ML19220C370
| ML19220C370 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Three Mile Island  |
| Issue date: | 12/31/1972 |
| From: | US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) |
| To: | |
| References | |
| ENVS-721231, NUDOCS 7904300485 | |
| Download: ML19220C370 (252) | |
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pgq&7.502 ff- 50 g,y g 503M--N Su= ary and Conclusions This Final Detailed Et irnn= ental State =ent was prepared by the U. S. Atcmic Energy Commission, D1: . orate of Licensing;.
- 1. This actica is - ' nistrative.
2.
The proposed actions are the centinuation, of constructica permits CPPn-40 and CPPR-66 and the issuance of opera tin; _licences to Metropolitan Edison Cc=pany, Jersey Central Pcwer and Light Co pany, and the Pennsylvania Electric Cenpany (the Applicants) for the operation of the Three Mile Island Nuclear -
Station Units 1 and 2 near Harrisburg in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania.
The Three Mile Island Nuclear Station is cc prised of two pressurized water reactor units.
Unit Nu=ber 1 has a designed thermal rating of 2535 =egawatts with a maximu:a electrical output of 871 cegawatts. Unit Number 2 has a designed thermal rating of 2772 megawatts with a maxicum electrical output of 959 =egawatts.
Four natural draft cooling tcwers, two per unit, are utilized for dissipating the waate heat f rom the closed cycle cooling water systera.
- 3. Su==ary of environmental impact and adverse effects:
a.
Construction and alte detelornent has and will cause scce temporary disturbance of land onsite and of adjacent watcrs, b.
About 36,0C0 gpa of auxiliary services cooling water and b1cwdown frca the cooling towers vill be discharged to the Susquehanna niver. This liquid effluent frca the Station is approxicately 5; of the minimum river fica.
The ef fluent will average 3
- or less above ambient rive r ternerature depending upon the season of the year. Following rclatively infrequent reactor shutdowns during unusual weather conditions (high air and low uater temperatures) the effluent could be as much as 19'F above river ambient f or periods not exceeding a few houra,
- c. About t cwe rs .
20,C00 gpm of river water will be evaporated 'frce the cooling d.
About 7555 curien of radionuclides in gaseous effluents and 2008 curies of radionuclides in liquid effluents (including 2000 curies of tritica) will be released to the environment annually.
c.
Increcsed local fog and occasional aug=entation of natural for,at Harrisburg International Airport frna operation of cooling tcwers.
f.
A very lew likelihood of accidental radiation exposure to nearby residents will be created.
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- g. Small amounts of chemicals will be released in the liquid effluents and cooling tower drift from toe Station; but, aside from residual chlorine which will place organisms in the near vicinity of the outfall at significant risk if not carefull.y controlled, expected maximum concentrations to be dis-charged will be sufficiently low as not to pose a hazard to aquatic or human life.
- h. Operation of intake and discharge systems will cause some localized destrue. tion of minute aquatic organisms, and sone local alteration of fish populations.
- 1. There will be some visual impact from the cooling towers and transnission lines.
- 4. Principal alternatives considered were:
Alternative power sources
- Construction of the Station at an alternate site Alternative land uses Use of alternate cooling methods
- 5. Comments on " Environmental Report-Operating License Stage, Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 and Unit 2" dated October 1, 1970, have been roccived fren the following agencies and used in the preparation of this Final Environner.tal S tatemen t:
Departtent of Agriculture Department of Defensu Dcpartnent of Health, Education and Welfare Departnent of the Interior Federal Power Commission Per. 'sylvania Department of Health
- 6. The following Federal, State and local agencies were requested te comment en the Draf t Detailed Environnental Statetent:
Advisory Council on Historical Preservatian Department of Agriculture Departcent of Army, Corps of Engineers Department of Cornerte Departcent of Health , Education, and Ucifare Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of the Interior Department of Transrortation Fedecal Power Cummission Environmental Protection Agency Pennsylvania Departnent of Health Board of Commisn f oners - Daufhin County, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission n. '
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111 Comments received on the Draf t Detailed Environmental Statement are incorporated in this Final Statement in Appendix C. Comments received were forwarded to the Applicants. Their replies are incorporated in this Final State cat in Appendix D.
- 7. This Final Detailed Enviror. mental Statement is being nade available to the public, to the Council on Environmental Quality, and to the other agencies, as noted above, in Deccaber, 1972.
- 8. On the b, sis of the evaluation and analysis set forth in this statement, and after weighing the environmental, economic, technical, and other benefits of the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Units 1 and 2 against enviro nmen tal and other costs and considering available alternatives, it is concluded that .
the actions called f0r under UEFA and Appendix D to 10 CFR Part 50 are continua-tion of construction permits CPPR-40 and CPPR-66 and t,e issuance of operating licenses for Unit 1 and Unit 2, subject to the following conditions for the protection of the environment:
- a. The Applicants will perform preoperational measurements of the utstributions of aquatic species to establish base-line data adequate for determining adverse effects the Station might have on the environment.
- b. The Applic- ts will define an envircemental monitoring progran for inclusion in the Environmental Technical Specifications considered by the Regulatory staf f to be adequate to disclose any changes which may occur in land and water ecosystems as a result of plant operation.
- c. The Applicants will monitor the total residual chlorine conccatration in the Station ef fluent during and i==ediately follcw;ng chlorination. If this concentration exceeds 0.1 pra, the Applicants should take all practical nessures to reduce it below this value. Should these e.f fo rts f ail, the Applicants should determine the extent of the ene in the river within which the total residual chlorine concentration exceeds the EPA recommended cri-teria. The Environnental Technical Specifications for the Station will fur-ther describe the procedures to be followed in this situation.
- d. The Applicants will take appropriate ecasures through monitoring, administrat1ve measures and/or design changes to insure that tha thyroid dose to critical segments of the general population through the grass-cow-milk chain does net exceed 5 aren/ year.
- e. The Applicants will define a radiological nonitoring program considered by the regulatory staf f to oc adequate to determine any radi-ological effect; on the environnent frca op. --'f on of the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, Units 1 and 2.
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- * rplicants wilt " " 17 51S f the prcblem and il develop a course of action to b '^ "" UO alleviate -he Problems- r. the ecoloav of the , -
C"nM3 at a future date jfT P?licants yXample,wili bynajoichanges1 ta r cueNistry o~ rei d
~ id f expc ted Japacts and a cou sc act. ion to mini E ize the it'p c s.
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V .
TAP,LE OF CONTENTS Pane Su= ary.....................................................
i Toreword.................................................... x?.i I.
II.'TR0 A. Site DUCTION................................................ I-1 Selection.................. ....................... I-4 B. Ap plic a tio ns a nd Ap p rova ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-5 Till' II.
SITE.................................................... II-l A.
General....................................... ......... II-l B.
C.
Location......................................
Regional Demography and Land
......... II-l D.
Use........................ II-3 H is t o r ica l S ig ni f i c anc e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-5 E. Environmental
- 1. Peatures.................................. II-6 Rive r Ch a ra c t e ris t ic s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-6
- 2. Ground Water..............................
3.
4 Nteorology................................. .......
II-9 II-10 Geology...................................
P. . . . . . . . . . II.-10 Ecciogy of the Site and
- 1. Environs........................ II-il
- 2. Terrestia1..........................................
Aquatic............................
II-ll
................ II-12 P.c f e r en ces f o r S e c t io n I1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 1-14 III. D'.C PLia;'1. . .
............................ ....... .. III_1 A. External Angearance.............................. ...,..
B.
C. T ra ns c i s s i o n L i n e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II I-Reactor and Stean Electric Sys tem. . . . . ................. III-6 D. Ef flue:.t Systems.....................................
- 1. III-7 2.
Heat................................................
Ra ; .oac tive Was t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
... III-7
................... III-1;
- 3. Ch e ic al and S a nit a ry Was t c s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.
O th e - Has t es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III-27 . . . . . . . . . . . I I I- 2 3 IV.
ENVIR0!'" ENTAL IMPACT OF SITE PREPARATION AND PLAST CO.,*m*b"wI0"..................................................
