ML19257B610

PA Nj MD Interconnection

ML19257B610
Person / Time
Site:	Crane
Issue date:	12/31/1976
From:	PECO ENERGY CO., (FORMERLY PHILADELPHIA ELECTRIC, PENNSYLVANIA POWER & LIGHT CO., Public Service Enterprise Group
To:
Shared Package
ML19257B607	List: ML19257B606 ML19257B609 ML19257B610
References
TASK-TF, TASK-TMR NUDOCS 8001170777
Download: ML19257B610 (20)

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PJM now coordinates the bulk power supp of 11 investor-owned electric utilities. The f

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companies operate in a 50.000 square mile C-'~~~'

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g CONTENTS e#

of Pennsylvania, almost all of New Jersey, W4' all of Delaware and the District of Columbia,%

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more than halt of Maryland, and a portion of When Conowingo hydroelectric project, on the Purpose and Benefits 3

Susquehanna River in Maryland, began operating in Virginia. PJM system capacity has increasea 192s, it was the largest development steam or hydro, dramatically over the 48 years of its history.

PJM System and Transmission Map 4

ever constructed in one step in the history of the At year end 1975, this capacity reached power industry. Even today. Conowingo is one of the Interpool Ties.

5 nation's largest hydroelectric projects with a 41,223,000 kilowatts, roughly nine percent of capacity of 512.000 kilowatts which is more than the national total.

PJM Control Center,

6 double its original capacity.

PJM companies rely mostly on fossil-fuel Nuclear and Coal-Fired Electric Generation,

8 The PJM Interconnection, the world's first electric generation, with coal accounting for Minemouth Generation 11 integrated power pool, was created in 1927 36 percent of combined system capacity, and and began operations in 1928. At that time, a o'l for 28 percent. However, nuclear power is Hydroelectric and Pumped Storage Generation 13 230,000 volt transmission ring connected the assuming an ever-growing role. By 1975 the Combustion Turbines. Combined Cycle, electric systems of three companies-Public nuc! car portion of PJM's capacity had Cranking Units and Transmission 14 Service Electric and Gas Company, Philadelphia increased to 10 percent of its total.

Electric Company and Pennsylvania Power &

Data-PJM Companies.

15 Light Company. The pool was then called the This report on PJM operations focuses on the Comparisons of PJM Companies.

17 Pennsylvania-New Jersey Interconnection, benefits of interconnected operation, and and had a combined generating capacity of illustrates savings to customers resulting from PJM Management 18 1.5 million kilowatts.

power-pool coordination 6 'Q' g, %$_~ ".

It became the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-W

~p Maryland Interconnection in 1956, when 1

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Baltimore Gas and Electric Company and the LEGEND

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subsidiaries of General Public Utilities i

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7. Sf 3 Corporation joined.The subsidiaries are Jersey Central Power & Light Company, 3]*[3gy e[n,",fp,*[,c

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& ight Co.

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This booklet presents information and statistical data on Metropolitan Edison Company and

4. Pennsylvania Power & Light Co.

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Loma d PfMjPr' jng the Penns van,i,, nb,e N

rsey-Pennsylvania Electric Company. The present

s. Luzerne Electric Div.-UGI Corporation h j%g int e9nnec 9n m o secured largely from Annual Reports and other ccmpany PJM structure was established in 1965 with

6. Philadelphia Electric Co.

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publications. is provided in combined form only to show the inclusion of the Potomac Electric

7. Pubhc service Electric and Gas Co.

T, Je Ihee Power Company. Atlantic City Electric

8. At antse City Electric Co.

r in no ay off ata O he t nI sey Central Power & Light Company, Metropohtan Edison Company, Delmarva Power & Light Company

9. Baltimore Gas and Electric Co.

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10. Potomac Electric Power Co.

N} ij Company and Pennsylvania Electric Company, which operate under General Public Utahties Corporation, the and UGl Corporation participate through

11. Delmarva Power & Light Co.

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companies are not corporately tinked.

agreements w.th PJM s.ignatories.

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The fully coordinated operation of the PJM problems and to take action to avoid the generating units. Through. power pooling, it_is Interconnection assures greater reliability and emergency and its adverse effects on possible to build a lesser number of large economy than if each company operated customers. For example, the losa of the output generating units rather than manjleiss

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independently. No company can depend on of a large generating unit in one company's econom! cal s.rnaUeLunitFThis orderly and PJM to be a source of power';~ ebch company system can be made up with power from other efficient expansion of generating and must build to supply sufficient power, PJM companies.

transmission facilities does not relieve any including a reserve for its own customers.,

company from its own construction Through PJM,~ the bMpvfe~r' facilities of all responsibilities, but it does enable PJM eleven companies are pooled and operated ECONOMICAL GENERATION companies to achieve lower installed as if they were a single system. In PJM, PJM schedules the operation of the lowest costs-per-kilowatt, providing additional 54 tie-lines permit pooled operation from cost available generating units to meet the customer savings.

547 generating umts at 117 power stations.

forecasted peak demands of the pool several A computer complex at the PJM Control times each day. By interchangino power from FLEXIBILITY IN MAJOR Center analyzes the power needs of the PJM low-cost generation, PJM compa'nies maintain MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS companies' 7 million customers as of ten a high level of economical service for as every 3% seconds.

customers. As demand for electricity Through PJM, generating plant and increases during the day, additional transmission _rnaintenance.are scheduled to generating units are called into service on the assure customersof un6nterrupted service.

GREATER RELIABILITY AT basis of economy regardless of where they are They are also planned from the standpoint of LOWER COSTS located in relation to the demand.Thus any fuel availabilitv. Durir.g the oil embargo of Hundreds of generating units and a PJM company may be purchasing power part early 1974, for example, outages and repairs coordinated transmission network extend of the day and se!Iing power through the of coal-fired equipment were deferred where power pool benefits beyond pure economics.

Interconnection at other times. The result is possib s a means of conserving scarce and To be reliable, there must be enough lower average power costs for customers of all electricity to meet customer demand, and PJM companies. During 19)S,30.9 billion there must be a reserve if that demand kilowatt-hours of power were interchanged LOWER COSTS FOR CUSTOMERS

--+ - suddenly skyrockets or if generating among PJM companies. The total savings The single-system operation of bulk power equipment suddenly goes off line. The purpose accounted for during 1975 through these supplies helps to offset inflationary business exchanges reached a new high of $157 million.

@ of the power poolis to create a reserve of

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costs for PJM companies. As the cost of power that can make up temporary deficits if service reflects efficiencies and economies of N one company h5s irFs'UfficWnt capaEitf t{ meet ECONOMIES IN NEW scale, all these savings ultimately benefit an abnormally large demand.' Acting alone-GENERATING PLANT AND customers through the delivery of dependable CD each company would require larger reserve TRANSMISSION ADDITIONS electric service at the lowest possible costs, w

capacity, increasing the company's capital 4

requirements that would ultimately increase in addition to decreasing the required total costs to customers. Another purpose of power generation reserve capacity, the PJM pooling is to foresee emergency power supply Interconnection also influences the size of 3

u, Interpool Ties Connect PJM with more than 2;

400 Miiiion Kiiowatts of Eiectric Generating capacity

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PJM'S CONNECTIONS WITH ECONOMICAL EXCHANGES OF PJM'S PARTICIPATION IN A OTHER SYSTEMS POWER STRONG UNITED STATES System reliability in PJM is further enhanced Through these interconnection agreements, POWER GRID through interconnection agreements with PJM in 1975 interchanged over eight billion in 1967, PJM member companies entered into neighboring power pools and systems. Power kilowatt-hours of electricity with neighboring a service-reliability _compactknown ajLthe is interchanged with these systems through pools. PJM saved $34 million in these Mid ATIa~ritic Ada_Ccordination_A_meegent 25 interpool connection points. These include transactions.

JMAAC) It r Mis for planned new additions or 12 interconnection points with the Allegheny chan. es in major existing facilities to be Power System,11 with the New York Power submi 'ed to the MAAC Executive Board for Pool, and one each with Virginia Electric and EMERGENCY CAPABILITIES review diiDRECfordiH~ati3H'C6iEr5ittiie.

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Power Company and The Cleveiand Electric The Con.mittee deterrn'iri6fif the plarrmeet These t.ies with neighboring systems also established standards of service reliability.

illuminating Company.

enable PJM to give or receive emergency A new interconnection agreement between assistance when abnormal conditions deprive MAAC later entered into reliability PJM and the New York Power Pool became a system of sufficient power. During such coordination agreements with adjacent effective August 1,1974.The New York Power emergencies, PJM has received, in the groups of utilities. One is with Northeast Pool interties with systems in New England, maximum hour,2.7 million kilowatt-hours of Power Coordinating Council (NPCC); another large portions of Canada, and from there to power from other pools. It has also rendered is jointly with utility groups in the Virginia-interconnections in Southern Michigan.

emergency power in amounts up to 3.2 Carolina's area (VACAR) and East Central Interconnections to the west and south of million kilowatt-hours in the maximum hour.

area (ECAR).

PJM provide paths to systems all the way to The amounts approach the total peak power

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the Rocky Mountains and the Gulf of Mexico.

demands of many large individual power al These interconnections, and those with companies. In 1975, PJM requirod n Electric Reliability Council (NERC) comprising adjoining power systems mentioned above, emergency aid from other systems, y rtually all the electric power systems in the 4-effectively tie together more than 417 million but provided neighboring systems with United States and major parts of Canada.

kilowatts.

179 million kilowatt-hours of emergency NERC was formed voluntarily by the electric ssistance.

N utility industry to augment the reliability and adequacy of the bulk power supply in CD North America.

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naturaldisasters. The controlroom rehe:ts technologies and (C31.-

concepts used at space program control centers, and is domonated

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(top) Separate rooms house identical computers assuring uninterrupted operation in the event of equipment malfunction. The "off-line" computer performs routine engineering and accounting functions.

(bottom left) A dispatcher uses a light pen on the (center) The Interr >nnection Office has a staff of digital-TV screen to update information in the approximately 60 employees with expertise in computer memory. Strip charts in background dispatching, engineering, accounting and record trends of major generatoon and transmission administration to coordinate the technical and on the system-business aspects of PJM operations.

Through a computer complex, vital that enable communication with eight remote m%&My Ng SW5EMED U

~E information is exchanged between PJM and dispatch'ng centers within PJM, as well as operations centers of PJM companies. Each with neighboring power systems.

g day PJM receives detailed information on

-E The heart of the control center is the computer available genera:ing and transmission

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utages to determine if cverhad conditions

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N generating units or can order increases or Five times each minute it monitorsline u

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One of these dispatchers coordinates the PJM systems, power flows on lines connecting My

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transmission system which delivers power PJM to neighboring systems and for LMM dN I

where it is needed. He monitors the wall stabilization of 60 hertz (cycles per second) diagram that displays transmission lines and f requency. In late 1974, and early 1975, gg.NMMCi If substations the way a road map shows PJM updated this computer system with g

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CB Historically, PJM companies have relied on installed capacity, and in 1975 produced for 28 percent of installed capacity in PJM.

w coal for most of their electric generation. The 54 percent of the PJM companies' electric While sonie base-load PJM plants burn heavy desire for environmental improvement and generation. Pennsylvania Power & Light oil, the use of lighter oils continues to play the resulting clean air laws, however, brought Company has more than 70 percent of its an important role in PJM generation. These about the conversion of many of the coal-fired capacity in coal-burning facilities. Potomac lighter oils are used for combustion turbine plants to burn low-sulfur oil, much of which is Electric Power Company has more than half, and diesel peaking units, and are essential for imported. While cautioning against and companies of the General Public Utilities starting coal-fired units and for flame dependence on imported oil, PJM companies system have more than one-third of their stabilization when those units are in low-load met environmental demands and used low-capacity in coal-burning stations. During the conditions.

sulfur oil satisfactorily until the oil embargo Arab oil embargo, power produced by PJM of October,1973, skyrocketed prices.

coal-fired generation was sold to other The chart below dramatically illustra:es the systems so that the use of oil could be severity of oil price increases in tern 3 c' Fortunately, PJM companies can rely on coal-lessened. PJM maximizes the use of the most glectric generation. It shows, for tht.,..ars fired generation to help reduce the impact of plentiful-and therefore the lowest cost-indicated, average fuel costs of PJM soaring fuel-oil prices and threats of embargoes fuels such as coal and uranium, while keeping companies as expressed in cents per million by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting total fuel consumption to a minimum. Efficient Btu's. While the cost of a ton of coal has Countries (OPEC).

generation is clearly in the best interests of generally tripled, residual oil prices have utilities, their customers and the nation.

increased four-fold. PJM's responsible The 64 coal-burn log units. the PJM system alternative is to conserve fuel oil with nuclear in account for 36 percent of the Interconnection's Today, oil-fired steam generation accounts and coal-fired stations.

