ML19263H051

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Forwards Response to Walker Questions 3,4,5 & 10 in Response to DOE Request.Population & Seismological Characteristics of Reactor Sites Governed by 10CFR100
ML19263H051
Person / Time
Issue date: 06/02/1980
From: Dircks W
NRC OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR FOR OPERATIONS (EDO)
To: Akaka D
HOUSE OF REP.
References
NUDOCS 8007080034
Download: ML19263H051 (17)
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Text

{{#Wiki_filter:i THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS U POOR QUALITY PAGES, .JUN 2IW ~ The Honorable Daniel K. Akaka United States House of Representatives Washington. DC 20515

Dear Congressman Akaka:

We have been atked by Mr. Sheldon Meyers of the Department of Energy to respond to four questions raised by your constituent, lir. Steven Walker.. - concerning matters over which the Nuclear Regulatory Conraission has regulatory responsibility. Enclosed are answers to these questions. If we can be of further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact us. Sincerely. r;p73.WC 1111am J. Dircks Acting Executive Director for Operations

Enclosure:

a Response to Questions

3. 4, 6 and 10 Distribution:

WJDircks DEisenhut JSaltzman HRDenton Dross OCA (3) EGCase BGrimes PPAS DOE SHanauer SECY RVollmer RMattson Central DMuller Snyder Files CKammerer WHRegan UFB NRR Rea< JCook 0884 BKreger NRR Reading MGroff- 08846 EJakel NRC PDR GErtter-08846 DNash NSICS9 IDinitz Reading TERA h NRR: deb NRR:DE f EDO', OCA DMuller RVollmer EGC 5 t HRDe an WJDircks 5/16/80 5/22/80 5/ /80 5/ 80 5/ /80 5/ /80 S 80079gggf ( M & M M M NRRNB NRR:SAB_ NRR:RP OELD or rect. NRR:UFB __ NRR:UFB EJakel_Y N 5 4 Y IDinitz/cd DNash JSaltzman WRegan BKrege ' suanauc. 51.15/BD........ 51.15/BD.. .. 51.16/BD.......'. 5121/BD..... .. 51.1E/80.. ..5/.191BD...

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Question 3: Why are nuclear power plants built in densely populated areas and on earthquake faults? Answer: The population characteristics and seismological characteristics of reactor sites are governed by Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 100. (10 CFR Part 100.) A copy is enclosed for your information. The regulation (see sections 100.3:and 100.11, for example) requires that every site for a nuclear power plant have an exclusion area surrounding the reactor where residents are not pemitted, a low population zone outside the exclusion area, and that the nearest densely populated center containing more than about 25,000 persons should be no closer than one and one-third times the outer radius of the low population zone. These distances are not fixed, but rather the minimum distances to the exclusion area boundary and low population zone are required to be such that no member of the public will receive a radiation dose in excess of the values listed in section 100.11 in the e. at of a serious accident. Typical distances to the exclusion area boundary are about 0.4 to 0.6 miles and typical low population zone outer radii are about 2 to 3 Distances to the nearest population center range from about 3 to miles. 20 miles, with 10 miles being fairly typical. Although the NRC has had a long-standing policy of locating reactors away from very densely populated centers, and Part 100 restricts reactors from being located in densely populated areas, the NRC is currently reassessing its siting policies and practices to deal more explicitly A with population density in the vicinity of nuclear power plants. number of recommendations,have been proposed by a staff task force on siting policy as well as by the various groups which have investigated the Three Mile Island accident. We expect that any changes will serve to strengthen and clarify NRC policy in this regard. Appendix A to Part 100 is a complex set of requirements designed to assure that reactors are properly designed for the seismic activity that may be encountered at the proposed location and to assure that reactors are not located on capable earthquake faults.

UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMf.USSION RULES and REGULATIONS TfTLE 10. CHAPTER 1. CODE OF FIDERAL REGULATIONS-ENERGY 7__ R5 ACTOR SITE CRITERIA 100 or 5022 of this chapter des::r:ed to pro-In the gpues. ten of duce electrica: cr heat ecc.Ty. of exper* nv-the= cnu*.rta utlich r.re detberstely ft:x-(e) "Tef.*.33 reactor

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sec. Ible* the asfesur.rf.s prtrrided -elther ing faci:::y" aJ de?.ned in 5 53 2 cf h 300.3 Purp== 3002 8*@'- gne 1 solation or en.-ineered fes*.' r:s-- a should resect the Jr.ch of certainty that chapter. 2002 Ddt2"'" Ertz Evarranon Facets em hearzw Peroes only c2perience can provide. g 100.3 De EmIdoma. 5 300.10 Nw. i. le 16nd A sco.se r csm to be oo:w.dered uten evalv.

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20o.33 Drunntnauno se aseluaten ana. tow As used in th!s pc.rt: racten cens:dt edin the era'.uston of .opuleswn sone. mad popu2 muon (a) "EzMuMon area" =es s that r.rca gtes Ed#!e tbce.e re. star both to the surrounding the reactor, in which the <*

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reacto-Deensee has t.5e ag,#.4 2 h* preposed reactor dedru and the chan.c. Arrrwm A It is ex. g,g,.tes peutar to the s:te. ansane swa c.res.o,ce smwo estrenza ros terctine e.U ceuv!ues in:!u. - s e::cluMon peted cat rec.cters win refect throcch cr re=3ral of perr.onnel and prvperty g3., ; e,,e.;n, cer,y=,;et:c: e.ng eperg en mm ,.m frem the tres. This tres Inny be trst-tt*mdy low precaW M M* etted by & way. 2 4 W " D ca en.3g go.2d rtru?t in n! case of 3:2* AUTHORITY: Sees. 2 02. Pub. L. 9 3-4 3 8. 4 8 wTJ. prended these are Det a3 che to g,3g, Sast. 4244 (4 tJ.5,C. 5 842) the f ac13ty r.s to Interfere Wh nc.."*.al g! t:. t que.nt*.Oes of ran30 acute fxC. n In oddM the site 1***'N operr.tsens of the facitty sad provided r.cd tne en.nnected festuns includ d as cmprista and the*ae mgeru . g, g. docs ccate- ] 390,3 p, P *** r.re Inade to control traf*.c cn the high-W, i 11.t sd. cr waterway. In cue of es cf,,3,,gc g.st.r.hou;d or.e occur. Cut .t1 insure a low rts.t cf p.:b:Je e.s. (a) It is the purpoce cf this part to emergency to protect the pub c health In parucular, the Cornn2:sslon dexribe envita which gujde the Com-Itar.:dence rtthin the ex-pc-u.re ~'an in its evaluston of the ruf tsb!]. nnd safety. be pro-r U t.aie the icilowi*- facters into cc3-c]ur.!ca r.res thall ncrcr.IlyIn any event. reMdents she.11 be E dderauen 6 d r ity cf prep &,ed altes for stat 2onary pow-subject to ready remova! in esse of ne 6 h!blted. n;y of a site for a power cr tesung cr and test =r reactors subject to Part b cen.:ty. Acudt!es unrelated to cperaton 50 of this chapter. g ggIbia.rneteristes of reactor des:gn (b) Inc.t:"icsent erperience hu been ac-N of the reactor may be per::titted in a.n u-(o cumulated to perznit the writing of de-a d,"aropcred operauen includme:Inte czclusion t. rec under apprcpriate 11=1ts.- talled standards that would prov2de a t: ens provided that no si".nd:a.nt hu-gg C Cur.nutauve ccrrelauon of all fr.ctors

c. ard.a to the pubUc bet 3th E.nd ss.fety w1D in; the prepard rm- -um power lerel c.:niacant to the quesUon of accepta-and the nature and inventcry of con-b 13ty of nactor s.ites. his part la in. " re: ult.

(b) "Iow population zone"meras the d @scuve snatersals-(2) The extent to which generaTJ tended as an intenm guide to identify ares immediately surrounding the ex-secepted eartneerms sisada.rds are ap-a number of f actors considered by the c2uzion area which centsina residents. Co= mission in the evaluauon of reactor the total number asd dens 2:7 cf wh!ch pbed t.o the dengn of the reactor:fhe e sites and the general criterta used at are su:b that there is a reasonable prob-g33 p this time n.s guides in approving or dis-sb!Dty that tpptcpriate protecWe incorporates un: cue or unusual features han a s gniacant beatmg en the prepcoed sites. Any appil* znessures could te tahes in their b=.ht.!! g approving,,. cast who b-Ueves that iactors other than in the event c a serious accidest. Tbtze pg.M or coM-ences of acC2dcatA.I C *.hase set forth in the guide should be guldea do net specify n per==!ss!ble popu-(4) The sa.fety features that are to be e cf hacuve :.sterials-r :ensadered t y the Commissaon wiD be ex-lacon density or total population within enginected into the f acittty and those "Detted to demenstrate the appucabluty .this zone because the 2:tuatsen snay my and signiaca.nce of such factors. W.ber a specW bsnsers that must be treached as a re-3 100.2 Swpe. number of pecple ca=. for crample, be su2: of an ace! dent befere a re: case of from case to case. evacuated ins a spect c atta, or in-rs.cloactric Insterta3 to the envi:snment (a)This pan applies to applicatioris flied under structed to tale shelter. oc a ti=2ely can occur. Population density and u.se char-Part $0 of tfus chap-bs.ais wtB depend en Inany factors ruch ar,e-tstics of the a:te enytictLt. Encludnse (b) ter for rtationary power and testing as locacci number end size of h!:h* wcys scope r.nd exsest cf e.dytace plas-the e.sdudon area. Iow pop"" *W-retzscrs. (b) The a te criteria contained in this nin. and actua3 di:tributen c! n:! dents and populatlen center dnarce. (c) Physical charactertrucs of the part apply primartly to nactors of a within the area. dis *.snze* site. !st ud.*ng se!.smology. snetcoru!cgy. rtmeral type and d"1:n on which ex-(c) "Pepulation c=nter ptstence bas been dewelcped but ca.n also 'z=e:2.nz the dis *sace frcm the retc*.or to g,o;o.y and hydroiofy. In be appDed to other reactor typ:s. the netitst boundary cf a densely pcpu-(1) Appendix A."Seis=1: and GeolcEle mottl pr.r:2cular. fcr resetcrs that att it. sed center con" war znore th s about E:ttec Craterna for Audear Pom er P4an in des :n and unsrovenu prototypes 25.000 n?.2desta. (d) " Power nactor" meass a nuclear ducrtDes the nature cf Investigt.tions re-or puot p3 ants it 1: expected that,these ba.:.ac c:1 terra vtD be emM in a Inan= reactor nf a type described in i Scaltbl , ner that tales into s.ecount the laz1 April 30.1975 1004

P ART ICO o.iEM. i on a s b wa s c... A t.ms ta a Octal CJ erytm f ct cc.a*:r 3 (1) An e.reju. con arte. of s*Jch 21*2 that una et pamuar ce rnmem *ca Cded *.o cctsin the geologie and seLunic an indirsdus.31ocated at any point on its N es.a rw-reArsty to determme site sulta-bcuncary Ior two hours t=medtately $N,#%$'.h** ($' h i M :r 2.:C: prorade aeasonable assur-foucreting onset of the postult.tN: fisalon and matand cJ cpe. suna 1.Ae *.r.at a :.:e! car power plant can be product release would not receive a total " o r;.:ae ct TwW Iz:ar== Dee. ceristru*ted spd c;ersted at a proposed site uithotit undue risk to the health and radjauon doce to the whole body in ex h enent 368+4 mar ta omunad trt== she oten-safety of the public. It describes pro-g eess of 25 rem' or a totalir.diacon. dose wa Mbe Dw'u-t Rann, stat a redures for determining the quantJtaure e in excer.3 of 200 rtm'to the thyrcid from * "arest mm. p% D t. e tr; = n umq " lodine exposure. e 8 fabratory tround motion desJgn basis at 6 72) A lov populstion zone of such sile' [ 'U S ?'Sa'e"[ N r'as[on*]Es I c e rr a site due to earthquakes and describes information needed todetermine whether that an incividua3 locr.ted r.t r.ny point " son.D.C. 2o555. " on Jta cr. iter bouLcs.ry who is expeced to. 6-and to s hat extent a nuclear power plant the r341oactive clo-Jd resulting from the need be designed to withstand the effects pcstulated fission product release (dur-of surisce faultmg. ing the entire per1od of Ita passage) would not receJve a totsl rudfstion dose C' (2) lieteorologica! condftfons 41 the to the whole body in excess of 25 re:n or. site and in the surroundmg aren should-a tatt.J rr.dantion da::e in esce:a of 300 (3) Geologicz2 and hydrologier.J chai, re:s to the thyro!S from iodine expecure. be enne de:vd. acterisijcs o! the proposed dte mxy have ^ pop =2= tion center eist^=ce ar ** a besring on the cc:acquences of an F <st ene and one third times the dis-s) lea. m of rrAhrttre matert:I from the tance from the resetor to the outer e=isz1Uty. 8 pedal precautions s.hould be bmand *y of the lott populat!cn zone. In p'an-md if a reactor is to be located atquanuty of g opp 2 ring this guide the boundary of n raAru-3re efluant might axddesst.=117 is the population center ths.H be deter-min 6d up3s con 2ltie.Tr.tlo a site rhere a sfrnt* nni flow in*o neart)y strea:n.3 or rivers of 11 boundsries are not c:.1;bt and ready accrss to underground u. distributton. Pollt::o costrulhng in the apputation of this Where unfavorshle phydceJ ehnr

  • ru2de. T7beJe very it.rge citica are in-wuer tr.hles.

volved, a grer.ter distance any te neces-(d) acterts :ca of the da e:izt. the prtpooc 1 aary beesure of total inte-rsted popula-aJte may nevertheless be found to be tion deco consideration. accep*.asle if the design of the faci!Jty include: a;p:cpriate ansi adequate ecm- ~ (b) Per dtes fer cult!ple resetor fa-peniaung engineer 5g rafe:uards. 1!deration t.nould be stres to cittle: c4: $ 100.11 Determie ntion of e m ein.Jon iheICU0 Tin:: area.lo. population mone, aed popa. (1) If the resetors are independ:st to tatjo.,,,.ie,..... c., the e.: :nt ibt.t r.n acddent in one renc-r would not init'.te an t.ccident in an. (a) A.s as nld in eva3ustin: a prtrpoced tc.hr. th si e of the e:dualen aret. law sjta, an cp;12c:nt should assu=se a o f.tsson produce release' 2:w:n the core

  • popuiston zone r.nd popult. tion center Ce c=w-ted or nutrr. hse W: rete e;,,,,p,3e,,3,11 bs ful".U d t.ith respect The en-fre=3 th! contefment end the m-Wro-t.s er.ch r::ctor ind!vidtu.:y.

velocco cf the p.1:n ore. ; e of the z.*c a a logical conditaons pertinent to his afte to derive an c2clusion area, t. Iow popula-33 eg3;. dated chan then be den as their g%ges, tion zone and population center dis ^snce. If the m:s ase intezconnected ybr the purpose of this a.n lysis, whjch (2) shall set forth the basis for the numeri-to the.cstent that e.n t.eddent in one rector could chect the safety of opern-ca! values used, the appucant should ti=n cf any other, the cite of the czelu-determine the following. alan c.rea lost po;.*.latinn rose and pepta-laban c:=1;ct distrnco ah.Il bo biaed upon the as:u=2ptlon thtt all irtertim-

  • h e 9. m prtxsuet ratease masw for nected uto:s c=1t thdr pcalated ths== ca:culauona ahould be tr.aec upon a o 2. salon product TcJewoS E=2nl. ncou,,y, Ina)W mecident, hypothentzed (cur purp: mas of C1 n This require =ent mr.y be reduced in mate ama.yata o portuinted rrtza conatoers.

m bo-c: relatJon to the decree of coupits tanne ce poma bie accJoentas events.

t. hat tween resztors. tne probabluty of een-

= cele rwuat ta potenua3 basarea mot as. h- . cwcas try tac== trocn may ~ mt anmamt S comitent accicenta and the probtht!1ty su A nettdenta hue rencaDy .mc2 A**** **'"d

    • "ault in eutstanttaa r*-

thr.t an tedjvidt:A3 would not be exposed eown at the core vita ents. quant relea.e at to the re.diation ecects from s1=suhant-The t.pp11 cant would be 'M "9"^^** " ~ N ous releases.

  • N whole body done of 25 rsza rsiserva expected to ju:tify to the satisfccuen of.

so anon arrespootta numerteally to the ccios the Comminion the basis for such a reductaon in na a sintune n.cendensas or ememency daw the source tertn. The appDCant la e1pcCted ID ShoW for raatt*lon workcre wh!C21. -murt1 Lng to that the simu]*mus operstfon of (3) NCRP ym.mendattona may in diar *rarded in the Cetart.10ation of thetr radiation ex-multiple reazlors r.t a s3te w1U not result posure sta;ua (see N35 Eandboot c3 datad in tott! rzdior.ctJte eSuent retes:ce be-June s. sets), sowiver, neitscr sta use por of appbe:ble that at the 300 rt=a vs.lue tw thyrcda ex. Fond the allowr.b!c limit. pumure me est torta na ta=se aste critarta regulatJon3. in denkp-are tntanded to iznply 1. bat these Ptz further padanan guides )dcrrz: Ing the esclus30n area, the low populauca muzabere occatituam amema.hle 11mlen for emerrenry doses to the pub 21e u.3dar a.ccJdant the popultuon cente.r ctatance, tone. e.md ref trence ta ansee to Trente 3 Into Enstson B.ather, taas 25 re.:n whole borty ennestao na. eeJue ate the 300 rem thyrtf.4 vs:ve have Docuznent 14r44. d sted 11 arch =.15:2. which teen met for2 in the.e gu3 des na raMsnoe costz. ins a p-oc=Cural z=etbc4 and h maznple enJu=a. whAcA tan be gamed La the era.lut. usa. calcu:ation that result in 6tatances roughly of reactar attea w1121 respect to poart1sJ , ret.ect:mg currest sturg prsettue of the cc:n. cuazaon. The ca2tulataosa ee:cribed 13 Tech. reactor accadanta of ez:==<ingty low grecas-ht!try of occurrenos. and. low rui of publas

r. tea 11Lft rmauon Locument 34844 anny be

.orposurt so radiauon. 100 2 Ju:y 11,1975

e e e e ' # 10 U' C' CO N LO I'M WI e nce nce c c mr.s;r e., t r a t ..e f n.:t 14 structurca,'4 * """.e eartva surf ace at a 3rre w.ra A ~5c:wie awn Growcic Ernses ato on tr a c a;.ats.e f aa :t s :i* t-tN ceintun, t:e . Cat:tasa rca Nect As Pomray asera particular Iwatton. "2r. tensity" snesna c6 merica) enJue on the Af odded JLiercalli Ibn A *te rto:1c rm.tre" La a tera n e f tu, 3c-tb h

e. rst u.t.:c:t c t atu te r.e a
8. Pt'seosc (c) The
  • Safe s' utdosa.2 T. rthquake"* la by a re.atue et t sme r ty of ite e *Wo..e scaJe.

General asesito Critetton 3 cf Append!: A that earthquue s bich is baaec upon a4 r.ructurw! f raNres cer.ta.:r:ed there.o a to Part f>0 of tbts cnapter requ;tes f.h at zue: ear postr plant structures. systema. and ee mluation of the ents L:n u m e arLbq u at e gg A tector.nc strutture' la a large waie so:Penenta impo tant to safety be designed PowntlaJ considering the regaccaJ and locaJ das ocauon or disto-t.on uitb!n tf>e cant.e to sittatand the egreta of natural phenom. Feology snd aclamology and opettSc charac* crm It.s es'.ett la zneused in r'Wes ~ enn auch as earthquamaa, tornadoeJ. burri. tertsuca of locaJ subsurf ace a aterial. 38 is ,, J A *se.ne requ:rler detatied f ault tg i ( g,,., ,,3, cases. Eoo:Ls.1sunamn. and seltbes s f tsout that eart2 quale sbich produen the mm.st. r n y n M be h wd u m a loss of capability to perform their safety inum elbratory ground anotion for sbich r c n s.e functions It la the purpose of these criteras censin structures. systems, and ccmponenta cetauec,insest:tatJen c.f tee repor.at to a.et forth the principal sets:nte amd geologse are dealtned to gernato functiona2. Dese local pec,logte and setsrnic.cra aeanstica of cons:daratJons ab!ch guide the Commisalon structures, syste ms, and componenta are g g ,3, g m,g, gg, gg, gg g g,, la its ess3ustion of the suitsb:Uty of pro-those necesauy to assure: sign for surisce fau:ta:; bia been propery Pose'd asses for nuclear poner p;amta and the N N IDL'*-Tity cf the reacts cMaat d e te rmtned. .y ,g avt:abutty of the plant der gn bases estat. Pressure boundary. II.a Inu:n wid t.b cf SDe u:e cert taJott g Ihhed in c40s'.deration of the aeLtmJC and ) e spa y abut own er reapped faWt t-sces. Mud.cg a,*J Ja#.s geo;c;te characteristica of the proposed snet These criterta are based -on the It:nJted condition or. w hich c.so te masonably 1 *e nd to ta n

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taoptra2ral and reclogica)information sea.t!-

13) The capabuity to prefect or re.:ttrste atte to data concerning f auJta and eartD.

the consequences of accidents wbleb could Quaternary tJses a;:d was:b Jc.c or can result In potenttal o" site esposures compara. rmotably be trferred to Jc:.t the :=a:c tak.t quate occ'urrence and e ect. They wul be re. ble to the guide 11ne espotures of thts part, trace, measurnt ambts 3C =1:n a!ccg th ewd as ne:4aanry

  • ben more cornplete in" for=.ation becorr.e4 meadabic.

(d) he " Operating 23msta Earthquae" is f a uJt's trend in both d.rectics.s fictn the b% that earthqua.me which. considering the re. Fat of nearast spacn to tM ane glor al and local reology and seismology and b* I 'I DI' 'MD EL acors These cr$ te ria, wbtch apply to nuclear specthe ehniseteristics of local subsurface

0) A "responsa spectm=" la a p ot c' ne

~CL "5PC23e8 8 8CC'4*ation, uMMM mstertal, could ren.sonably be espected to af-Power p;a.pla. describe the nature of the in* lett the plant a:Le during the opersttar !!fe or dap:accenti of a facy of ideJtree veaugat: ens required to obtain the geologic a:,ng.e-degree cf.freedcm et=;wd oses:Jatus s.md acu=Je data necessary to deter:ntr.e a:ta of the plant; it ts ti:st eartnqvde whse.a aratnst c.aturaJ frequecc.es scr permdss of =otson for su:tamly and proesde reasonable assuranc* produces the vitratory growth nuclear poser plc can be con-shich those features of the nuclear poser see osci:lators to a sx::ce:1 rttratory eso. te st a plant necessary for continued cperatJon w1th, tion 1.nput at their supporta. structed and operated at a proposed a:ta

  • 1tbcut undue r:2 to the health and matery out undue risX to the beaJth and astety of 1.be yy,nzatm o3 m sucanon,

" r* Public are designed to remain fumetaona2. b A mult" is a tectonic ameture m!ong Tho geologic.aetsmic and ettttect:g char. et

n c t.b qu t e ground tnotion ces!rn basis at a site due to which dif'erential a3:ppage cf the adlacent g,

e t. matu a has occur.N paMel to the tar 1.neestigated in s:.:fl,clect etepe and cetat; caritqua es and destritse Informaticn needed to determice whether and to what estent a racture plaze. it ts distinct f rorn other types to protice resso:able m.uurance t:st they are su.*tency se!: ucce-stood to g ct:23 maa cf fround hpuona such as innelms,6-to r ud e a.t pos er platt teed be deslyced a sit a a rs It ay a gou en adequate ernJussion of the propor.ed s* t.b s ts.n d the efects of surface f ault:Ag. 7; Otber reoleric and sets.mic f actora requitec to g y[d E cnd to proende su2cient 1:fc-= shen to sup d three be to en teto account in the siting and de. c* amy assoc ted rnonoelt.imi 1*esure or other 6 por*. tne deter =.:.:strans required b) similu ec c su'uctural feature. e crsteria and to pe.-=st acces.ste enrameer;:..: syn of nuc1 car poser pla.sta are identt!!ed, n -surf ace fault:ng-ta et erentta: snua ct c The investigations described in this E. if)o,rround displa ment at or cesi ne surf ace ',, e,,t e ea s e u

    • use.d dunur by f ault rnon=uit are is dis- " of the rec 1on to be t:eesai'teo ane tar nPe g append 2x are within the scope of investi-Fauens per=jtted by 150.10(c)(D of this " tinct from consectonte of da a per*.Wot to ne tousWsW annu lant*IIndes, Cisures, aad De ceterr.:ned by the cature of the reraan e3 t,
  • Tupuon.s. such a.s surround;cg the preptsee s te nc invema.

Dsch applicant for a construction per-(g) A *cspab)e fau2t-la a fault which has craters.

  • b'8 "D513 D' y,ed out be a n in I:ut shs.ll investigate all sei.smic a.nd geo-f,Qy gqe *,

,,]p ,],",, ', " e rhabited one or more of the fouowing lor.c f actors that ansy e.5ect the cesign charmetertsuca: and cperatl,on of the proposed nuclear g,[j j",5 *' *[.y $ d@ grsphs gan through get of tats secuen. 3 I *I ## #*# #"N'* # *

  • W power plant ir7espective of whether such O '#""# ## *I'#* D' al.'#E'"' *# tD' 8 * " '*'*s pa fa&rs a.te cyplicJt]y included in these yous or movement of a recurring esture P'

11cna requared by t criteria. Add.itiona] investigations and/or within the Iast 6o0.000 years. (2) 7.!a ero-me ts micity instrumenta!!y de-. bratory grounc anotten procceca by te.e rate more cornervative determinations than those included in these criteria may be

    • " m resNorssp" sbuusorn ranaquue. An of tse asipa na g, d at.

e et (s) A strue:ura) m uonship to a cr.psbie F 'g,* 8,8 8,'* 'jg# (* oyg"h*[,y" D l* required for sites located in areas having the f ault. 3""'**** E'^D4 * " ' 'dT'** co= plex geolocy or in areas of high sels-Inbed by inusus"uens sucernpamna ( " 's "mo) 88" mictty. If an applicant beheves that the y",38

o s

bts pn 3 apb su b t a pr.r*.2eular scismol0gy and geology of a one could ts rea.sonably espected to be ac. of a 3euer arePe.ne intesugattorts requued 1c ace ate is site indicate that sorre of these criteria. compa.njed by mosernent on the other. D# th parajra,ph p In aoxne esses, the geo: ope evidence of frs or po"t: ens thereof. need not be tatisSed. pa.at actiesty at or near the tround surram quate. ne seresugauens sta.it incluse the the spec 1Sc sections of these criteras aJong a parucular fault may be obscured at , p3,4 (2) De$ermtosuon of tbe titbo:or e. u.rmt. s should be ident1 Sed in the !! cerise ap-a parueuJar arte. This msgbt occur. for es. Igrapbsc. brerologic, and structuras gearvac pb_ation, and supporting data to jus-ample, at a a:te bartog a deep oeerburden. conctuona of the alte e.no the reston eur. 1117 clearly such departures should be N uese cases, eindence unay e s.1st etse. tf m =b b an us. roundag the atte. includJag sta fro W ie 3. These criteria do not address invest!- g,""'g"',(o g t,be f s presented. D*N "'3"*"*"#'"* Sueb res-U3 Id'"' gations of volcanic phenomena required the a:te.an be reuons.btr based the fauts to a capable f ault within this [ 'f'3,'$*"g,a I fcr sites located an areas of voleartic ac-cence ab u to used in ceterm:ntor whether tsvity. Inve.stigt.tions of the wicartic as-at the swa ne erswam dehnt uon, e pects of such sJtes will be determined on Notasthstandant the foreretng paragraphs abou!d consider the posslD:e e'e:ts cau.e4 de and (3), structural me<f** man's actiegues suen as witbarawa.1 of Buna a case-by. case basis. C2(g)(t h (2) from or accassen of fluta to tse subsur!aae. uon of a f auJt with reologie structural fes* emetun of antanaJa. or ne Msg ePeN g, .,.gg, geologicany old (at lesat euses ebleb are pre-Q uatern vy) buca n.s un any of tboas of cams or resetectrs; Aa uses to t.hese criteria: (a) he "ma.cntauce of an earthquaan is f oupe to the Eastern region of the Un! sad (3) Evatuation of pbesstal reldcoer ech. cerntrg the be b aeto curt:,g prser earth. a teen:ver of the sue of an eartbquase and ts related to the emerry released In the forzn cluakes o' the sur"etal reolers: c-steriais and the t he Saf e E.h tdou n Earthquake" der.nes the suw. rata uncertetog the sue tro:n the of neutnac saves. " Mar nttude gneana that earthquame wbtch br.a commonly been Ittboloste. stratigrapbte. and structural rec. mus=erscaJ eaJue on a R.schter acaJe. (b) ne intenasty of an earthquale as referred to as tao -Design fsas:s L.r*hquarm.- April 30,1975 100 3

P ART 100 o siEAc t oi; sli E cali t.nt A

c. qi g,7 l;;e n g =,m e =,,.,

m,, ~, '* , ""' 1, r.s u on a the.tatte and -,t.. e, m,_ e..,m,o, re,,, n,.,., 3,.,.,. d,namic e n,,n.e,m,,ro-e. of es mm. m.eance..,.,om ao so. (mman (4 i ,e, . ur,de,,,in, m e e,t. m,uded abou>d withtr. E m1.ra e e h m-Ortate r than 20 to f>0............... 30 g73 po, cc,g g y be propertiea nceoea to aetermane the be. bassor of the underlytsg materint d uring O rester th an 60 to 3 00............... 23 y,,g 30D8 any part c.f

  • bich ta a " *in 8 Orester than too to 3 60..............

of the 40

Dee 8 of tre a:te. deteente.auco c.f-eartbquaAee and the charactert.ttc4 Crea ter than 4 50 to 2 00..............

.(t) The lenrth of tne fault-underlying snateriaJ in transtnttttrig earth. quate Ladstead motsons to the foundations (B) Por capable faulta, any part of which gional tectonle s'.ructures; (11) De rotationabtp af the f ault to r,. of the plant euch as actsznse wave velocittaa. de tmry, wa te.t content. portietty, and 14 vlthin 200 miles

  • of the alte and wnJcb (113) Tbe nature. amostat. ang r,olo 3 ht>

may be of algn1 Ben.nce in estab!tsbtog the tory of CLrp14eezcenta aloct the f au t. in. stre egth; safe Sbuidown Earthquake, determinataan cJuding puticujuly the artima'.ed %g (5) Listing of all historically reported of: of me mazaz um Quaternary disp'weerag earthquakes ubich have affectend or which (1) Thelength of the f ault;

    • I '"* #D 4"'A*

E38L4 the cou)4 reamonably be espected to have afected ggjg.Jte relationship of the f ault to re. f ault, and the ette. including the date of occurnnes following measured or estimated gional tectonio structures; and (IT) The outer Itm2ts of the f au;t edabi. and theInsgnitude or highest intenalty, and (tsfl The natum, a2nount. and geologic bla* hined by mapping Quaternary imult trw.e a plot of the eptrinter or location of bigbeat tory of dtsplacernenta along the f ault, in. for 30 miles along sta trend in tioth d.rectaa d ata: c) g kularly me esurnaW amM f?tzn the point of Sta nearest aprt=ch to the Intetstry. Where b1storica217 reported earth. could have caused a ma stmum ""M O """# f""# T

afte,
    • "" 7

1' '"*D9"*h' "3088 D' (c) Arquind farestigaron foe 3ctrmt. quak es ground aczeneration of at least one. tenth the er4 Jnduced T2 cod.s and Waret rarea,gg) acre.eratton of gTavity (0.lg) at the founda. g (b) Aeoutred latestsoaficris for gurface For coastal estes, the invest:gstens a. ball tsorts of tbo proposed nuclear power plant stivcturva, the acca;eratton or tutensity and Tot.Jtenp. h purpme of the tousmauona include the datermiaatton af; required by tbts paragraph is to obtaJn infor* (1) Infortnation rerardLng distantly and duration of gTound abaking at these founds. w bW1 tsoris aball also t,e esti:nated. ELnce earth, mation to dete-mine whether and to what loczily generated raves or tc.e nt.1 quakes have tseen reported in terms of v, art, extent me nucJm pomw plant nM be de* have afected or esm3d have a*ected the site. a!gned for surface fau3ttng. If the dealgt A,atable evidence vrdang *M runup and ous parameters such && mafnf tude, intensity at a given loestion, and erect on gTound, basta for surf ace f au)Ung can 1,e clmly es* dram 1Sorn amisted with bistone taunamf structures, and xople at a spectSe location. tabitsbed by invest 1 rations of a leuer scope

  • 2n Er esme mal 90 sa h a-4 M an of the steps an paragnpha m)(4) also be toeluded:

cs so:no of these data cuy beve to be estimated cng not (13) Ian2 features of crasta2 toprpsphy $ The cc:nparstive characteristfes of the mm g through (b)(7) of tbJs secuan nwd 1,e car-

  • be use of appropriate ernpirseas retationablps. r ried out. The Imstigaunna aba12 belude thewhic.h might tend to modify smnam! runup or drawdowtL Appropriate ars.1:able erteence c tartal underlying the epleentrs! Iocation or E (1) Determination of the !!thologic, stnti-reparcing ht* toric locm3 mend 12 cations in
foupwing, u region of htchest intenstty and of t.be ma, u.

tsuret runup or drawdoen at ot=.etal loca. in transtnttting g graphic. bydrologte. and a:ructural geologic tions having toporraphy siznt:ar to that W ce ternal underlying tbo alte " earthounte vibratory metton aball be con. condttsons of the alte and the area surround-the sne shad Mao be ob'.atnad: and gg. ing e ane. inclumg Ita geokgk WW, (IM) Appropnate geolopte and metrznje Correlation of epicenters or locations (2) Era 3ustion of tectonte atmetures un-evidence to prorlde info:nat:on !cs ec.ab (6) of higbest intena:ty of h'stortcally reported derlying tbe s2te,wbetber buried cv erpreued 3Wng the omsgn baats for seeA aby in. earthquatea. where pou:ble. with tectonic at the surf ace, wtth regard to their potenuaJ

  1. " * *Id "*

for causing eurface displacement at or nes.r E structures any part of which la located within 200 mt:es of the alte. Epteenters or C

    • subsidence, his evicence aball tv deter..

pcssible egeeta caused by man e activities g:: Intor$, to the extent prse-2eal.by a pmctdure b r a onably a wt nea b such as withdrawal of culd frcrn or add!tton I* Dbt F'Wi*$ 13 Pa#Wraphs (a) tures shall be identibed with tectonic proe. tnces any part of whleb ta located within 200 of !!uld to the subsurf ace. extraction of min. E 'MS# "A 0B-eP aP e rals, or the loe.dtn g e:ecta of dams or snDen of the atte-(71 For f aulta, any part of which ta within cenatoered as utti s.a the potent:a2 fcr os. e of the.itte and whJeb may be of reservoirs:

a. bore a: des in sub:nanne snatertaa.

(3) Determsnation of geologie evidence of 200 mues a gnancance sn estabitsbing tbe safe Ebut-fault oceet at or near the ground surfaos invesurstsons atmtime to thcee required in (2) Por estca located near tale = and rivers, down Earthquate, dete:msnation of whether thee, feusta are to be cenaidered as capable as or near the otta: P"#**-raph (t)(I) of this secuan shall be f aulma*.* This determination as required in (4) Por f aulta greater tha.n 2000 feet long, es Tled out, as appropriate, to deter: nice the order to perm:t appropriate consideration of any part cf ubich is w1 thin 8 acues

  • of the Potential for tbo nucirst powr p ant :o De ibe geologic bistory of such f aulta in estab.

site, determination of wbetber these f aulta e rpcred to reisznl: ally inauced f.ocuts 'nd 31sbing the Safe Ebutdourn Earthquake. Por tort to be cena1dered ma capabie fmulta; e o w-tter suas as. for enmple, trucs the f a1Ja v guida.nce in determtzung wb eb f aulta may (6) Listtag of all histor1cany reported during an eartacuate of an uputivazu d-m oe be of airnshca.nce in detereng the Safe earthquakes wb1ch ca.n ressenably be san 3-Imen alldes of ec. t.h oc debris into a tarnecy Sbundown I.arthquake, Table 1 of tbts ap. ctated with capable f aulta FTeater tban 2000 15ka. ' pendia prearnia the minimum length of f aujt feet long. any part of whleb ta within 5 of the alte, includtng t.be date of ce= T. azzsacre ape crotenc1: exmcw pq to be conaldered weisua distance from site. InDeaa than those currence and the foUowing measured or ertl. (m') Deteemtsation of Destru Basis for Capable f aulta of lesser length indicated in Table 1 and faulta ubich a.re mated data: rnagnitude or highest intenalty, Fitnatory Gmun.d Motion.he occgn of esch not capable f aulta need not be considered in and a plot of the epicenter. or regton oy nuclest poner plant m.hmll tale into weennt deterinMnc the Eafe Bhutdown Earthquake, h!4best intenstry: the potential e:ects of Tthtory gmund mo-encept where unusua3 circumstances indJesse tion cauwd by eartbquales.De cest n tests such cxanalderuuon is appropriate. for the muiznum vibratory grour.d meuuan which c.nd the erpected ettr-story ground mr<non 811:ntmum length of fault (mtles) shall be conaldered la establishtng Safe abou30 be determined through ers2usuon of tbs sets:notogy, geolcET, and 1.be metrznac Ebutdown Earthquake, e If tbc safe Shutdown Eastbquake can be elf the dealgn basta for surfmes faulting and prologte history of the alte anet the sure associated artth a f ault closer than 200 miles can be detertnined from a fault cJener than munding re1rton. The anost nevere eastb. quains ar^ted with tectenic a"ructuire or 3 to the alte, tbo procedures of parafraphs (a) 8 miles to the atte, the prtredures of pars

  • tectonic pronneae Ln the rerton r.trroundard (7) and ga)(3) of this section need not be graphs (b)(4) through (b)(7) nf tbLa section the aJte abould te scentited. coracietag e mersed out for successteely more remote need not be ca:Tled out for succitaa:vely mers themas bptortcn2 7 reported esitboustee that can be sanociated with theer s*.ructures or remote f aulta.
  • In 1.he absence of absoluta dating, er$*
faulta, proetacra and otber relerant inctors.1r f aulta
  • )n the absence of absolute dattag, sel.-

dence of recency of Ir.ovement may be cb-in the retton surrounding the a:te are capabse dones.,mf reconey of tsovement may be ob-tained by applying relativo dating techn* ques f au2ta, the maat eeocre eartaquaken masuus. tanned by applytr.g rt.!sure dating tecbcique ruptured, o set, warped or otherudas sted eith thoce f aulta abound be detc.rmined to ruptured, c met, warped or otherwa.se structurs.117 dtnurbed surf aca of tear-sur-br m. lao ecc.udering thetr geolorta history to atructurstly disturbed surf ace or near surface f aza matzrtala or geomorphic festures. v!brutory sto.uzo anonon at the site The

  • De APP teant aball evaluate whether or abould be then cete In.ned by muumt g that snaterials or roomcrphic features, l
  • The applicant aba3J evaJunta whether or not a fault ta a capable f ault with reenect the ap3rrniers or locatiot.s of btgbert inten.

not a f ault is a capable fauJt with respect to to the characteristics out31ned in partcaphs alty c* the earthousies are a tuated at the tbo sbaracteristics outJtned in paragraphs III(g) (3 ), (2), and (3) by coednettng a potst on t.be tectonac structurve or tes-walt III(g)(3), (2), and (3) by conducting a ren. ren.nonable invas:ttsstion using suitable geo-proetoces nemant to the use, ne esrthquara annable invesugstion ualor suitable geologio lasta and geophysteal techn2 ques, and s.opbysica.: tactnsquam. 100 4 April 30,1975

..~. 6 ', s s i 4 ..J

i...Lav.t r e c ent ar;%e:b to t? e r. :.ar ;..e r W.c c e ter;th the muete-uton cf netty r;*.:1 I tits r $ r rt t* e se 1: Tat;*

eJ wt.ic a codd rms it s r u.a m.m vm s esy (CJ r) s.a a rtruit cf the steps r%utres in LOe C3tncfcsm : !s..t t* a-e s :: e tr an , r ria.ouen at tte sJte t het.2d ic c,asq. p es. re pt.s tal(3)(3) t rou;L Oil of tras to c;ce f*c=" t-ps. t cf Le ve nt ar,%r. r a r.awd the baJe Etutdown IArtr.eus.ee ne section. It s.batt to a suzsce t3at the :am smu rs estru tory acer;erations cf the Ea.fo to t's z uth p:ser F.ast may be e-*:2 c p re=r,d urve for c e te -2.:c:.ng tM a F :-c :' s ta. cas;to N.s.s for ettratcr7 Fraurd mouon are Etutdown Earthquals at tacta f auscatters "l* e cor e re:n.itt.nr c'*.av. f au:*4:3 tw T gstec in 1:e foOc str,c ;ars.- spfta. J (18 Driemeneraan c/ Ss/c th sidows arv at te=4101 g. eest: ration. as ceter-.:r!ci f.ae:r. Tabte 2 atalI t (2) Le t e-vn e ne tton of Opreatmp s e_* ts be s.aed for the fau;t es:e;t s te-e: E s*11.quaae. De F.afe 83Utdes-n Parta quat e am a?! be sce nttSed throurb era 3uation of Earthtshe.The cr;ersttr.ar Barts Es.rthquae ne tone teru:r.cf cetate* f autt!rg (3) ata12 to spectSed by the appucant af ter con. ta'est:rst'on f rc= Tat;e 14 less stan cre. mana.:nic and sectcyte infor:natsen deoetopas yursuant to tre acquurmento of paisgraph aldert:4 the eetamology mad geo'.cgy c.f the ha:.* ct.e in wi=tb In this ca.se the :or.e region eurrt>u n ding t.b e a rta. 3.f etcratory sta 2 te at least c e r atf cu:e in widta: ae R(a), a.a foncms-g7ound motion escreding that of the Operst. (U) De*n:ller esscente c ::ersteg the re. (1) Tbe historic esitbquates of greatest 1 g Baa:.a Zarthquaae ccrurs_ stutdown cf f' tonal a.cd locaJ cha-utenst::s c* tse f au!L InafnJtude cf inteer.ty which tave been cor= the. nuclear power plant wiu be requtred. just:.*ea use c' a c:f e ent s alue Far esa=p't. retated with teWo:ic structures purniant to Prior to resu=. TLC cperations, the inceraee w*.n thrust or be:d:r.r.;la*.e f aults :=sy requtre the requf rementa cf fa.rss-spb (ed (0) of Sac = le required to can>onstrate to the Cn-r r-1 A31 acna:4 in w. cts c! t:e zase tc a: cust tien IV ahall te determined. Im s.cd3 tion, fcr ston that to f uncuona3 da.=&ge has occu.-red fc,r the projectec c:p c! the fau:t p: art; er capab!e f aulta, the tafert=Ltton requ.tred by featurts te:4aamry for coc"nuad to tbcne (!U) Mon detaW tim-d:=cet al I.n. parMnph (t)(8) cf Eceties W ana22 ale t:* operstion without umcue riat to t.he health fe--na12:s. eucb as ttat c5ta:nec tic:= pre. 1.nen teto account is deterrntslag the earta-ard a.afety c.f, the pub!13. De cati =um ei. c me : vest!rst:ee te: :: cuts cay just:ff 11e Aust es o! g ente-r. tr.a.g:Jtuce teisled to the brstory grcund a: rete stion of tie Operstag u.:e of a carroser :cte. Pr:s:F.e e s a= sea est f aultA The cag=Jtoce or 1stenstty of ecrth. Psamts Earthquake abal2 be at least oz.e.ha:t su:.3 techniques a e t* e use c! acevate ree. quales ba.ned on geo} ope evicence s=.my be the mast: rum estratory r-ou=d suelerst on ore.s f-c:n cicsseiy rpa:ee cet:: to es cr f=o:n 1 star stas that of t2 e r-a r e an u n earth. musleem-of the 6mfe $sutdewn 7.a.rthqua.se. c;:se:7 eps:ed. ht;t rese?uton c:aac-e gg quakes hastarie.mDy rimided. ne (b) Dezemess*noss of Fred to Le_ryn fo, S kr/ ace Ta wJ t ts.p. In order to ce te rt=1ne Phyt:34 8Crveys-tions at t.b e a2 te sa.r U tse ce' ecd we um. Ing that 1.be epicestere of the eart.tqua. ace In delt: Pat 13; the Ec:t requtr ( detal;e4 CI pesten Insp.Jrude of the )Cr&tlona of whether a nuCJear pcmTr plant is FN;utred fau!'.r' 1CTent:"3100 f Or a f au!L &Be ceata*

13"4 asl' ry relaLMS to Ibo teC%ot.10 to be CealIned to viita1And tbe efed enrtha tag tm t.be pr st is scent: ed by cr.pp:.ng !sa (c) Lctert m.srion of beJa,m E c.a cJ f.y seu :tra:ty f adi.ced r;cosa a n.g sra te quak es r * * *01 te rewor. ably reinted to teo-f ault traces in the efetutry of the alte, ne structurea t*ut are idett1 Sed gntruunnt trates. The,stze c* sets =.;:cy t=ct.:e4 fbnsa to the requirementa of parnrr.ph (a)(C) of-f ault trsac a.re snapped sle:f the trend of a:d s-r.ter waves w::cs cou;d af ect a s.ta tonJ:

Eec~. en W with tectente prettsces is watch the fau21 for 30 tal:es in both direemens frem fro:n a:ther loc. ally cr cI.stamtly gi:r.rs ad sto alte ts Ich:Ated. the acceJerstions at the the pot =t of jta nearest approach to the mu-ut!vity sha2] te cete-=tsec, tal c4 seit=1: s1te asa2: te deter a-ned aa.nt:n. tag thas 11emas c) ear pcwer p1==t t,e ause, for ex a:=ple. tracea lato ec=t*cerati n the rest;;ts cf 1.te 1:teru* may be obscured along pcrtlena of the f ault-carttquates occur at the site. The r"*um width cf the z=apped fault p t:cs requttr$ by paragTaph Ici cf a=ct e3 3Y. LoCa2 ICpCU'3p"l.J* CA LrL* k2

  • 8*'l:3
  • EIb (ul) Wh.ere ep! centers cr !xt 5ces o* the tTMES. C1Ded the cCatrol width, ta then de-g:; tt ta = 6 to cocL*y W psie up pM h B est 1 T4Lanty Cf his*.O-1:r :.l y esr*.tquah a mot be reno.r.tly reisted to te-=tne d frem this t=.sp. Lecattse eu-face R am;i d.sweers at tse 1:Le sis!.; tae cc 1:d*

r 1 a:.no be E ** " " " " trea. Adierse tide ec:dit;csa sms.:

  • detonic st uctu-es but are sce.sttled p';;r. C8 En.apped f ault taces cr when f ault n tagen tato areon=t Ic cetermis:cg the dett S"

c) S sus.nt to tt requirementa of ysrly;raph (r.) 5timto sl*.N N been pmtousy ncorni:rd. { cf W foods and Tates en W b (C) of Sectics. T7 sith tectct.ic provLoces 3.3 ( whJch the a:Le.a nc6 lacated, the acceles- [ ~ma s~ctra = ** ct ~ scu:t ta==*'"* c' e. ~ru ew=4 cf tu ~== ~ n be see n

  • M e uc.a.: ts.aue a c1t.,c,n =med a m m.

" I"*O# * ~ I' ' * * *

  1. =

erste.uues can te cete.c:en by a pro- ~ n:sted to the f au:. eg..e a'.=1:ar to that usec to cr.er:vce h " L:; that the epteenterm cr locatiot.s c.* high-pounstas earuquae .c watter stica c',pp,he Saf e 5:utcera est 1.nten=ty of ttere esr*.tqu.r les are a.: tas Wts larper width deMustes a =m. caMed t the pg, cicoes'. point to the s*te cn t.Le temes ry of the rose recutting cets14ed f auttin-Investi- ,g, gn (d) &cfr-nmetan of O!' Lee Lesspn Cen. gg, g,c.4 provin* ratton, in which the pou!D! Dry cf su..ma darwns.-II) SosJ 3:abshtr Vtt-ster) growns fiv) The eartbqua.te productnr the Wei-- feumtg is 2 k mennan h WW toeuen aAsoc.ated with the Safe 53utdom-a mum e'.t story acceserstion at the site. ma PEJ"F8PD' 08 1" 8P'

  • P# "

nquMng enated E.artdquake ca.n cause sou instatutty due to ce te r=2.ned f rom paragru pb (s)(1)(3) f or ceta-mtomg W zcp throtrgh (u2) cf tbts section sP af! be deatg. f au:tmt innat'ranon for a cape f an g.g,und cruntos sutb as tasurscg. dL*er= nated the hfe Stutdown Er -thquale for (II h8 8'N8* Of

  1. E' "F

cct!al ecusoMcauon liquef act:e. and ert. tert:g Thir.n is met ctre:t?y re:s'.ed to s r= vtbratory pound t=ouon, e xcept as acrted t.n I I*

  1. N' qmg detsWd f autung innsysmn Mr a f a.co f au:ung. The fono*1mg geo.er:e featuree parst spb. (a )(3) t v) of tt ta ecc*.Jon. *T"m e capable fault wht s as annmgated pur-wat:m ecute af ect 12e f oundatto=, of the ctarsetertsues of the liste Sbuidown Zarth, p.epowd nue: ear ;c wer p:ast structs.rea quite stall be certeed frem snore than one suant to w nqutnrnent cf pararaph (b) p) of scetton sha be ceterm med aaan te etaluated taktsg !=tc account tse esrthquate detert=tned f rcm par. graph (a)

(1)(1) throurb ( 111 ) c' this accuen, where wough use of W fonowtng table: infctmat:on concertins 13e pDTa: cal proper. ces of zaatertals uncerlytng the a:te cml. neceamary to assure ths.: the meewum v1 cred pu.rsuant to parspaphs s al t!). (3 h va.sts a bratory acceleration at the atte trrourbout Determinatton of.,ane Requ'rtog Detated and (4) of Section IV a-d the e.*ects of the the f requency range cf interest ta sec;uced. Safe Edutdown Earthquake: in h case where a cr.uaatste fault ts cer.r P*ulttCE I D 'e 5"G 3 t3 3 surf a:r et (8) Areas of actual or pneetta: the atte. the erect cf prom:.=uty of an cart.d Wtf th of.cse regsher euemrface suba12ence, uputt. or couape qukke on the ep-ctral cha.rsc:eristica of the fisgetrude of darsted fasusne inwsts, resu:ttrg from: hfe Enutdown E.arthquate abau be ta. ken pstion (See ftp. f) (a) Natural features such as tectonte de-into account. In onter to ccmp<nmate fo-t.be er.rtbq u s2 e: I a coritrol width pnss;ons and casertous of taist terrains. le:s tdan 5 3........ 11=Jted data. h prtcedures in ps.rt.frasba 3 m centrot width S S e. 4.............. - paruewarly thnae ucculam by eaJesteoua or (n)(11 tt) through (111) of this scetton shall 3 s control.wteth otmer aciuble depcasta: as witterawal e5-73.............. applied to a connerenun tr.anner. The Onater t.be.n 7.5..... 4 a contret width Ms.n e actnest'en such be (D) snaxtmum vibratory aralere.ttons of the E.afe of Suss f ro= or acottion of !!uld to the sum. 2 utcorn E:.hquae. at each of tbo vart. The larre:t me.-uttude earthquake re:ated surface, estrseuon of m:cerale. or tse ina.J. cua foundation tcrittons of the nue:c ar to the f ault aba.M be used in Tab e 2. Tbts trg efecta c! cs.:na or reserea.-s. ar d pc-wcr p:sts structurm at a riven ette stau '"#1D4"'t* *D'31 D' f' L:'! 'd I'C M LD' be ceterr..ised i-rir r Into account t.be esaf. t= formation encloped purwant to the re-ge) p.e posal cef ormatton. actersststa of the undsrtyist acu rnate-tsJ ta qu:rt:nenta of parsgrapn (b) of Secuon IV (u) Datormational zozen sutb as ahears. to m stung the es:1.baus.ac.indueco sno-f or the f ault, tstang toto acteunt the tisfor-jotsta, fractuica, fo:ca. or cc:stassuona of nquine by pararaph (D) pp of these featurra. ttena ccts:ned pursuant to psragrapna (a) r=stJon ( 113 ) Zenes of atteration or tere. st ar p'uen A ne control wicth used in Table w m t g p m n o w s of n u t W (1). (3), and (4) of ocetion IV. Tne Base I"'d DI "' P P;' I ID ' OW L'I IIC'** S.butdown Earthque ae atau be ocamed by

  • I'the f ault tracts f rem Inf ormat:en ceeet-of

,g,,,, g,; e,yg g,, e.,,,g neponse extra enrrerpocc.:.ng to t! e taas. cred punuant to parapaph (bs(7sises of 3 imum vtt story mariersticana as outuced in La M

  • med acetloo W. The control wistb that be used D') M'"4 "$MuS2 5t"**

sa 3.crspb (a> of aceuc.n vi: in Tab:e : unsess tcc casn:tensues of m ny !ault an obscund for a signs: cant po-tion of te) socia or act, that cugst be cratame rect. erstErao*ftbY*bar s$vsde r mt the tc.uneauona of the nuclear power m to mt:ee on ettber side of tse potst of ptant struerur=. ar ee.ermtned to be tesa AP'il 30,1975 300 5

PA R r 10 o n.:.W a u m i s e o,.... ee:aMe er;r.a, ;,; :3 g,, w e t u., a T+rthquale on the f a c.!:ty als;;a:Emett aficet g f au.t.ng ce-: nn at.ve. turet s'T.e=t. Ltn c:= x :e tti st! rem ain. founastions by ground distuntio'n. such as2.asurseg. dif erentla3 f ur.:t:c t:3. *.te.e E*.r.;c t.*cs. s;Y.e =s a:d $5utd:sm m3:tra)cgy, lacJt of son. f tecause of *thest so: station. m ater consent. or po.entLally un-cn=po:t:.s are thr.e recer.s.cy to m.;f,,g, as re a centrat.le respctae to sets;r.ac or otbar esenta. inquef actlen, and landdad::.cf acetion V. Ce int'.'rtry c.* ino rue *.c' coctsnt ;-esus,

Ing, betsmac empocae canractertstsca to te con-qutred in paragraph (d)

De engineering Enotbcui used We"ary. (L'I the cr.Datt;;!y to anut doTo to e csure ordereo abatt peJude itquetection tbtactropy. that (b.e required safety f unctions are anata. the r,wso-sof catet&Ln 31 in a saf e sbut. dt. erentJaJ consolsdation, crs'ering and its-the capana:ty to g tanned during and a.f ter the v;bratory ETmn down ec,:d:Lcs. crr (It!) preter.t et c:tgate the cormquences of so. rnotton maaociated irtt.b tbo Safe Ebutdown (2) Klope stebutty. Sta sility of stfi alopee,and artsSrv3. the f auure of aurang. cdents s bic,b could twu21 in pc".e:t.al of. Earthquake aba.M tavolve the use of ettber a auttable dyna-nic anaJysts or a sustable al'e erDorures ocicparab;e to the gu:*etne both nat ural which enu26 adsormely afect the nuclemt pow. orpesures cf this par %. In add! tion to sela:nne qualLScallon test to demonstrate that strue. thall be censidered. An mannas. tures, systems mad componesta can with. It"8 intiu2fcd Literthocas. app:.icab:e con. current fun:taona2 a.nd acc:ce nt.lsouced er plant. ment shall be made of the potential ef ecta stand t.no metamte and otner centurrent 3cada. u aba22 w taten teto samuss in 13e of eroaton or depoeltton and of combina* except where at cAn be demcastrated thatthe use of an equiena tions of ersaton or deposttien with setamte d1rn of autb ar fety features. De derrn informatton provisto:s aball be bued en an mare =Mton activsty taltng into account provides adequate conservsttam. tbst the dect;n basa for suface f au2 ng concerntns the physses.I property of the Ena count mou.stmeturv Interaction ereets andno a.na2 yale or test aba can ocM in any dJreen and a==uth a.nd serials underlying the site oeveloped pur-of the orpectes durstjon of TWisWy cnction. under any put of no cut; ear pw p; ant, suant to paragraph (a)(1), (3). and (t) feeston TV and the efects of the Safe Shut

  • indscaws this a*nmptien It=sts unlec, encence It ta permissible to des 3:n f or strutrin excess of yield strain in so:ne of ch the wu=ated ts'.e at uMch 2e a rface spWriate, and aban take into me-down Earthquals, is n Ctef tna Water Eupply. NJu.rsoce of safety reisted structures. syste:=.s. and cs:n, adequate enMtcg nter supply for emergency (3) f aWW may ocar, ponenta during the Safe Snutdoun Earth =

(c) JesmL-clly Jndheed T;anda sad We: Cr and long-term abuidos11 cecay beat removalquale and uncer the postu2sted concur?ent Waves and Other Denyn'#1* # 7 3

  • C'O f0048 CoMttwns. Tbe aball te constdarai in Lbe design of the nu-conditions.proetoed tbat the necescary saf ety clea.r power ptant, taling into account in-d 6 D*'A' #C#

and W.ar wam im either locary or 60s. fe'rrnat3cn ecocernt g tbr phia:ccJ propentes fumettens are gnmJntained. Operating basis Ectshguake. The Op-be ce3ned y reDmW setanic activtty and other of the matettais under:ying the s!te dareJoped(2) cMdh etaWed pumant to pursuant to paragraphs (at(ll. (3), and (4)ersting Easts Earthquake aball by response spectra. A!! structures systems, cg pWapt3 (c) and W of SecWn L aball M@ of acciton TV and it.e ete:ta of the EafeEbutocen Earthquate and the design basis R and cc=p:nents of the nuclear postr plant to taken into account in the desyn c! the g cperation witbout nWear Pcur plant so as to pwns undue for eurf ace fou:tteg. Consleeration of.rtver necessary for cont 2nued c: uncue t'at to the bea!th smnd safety of the p rist to tDe dealth and safety of the pubite, blocks.ce"or diverston or other tsutres which w pub 11: abou be designed to remain f unctienal may block the 2ow of cooting water, coartaland witbtn appilcable stress aco defo-mation uplift or substdence, or t.sunsm3 runup and limits unen subjected to the ef:ects of thethe Operatang Bcata ( m ee m.a-vmav e drawdenrn, and fauvre of dams and intake stm:Tures abau be inc3uded in the ersJua* v:bratory motion of Earttquale in combination w1th ncimal op.joLdA. The engineering m r"'"d* LPf3 tton, vbero approprista. 'Ibose structures (6) Distar.f StrurfurcJ to ensure that these at'ructures, sTsterns, a.nd erating wbt:5 are not located in the ttnmediate Ttcin* cmpoenu mit c.spab,e of withstandic; the Ity of the site but wbt:b are s3.fety related r j shall be destfned to withs:and the crect of erects of the Opersting Baats Ean.hquazeaba.U invo!Te the time y the Este Stutdern Isrthquate and the de* R ns.mic a.msJysts or a suitable qus2tSeationthat tne structuita, eya. sign be.sts for surfsa fault:Dg detzt~ined on lg a sernparable basta to that of the nucles th; anto account the spatertal U test to comonstra a t withstand tne and cornpotents can { acts =:1!c and ciner concur er.t le. e: cept / U pc ser plant.rtuncerlytng the e ructures and the 6t"erent e4 tema wbm St can be demonswed tnat the use ,,,h e2 ( location with respect to that of the alta. f of an equivalent static losd snethod prortdes [(~ww w emn em= rr%co j adequate conterratis:o. Tne ana:ysts or test vs. serL :. arson to sucswrntxo ccs.rcw g6Wg*,%,N m abt.ti tLke into account sou. structure interac-Safe Fibectory Grour.d Afofson.-(1) a c' tion eccet.s and the azpected duratinn of Shs.fdasan Earthquake.he slbratory ground (a) motion produced by the Safe Sautdown vibratory motion. Jrutrumettistfon. - sw m mem or m ar E.arthquate aba!3 be defined by response (3) Acquired Kettmic l tsultable instrumentation aball be prortded epectra correspondtng to the mantmuts ela so that tbr setsmic response of nucJear power bratory accelerattons at tbe eletationa of theplantp! ant featuses impert. ant to me.fety can bedetermJned prcmptly foundations of the nuclear power structures determine pursusnt to paragraph of sur.h response with that used as tbe design p of Settion V. The respsnse spe:tra g basts. Such a cornparison is needed to dec1co p lwyrsTinar:nxs Pos shall relate the rasponse of the founcations fald!) Drran,.tn Pa c-LTIx c whether t.be pla.nt can continue to be crper. etbratory ground motica, considering such sted safely a.no to perrnit such timay action SNr2C N2Aa Pona han Im of the nuclear power plant structures to the foundat3one to be single. degree-of.freedo:n ~ as Enay be app:vpttate.name criterta oc not address the need for soil. Camped ce: Ulsters and neglecting would autem.sticauy structure interaction ete:ts. In view of the instrutnentation that abut corn a nuc3 ear poett plant snen an timited data avallat.le on vibratory ground cart 3qus2e ciccurs which escecca a predeter. usumuy strong earthquases, it gnotions ofwill be appropriate that the rerposee spectra mined intensity. The need for such instru. roe:tra developed from znentatbn is under censideration, If the nuclear Le scnsathed ces % a series of terp e e;ec::a related to tha fb) Sur/cce pouffing. (1) Powtr ple.nt la to be located witbtn the cane vib-story motiona caused by snore than recut-ing dotalled f aulting investagstion. m the irgtonal and one eartsquaka. he nuclea.t power platt aball be designed cess.ued sneesttention c local coologie and aslemte charactertctics of ao snat. tf the s Je suutoswn Earthqara oe. the alte aball be ca.rried out to determine the cura, certain structures, systems. and com. need to ts.le into account surface faulting ponents ut!1 remain functioncl.These strue. h in the destru of the nuclear power plant, thosa tu..es, synema, and compor.enta a.ro Where It ta determined that sunace f aulting necessary to am m (1) the integ7 tty of the need not be talen into account, succient reactor coola.nt pressure bounca.ry. (11) the data to clearly just:.fy the determination aht!! capabuty to abut down the reactor and snajo. be presented ta the Itcense appil atton. the ca. tala 11 in a safe cond!t!on, or (111) %*bere $$ is determined that surface pabutty to prevent or mitigate the conno. (2) quenore of accidents wbleb could teruit in faulting must be *,V% into account the ap. ab all. tri.rv abliabing the des 2gn potentia) oSatte erposures cornparable to thetv.e:s for surf ace.WCing on a atta take intoacccunt evtc.ence c.acern pticant guideltne espceures of this part. In addttlon to sets:nic loads. Rac3udJng af ter.bocia. ap. local polc;1e e.nd setr:nte chass:.civtics of plicsble concusTent funcuomal and accident. induced loads saa21 be taken into account the alte and frm:n t.ny other relevant datn. (3) The design bssia ter surface fault 2ng an the cesign of snese tafety.re2.sted strue. cha12 be takan tr.to acanunt in the desgo of tures systerns and con:pocenta, The design the nucJear power plant by prov1dt.ng res. of the autjear power plant abs.u m2mo ts.AsInto account the possJb!e erects cc the Safe 80 0-6 April 30,1975

Why won't a private insurance company insure anyone for Question 4:_ protection from a nuclear accident? A_nswer: We believe that your question relates to the fact that property insurance policies are written with a " nuclear exclusion" clause that does not The provide coverage for damage resulting from a nuclear accident. question of the " nuclear exclusion" in an individual's homeowner's While policy has been raised numerous times over the last few years.th this type of insurance, the standard fire a d roperty insurance policies Our understanding of have contained the nuclear exclusion since chat property damage caused v. this exclusion is that the insurers consi.. by a nuclear accident would be covered by nuclear liability insurance maintained by NRC facility licensees and that coverage for the same property damage should be excluded from the conventional homeowner's policy Thus, if a property owner suffered to avoid duplication of insurance. damage to his property because of a nuclear accident, the compensation would come through nuclear liability insurance or Government indemnity as provided under the Price-Anderson Act. The nuclear exclusion question is presently being studied by a committee of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners located in Milwaukee, Although hearings have been held to review the exclusion and Wisconsin. to examine methods for possibly eliminating it, nu recommendations have yet been made. 5

Why is a nuclear power plant's liability, in the case of Question 6: an accident, limited by law to 560 million dollars, 1/500 of Atomic Energy Commission predicted costs in the event of a maximum accident? Answer: The present limitation of liability was established by the Congress so that if an incident occurred requiring the Government to pay $500 million in indemnity, the Government budget would not be greatly disturbed yet there would be a cure supply of funds to pay public liability claims Because the limitation was not meant to resulting from the incident. reflect the worst possible accident that could occur in a nuclear power plant, the fact that various technical reports issued over the years cause damages exceeding the limitation of liability does not in itself The argument has been advanced mean that the limitation should be raised. that if there is a desire to increase the limitation, this should be done for reasons apart from the conclusions of the Rasmussen Report or other studies focusing on the probabilities and consequences of nuclear The question of whether there should be a limit of liability, accidents. and if so, the level of such a limit has been the subject of Congressional consideration for many years, most recently in connection with hearings held during the past two years by the Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment of the House Interior and Insular Affairs Committee. Og 9

Question 10:_ A nobel prize winning biologist said that "any dose of radiation is an overdose." "Dr. George Wald." What is the NRC's stance on this? (As nuclear plants produce lethal radiation every day) Answer: The NRC regulates exposure to radiation at and from licensed facilities so as to keep exposures to both workers and the public below dose limits that have been established by the U. S. Federal Radiation Council (FRC) as a result of guidance by the International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) and the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP). In addition, regulations require that doses be as low as is reasonably achievable. The limits were established to be dose values below which it could be agreed by competent medical authority) that there would be no measurable (other than on a statistical basis harm to the exposed individuals. However, the statement made by Dr. Wald and quoted in question 10 is related to the fact that the FRC, ICRP, NCRP and the regulatory bodies such as NRC all generally accept the linear non-threshold hypothesis for radiation exposure. That hypothesis says there is no radiation dose (threshold) below which there is no harm, and that in fact, the harm is directly proportional or related to the dose. That hypothesis can be interpreted that "any dose is an overdose," since it says that any radiation causes some harm, no matter how small it may be. Since individual members of the public are exposed to over 150 millirems / year from natural background radiation every year of their lives, and since emissions from nuclear facilities regulated by NRC provide doses to the public that are far below these background radiation doses, the possible health effects of nuclear power to the Even the TMI public are a small perturbation on a much larger number. accident might result in only about one additional cancer death in a population that will have several hundred thousand cancer deaths over the rest of the lifetime of that population. For further perspective on the risk of low levels of radiation, attached is an American Cancer Society pamphlet on a discussion with Dr. Arthur C. Upton, Director, National Cancer Institute on the subject of " Low-level Radiation." O e

ARTI-lUR C. UPTON, M.D. LOW-LEVEL El DUEION o DEFINITION o BENEFITS / RISKS e CANCERS ASSOCIATED WITH RADIATION 9 1

  1. . 3 f 'V AMERICAN CANCElt SOCIETY 4

PROFESSI,0NAL EDUCATION l'UllLICATION

a - N dose in rems.The quality f actor for low-LET radiation. for - example, is one. For alpha particles, however, the quahty. - M,f0,.% j.,gOn factor is 20.11ence you would multiply the rad dose by 20 'a u s. !m, to arrive at the rem dose for alpha particles. Editor: Why is there a diference between the permissible radiation h dose for a given individual and the average allowab.'e expo-s sure for a population? i / 1 / ', I Dr. Upton: In the 1950's, the chief concern regard;ng exposure of the entire population to low-level radiation was focused on the g possibility of hereditary abnormaliiics resulting from radia. tion-induced genetic damage. The National Academy of Science's advisory committee on radiation recoramended s that the exposure limit for the population be set at li?O milli-f% rems per year per person. The committee reasoned th.it if j The Editor interviews: the population dose-exclusive of exposure to h.n:Lground Arthur C. Upton, M.D. radiation or medical exposure-were limited to 170 millirems s Director per person per year it would not produce a level of genetic 'k k Nation.d Cancer institute harm that would be significant to the whole population. To Bethesda, Maryland achieve this level of exposure for the average pop ilation, it i was calculated that one could permit exposure to an occa-The events at Three Mile Island have focused public atten-sionalindividualof up to 500 millirems per year.There was tion on low-level radiation. Ilow is this radiation defined? not the same reason to limit the individual to 170 millirems because the concern was not for damage to the individual lon: I think most scientists agree that low-level radiation is that but damage to the genetic pool of the whole population. It is which falls within the dose range considered permissible for important to keep in mind that these dosages are comidered occupational exposure. To the best of my knowledge, there maximum allowabic limits and that even most radiation is one set of standards for radiation exposure that is accepted workers receive lower levels. throughout the world. According to these standards, live rems to the whole body per year per individual radiation i Editor: ls there no danger at these levels? worker is the allowable upper limit of low-level radiation. r: Evactly what is a rem, and why are radiation levels also Dr,Upton: At the time it was felt that there was likely to be some in. sometimes expresied in rads? crease in the mutation rate but that the increase would be so small as to cause no significant increase in genetic dncase. plon: The unit of measurement for low-Icvel radiation can be If you irradiate a few individuals, you are not going to create either the rad or the rem.The rad dose represents the amount a serious genetic risk for the population; many individuals of energy absorbed by tissue. It is a very precise unit of would have to be irradiated before there would bc risk of a measurement; namely,100 crgs per gram of tissue.The rem significant increase in the overall incidence of genetic d.im. (roentgen equivalent man) is the dose required to produce age.This, then, was the basis for the distinction between the a specific amount of biological damage; namely, that pro. exponre limit to the individual and the exposure limit to the population. duced by one rad of x-rays. Ily definition, with x-rays and gamma rays, the rad and the tem are equivalent. Ilowever, they are equivalent only for radiations of low linear energy Edllor: IVhur is the crur of the controversy regarding the existence tramfer (LliT); they are not equivalent with the more dt.m. or nonexistence of a threshold belcw which there it no aging high-1 ET radiatiom, which include neutrom, protons. radiation damage? and alpha partic!cs. Thus, the tem makes allowance for the fact that not all types of radiation nie identical in biological clicctiveness. I?or purpmes of radiologic protection, we mut. Dr.Uptnn: We cannot prove, and we r.o longer assume, that there is a tiply the dose in rads by the " quality factor" to derive the threshold.When the first report of the National Academy of Sciences Advisory Committee on the Ilio!ogical l~.' Tees of

\\ Ionising Itadiation (IIEIP.) came out, in,1972, it caused ~ tremendous controversy. I chaired the subcommittee respon. sible for the report ony cancer rnk estimate, and m'any peo-Dr. Upton: No, I don't think the present controversy is over whether pic on the subcomnuttee argued that rak estimates should be presented in the form of a range; that is, from zero up to reason to assume that any level of radiation is utterly safe. y ecstain number of cancers per million persons exposed per ( llather, the argument is over how large a risk arises in the dose region f natural background radiat,on; that gs, about tem per year.This was because there was little reason to sup-i ( pfe that the cancer risk from radiation was zero, llowever, "*4C"th of a rem per year.The bulk of radiobiological data n was aho felt that if a range were used, attention would hd are den.ved from observations m the 100 rad range; hence, focused on the upper limits, the lower limit being academic, ne must extrapolate dov>n to the region of one rad or less, and hence the actual risk would be exacgerated. But can we assume that one rad is going to produce 1/100th There are, however, certain effect[in radiation biology the damage observed at 100 rads? Or will it produce on!y that do show the esiwence of a threshold. We know, for es-1/l,000th the damage of the higher dose 7 t ample, that unless we kill a very large fraction of the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, there is enough reserve Editor: IVhar is che basis for these dara? capacity to ensure that the life of the irradiated individual will not he endangered. We know that if we deliver only a few rads to the lens of the eye we may damage some of the Dr.Upton: The radiobiological evidence comes basically from tests on cells-and under a microscope we may see minute opacities-animals and isolated cells. There is too much uncertainty in but we will not prodnce a cataract that would interfere with the human data to settle the matter conclusively, vision.This would take a dose of hundreds of rads.We know today that cell repair can occur; twenty years ago we did Editor: Are the human data derived from the study of atomic bomb not know this.11owever, we do not know for sure if the re. surysvors? pair is 100 percent cifective. On the contrary, we suspect that there may be some residual damage that is not fully repaired Dr. Uplon: That population contributes the largest single epidemiologic even at the smallest dose. sample, but there have been other compatible studies. There are studies of occupationally exposed individuals, patients Could these residual cellt ultimately develop into cancer? treated with radiation therapy for benign diseases, and pa. tients who received diagnostic x-ray examinations for diff er-ent conditions. There is a broad mix of epidemiologic evi-We do not know that this happens, but we postulate that dence, but it is not statistically precise enough to define the such a damaged cell might ultimately become cancerous. All shape of the dose-response curve in the low-dose region. types of ionizing radiation are carcinogenic, and damage to the DNA of a cell in Ihe bone murrow, in ihe lung, or in 1he Edilor: The current Federal safety standards were set in 1960. llave skin could conceivably result in its development into a can-cer cell. Ilut to return to the problem of a threshold, the we learned anything ir the last twenty years that would sur-controversy today does not surround the issue of threshold gest that these standards be modified or are they adequare today? as much as it does the shape of the dose-etfect curve as it goes down to lower and lower doses. Dr. Upton: I do not think the new data suggest that risks are larger than we thought in 1972. Consequently, I do not think there is IVhat is at issue here7 any new basis for changing our exposure limits. The issue is really a societal one and not a scientific one. Itow much of a The llEIR 111 committee initially seemed to agree with the margin of safety does society want for radiation workers? original ItElit position-that is, to endorse the assumption if one utilires the rule of thumb developed by the til!!K I that she linear extrapolation would neither seriously under-committee, one wouhl estimate that a dose of 100 mdfircms estimate nor overestimate the risk, llowever, the committec per person per year would increase the cancer risk to the is now divided over this. Some feel it is a reasonable awump-en ire population by about one percent. 'Ihe average dose tion; others feel that the hulk of radiobio!ogical evidence received by radiation workers per year is approsimately 100 intheates that for low.l.F.T radiation the linear extrapolation millirems, so these workers on the average are increasing is probahty too con erv.itive. Other scienti,ts believe that it their cancer risk by about one percent. Is it reasonahfe to en..y not be appropriate even for hiph.I.1 T radiation. allow radiation workers to take this risk or should the rin

he made smaller? If the average risk to radiation workers levek of radiation. The does estimates we have are$ased n compared with the occupational risks to workers in other only on average badge readings.Then, in addition, there are tiehls, radiation work, as it is now carried out, er mpares the inevitable statistical problems inherent in a study utibzing favorably in risk to most other occupations. a small number of people. We see that radiation work is no more dangerous than agriculture, transportation work or manufacturing. Society ) Editor: ryay decide that it wishes radiation work to be safer than ( IVhat is the primary physician to think when he reads thot onher licids, but il so, there is inevitably a trade-off. Certain ' j some researchers have found increased cancer incidence of LLmds oI work will be made more expensive and that cost certain sites after radiation exposure, other researchers have wdI be passed on to the pubh_c. .1 found increates in different cancers, and still other research. ers have found no increase at all? Are you implying that economic considerations play an Dr. Upton: There seems to me to be ampfe evidence that radiation can eugual or even greater role in setting safety standardt than pmely medical com/derations? increase the risk of developing certain kinds of cancer e (Table ). The follow-up studies concerning radiologists suggest an increased incidence of multiple myeloma. Data I think there is a balance if you speak with governmental on radiation treatment for ankylosing spondylitis indicate an regulators they will tell you that they must take economic increased risk of c.mccr of the pancreas, leukemia, and other impact into account. Ideatty, we would like to live in a risk-neoplasms for those patients. The hf ancuso study we men-free world, but practically, there are always compromiscs. tioned previously has, likewise, suggested an increased can- ~1he overriding principle in radiologic work is to make the ccr risk in a number of sites. Ifowcver, this evidence is tente dose as low as is readily achicvable without making the work live. And no one should be astonished about this. Science unpracticahte. One does not plan an operation that permits involves the gradual accumulation of evidence that is pre-workers to receive the maximum dose annually. On the con. liminary at first and of;en aho inconsistent at carty stages. As trary, one plans work so that the dose is as low as powih!c. we continue to study radiation, we may strengthen the evi-In faer, the averace dose received today is far below the dence and validate our current beliefs, or we may refute m.nimum perminihte limit. what seemed true at the outset of our investigation. The ddferences of opinion and app. rent uncertainty are not unique to the study of radiation. We are now in the it'har ir your opinion of studies such at thore by biancuso, throcs of a major national dcbate over environmental chenii. .\\trwart and Kneale that suggest that the risk to radiation worLers it umch higher than was previously estimated? cats. Are they carcinogenic 7 Are they necessary1 The prob. lem of saccharin illustrates this very well: Is it a carcinogen 7 Do we ban it? Do we allow its widespread tise in packaged n: We base our risk estimates on extrapolations derived from f ds and soft drinks? The current debate is a positive de-theoretical models; if observations contradict our predic-velopment. We nut show that there is a thorough and open liom, ehen we must admit that our models are faufty. To the evaluation f the ev,dence. The public must be convinced i extent that it is practical and informative, we should test our that everything is above-board and that there is not some theories empirically, llence, I think the Mancuso study of cifort behmd closed doors to manipulate the evidence. it mmt the llanford workers was a worthwhile effort in that direc. be absolutely clear to the public that scientists are respon-tion; however, the interpretation of its findir gs is compli-sible and that risks are reflected as accurately as possible in cated. I do not think that it provides sufficient evidence to ur risk / benefit calculations. conclude that the doubling dose for cancer-the amount of radiation that will double the cancer incidence-is smaller Editor: It har been estimated that Americant will receive about than we would predict based on our current models. 210,000,000 x-rays this year. IVould you recommend that physicians be more cautions in their use of 2-rays? It' hat are the complicating jactors? Dr, Upton: Yes, I would recommend that. As you may know, the llEW n: We cannot rule out the influence of other risk factors, such Interagency Task Force on Ionizing Itadiation also recently as exposure to chemical carcinocens, in the llanford study. made this recommendation and has submitted to the Presi. Nor can we exclude the powibility that workers may have { been exposed to fairly significant doses of radiation from dent a report of its recommendations for ways to reduce both the number of exposures and the amount of radiation internally deposited radionuclides and not merely to low per exposure. There is aho a section of the report that out.

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first 10 years.1 ac rn t i r r.n.. imes sefereal critesia for physiciam discusses,inappropriateindicatiom for radiog it has returned to the normal range 20-30 years a te dchroo; r ation.The major increase has been in the ecute sm myelogenous types of leukemia. Prenatal-etro hyuc m tain suggestions for mcorporatmg its findmgs mto p f e r ac. x-ray examination, involving a dose of the ordct o i f chud-undergraduate education. is associated with a 50 percent i f forms o. ation cf an enlarged thymus in infancy. Other htgt are yorer thors.chts ahmet the use of low-level radiation N cancer, including tumors of the brain and kidney ?

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ho on screening for the detection of carly breast cancer pouible in irradiated children. In .ator: l thin, urinary tract (recent evidence fro The lircast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project litCDDP), spomoted by the ACS and the NCI, wasf women could be parently the female breast..These are the de. t 'c r. U pton: cers that may result from irradiation. signta to show that large numbers obrought into a screening program to detect breast cance The llCDDP has indeed shown that comb. Some cariier radiologic practices that wer med me of cifectively. X ray mammography and physical examination in an annual Con wc approprie are now residting in jarrogenic dise t high rate Editor: screening program can detect early disease a a e third of still use radiation and "do no harm?" h among women at all ages screened. More t an on - t meter in the cancers detected have been less than one cen idiameter, and appmsimately 70 This is the dilemma of medicine. Although l ceeds the asdiary node involvement. Thh significant y exf less than 50 oc of the Ilippocratic oath is, as you said, to do n national detection sate of incalized cancers o dlpros ble. Dr.Upton: of us can ever be sure that what we "know" to per cent, ahhongh the two rates are not strictly comparaThe addition of mamnmgra best with it to be sound tomorrow We can o portion of cancers thm can he expected to increase the pro f detected at a localised stage and to improve the outlook orlong term snrv shotdd not enter the field of medicin h hold. - we have no confidence in the existenc t in mam-timhngs of the till' 5tudy. Moreover,improvemen s must do everything pouible to minimire the ible mographic equipment and technique have made it poui lly reducing radiation expo ure of patients. I think we h to increase the rate of detection while substant ah the means dJ hh enough information over the last ~15 year the radiation dme per esamination. Althoug d In any ca k of low-level that we will underestimate the risks inv not yet esist to measure accurately the ris f pov we mmt be as certain as pouible that the ben d to reduce radiation, any reduction in dose may be assume h no outweigh any presumed rkks. In this conn h reo worthy that neither the Illillt lli report nor t e Comequently, the inclusion of low-dose mammography in50 or older, or of rkk. United Nations report sugges the routine esamination of women agewomen in high risk groups, can be recommende d l d out. today with more awurance that the risk is minima an younger it may be that some day we will he able i endorsed estimates, weiched by the benefits than in 1977 when t was r viduah out of the general population for whom hy an independent panelof esperts. Any recommendation to estimates are inappropriate,but at present cancer screening include Lray mammography in breastmmt, however, nest on the auumption that low-ose m llowever, as we learn more about the ba d m. Inrh that susceptibility we may be able to identif y thme morraphy will supplant other mammographic systemsdehver larger doses to scree do; ie in the meantime, we can obviomly, use our r ld b principle ihat the radiation dose per examination shou to benefit patients, and in doing so we mmt s ologic technique as low as pouihfe, comistent with good ras mite any risks that may be involved. and gomt image quality. Thank you, Dr. Upton. Editor: st%r are the major human cancers arrociated with radiation

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