A. Summary of Plans and IV-1
- 1. Plant Schedules.......................... Iy-1
?.
Construction.................................. IV-1 B ri d g es and !!i ghways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-1
- 3. Transmission Line Construction..........
4
........... IV-1 V is i t o rs C en t e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-3 6
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. a, vi P.-ge B. It pac ts o n Land , Wa ter , and Human Res ourc es . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-3
- 1. Land................................................ IV-3
- 2. Water............................................... IV-4
- 3. 11uma n Res o urces . . . . . . . . ............................ IV-5 C. Controls to Limit Inpact of Plant Construction.......... IV-5 V. EINIRON>iENTAL I!! PACTS OF PLANT OPERATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v-l A. Land Use... ............................................ y_1
- 1. Ac c es s : nd Rec re a t io n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-1
- 2. Transmission Lines.................................. V-1
- 3. Effect of Cooling Touer Operation................... v-4
- 4. AirportUse............................... .. . .... V-9 B. Impact on River kater Usage............................. V-10
- 1. Wa t e r Co ns ump t io n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... .. V-10
- 2. Th e rma l D is ch a r s;e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . y-10
- 3. Chenical Effluents.................................. y_11 C. B io l o g i c a l I m a c t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V-15
- 1. Terrestial Ecosystem................................ y_15
- 2. Aquatic E.cosvsten................................... V-16
- 3. Biolopi cal 1:onitoring Program. . . . . . . . . .. . ......... . y_23 4 Radia tion Dose to Species O ther Than '!an . . . . . . . . . . . . y_,2 D. Radiological Impact of Roatine Operation.... .... .. .... y_22
- 1. I n t r o d u c t io n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. ....... . V-22
- 2. Radicactive "aterials Released to the Atnosphere.. .. y_2
- 3. Radicac tive !!tterials Released to Receiving Uater.. . V-25
- 4. Radioactive '!aterials Stored on Site. . . . ... ......
V-25
- 5. Popula tion Dcscs Frca All Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-25
- 6. Radiological Environmental Monitoring............... v 28
- 7. Evalua tio n o f Rad iologic al Inpac t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . y_23 E. Transportation of Nuclear Fuel and Solid Radioactive Waste................................................... V-32
- 1. Tra ns po r t o f Co l d Fue l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . y_32
- 2. Trans po rt o f Ir rad ia t ed Ft.el . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-32
- 3. Transpo r t o f Solid Rad ioac tive Was te . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . y_33 4 Principles of Safety in Transport................... V-33
- 5. Exposures During Normal (Na Accident) Conditions. .. . y_34 References for Section V................................ y_3o VI. EMVIROS'!ESTAL IYPACT OF FOSTULATED ACCIDENTS................ VI-l A. Plant Accidents.. ...................................... VI-l
- 3. Transportation Accidents. . ............................. VI-3
- 1. . . CJ
- i. -ruel. ....... ....... .......................... VI-3
-. Irradiatca r uel.................... . .......... .... VI-3
- 3. So.'id Radioactive 'Jas tes . . . .............. .. .... ... VI-9
- 4. Severity of Pes tulated Transportation Accident. . . . . . VI-9
- 5. Alternatives to Mortal Transportation Procedures.... VI-9 References for Section VI.............. .... ...........
VI-10 r
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ADVERSE EFFECTS UHICH CA*.50T BE AVOIDED.... ... ............ VII-l A. Land Use.. ..... ............................ ....... .. VII-l B. Physical Appearance in Surroundings........
............ VII-l C. Surface Mater................................ .
... ...... VII-l ,[
D. Air......................................... '
...... .... VII-2 .
VIII. $1IORT TEP.11 USES A':D LO:;G TEFJ! PRODUCTIVITY. .. .. ............ VIII-l L'< .
IRREVERSIBLE A'!D IRRETRIEVALLE COM'!II'iENTS OF RESOURCES . . . . . IX-1 i i.
X.
TH E N E ED FO R P 0WE R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X-1 , .
XI.
ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTIO:I AND COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF THEIR ENVIR0h7 TENT'st EFFECTS..................... XI-l A. Sut::2ary of Alternatives................................. .
XI-l
- 1. Abandonment of the Project................ !
. . . . . . . . . XI-l
- 2. Alternative Power
- 3. Alternate Sources........................... XI-l Sites..................................... XI-2 4 Alternative Land Uses............................... {I-6
- 5. Alternatives to ';atural Draft Cooling, Towers.....
6.
.. XI-7 Alternative Tran3 mission Lines................ ..... XI-9 B. Sumcary of Cast-Lenefit Analysis.........
- 1. Generatin', Costs........................
.. ............ 'cI-9 2.
.. . . . . . . . . (I-12 Use o f ':atural Resources . ..... .. . .. .... .......... XI-l'.
- 3. Irnact cn Land and Air..... .......... .. ... .... (I-14 4 Irract on Water ........... ........... ............ XI-;5
- 3. Radiological Effects of Accidents. ....... ... ..... XI-16
- 6. Trans nis s io n L in es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ... '(I-16
- 7. Aesthetics........... .................
8.
...... .. . XI-16 9.
Benefits............................................
Lalancing of Costs and Denefits.....................
XI.1-XI-1.
XII DISCUSSION OF CC"' E:;TS RECEIVED ON THE DRAFT E:!V IRO'?! ENTAL STATC t E:'T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... XII-1 APPENDICES APPE:: DIX A Fishes in the Site Vicinit*,4 ...... .. .. .. .. . A-1 APPE" DIX B Uater Quality Datt. Taken at Th ree 'dile Isl.* nd . . . . . B-1 APPE:! DIX C Commer.ts on Draf t Environnental Statement.... .... C-l
- 1. Advisory Council on Historic Prem rvation. .
2.
.. C-2 Department of Agriculture.....................
C-i
- 3. D e p a r t me n t o f th e A rny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-9 '
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J 4 Departrent of Commerce........................ C-il
- s. Departrent of Health, Educatioa & Welfare..... C-13
- 6. Department of the Interior.................... C-15 j 7. Department of Trans po rta t ion. . . . . . . . . . . . .... C-22 1 3. Federal Pcwer Commission...................... C-24
, .j" 9. Envicorr. ental Protection A;ency............... C-31 J
- 10. Pennsylvania His torical and Museu:n
- ( Cennission............ ....................... C-49
'l 11. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
.j Resources..................................... C-50
- 12. "e t ro poli t a n Ed i s o n Coup a ny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-55 ,
', 4'.?PE!! DIX D 4pplicants ' Responses to Comments on Draf t Environmental Statement........................... D-1 a
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ix List of Figures
_ Pace Figure 1 Counties and "unicipalities in the Three Mile Island Area........................ ......................... I-2 Figure 2 S ? t e Tc p o g ra phy - 5 Mile Ra d ius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3 Figure 3 Th r e e Mil e Is l a n d S i t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-2 ......
Figure 4 Mean Monthly Lcv Flev Suruary, Sucquehanna River at Ha r r i s b u r g , P a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '
II-8 Figure 5 Architectural Rendering - Three Mile Island Nuclear Station............................................... III-2 Figure 6 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station - Plot Plan......... III-3 Figure 7 Vicv of Station During Construction................... III-4 Figure 8 Water Use Diagran Three Mile Island Nuclear Station... III-9 Figure 9 Ventilation Systems, Three Mile Isla Nuclear Station Unit 1......................nd
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-12 Figure 10 Vcntilation System, Three !.ile Island Lu Station Unit 2.......................... clear
........ . . . . . 17;-13 Figura 11 Caseous Radioactive Usste Collection Syr.ters, Three Mile Island, Units 1 and 2. . .
........................ III-14 Figure 12 Liquid Radioactive Waste Treatment Syc ten, Three "ile Is la nd , Uni ts 1 and 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-15 Figure 13 Appearance of Three Mile Island Durin Cons t ruc tion S tage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g Early
................. IV-2 Figure 14 Proposed "ulti-Use Recreational A;ea at Is l and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........
Th r e e.. Mil - e V-2 Figure 15 GPU Corporation Systen 5Sp............................
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List of Tables Pace Table 1 List of Licenses, Permits and Approvals of Construction and Operation of Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Required by Federal, State-and Local Authorities..................................... I-6 Table 2 1970 Populations and Crovth Since 1960 of Munici-palities Within 10 Mile Radius of the S tation. . . . . . . . . II-4 Table 3 Characteristics of Streans in the Vicinity of the
~
Station............................................... II-5 Table 4 Anticipated Annual Release of Radioactive Nuclides in Gaseous Effluent from TMI Unit 1................... III-17 Table 5 Anticipated Annual Release of Ralicactive Nuclides in Gaseous Effluent from TMI Unit 2................... III-13 Table 6 Anticipated Annual Release of Radicactive Material in the Liquid Effluent from TMI Unit 1................ III-20 Table 7 Anticipated Annual Release of Radioactive Material in the Liquid Ef fluent from T:tI Unit 2................ III-21 Table 8 Assumptior.s l' set n Deternining Releases of Rcdio-active Effluents at TMI............................... III-22 Table 9 Major Chemicals Used at the Statica................... III-24 Table 10 Water Quality Criterion for the Susauchanna River-Juniata River to the Pensylvania-Maryland State Line. . V-12 Table 11 Sum =ary of Average Incremental Concentrations of Dissolved Salts in the Susquehanna River Due to Operation of the Station.............................. V-14 Table 12 Es tinated Maximum Yearly Anion Increnents to Soil I! car Station.......................................... V-17 Table 13 Bioaccumulation Factors for Radionuclides in Fresh Uater Species.................... ... ................ V-23 Table l'.
Annual Doses to Equilibrium Canditions to Individuals at Various Locations...................... .......... V-26 01 1 ,_. -
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xi Pace -
Table 15 Cumulative Annual Population Dose and Averar,e Dose from Gaseous Effluents to the Population up to 50 "J 1 e s f rom th e S t a t i 3 n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-27 Table 16 Annual Dose to the General Population frca the Ope ra tio n o f th e TMI S ta tio n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-29 Table 17 Tentative Schedule for Pos t-0perational Environ.. ental M:nitoring............................................ V-30 Table 1S Sampling and Analytical Requirements fo-Independent Measurements Program at St .~eted Sites ,
Within the Commonwealth o f Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-31 Table 19 Classifict :fon of Postulated Accidents and Occurrences........................................... VI-4 Table 20 Su= mary of Radiological Consequences of Postulated Accidents............................................ "I-5 Table 21 Projected GPU Systen Load and Generating Capacity..... X-5 Table 22 Projected PJM Pool Load and Generating Capacity....... y5 Table 23 Cos t Benefit Analysis of Alternative Land Uses........ >:!- j Table 24 Comparison of TMI ::uclear Plant with Alt'rnative Fossil-Fuel Plants............... .................. . <!_10 0,11 1 '~ I
- Jv Of)f\4 U s/ J.
xii FOREUORD This Final Detailed Stateuent cf the environmental considerations applies to the Three !!ile Island Nac1 car Pouer Station (the Station) . This Station is being built for Metropolitan Edison Company, Jerocy Central Power and Licht Company and Pennsylvania Elec tric Carpany (the Applicants) . The Station is to consist of Unit 1 and Unit 2 (Dochet Nos. 50-2J9 and 50-320) .
Construction Permits were issued thy 18, 1968 and Novceber 4, 1969 for Units 1 and 2, respectively. Tbc next stage is a request for operating license with cotacreial operat ton scheduled for Unit 1 by November 1973 and for Unit 2 by P.ay 1975.
This Statement has been prepared oy the U. S. Atomic Energy Ccenission's .
Regulatory staff pursuant to the Cc= mission 's regula tions, 10 CFR Part 50.
Appendix D, implccenting the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA).
Section 102(2)(c) of the NEPA calls for a detailed statement on:
- 1. The environmental icpact of the proposed action, ii. Any adverse environ =cntal ef fects, which cannot be avoided should the proposal be i=plenented, 111. Alternatives to t;.2 proposed action, iv. The relationship betueen local shcrt-tern uses of can's environment and the maintenance and enhance =ent of long-tern productivity, and
- v. Any irreversible and irretrievable cetmitments of resource; which could be involved in the proposed action should it be implemented.
The Applicants submitted an " Environmental Report Operatin; Licence Stage" for Three Mile Island Nuc1 car Station Units 1 and 2 in October 1970. The Cennission forwarded copies of this report to appropriate Federal and State agencies for review and com=ent. The Applicants responded to the cem= cats of the agencies. A revised environnental report for Three :lile Island Nuclear Station Units 1 and 2 was submitted by the Applicants in Deccaber 1971 L..L.'e into account the provisions of the revised Appendix D regulations.
In :hrch 1972 Amendnent No . 1 to the revised environmental report was sub-nitted by the Applicants and Supplement No, 1 was subnitted in August 1972.
This Draf t Envirennental Statement takes all of the above writings into account as well as the Preliminary and Final Safety Analysis Reports. These documents are available in the Cc: mission's Public Document Room,1717 H Street, N.W. , Uashington, D, C. and ir the State Library of Pennsylvania Govern =ent Publica tion Sectien, Education Building, Ha rris bu rg , Pennsylva nia .
As part of the saf ety evaluation conducted by the Conmission's staf f prior to the issuance of construction pernits and operating licenses, a S
,l \ -)
- 00013
O xtil detailed analysis is cade of the Applicants' plans and facilities for mini-ci::ing and controlling the release of radioactive materialc under nornal operating and potential accident conditions.
of the adequacy of propoced effluent Thic includes an evaluation and enviren= ental conitoring progrc 3 and the potential and cembers of theradiatica public. e<posura that nicht be received by plant eo.scra in other reports, caly the salient features thatInasuuch as these aspects are considered fu bear directly on the envirocrental impact of the Station are discussed herein.
Dr. J. D. Jenkins is the AEC Enviren= ental Project !!anager (301-973-7263) for this statement.
n1 i20
'j } i .3;v 00014
I. Introduction Metropolitan Edison Conpany (Me -Ed), Jersey Central Power and Ligh',
and Fennsylvania Electric Company, the Applicants, are wholly-cuned subsidiaries of Ccneral Public Utilities Corporation (GPU). GPU, a Meu fork corporation, registered under the Public Utility Holding Cc=pany Act, is composed of four utilities and is operated as an integrated systen --
the GPU Integrated Systen. The fourth CPU subsidiary corporation is the New Jersey Pcwcr and Light Company. A major fraction of the State of Pennsylvania and a portien of New Jersey are served by the GPU systen, which las a peak generating capacity at the present time of about 5,900 MUe. .
Capital costs for construction of the Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Statica (the Station) are being shared by the Applicants: Met-Ed (50%),
Jersey Central Power and Light (25%), and Pennsylvania Electric (25?.) . Met-Ed.
hcuever, has conplete responsibility for the engineering, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of the Station. The three pa rticipating companies will share undivided ownership of the Station as tenants in common uithout right of partition.
The Station occupies part cf an 814-acre uite consisting of Three Mile Island (t!I) and adj acent islands in the Susquehanna niver, apprcxinately 10 miles southeast of Harrisburg, Pcansylvania. Loca tion of the genera ting station uith respect to regional features is shoun in Figure 1, and in e. ore detail in Fig. 2.
The tro nuclear pcucr units (Unit 1 and Unit 2), presently under construction, have gress capacities of 871 Inte and 959 ICie, respecticciv, and both employ pressuriced wattr-type nuclea r reactors supplied b'f _ cock and Uilccx Corpany. As of September 1972, construction of Unit 1 is gproxinately 907 conplate, and construction of Unit 2 in about 31% complete.
The applica tion for a construction pernit for Unit 1 (Docket 50-289) wa s filed en !by 3,1957, and an AEC Cxemption for linited construction below arade was granted on Nevenber 29, 1967. The Division of Reac tor Licensin~ (DRL) safety evaluation 'as conpleted on February 5, 1963. .i public hearing before the Atonic Saf ety and Licensing Board (ASL3) vas held April 10 and 11,1968.
The public hearing was uncontested, and the construction permit (CPPR-40) was issued on !by 18, 1968. The operating license appl ~ cation for Unit 1 ea s filed with the AEC on March 2. 1970.
The construc tion permit application for Unit 2 (Dochet 50-320) was filed April 29, 1968, and anended, due to a site change for the Unit frcn Oyster Crech to the Sta tion, on March 10, 1969. An AEC Exemption to construc t the tendon access gallery uas granted on June 27, 1969. The URL saf ety evaluation was completed on September 5, 1969, and a public hearing before the ASLD was held Oc:cher 6 and 7,1969. This hearing uas also uncontested, and the construction permit (CPPR-66) f or Unit 2 eas granted on November 4, 1969.
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v4 A. Site Selection The Station site tras purchased by a predecessor co :pany of "et-Ed in the early 1000's. In the course of selecting a site for installation of on: or nore large generating units, the Applicants initially considcred twenty different locations; th9 litt taas narroued to si:s for core intcasive study.
Three !!1le Island was finally selected because of a corbination cf favorable f ac to rs , inc luding :
- 1. Availability of cooling water from the Susquehanna River.
- 2. Close pro:;imity to existing high voltage transnission facilities (1.5 miles to !!iddletown junction substation) and central location in the CPU service area.
- 3. Close to existing highway and rail transportation.
- 4. A suitably large and readily controllable exclusion area.
- 5. The absence of nearby re::fons of high population density.
The area is predoninantly rural.
- 6. Availability'of the land since the cernany already emed it.
The decision tn build a nuclear plant rather than a fossil fuel plant was prinarily econc=ic; the estiratas of evern11 costs of pcuer p ncratic.
were icwr for nuclear f uel than for f ossil. Since 1967, ' nen
- a decisica uas taken, revised estinates of cost for the tiro types cf pouer ac..aratien f c.vor nuclea r powr even nore. For enanple, typical fuel costs today for the re-lon in which the plant is locate d are:
011 (ured for peak load denand) - 74c/n111 ion BTU Ccal - 300/nillien BTU Cas - Unavailable in sufficient qua nt ities Maclear - 17c/nillion LTU.
In addition the sulfur dioxide dis. .;arge standards of the Co=:onwealth of Pennsylvania require ccal containing the equivalent of 0.77: sulfur or less for new plants. Since such law-culf ur coal is no t readily available 1ccally, the additional transpartation cost further worsens t! e economic pic ture for coal.
There are a re-hc r of other power-generatin~ facilities in the irned ia t e vicinity of the Station which uses the Susquehanna Min ; for cooline wa ter.
The ':et-Ed Crawford Statien at '!iddletown (abcut three miles upstrean) la an older 115 n.'e f o s s il ple n t , recently converted fren coal to oil, ichicE uses river water for direct condenser cooling. The Brunner Island coal-fired plant of the Pennsvlvania Power and Licht Co. Is located several niles downstrean f rom tne Station. The Brunner Island Station, consistin;, of three 4
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river tron the southern end of T!I. This snill, 20 'nTe, ststica is presently used to help meet peak load demand in the CPU systen.
Other najor industrial ac tivities in the 1=ediate vicinf ty of the Sta t ion are a Ecthelen Steel pipe fabrication plant at Steelto.n, a 3ethleben Steel plant at Lebanon and the Hersbey Chocolate Company at Hershe,, Pa. In :ddition, there is some small diversified industry In the area, although none of thio Ir, in the ir edia te vicinity of the Sta tion.
As part of the general development of recrea tional area in the vicinity of the plant, the Applicants are proposing to locate a recreatio:ul facility at the southern end of Three :!ile Island. In the ccurse of planning the development of th2 recreation resources of this project, a number of individuals in the state and local gover=ents were censulted. '
There have been contacts hetueen the Applicants and persons in the Pennsylvania Fish Oc=ission and the Departnent of Environmental Resources regardi:g the pre- and postoperational biolo".ical and radiolo;;ical monitarir ;
pro;;rans for the Station.
There are no snecial populations such as hospitals er schools in :he imediate vicinity of the site The nearest public fscility is a school loca ted a pprex1ru tely a niles r.o r t h o f t h e s i t e i n 'vidleto n. .
- 3. glica t ions and Arnrov713 A list c,f the Federal, State, and local applications and pernita for the Station is given in Table 1.
Three public hearirns have been held concernin;; the Statien, tuo '
3ef ore the Atenic Safety and Licensing F> card as part of the construc tica acrnit approval, no tcd above, and an FAA-Penns vivania Aeronautics Ceriesicn 1ca r i~; (J pril,1963) on matters relating to the effect of the large coolir.3
- vers on operations at Harrisburg International Airpcrt.
The Federal Aviation Adniaistra tion (FAA) and the Pennsylv2nia Aeronautics
- omission 'rere consulted with rerard to construction of tne coolf ng tovers, nn1 the FAA ha s given a pcrnit f or construction of the ecolina towers at the lite.
In addition, design chinges were rade in the plant buildin7.s so t ha t a l l tritical structures have been " hardened" to uithstand direct imp;.c t of a t r ;e corr.erc ia l j et a irc ra f t .
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w> .u..-~.....-..,-...... .. .__u_=,..s... u ._. . ......r. ie ?. . . . F . . . ~..uiu.. . $ :L TAlb.E 1 1.IST OF LICEt:SES, pia' TITS A::D APPPaVALS OF COI;STRt'CTIO:1 A!;D OPERATIO!I OF MIREE tilLE ISLAND I;UCLIMR STATIO 1:LQUlltID Iri FEDERAL, STATE AND 1.0 CAL AUll10RITIES A. Fed era l Permit Na. Purpose Authority Status Docket Iso. 50-289 Licensing of Plant U. S. Atomic F.nergy Commission Docket !!a . 50-320 FSAR submitted Construction Permit U. S. Atomic Energy Commission PSAR submitted, Issued Unit 1 thy 18, 1963 Conatruction Permit U. S. Atomic Energy Conmission Issucd I;ovember 4,1969 Unit 2 Special I uclear !!aterial U. S. Atomic Energy Cormaission Application subnitted License June 8, 1972 13yproduc t tta t crial Liccin;c U. S. Atomic Energy Com:nission Application issued
- ave.nber 30, 1971 7 cn
!:YC-0E 61 Detcrmination of Na lbzard 1 ; . eral Aviat ion Administration to Air flavigation - Unit 1 Cooling To6/ers issued April 23, 1968 g sO 70-EA-150-0E Determir.at ion of No lla:ard Feileral Aviation Administration Issued July 29, 1970 to Air f:avigation - Unit 2 a
Cool 3ng Towers Cs
- ' - Proj ec t t;o . 1838 Amendmrut to York llaven Federal Power Comnission Unit 1 approved October 8, Power Projec t Licence to Ptrait Joint Use of Project 19f.9 - Unit 2 application 0,.,
-atert submitted July 1970 v
Q g !!ABOP-P (itet-Ed Co.) 13 Intale, Screen, and Purp U. S. Army Corps of Engincecs g Issued thy 22, 1969 flouse an i T wporary Ea r ti.-
fill Coifen dau- Unit 1 (Section 10, Ref u:;e Act of liiq9)
LIST OF LICll.SES, PEIEllTS M D AITEUVALS OF CG:;STRUCfION AND OPERATION OF TillIE MILE ISLM;D lidCl EAR STATIO.I ICQUIhED BY FEDEFAL, STATE AND LOCAL AU1110RITIES A. FEDEML Permit No. Purpouc Authority Status NAEOP-P (Met-Ed Co.) 21 Intake, Screen nnd Puap U. S. Arny Corps of Engineers Issued !! arch 10, 1971 licuse and Temporary Earthfill CofferJ:a - Unit 2 and Iut ke Cncanel - Units 1 & 2 (Section 10, Refuse Act of 1899) 2SD OXU 3 000719 Discharge of Plant Effluent U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Units 1 & 2 Section I and Section II (Section 13, Refuse Act of Part A submitted August 25,1971. ::cetion B sub-1L99) mitted Hos te.Ler 10, 1971 B. CC::MO:7.i2 ALTil CF PE!!NSYLVMIIA 17145 Temporary Acccss Eridge Department of Environmental Issued July 11, 19o7 s E:<tensioa for use of bridge Resources Issued April 30, 1969 4 thru 1973 17259 Tucporary Ptap Intche D:'partment of Environmental Issued Octcher 10, 1967 l'ac i11 L y Resources e 17421 Ten;orary Cofferd;.2 and Department of Environmental Issued !! arch 13, 1968 Causct:ay to constcuct tha Rescurces Permaner.t Acccus Isrid;a E::Len:.lon of si:< ncaths O
(9 17291 Ccast ru ct cnd M;intain a Dap,rteent of Environmental Issued October 10, 1967 Pe tra c n en t Railicad and Rart wc;s Hith'isy Access Eridge C 17948 Curctruct an Int; e, Scrtca U 2partment of Environmental
$) I;our e, cad Pu;.p lioane for Resources Issued April 8, 1969 I)
Ualt 1 ht casica to Decc.:d er 1971 Issued Decetber ll, 1970
LIST OF LICE:JSES, PEPl!ITS A:iD AFF;MVALS OF CC:;STFUCTIO:1 A';D OPEILiTIO:J OF TIM la.11ILE ISI.A?;D ;UCLEAll STATIO:1 ItLQUIIID i;Y PEDERAL, STATE /5D LOCAL AITril0RITIES 11 . C0;L"D:ni2LI T!! 0? PE:'::SYl.V/.!!I A Petmit I;a . Purpose Authority Status 18875 Construc an Intahe, Screca Departaent of Envi ronment al Issued July 14, 1970 O liv u s e , and Puryp thnzse for Itesou rces Uait 2 and Intale Ciu.nnel for Unita 1&2 2270204 In lustrial I?astes Pemit 1;epartment of Environ:aental Issued August 17, 1971 Units 1 and 2 Res ou rc es 2210'403 Sanitary IL2stes - Uni t:, Depa rt nen t of Environmental Issued January 5,1971 1 and 2 Reaou rce s 22-3U2-015 Tea Auxiliary Boilers Unit 1 Depa rt nen t of Environmental Issued !!ay 14, 1970 Plan Apptoval Resources s G erating Pernit i
!!as not been inspected $2 22-301-037 Incinera to r Depa rtment of Environmental Issued January 14, 1971 e Plan .spproval Resources Op.' rat i.c Pe m i t lias not been inspected 22-301-137 Unit 2 - Ihlicactive Department of Environmental Application dated O Casecus 11astes Itci,o u rc e s C' 1971 l>lan .\pproval
!!o . 67 Scicati fic Callecters Pemit Pennsylvania Fish Cor. nission Issued February 3,1971
!;o . 85 Ur. der, a t e r Ul .~ t i ng for Pennsylvania Departnent of I n t al: e Ch. anal - Cait: 1 an.1 2 C
C 162,5C2 3 - 4,000 galloa underground Pennsylvania State Police Fire Issued October 17, 1968 C gas ar.:1 diesel fuel oil t anks !!arnhall Division.
?O N 166,463 2,000 and 3,000 nallon fael Pennsylvania Stat e Police Fire Issued August 4, 1969 oil t .r 4 :,
- ta. lc rtr ona.1 r;arrb: 11 Division
O.~'
Tli.E.F.111 LC IJ' Ild:D I;UCIL'.R STATIO:1 ITQUl tia BY FEI)t'RALLIST OF LICC;5
, SIATE MID LOCAL AUIliORITIES B. CG il0:P,'JLLTil 0F PE:UlSYLVXIIA Pemit 1:o. Purpose Authority Status 165,220 Cancelled by 166,468 Pennuylvania State Police Fire Icsued January 17, 1969
!!arshal Division 155,il2 2 4 - 4,000 gallt.a diesel fuel Pennsylvania State Police Fire undergrou.:d tankr, Issued Ifay 5,1969 thrshal Division 166,245 Caacelled by 165,822 Pennsylvania State Police Fire Issued June 27, 1969 Flaruhal Division 168,405 30,000 gallon underr,rcund Pennsylvania State Police Fire Issued June 12, 1970 dicsci fuel taak - Unit I tLirchal Divisien 166,466 50,000 P,allon abave ground fuel oil tank Pennsylvania State Police Fire Issued June 12, 1970
!!arshal Division s 166,6:'2 1 3 - 4,000 gallon aad 2 - 4,000 Pennsylvania State Police Fire
,; allen undergt ound diesel fuel liarshal Divisioa Isuued August 26, 1069 tanks
!!A 133193 Occup:ncy of Setvice ruilding Pennsylvania Departnent of Issued September 15, 1971 9
M.3 Labor and Industry P-33401 Tecporary Access Bridr,e Pennsylvania D2partment of
- ilich. ay occupancy Per.al t Ilir,in:ays Issued July 13, 1967 D
' P-84381 Pc manen t Private Access noad Pennsylvania Department of ilich:'ay Occupancy Peruit liini.uays Issued Octcber 13, 1967 S-10013 F.xtension at Permit Issued January 30, 1968 132403 Pennnent Accec., naad '.
g Pcuncylvania Department of Issued January 16, 1970 C liighuaya C C. LCCAI.
N CO 27G Euil di.y; P"i ni t I al.nu!.rry Tv.nnhip 1::ii I.191" 10 1067.
II. TFC SITE A. GD;ECAL Tha Station will occucy about 200 acres of the 472-acre Three Mile Island (TMI) . The tract owned by the Applicants, a total of 814 acres, includes several adjacent islands in the Susquehanna River as well as the whole cf Three :Ric Island (Figure 3). The islands were purchased as part of a regional power development plan. TMI is cbout 11,000 ft. lcng and 1,700 f t. wide. Its long a::is is crient#4 approxicately north-south, percilcling the flow of the river. It lies about 900 ft. frc: the east bank of the river and chout 6,503 ft. f rca the west bank. South end east of the island the river is transected '
by the York Haven Dan, tne is nd itself serving as part of the dca. There are no locks.
On the east bank of the river is a single track lina of the Penn-central Railroad and State UiC hway 441, a two-lane, blachtop, redies-duty road. A cultitrack Penn-Central line and a two-lane blachtop read parallel the river's edge of the west bank.
A bridge ccanectin3 the nortn end of the ic1cnd trith State High.: 441 near the junction of Highway 441 cnd Ceyers Church no:d, is used by Station perconnel. A one-trcck r2ilroad sp .? across the bridge provides for transportation of he;..y equipment. Other Statico per;cnnel, visitors, and ccnstruction equactne have acces to the islccd frcn the south by a tc purcry bridge connecting the islcnd with Highva/ ? 41 near raltouth in Lcacaster County.
B. LOC;TIO::
7"I in located in Lendenderry townahip of Dauphin County about three ciles south of Middletcun, Dauphin Couity, cnd about 1.25 uiles cast of the neell ce== unity of Goldsboro, York Cu .nty at latitude 40' 9'10", icngitude 76* 43'25" (Figure 2).
Eetween 1957 cnd the start of construction, 270 acres en TMI uere leased for far=in3 The flat, rich, ecndy silt noil ec; used to greu corn and tocatoes. Since there was no access to the inicnd by bridget the Earmer trcnsparced his equipment and produce by bar.,e.
Seventy cabins on the island were alto 1 cased; 53 on the west side and 17 ca the ecst side. There was also a picnic area with five tables, tuo firepicces, two toilets, a boat dock, and a well f or driching unter. The periphery cf the island cnd a trcet of the southear: part of the island, about 200 acres in all, were uccd.ed.
- o electricity was supplied to TMI.
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REGIONAL DE"OGRAPEY AND LAND U_SE Th eislocation oalities shown in ofthe themap Station with resnect c f Figure 1. Theto nearhv counties and runici-highest denafty of nonulation in Daunhin County, where the Station is situated, is northwest o f T'II and includes 1:arrisburg and the adjacent municipalities along the east bank of the Susquehanna River, i.e., Steelton, Highspire, Middletown and Royalton (Table 2),
Goldsboro, with 576 people, is the municipality closest to the Station (about 1 mile) and is located directly opposite TMI on the west shcre of the Susquehanna. In 1970 the total population within 20 miles of the Station was about 621,000. -
Land throughout the area is used primarily for dairy farming, poultry farming, and for growing tobacco, iegetables, fruit, alfalfa, corn ar.d wheat.
About 75% of Dauphin York, and Lancaster counties is either farmland or fores t and woodland, with the major fores t and weedland areas located in the nountain range in the north reg!cn of Dauphin County. About 50% of the land in the three-county area is ustd for crops and about 3% for dairy f arming.
The largest encloyer in the area is the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
Harrisburg is the State cacital and is thus the locatica of the legislature and executive branches of State goverar.ent. Most of the adminis trative and regulatory agencies have their main of fices within the City o f tiarrisburn . '
Imius trial erployers in the area manufacture a wide rante of products con isting of Icather goedn , c!othing, food productc and candy, shoes, 'nd chemicals.
Other najor adustrial activities nearby are a Bethlehem Steel pian fabrica-tion ,lant at Steelton and a 3ethlehcm Steel plant at Lebanon, Pennsvivania .
There are two airports in the in. mediate vicinity of the Stition; harrisburg Airport. The International (fornerly Olmstad State Airnort) and liarricburg-Yor!r light aircraft.
former handles primarily ccmmercial and the latter primarily In terns of passengers s erved, Ilarrisburg International is the third largest airport in Pennsylvania, and the arca it serves extends beyond the sin-ccunty reg,lon centered around the Station. The averate scheduled departurcs for 1971 are about 33 per day, or about 66 je airplane landinas and takeoffs per day. Present inc ications are that this airport's operations will grow rapidly within the next 5 to 10 years. Lancaster Airport also serves scheduled airlines, but its prinary funct'.on is to provide connec-tions to Harrisburg and Baltinore. The stimuli for groven at !!arrisburg International are (1 the proposed introduct'on of international flight operations and (2) the limitations on scheduled operations at Lancaster Airport.
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II-4 Table 2 1970 Penulations and Cro ith Since 1960 of Municinalities Uithin 10-Mile Paidius of the Statica Distance 1970 1960-1970, frca Municinality Ccunty Peculation " Chanec 'T:fI (Ililes)
Coldsboro York 576 +6.3 1 P.oyalton Dauphin 1,040 -7.8 2 liiddleto.ca 9,080 -18.8 2-1/2 Highspire 2,947 -1.7 4 Yorkhaven York 671 -3.8 4 Elizabethtevn Lancaster 3,072 +19.1 6 Manchester York 2,391 M4.4 6-1/2 Steeltoa Dauphin 8,555 -24.1 7 1;c.i Cunberland Cumberland 9,G03 +5.9 9 Harricburg Dauphin 68,061 -14.6 9 Hu= elstown 4,723 +5.6 9
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i Under grants from the Federal Housing and Urban Development Agency (HUD) '
the counties in the area surrcunding the Station have recently develcred comprehensive land use plans that of local zoning codes. are intended as guides for the establishnent D.
HISTORICAL SIC::IFICA::CE There are of Historic Placesno historic d structures on the site. The ::ational Register ,
Street was consulted Eridge in Harrisburg, about and the nearest 11 miles from the oneStation.
listed was the Walnut Also listed was the Cornwall Iron Furnace in Lebanon County, Billacycr House in York, about 14 miles frce the site.17 niles from the site and Lutheran Church in Middletown about St. Peter's Evangelical slightly further in the !istional away bear historic markers and are candidaten for inclusion 3 Register.
Muscun Co:nnission, uith concern for historic sites nota representative of 'the Pennsy j Register, indicned no knowledge of other sites. listed in the :iational i riverSince over the many island wasitforned b'/ deposition of caterials washed down the years, does have soce archaeolegical interest.is not a unique source of fcssil depositn, but it in a large town, Sasquesahanauch, on the cactSuccuchannock Indians once lived nearby at "ashington Boro, dounstrean f rom T:!I. side of the Susouelunna River la rg e a rea . Their influence extended over c Construc tion of the plant cr.rry out provided both the incentive and the .enns to othertrine. linited archaeological cxcavationn tha t ni~ht no t The Applicants provided a $2,500 grant tn help finarc have 'cern unc erta ken wnich was ca rried out e the verk Cc. mission durin , the latter part ofby1967. scientists of the Pennsylvania Fiatorical and : uuun areas of prehistoric occupation en T>il were excavated.As nany as pos sible of the kncun artifacts, Over a t h o u r.a nd pottery wereprojectile found. points, knives, drills, scrapers, and pieces of brohen Fr.sn Archaic Period component , datin?, these aboutartifacts it iras deduced that the site had an 4000 B.C. to 1500 D.C., Lsrly and Middle Uoodla*nd cultures of about 1000 B.C. to Ucedland period of occupation (pont 1000 A.D. ) . 1C00 A.D. , and a minor Late The nost 1: portant artifacts were knownf cras ron the Fcrly and Middle of Pennsylvania prehistory. Woodland cultures, because there are poorly Altbou,h the finds were of life of an early people, important additions to understanding the uay the site had not they were not as unciul as they night have been if "inen artifc. cts of one culture with ano ther.been disturbed in the past by flooding an .
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Eculders, probably the nucleus for formation of the island, are present in the soil at the north end of the island.
- 1. River Characterintics The drainage area of the Susquehanna River above the Station is -
estimated to be 25,000 square miles. The Susquehanna collects surface runoff and ground water seepage, as well as their respective contcminarts, from a '
total watershed of apprcxi=ately 27,400 square ciles of which 21,000 lie within Pennsylvar.ia. A su=cary of the characteristics of the tain tributaries in the vicinity of the Station is given in Table 3.
Table 3. Characteristics of Streams in the Vicinity of the Station Strena Drainage Area Averace Rate of Flow (cfn)
Coneduguinct Creek 483 sq. =1. 580 Yellcw 3recches Creek 227 sq. al. 285 Swatara Creek 567 sq. mi. 940 West Conevago 510 cq. mi. 560 iha Juninta River enters the Susquehanna River cbout 25 ciles upstrena frna the site. Its drainc;;c area is about 3,426 sq. =1. and its avera;e fica rate u 4,320 cfa.
The Susquehcrna River is rather extrema in the variability of its fleu characteristics as chcun by the following suscar'/ of data recorded at Harrisburg over the period 1891-1965:
1:inicus ficw (Sept. 20, 1954) 1,700 cis Itedian canual ficw 20,000 cfs Averagc flou 24,C03 cfs
- ean annual flood 200,000 cfs Maxi:en ficod (March 19, 1936) 740,000 cfs Additicnal data en the seasonal ficw variatica of the river are given in ri:;ure
- 4. The data show r.can ten.hly flows for recurrrnee intervals of 2, 5,10, 20 and 50 years. It will be noted that character 3sticallaf the laa flowa occur in the late su==er cnd f all ctd that the mininun nonthly flcu of record, in general, follewc the 50-year curve.
On June 24, 1972 rains f rca tropical stortt A:;nes resulted in a flocd volu=e o f 1,00'),0 00 cfs, conciderably in excess of the naxicum recorded in the 1891-1955 neriod but below the probable caximum flood for the T"I location.
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I The average river Icvel of 278 f t.* is about 25 ft. below the i highest point on the island.
Because of the danger of flooding, therefore, dihes island.
have been constructed around the perimeter of the north end of the ,
The Station is to be protected from floods up to those with flou rates '
of 1.100,000 island. cfs by an extensive dike system around the northern part of the the June 24, northern or upstream portion of the dike was completed prior to The 1972 flood, but had not been completed en the downstreca or southern portion of the island. The June 1972 flood, as a recult of the ,
j presence of only a partial dike around the plant, flooded the aesterly portion i of the Station construction area around the four cooling towers by backing in through downstream unconpleted dike areas. For floods greater than the dike 1 I ,
design flood and up to the probable maximum flood (1,645,000 cfs), the Station is designe1 to be shut down, waterproofed, and the dike is designed to allow water to back into the plant area f ren the downstrecs southern end of the !
island. The PMF (probable mininum flood) is based on the naxinization of nuncrous hydro-ceteorological parcmeters, of which stora precipitation and
- its tine and space distribution are caly a feu. Comparisen of the Agnes precipitation with similcr data used in the FMF determination indicates no need for nodification of extreme precipitation estimates and, therefore, no need to codify FMF runoff estinates accordingly. ,
Frelininary high water data f rca the June 1972 ficod in the site vicinity have been reviewed to determine the adequacy of coefficients used to determine both the dike design water surface profile, and the pMF vater surf :e used to assure tha t anter will back into the plant cres (rnther than overtop the dike upstrenn) . In both canes, it is concluded that conserva tive coef ficients have been selected and the flood design bases for the plant are conservative.
For instance, the Ar,nes water level at the intake structure was approninately elevation 302 ft. MSL. cleva tion 300.0 f t. MSL, uhile the computed lcvel is abcut During FSAR review of the plant the adequacy of riprcp protaction .
for the levee, (mtensively.
and general naintenance of flood protection, was reviewed Inspectica of the J avec af ter the June 1972 floed indicated ,
that although the riprep in place at the time appeared generally a us t e, periodic undertchen atmaintenance of both the rock and the carth levee should indeed ce the every najor flood) .
intervals proposed by the Applicants (annually and af ter It was no ted tha t removal of riprap fines by floods, and extensive vegetative grouth in the levee as now exists, could reduce flood control ef fec tiveness.
" Elevations are above mean sea Icvel (MSL) .
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Figure 4 - SUZ.7P A%A PIVER AT HARRISCURG MEAN "0NTHLY LOW Fl.0W S W"ARY 1
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II-9 finedingThe at ahypothetical particular site. PMF is considared the upner limit of potential credible and, tl.erefore , does notThe sec 'f does not consider larger floods require the design of nuclear facilities for nore severe events. It is concluded that the flood design bases for TMI nave been conservatively estinated as a retult of a review of the record June 1972 floods on the Susquehanna River.
proposedA for pumped completion storage facility consisting of two reservoirs and dani is in 1983-84 on stony Creek, approxi ,ately 13 miles no rth eas t of Harrisburg and upstream of TMI. Detailed desi,,n data are not yet available for the project. Since the rederal Pcwer Com=f ssion has the responsibility to insure the sa#cty of all facilities downstream of the pumped storage project, it should not affect TMI.
Die river and the streams in the vicinity are presently used for water supplias , both public and indus trial, power generation, boating, fish-ing, and recreation. Sport fishing is done in all streams in the r;eneral area of the site; however, there is no com=creial fishing.
- 2. G rounduc t o r Crounduater occurs at TMI under water table conditions. The water table reaches center of the its naximum elevation at the hinhest topograrhic point in the island 5 ft. occura f rom either and falln of f tevard both nhores. A variation of about
.rately 0.5 rercent side to the center, producir.g a cradi ent of annre:ei-the plant tevard the river . At cbservation reints in r.r.d s urreund !n:
and rangedcrea, fron 14 water levels occurred generally at a death in encens of 15 it, to 19 ft. The -rouncuatur level ecurrec at a cxieum of above6.2 the ft. above soil-cack the top of rocks with lecs than 1 fcot of ht al existing interface at one ; oint of observation. 32 cater level of the Susquiaanna River, normal 3 v centrols riI grcundwater levels. floufnt at elc.1tien 270 ft.,
any covenent of groundwater frca the Since a nositive head exist- cn the is!..nd ,
Station and would eventuall. enter th< stream. The -iver tite would be reward the river, boundar j; unuld act as a .ntural the dispersal of inland groundwater would be linited to the river .
Age, The bedrock underlying, the general crea, Cettysburg shale of Triacnte is composed no rn ally the test of chales, sandstones, and ciltstenes. Th sandstone:
're taincd in jointed or aquifers, fractured although chale. relatively hinh vields cav also be oh-be a major source of groundwater in the/.lluvial region. derosits are not believed to groundwater from the Station into the underl:.ing Cettysburg <haleInfiltration of centan mission to enshore water supplies is arid tr::.c-unlikely, since a maxirem head of ux cet exists above the impervious (relative to coils.S
~ groundwater levels are higher on either river shornGettvshura fornation, 'ni
.wdraulic gradients slonin:, toward the river. than on the i .ind, ith Surf ace ned aerial (: minat;;ns have revealed no geologic f aults in the area that night facilttate infiltrati,n of groundwater into an aquifer.
Qi s l 17I l 1 G 00002
11-10
- 3. Meteorolo-v General climtic conditions in the site renie n are cha racteri . ed by a continental type climate, modified and protected soncubat f rom mo re .-;cvere weather by the Appalachian Mountain kann,e to the north. Su =crs tend to be snrm and humid, and vintcts are cool, with f requent periods of precioitation.
An on-site netcorolo;ical data collection procran has Lcen in opera tion at the Station since !ay 1957. Wind speed and direction have been continuously recorded 100 f t. above grade on UtI and 2-1/2 niles north 25 f t.
above e nd in~
grade at Crawford Statien. A two-year period of record has been analyzed, in May 1969, to provide a basis f or evaluation of routine radioactive ;;as release limits.
In core than seventy-five years of record at the U. S. Ucather .
Eureau in Harrisburg, the highest and lowest temperatures recorded vere 104*
and -14*F. ".n:inum nonthly rainf all was 18.55 in., caxintra 24-hour rainfall 12.55 in., and taxinun 24-heur snowfall 21.0 in. "axir.us snow accumula tion su s 81.3 in. Average annual rainfall is 40 in.
During the 92-year peried 1871 through 1963, thirty-three hurricane or tropical stors center path : panced within about 100 milen of the site. Most of there vere in dissipa tica stancs. The nost nevere wa s "P.2:c1", the center of .chich passed just went of Harrinbur; en October IS,1954. A pm h ;;ust of 20 niles per hour saa recorded at the l'Trrieur t-Yc rh '.irpo rt durira the pansage of "l'a : 21 " . Vinda frca hurricane Annes in 1972 did not e n een thene values.
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- r ;' hic divicica kne'.ca as tue Piedncat Prevince. ~h topc raphy of the arc i.. mediately .urroundin; Z I in of al f -h t l . undula t ir - ra tu r e wi t h r.u bu--
relici of about 220 ft. an5 hi hest eleva t ion <cidon ahafc SCO ft. Fren the ust, d ra ina;c in lar;;ely re; resented by the neuthwenterly flowin ; iwatara Creek, which has ita routh nea r. "iddletown, and by the note wenter b flowing Cencucco Creek, W ich a ptics into the Cuscuchanna River at t h e r.c u t h cnd o f
? !I . yichina Cr~ck flows into the Susquehanna went of the lite, and th narth-westerly flovir- Ccncsmgo Creek ter .ir ates a t Yore 'hven. T*i! Itu v r" littic relici, uith cleva tions rar .in', f rom about 2J,0 ft. at the s,n t er 's ed w to alightly more than 3C0 f t. In the no rth-c ent ral pnrtion.
The site is located in the iriansic luuland of Pennnvivania, one of a ceries of lang mrrow basinn of Triar :ic deposits wh!ch extend in bret.cn pa tches fren Connec ticut to North Ca rolint . The Triascic lowland in the Mcinit;' of the site in referred to as the Cettysbur;? .'.anin. North cn1 vest o f the Triasaic !cularsi are the folded and tFruct f aul t ed Pa lcoroic rcr k, chich c ar. prine the
..p palachian hauntainn . S c u t nea s t of the Tr:a :;ic Icwtu j la the PicJ ont, Enciccca, and schists.
of Pre-Canbrian and Early Pa lecale Ace, compou_d e: rrenites.
t '77 o l 0 0 00003
1I-11 The cite is underlaid by the cedimentary rocks of the Cettysburg shale.
The bedrock surft.cc, at tbc site, is essentiall/ flat and lies at clevation 277 ft. appro :1:::at ely bedrock interface. One to three feet of s cathered rock occuru at the overburden-field frca available rock arposures along the east: o evidence of faultia; transec the vestern peripherf of the iciand. Aerial photo.;rephs bank of the river, or aloni; as well :tive no curr,estion of faulting throu;h the icland. A ccuptchennive evaluatic.n of eafor tectonic ele::ents in :.cuth central Pennsylvania h.e; been prepared. It 10 concluded that the site is not deletericusly affected by faulting, and fu rt h e r, that re;;icnal tectenic cler:ents are inactive and present no thrcat to the sensetural intc;;rity of the local geolo;y.
The island, as a who;c, is co= posed of fluvially stratified s 1d and gravel containin ; varying ascunts of silt, clay, and clean sand. L2nsity -
values ran';c f rca loose to very dense, as ectablished by Standard Penetration Tests.
Boulders are present at depth and are t:sinly ecnfined to the lover portions of the soil6ecne frca apprcxicately feet onat the north end of the island. Soil depths vary the south end of the island to a tv.:cie:us of 30.0 feet near the axial interc<.ction of the icir.r.d.
constant at about 20 feet in the vicinity of the plantDepth cite. of coil is relatively Fr:a one-half to one foot of topsoil, cenposed of candy silt with much organic criterial, covers the irland.
F.
P.~2.Cm 0? '~" ".ITF /10 T'?M ?O':S Je r res t rial c ~-- "" * -' c c';untic habitat e.rc e;sentially thone of the floed plain ere;
.r2 thore of a va ~: water ;tr.c_2 - f r. i l a , rifil;;s. roada, or tud-batted pools. Smewhat Ms t5 c.n halt cf the area within a 1.3 mile rnt iun c:
..c th e uJtatica t two-thh.E it, aquatic, as t!.e rect terrestrial. C: tha t erre:itri::1 hmbitnt ,
fan p red :c t a , ve, n t a'.21e s , land eveted to th _ productinn of dairy or 7cultrf ci sacded and f ar.,ed area for-fr:ita, alfe.lfa, cart, wheat er tobacco. T' - ccabinatica a f orent ed w c:.munity.
- 1. Terrc: trial a.
near t.he flora - Da inant vecetatica cn tw cast chore of the river Visitors Center con:1:ta of the folleving crecien:
Ach (.nitc) $:eIbetry Ail:nthus (co v 24" diracter) ?cicon 1r/ (lu.v.oriant)
'nasvood Peplar (cottanucod)
Slack locust (cc : en) Pchebe rrj
.71ach ca%
Silver :aple blach valnut (IC" diameter Icu) Cucar napic P.c:: elder E ucc.c C::e rr r ($1ack) "yc.nore c.1.: D.nerican) Uild -rape Uc.ckberry
)] i B 00004
11-12 The ccaposition of the forest indicates a staac in succession of a fJood plain nere between the cottonwood-villow and cah-hickory stancs. Esti=ated ar,e for a plant com:: unity of this type is screwhat 1 :ss than 80 years.2 73c Applicants Inve provided . floristic analysis of Threc !!ile Island.1
- b. Pau,a - !!os t r.ine animals of interest to the nportr,ran belong to the forest ed r,c . Species found on the island were the cottontail rabbit, f o:<
squirrel, decr bobehite, pheasant, and dove. Phe: rant were especially abundaat.
They f ecd upon vas te grains, veed needs, insects (incl: ding grasshoppers,
.Iapancsc beatles, and corn borern), f ruits of chrubs and vines, varicus greens derived fron native plantn, and farm crops such as clo>cr.
The Applicants have provided a faunistic list of the terrestrial fauna of Three !!ile Island.I This list includes several bird cpecies which -
are endangered,2 naccly the peregrina falcon and the bald eagle. liovev er ,
the Pennsylvania Cann Co nission' lus indica ted tha t the peregrine probably no lon;cr occurs in the state and tint the bald eagle is occasionally scen, but pro-bably does not breed along the Susqueitan:u. The osprcy, another species causing sc=c concern, is described as unusual, but no t rare in the stacc; a sin;:lc indi-vidual was recently seen in the ihrrir! urn area. Eccause the Ir.tter t co species are only rare tr::nsients in the area, plant cor:struc t.on and opera tion should no t f urther endan;;cr them.
- 2. dric The ar"ntic ha bita t in the vicinity of IfI i t, pri urily of intercet i a fi,hery. The area ;my he subdivided into three arcan on the banic of t ?.c ir fr prtance as f uhe:-icn .
Arm 1: The reservoir above York ii..ven & t b :;*. e. n the island and the cant bank cf th> river it: ::o t ;irhed very .uth, e:< c e n t in the fall when s=allrouth bass ma; he cau;;ht . A;. a s trea- h:ibi ta t it is a nud-i o ttoa rool.
Arca 2: The area routhvcst of Z:I junt above the dan, alno e nud-hotton pool, i~, nont popular, uith muskellunce, t ullacuth, and larre auth bass, redhr"ut cunfir.h, nn,1 re;;h bas ; heirn taken, p,c e ; dn ;; and redbreast cuniish predominate.
nrca a: -,e u area below the falls on the cast shore near Faircuth is popular for ruskellt.nge i uring the winter. It in a pool at the cnd M a rif'. c habitat.
The arca belev the tlI impoundnent is more popular a : :: fit.hery than the U1I IN m J cnt becau.se ci ca;ier acces:4 Derm n t r eam, ti.c area belot, the Taunner I n land ic:sil fuel pcwer :tatfon providc3 P,co d year-around finhing.
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O II-13 The quantity, quality, and variety of fish in a stream are indicators of the ecological balnnce of the strean and the quality of the water. The Applicants have contracted for fish populaticn studica to be carried out:
- 1) to describe the present fish populatica of the river in the vicinity of TMI,
- 2) to detect any changes in this populatien af ter the Station goes into epcration, and 3)
Station.
if such changes do occur, to c'etermine uhether they were caused by the foplic ants The spccies composition of fish in the 1ccal waters as reportea by the
( Appendix A) suggests a healthy warn water river cc=munity centaining several gane species, as well as coarse fish such as carp.
Analysis of benthic inver ch rates by C. 3. Uurtz, censultant to the Applicants , indicates a diverse and stable cot = unity. The nunher of species varied between 79 and 145 in the study years frca 1967 to 1970, cnd vere distributed a=ong the major taxoncaic groups expected in such a habitat. A -
species list with distribution by sampling statica is available in the cited literature.
A decline in species abundance occurred during these studies, which apparently reached =aximan dn 1969 although later analysis indicates recovenr la taking place. Uurt: suggests' that: "There are strong indicaticas that a toxicant has been introduced into the river from above the study area." Since the Susquehanna at this point lies below areas of inten sive agricultural, urban, and induatrial development, such degradatica is not surprising. The taintenance of an aquatic cc = unity which is capable of recoverine af ter stress provides additicnal evidence of the basic health c f the ccamunity. The observatica of such a substantial change in the benthos ov1r a several year period vill be inportant in interpretin; Station cperating effects en the stream biota.
The Applicanta have providedI a list of aquatic plcat species; they arc what ene would expect in this environnent, i 50 informatica has been provided abcut dictens, protozoa, or other phumically cperaticns.
scall ornanises in the arcaa likely to be af fected b'; Station However, because of the interrelated c.ature of natural con unity dynamica, ebservaticn of scue portions of that ecoc" stem will provide infor-cation on the functiening and organizatica of the entire ccnnunity.)
Ecptile and ccphibia species kncun to be in the area arc also pro-viced by y .m mehlent th:. