under classical conditioning and selective learning para-l digms as functions of similarity variables.
Master's Thesis.
University of l
Massachusetts,1965. (Major adviser: Dr. Albert E. Goss) i An experimental analysis of proactive inhibition effects in retardates.
Dissertation. University of Connecticut,1973. (Major adviser:
Doctoral Dr. David Zeaman)
House, B.3., Smith, M., and Zeaman, D., Verbal learning and retention as a function of number of lists in retardates. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 243.
1964, 6,9, 239-
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.i MYRIAM W. SMITH PAGE TWO Smith, 3. and Smith, M.
Student Guide and Review to accompany Elements of Psychology (3rd edition) by Krech, Crutchfield, and Lfyson.
New York: Alfred A.
Knopf,1974.
Smith,3. and Smith, M. _A Student Handbook for Elements of Psychology (3rd edition) by Krech, Crutchfield, and Livson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1974.
Smith, J., Smith, M., and Weeks, R.
Instructor's Manual and Test Item File to accompany Elements of Psychology Ord edition) by Krech, Crutchfield, and Livson.
New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1974.
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ATHOS C. MACRIS, ENGINEERING SPECIAll5T O
EDUCATION:
l B.S.M.E. University of Ilhnois l
Qualification - Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program, U.S. Naval Sub-marine Base, New London, Connecticut M.S.O.E. University of Connecticut l
EXPERIENCE:
t i
Mr. Macris has been working in the field of nuclear engineering for the past twelve i
years. Initially, his experience was of a formal qualification program nature. This training was soundly augmented with nuclear experience in the U.S. Naval Submarine Force.
Since coming to Eclectech Associates, he has been involved in such professionally broadening areas as:
a requirement study conducted for the nuc! car regulatory commission e
advanced bridge display development for the merchant marir.e e
a major sonar operational material development contract for the Navy (shore e
based) an onboard sonar training development program e
e trainin and information display develcomental effort for the Navy (sonar related audio display requirements study (human engineering design standards were e
invoked)
Mr. Macris is currently the Project Engineer for the Sonar Training and Assessment Program (SOTAP).
This is a two-year SSBN sonar operational training materials development program for the U.S. Naval Underwater Systems Center (NUSC) New London, Laboratory, which coordinates both shipboard (OBT) and shorebased sonar (SOT) training.
1971 - 1976 U.S. Navy Submarine Force In September 1976, Mr. Macris completed a five-year tour of active duty with the U.S.
Navy. A summary of naval experience follows:
During an assignment to Submarinc Development Group Two, New London, Connecticut from July 9,1971 to November 17, 1971, Mr. Macris participated in submarine exercise analysis and reconstruction. In November 1972, he completed studies for the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program, qualifying for the supervision, operation, and maintenance of a naval nuclear propulsion plant. During the period from January 1973 to May 1973, he completed a five-week Submarine Officers; Indoctrination Course and various other submarine-related courses.
Mr. Macris was assigned to the USS William H. Bates SSN680 from May 1973 to June 1973. He served during his time on board as Communications and Electronics Material Officer and Reactor Controls Of ficer.
Collateral duties included Security Manager, Intelligence, Photographic and Public Relations Officer, and a member of the Human Relations Counsel.
While serving on the USS Bates, he received the Navy Expeditionary Medal, Navy Unit Commendation, and Navy Achievement Award.
O In auae 1975. ur. Mecris was treasierred to the USS whale SSN638. He served as the Electrical Officer and the Main Propulsion Assistant. While on board the USS Whale,
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i ATHOS C. MACRIS PAGE TWO I
he participated in an extended Mediterranean deployment. His collateral assignments included ship's Qualification Officer and Engineering Department Training Of ficer. On September 10, 1976, Mr. Macris' active duty obligation was complete. He was then transferred to the U.S. Naval Reserve.
PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS:
National Society of Professional Engineers (EIT)
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i KENT E. WILLIAMS Q
STAFF ENGINEER EDUCATION:
B.S.
Quinniplac College M.A.
Connecticut College, Physiological Psychology PH.D. University of Connecticut, Human Learning and Memory EXPERIENCE:
Dr. Williams is currently responsible for technical content of a variety of U.S. Coast Guard, Maritime Administration, and ship operator research projects. These include a feasibility study on the inclusion of simulation in maritime training and licensing programs which will define system acceptance criteria for proposed programs and simulators. He is also senior program manager of an experiment concerned with the analysis and assessment of a proposed deep water port, giving consideration to wind and tidal currents, environmental obstructions, etc. Other projects include a study of the quality of life at sea, and an analysis of statistical data correlating workload and stress to type / number of illnesses and injuries, and the applied effect of cognitive workload aids to navigation. He has also developed numerous questionnaires and given
-interviews to seagoing personnel in the areas such as shiphandling characteristics, knowledge of control in shallow waters and understanding of collision avoidance systems.
1975 - 1976 Human Experimental Psychologist for Research Group NMRC-CAORF Dr. Williams was involved in the design and analysis of collision avoidance experiments conducted at CAORF as well as the Valdez simulation experiments conducted at CAORF where Dr. Williams was co-pro 6 ram manager. He has been responsible for development of performance measures and data analytic techniques to broaden the analytic capacities of CAORF Research staff.
He has been involved with the development evaluation of the CAORF Training Research program and the develop-ment of new research objectives to further broaden our understanding of human factors with respect to the maritime industry.
He also implemented the Human Factors Data Base program for the basic research program and operational exercise 1
program.
1975 - 1976 Assistant Professor of Psychology, University of New Haven, New Haven, Connecticut 1973 - 1975 Assistant Professor of Psychology, Quinnipiac College, Hamden, Connecticut 1971 - 1976 Research Assistant at the University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.
Dr. Williams conducted research in human information processing and organizational processing in memory.
He was involved in several experiments investigating iniormation processing with retarded children.
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.i KENT E. WILLIAMS PAGE TWO 1969 - 1972 Summer Engineering Psychologist Naval Underwater Systems Center, New London, Connecticut He conducted research involving the simulation of display systems to assess the information processing capabilities of the human, and was involved in Human Perf ormance Reliability Research.
1969 - 1971 Teaching Assistant, Connecticut College, Introductory Psychology, Introduction to Statistical Methods f
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETY MEMBERSHIP:
SNAME American Psychological Association Institute of Navigation National Academy of Sciences / National Research Council National Transportation Research Board TECHNICAL PAPERS:
p Dr. Williams is the author of over a dozen technical papers relating to the human V
factor in ship control, as well as basic research publications in human learning and
. memory.
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l ALAN 3. PESCH, PRESIDENT t
l Q EDUCATION:
B.S.
Industrial Psychology, University of Wisconsin M.S.
Cybernetics, University of Wisconsin - Master's degree multidisciplinary between fields of computer science, psychology, physiology, and industrial engineering l
EXPERIENCE:
Mr. Pesch has a broad and diversified background in the human engineering field. He is experienced in the research, development and design implementation of experimental, operational, and training systems.
He is currently performing research on the man-machine interfaces in the shipping industry for the U.S. Merchant Marine Administration. In this capacity, he is directing a variety of projects, including:
Design of a standardized pilothouse ship control suite for U.S. merchant ships, e
The investigation of automated collision avoidance systems e
Research in navigation display systems e
Mr. Pesch is also currently conducting a study for the U.S. Coast Guard which entails the computer modeling of the perceptual variables which an operator must assess when making decisions concerning the information available from navigational aids. This study will provide insight into the controlling variables for safe ship navigation with a potential increase in the by-product, platform productivity.
O He hes beca directiv resgoesidie for the deveiogment end impiementation of meny aew concepts employing simulators in marine systems training.
Developmental efforts
- included:
Mission task analysis, training objcctives and performance standard e
Diagnostic placement and progressive training exercises e
Demonstrated methods for trainee performance assessment and evaluation of e
both individual operator and team level effectiveness Training programs utilizing existing training devices and the design of e
prototype instructional systems.
Mr. Pesch has directed engineering and research efforts in the development of undersea vehicles. These include investigation of manipulator arm design / performance aspects, evaluation of underwater trenching systems, and the test and evaluation of a sophisticated Navy underwater work system.
Mr. Pesch has conducted research in the area of submarine ASW tactical decision-making. This ef fort included the task analysis of complex human behavior under conditions of stress. The effort is directed toward the development of a prototype system which will be utilized for the testing and evaluation of the effectiveness of various approaches to training optimal decisionmaking performance.
PREVIOUS WORK HISTORY:
1969 - 1972 Chief, Man-machine Systems. General Dynamics, Electric Boat Division Mr. Pesch was responsible for the management of control / display research in areas of ASW and Combat Weapon Systems such as fire control, ship control, and sonar.
ALAN 3. PESCH PAGE TWO O
Additionally, he was responsible for the development of advanced training technology which included studies of training device requirements, and advanced curriculum presentation methods such as computer-aided instruction, human engineering efforts in hardware systems design, and physiological and human performance research for man-in-the-sea and small submersible effectiveness programs. Major job functions included management and technical consultant.
PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATION:
IEE - System Man, Cybernetics Group Human Factors Society National Security Industrial Association ASW Advisory Committee Subcommittee Study on Computer-Alded Instruction in ASW Training - Chairman Steering Committee for the Subcommittee of Personnel, Training, and Human factors - Steering Group Submarine Committee - Submarine Combat Weapon Systems Training - Member RoyalInstitute of Navigation O
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!!ARRISCH O. TRAVIS, JR., DIRECIOR MARINE DUINEERING T
EDUCATIQi:
Rv York State Merchant Marine Academy Cooper Union School of Engineering, B.S., Mechanical Engineering C.W. Post (bilege of L.I. University, M.S., Ocean Engineering EXPERIHKE:
Mr. Travis is currently involved in several programs functioning as a manager and technical participant. 'Ihese include efforts relating to the optimization and evaltation of marine plant perfonnance through advanced nonitoring tech-niques and retraining of engineering personnel. IIe is also providing managatent and technical advice in the conduct of several tasks utilizing the CAORP sinulation of nerchant marine bridge operations. Tasks include emputer data hank design and develo vent of advanced amputer aided neasuranent techniques for assessing performance of bridge operations personnel.
1971 - 1976 National Maritine Pescarch Center Mr. Travis began the Manager of the lleadquarters Support Inboratory and was later pronoted to Diructor of the Besearch Center.
Programs under his control inclixled research into cmnunications effectiveness, marine power plant sinn-lation and marine engineering training and developnent of the CAORP simulator O
certiric8'toa-1943 - 1970 U.S. Merchant Marine Academy Mr. Travis served in several administrative and academic capacities incitxling that of Department Ilead, Marine and Mechanical Engineering.
In addition to his inlergraduate education responsibilities, Mr. Travis developed and conduc-ted many special training programs for shipyards and shipping cmpanies.
1937 - 1943 Engineer, U.S. Merchant Marine Mr. Travis' work included all shipboard engineering capacities on a wide variety of nerclunt vessels powered by reciprocating engine, geared turbine, turbine electric, diesel electric and direct drive diesel propulsion systems.
PIOFESSIO4AL AFFILIATION:
Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers Society of Marine Ibrt Engineers of New York AIerican Society of Naval Engineers Council of Ancrican Master Mariners O
KRISTI M. GEWECK, TRAINING ANALYST EEUCATI W :
B.A. Psychology, Florida State University M.S. Pennsylvania State University EXPERIENCE:
Present Ms. Gerweck has worked on a variety of hunan performance programs including Festricted Waters Navigation and Certification and training for the USCI;.
%e nujority of her effort has been spent on the latter effort, in which, in addition to task analysis and experimental design, she provided a de-tailed cxxnparison of marine training requirements to training in other fields, particularly aviation.
She has performed all research on individ-ual narine training by ccrnpanies such as Exxon, dievron, various schools, etc. She has also developed a conturison of certification requirements between the narine and aviation fields.
Previous Experience - 1970 through 1977 Ms. Gerweck held various other positions, prinarily in the training field.
C-nese included a position with Eastern Airlines in which she developed training objectives for a new aircraft, as well as a complete training program with performance neasures.
She was also involved in the develop-ment of simulator specifications, sinulator and aircraft training and certification.
She has held other positions with companies in which she was responsible for in-house training coordination and training of ocxnpany personnel.
PF0FESSIW AL PAPFES Iblation of Marine and Aviation Training Fequirements, USm Training and Certification Task Force,1978.
Current Status of Mirine Collision Avoidance, Second CAORF Sympositzn,1978.
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s THOMAS D. MARA O
TeCHNiCA1. eROcRAM MAsAceR EDUCATION:
B.S.
Fairfield University M.A.
Connecticut College EXPERIENCE:
Present, Senior Staff Consultant In this position, Mr. Mara directs the operation of a variety of technical and personnel human factors consulting services for the maritime industry. He assists several ship operators in the definition of advanced ship crew training requirements and in the selection of ship navigation systems. He directs a variety of projections dealing in advanced marine projects ranging from port and terminal development, to hardware design to improve harbor surveillance, and studies involving the quality of life at sea.
He has conducted numerous studies at CAORF which involve the development of performance measures for all aspects of ship control and has developed shipboard training packages for major oil companies.
These tasks have required numerous shipboard research efforts to identify operational data and requirements.
1974 - 1976 Managing Director, CAORF O
Mr. Mara was employed by the U.S. Maritime Administration as the first Manager of
, the Computer Aided Operations Research Facility (CAORF). In this position he was responsible for putting the CAORF Ship Simulator into operation. His first duties included system acceptance and selection of initial operating personnel. Under his direction the Five Year Research Program was developed and implemented in a variety of study programs.
The initial contracts with customers who wished to hire the f acility were also implemented under Mr. Mara's direction.
1971 - 1974 Director Project Development, Sperry Marine in this position Mr. Mara directed all advanced system and product developmen' for Sperry.
These systems included a computerized collision avoidance and integrated navigation system, as well as harbor radar and sophisticated ship control devices.
In this position, Mr. Mara directed the world-wide introduction and services of these unique systems.
1969 - 1971 Vice President, Marine Digital Systems Mr. Mara directed the development of the first computerized shipboard anticollision and integrated navigation systems. He was a co-patent holder of the COMAN collision avoidance system and was responsible for harbor surveillance and positioning systems for survey vessels.
1963 - 1969 Various Positions in Marine Industry O
Mr. Mara worked for Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics and Dunlap Associates on a variety of advanced systems. These programs included the A-New
.i THOMAS D. MARA PAGE TWO antisubmarine viarfare program, the Squire Ship Control Program, and the U.S.
Maritime Administration's ' Human Factors in Ship Control' program. Mr. Mara was program manager of the latter program which identified watch officer workloads and projected requirements for many of the advanced ship control devices that are being implemented today.
PATENT:
Co-patent holder of the COMAN Collision Avoidance System PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATION:
Institute of Navigation Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers O
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WTTJTAM L. BOHANNAN, CONSULTANP DIREOIOR - NAVAL SYSTDiS O
EIXJCATIQ1:
B.S.
Architectural Engineering, University of New Mexico U.S. Navy Nuclear Power School, Bainbridge, Maryland U.S. Navy Subinrine School, New Iondon, Cbnnecticut EXPERIDKE:
At Eclectech Associates, Captain Bohannan is currently involved in the nanagement and develogrent of training naterials for the Sonar Opera-tional Training and Assessment Program (SOTAP) and with the Subrnrine Advanced Reactive Tactical Training Systs (SMARTTS). SOTAP is a two-year project which incorporates both shipboard (OBT) and shorebased (SOT) sonar operational training. SOfAP provides advanced concepts in individual / team training and diagnostic evaluation coupled with sophisticated information flow and analysis for long range effective overall SSBN sonar training., SMARITS is an update for the SubTarine Ctrnbat Systs Trainers (SC3Ts) to provide the necessary capabilities to increase the training capabilities of these trainers by the proper feedback and structure to the training process. providing C-Captain Bohannan's experience in nuclear engineering cxrmenced 15 years ago with a formai qualification program.
Since then, his naval career has been geared tcward nuclear operations, including POIARIS patrols, as well as the construction, training, and operation of two FDM subinrines.
Captain Bohannan's nuclear experience culminated with the conmand of the USS Sturgeon (SSN637), a nuclear powered attack suMirine.
His responsibilities were those of a ship's Captain, as wen as the safe and efficient operation of the ship's weapon system and nuclear propulsion plant.
Captain Bohannan's training background in the Navy lead to the position of Qrrmanding Officer at the Naval Underwater Systems Center frm August 1975 to September 1978.
His responsibilities were those of the Chief Executive of this Navy Industrial Funded Activity with over 600 technical and engineering pro
'Ibtal program funding equalled about $270 million per year. grans.During July 1973 to July 1975, Captain Bohannan was Chief of Staff to Oxnnnder, Subinrine Group EIGHT and Omunnder, Task Forces 64 and 69, U.S. Sixth Fleet.
He nonaged and coordinated the efforts of a staff of about 60 people who were respon-sible for the operation, maintenance, and training of all U.S. Navy subinrines assigned to the U.S. Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean.
'Ihe Yom Kippur crisis occurred during this time.
During December 1971 to June 1973, Captain Bohannan was Head of the Subinrines Branch, Office of the Director, Anti-Subrarine Warfare (OP 95) on the Staff of the Gief of Naval Operations.
h He was responsible for the planning and budgeting, and coordination of subrarine ASW systems in the acquisition process.
i MARK W. GILDER O
EDUCATION:
B.A.
Catholic University M.A.
Connecticut College, Experimental Psychology EXPERIENCE:
In his current position Mr. Gilder works on the design, implementation and analysis of various marine research projects. He is familiar with the development of performance standards, training objectives and methods, as well as technical procedures for validation of project results in ship operations. He has worked on marine training projects and the design of aids to navigation based on perceptual skills of the deck officer. Mr. Gilder has also participated in research in the area of quality of life at sea and physiological measures under varying workload conditions.
PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS:
Institute of Navigation National Honors Fraternity in Psychology (Psi Chi)
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DAVID S. NIERI, SENIOR OPERATICNS ANALYST O
HJUCATION:
State University of New York Maritime Cbilege B.S.
Meteorology & Oceanography Currently in M.S. Program Computer Science EXPERIENCE:
Mr. Nieri has participated in nurrerous at-sea and simulator research projects.
One of these studies required the design and evaluation of an at-sea t'aining program which included an objective measurement of training applicability and effectiveness.
Another involved use of the C10RF simulator for measurement of cognitive workload under controlled operating conditions. Mr. Nieri has also participated in research on aids to navigation for the U.S. (bast Guard and shipboard safety engineering for a major seaman's union.
1974 - 1977 U.S.A. Steamship Igency, Inc.
Mr. Nieri had full and independent responsibility for operation of Manhattan based steamship agency, reporting to directors of the parent cmpany. He was supervisor of agency operations, purchasing, vessel accounts as well as trainiry of operations personnel.
In addition, he personally handled all C
agency functions and attended all vessels. He attended all port operational meetings, such as vrS and interfaced with the U.S.C.G. on all investigations, hearings, fines, etc.
Annually Mr. Nieri handled about 85 vessels. Vessel types included general cargo, bulk carriers, cattle carrier, tankers, and LPG vessels. He performed complete ship services acting as owners' and/or charterers' representative in the Port of New York and at adjacent ports frun Perth Iniboy, New Jersey, to Bridgeport, (bnnecticut.
He was responsible for filing documents required by the various federal agencies, such as Hazardous Cargo Manifests, Export Declarations, Discrepency Ibports, Crew and Passenger Lists, etc.
1972 - 1974 Mate Various Steamship Canpanies Mobile Oil Corporation, Eastern Tanker Corporation, Cenac Towing (b.
LICENSE:
Current U.S.C.G. License -- Third Mate, Any Gross Tons, with endorsanents for various Incal Pilotage l
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CBE i i <i-as:.trnpt ion.
planning out to 10 miles would be inadequate 100 of the other 30"'o of the units, consolation to know that if only the accid of the time.
dose sites, plannirn would have been suffi ient had occ c ent.
The conclusion to be drawn from the DBA/L planniry for this accident need only reach out tOCA data at other reactors, planning would have to ext end 20 miles (Figure 1-6 i 10"d of the reactors exceeded the thyroid d conclusinns from such site-specific data is p ose at 20 miles).
ure speculation. To try to drew generic A second basis given for the methodology.
The model is no where described; the10 mile EPZ co from analysis using RSS orthodox RSS inscrutability. 9 PAG of 5 rem whole body radiation arenumbers in th e eorology) doses of the order of the ven the probability drops off sharply beyond 10 milmassiv moderately probable up to 100 miles a ossible around the reactor, but their emergencies up to 100 miles away from threspond es or so.
At this point all ideas of.
s clearly impossible to prepare for lethal doses are only foun e reactor.
the 10 mile EPZ concep'. d within about 10 miles, this is takHowever, since short en as confirmation of WHAT SIZE IS THE EMERGENCY PL ANNIN Itu-10 nato G ZONE?
IV may be compared with the ar prompt i avacuated in its calculati f
This was a keyhoin shaped area, defined a ons of reactorea which the RSS ' assumed t s below.
accident injuries and fatalities.
5 m\\
t iles 45' Reactor i
25 miles Direction of plume g
NURI. 0 W<,':.:
N is not sn clear-cut; it is variously describ d A
e as being generic:
gener:c area defined about emotqenc path ua,. s.y planniry of fsite.
a nuclear facility to facilitate In relation to emergency response an CFZIt is de vhich best e ffort is perfor:ned makirvi uso is an area in plans and m not an arr i in.vhich partic l of existing emergenev u ar criteria must be ' net.
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