PROJECTED NUCLEAR GENERATION Projected COST OF FUEL Operation Kilowatts Station Operators Dates Plant Unit Nos. (in thousands) (Joint Owners)

Cents /Million Btu 1978 salem 1

1090 Public Service Electric and Gas Company 1979 2

1115 (Philadelphia Electric Co.. Atlantic Cit n

Electnc Co. Delmarva Power & Lignt o.)

MM+dM 44 1977 Calvert Cliffs 2

865 Baltimore Gas and E'ectnc Company 197l 40, y 07 1978 Three Mile Isla1d 2

880 Metropolitan Edison Company [GPu]

A'A

- =

M 1980 Susquehanna 1

1050 Pennsylvania Power 8. Light Company mismg:S,57 1982 2

1050 1981 Limenck 1

1055 Philadelphia Electric Company 1973

' 81 1982 2

1055 f

!102

~

1982 Forked River 1

1120 Jersey Central Power & Light 1982 Hope Creek 1

1100 Pub ic ce lectric and Gas Company 1975 T

_204 1984 2

1100

-~" -

au.. ' d220 1985 Atlantic 1

1150 Public Service Electric and Gas Company 1987 2

1150 (Atlantic City Electric Co. Jersey Central Power & Light Co )

4O 80 120 160 200 240 1985 Doug'as Point 1

1178 Potomac Electric Power Company 1987 2

1178 0 Coal

2., twidual oil w distillate oil 10

Minemouth, Hydro, and Oti,er

<,e,,, xe<,,one

,a, ion. asiacen,,o,he min.

Supplying the buls of its Coal,is flanked by four Energy Sources for the Most Balanced

,3!

'::,,w,m','d,* ::::::=

{right) Conemaugh minemouth plant near N

EConomlCal MI'X of PoWet, Johnsto-n. pennsvivania. is a 1.roo.ooo xiionarr ex >

plant owned jointly by nine PJM companies.

9 I

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MINEMOUTH GENERATION M;b l

Locating generating stations next in coal sources is not a new b

idea. Coal region communities were among the first to enjoy i

electricity produced by nearby steam generators. Today, large scale water cooling systems and long-distance bulk power Q.

transmission facilities make minemouth generatiori practical for interconnected companies serving a large area. The sharing of costs through joint venturing makes large units economically C--

feasible. From 1967 to 1971, PJM companies placed in service Q~L

..,'Z three such ventures in Pennsylvania's coal region: the e..'

Conemaugh, Keystone and Homer City plants which have a

~'

combined generating capacity of 4,580,000 kilowatts.

b J

One-half, or 600,000 kilowatts of the Homer City plant is owned by New York State Electric & Gas Corporation.

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(top right) Workman is shown on Potomac Electric Power Company's new 500,000 volt Brighton-Mt. Airy transmission I,ne.

(top left) Combustion turbines at Baltimore Gas and (bottom) Combined cycle units shown are Electric Company's Perryman plant have a operated by Public Service Dectric and Gas generating capacity of 240,000 kilowatts.

Company at Burlington, New. Jersey.

n 0

- ~

- [

}

..m.;,

O COMBUSTION TURBINES Combustion turbines ere also vital to a well 1%

integrated power supply system.Their purpose is

.2~

to supply peaking power as well as local neecs in

' ',. M..

- N_.

the event of an interruption in oulk power supply.

'g:

y Designed for limit 7d hours of use, their low kr

' ~.

s. -d "

installation costs offset higher operating costs.

E

,e

(-

COMBINED CYCLE UNITS

, - ^

As the name implies, these units combine

' ~~i.'

4' w

combustion turbine generation with a conventional E h '"'

44)

• */

1' steam plant cycle. Normally wasted hot exhaust

, 97 t;

gases f rom the combustion turbine are used to Mc go _

~

produce steam to drive conventional turbine r

i,

" # ]C generators. This provides more efficient f uel use

. s::

~

for each kilowatt-hour of electricity generated.

C CRANKING UNITS c

Combustion turbine or diesel driven cranking units

TI~

M

- l.__p '

j

.,, i t are installed at major power stations. They provide

~

independent start-up power and allow for the safe

~

b' shutdown of major equipment. Installed as 2

insurance, they also provide peaking power 41 "

d 4

as needed.

13 TRANSMISSION n

=w 4_.

5 9

PJM's transmission lines are the super highways

,(~

of power. This network, totalling 5297 circuit miles, y 7 g' ' ' '

~ ~ - '

2-includes an increasing number of lines built for W1~'~'

use at 500,000 volts. A 500,000 volt line may have pg

~

~

h as much as five times the power carrying capacity fdM of a 230.000 volt line, but costs only about twice

,. @ g

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ig t of way p r k lowat cap c t.

14

Data PJM Companies POWER GENERATION PEAK LOAD PEAK LOAD Generating capability was increased by Peak summer load in 1975 was 28.969.000 (Kilowatts) 5.143.300 kilowatts during 1974 and 1975.

kilowatts, the second consecutive year that an 70 percent of which was nuclear power.This annual increase was not recorded. Taking into (28,969,000) new capacity reflects the planning of the past account energy conservatior, measures, PJM p+ g 10 years to assure reliable power supplies now load forecasters predict that normal area i -- y and for the near future. The total installed growth will increase the peak load to (23,838,000) f :j capacit'/ n PJM at year end 1975 was 39,420.000 kilowatts by 1980, and to T]

j i

41,223,000 kifowatts.

G0,150.000 kilowatts in 1985. Such increases,

[i Ithough at a slower rate than in the past, will (16.346,000)

{

i

{' ~ ~ ;

4 in 1974 and 1975, PJM companies found it make more generating capacity essential.

y~,

g-

'j i ~i I j

necessary to postpone or cancel plans for National energy policy decisions about

%!:j b 'i r some new generating and bulk power nuclear power licensing and construction fi ' F[ ' A 9

i transmission facilities. Many of these deferrals delays, and environmental restrictions on

?

were due to the generally depressed economy, coal use must be reached quickly so that I

[ Ibl energy conservation practices, and the PJM companies can continue to meet the

[3 1.L c l b. I

-i combination of reduced earnings and high needs of their customers.

i

!db4

. _ _ b'. }j}. 4Jiij E Q interest rates that adversely affected,in N

varying degrees, the financing capabilities of some companies.

TRANSMISSION CIRCUITS 1965 1970 1975 CD ENERGY SOURCES Beginning with the original 230.000 volt transmission ring, PJM's transmission system now includes 1025 circuit miles of 500,000 volt lines,347 miles of which Ch (Percent of Total Output-1975) were added f rom 1970 to 1975, to provide more economical delivery of bulk power.

p

,A.'

A

??

h j COAL-

[

54.5% ?

CiRCUlT MILES OF TR ANSVISSICN LINES I'

]'". )

p 1965 1975 gt.e 1,aej

]g %[p

. f:. d"

.q; -

f OUTSIDE I

.M PURCHASES--0.3%

500,000 volts 1025 h]h f,

[

PUMPED STORAGE

c. ~, '

345,000 volts 159 NUCLEAR y \\

HYDRO-1.3*.

r' 15.4 .

CONVENTIONAL 230,000 volts 2039 4113 HYDRO-3.2%

.g

.x #

l COMBUSTION TURBINE AND DIESEL-1.7%

15

N CC CD 6

-n-.~---

~.. _ _.

i ENERGY S ALES The eleven companies in the PJM system sold a total of 137.5 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity in 1975, down 0.6 of one percent from 1974.

While the use of electricity did not increase over the last two y ears, there has been a 95 percent increase in sales over the decade, beginning 1965.

Accounting for the recent sales slowdown was the reduced use of power by CCNSTRUCTION CONSTRUCT!ON EXFENDITURES EXPENDITURES industrial customers in the recessionary climate of 1974-75. Sales to residential customers continued to grow in 1975, but at a lesser rate than ir; the past, apparently due to higher costs and energy conservation practices.

51,108 200.000

$199200 000 l

The total population in the PJM service area increased by about 1.4 million between 1965 and 1975, while the number of PJM company custorners increased by about 1 million in the same period. PJM forecasters predict a 70 percent increase

)

in kilowatt-hour sales by 1985. If these electrical requirements are to be met, PJM plans for sufficient new capacity must be realized.

5

$67,600.000 ENERGY SALES

~ ~ ~ " "

t o

1 l

(Millions of Kilowatt-Hours) 5128Nw i 1 1965 [

l I

a.a =

'* ' 70,320 i,

2 1965 1975 1965 1975 118,600 OTHER TOTAL 1970-CONSTRUCTION ELECTRIC EXPENO!TURES UTILITY PL ANT 1975-137,500 5314 700.000

$19.800.000.000

$259.100.000 INVESTMENT IN UTILITY PLANT PJM companies have combined

~ ~

E investments of S20 billion in efectric utility plant. This total investment is

. ~!

i 70 percent greater than the investment of 1970, reflecting in part the additions of large nuclear stations. Whi!e costs of construction have soared, there has been

$6J99,900,000 only an 18 percent increase in " dollars of plant in service per kilowatt of capacity" since 1970. This illustrates how the economies of scale made possible by PJM

~-~ ~- -

p -

system interconnections help to offset inflationary costs.

Electric utilities are capital intensive industries.This means they require large

['

s i

capitalinvestments in plant and equipment. PJM companies' investments per 1965 1975 1965 1975 employee, for example, total 5410,000. much greater than the average of the nation's 500 largest industrial corporations. This emphasizes the need for utilities to bc.le to obtain financing to build for future power demands.

4 I

L 16

COMPARISONS OF PJM COMPANIES-1975 Net Capacity Kilowatt-Electric at Year End, Peak Load, Hour Electric Service Ares Kilowatts Kilowatts Sales (00C Customers Square M,les Public Service Electric and Gas Company 8,829,000 6.270,000 (S) 27.035,401 1,641,353 1,400 Philade!phia Electric Company 7,186.000 5,530 000(S) 25.335,493 1,243,901

'*O Atlantic City Electric Company 1,480,000 1.170.000 (S) 4.378,159 318 681 2,700 Defmarva Power & Light Company 2,131,000 1,464.000(S) 6,392,783 250.593 5.702 Pennsylvania Power & Light Company 5,512,000 3.872,000 (W) 19,113.455 917.920 10.075 Luzerne Electric Division-UGI Corporation 140,000 122,000 (W) 556,712 52,270 476 Baltimore Gas and Electric Company 4.206,000 3,399,000 (S) 13,857,427 769.274 2,298 General Public Utilities Corporation (Jersey Central Power & Light Company, Metropolitan 6.565.000 5.244,000 (W) 06.906,123 1.458.162 24,145 Edison Company. and Pennsylvania Electric Company)

Potomac Electric Power Company 5,174,000 3,622,000 (S) 13,896,662 457,023 643 (S) Summer (W) Winter N

c Individual PJM companies. of course, have metropolitan areas experience peak summer also provides dramatic savings. In 1975 ydifferent numbers and concentrations of loads, while the others have winter peaks.

saeings from po'<,er exchanges within PJM customers. This diversity results in differing The bulk transmission of power to where it is totaled $156,600.000. The interchanges of g

kilowatt-hour sales and variations in the needed-when it is needed-fulfills PJM's po'/.er between PJM and neighboring amount and time of peak loads within the objective to supply customers with systems provided an additional saving interconnection. In generJ, the companies in dependable power. This interchange of pov.er of $33 800.000 in 1975.

17

Management Committee (from left to right)

Charles H. Hoffman, Public Service Electric and Gas Gnmpany; Wayne C. Astley, Philadelphia Electric Company; Harley L. Collins, Pennsylvania Power & Light Company; John W. Gore, Jr., Baltimore Gas and Electric Company; Robert H. Sims. General Public Utihties Service Corporation; Edward F. MitcheII, Potomac Electric Power Company.

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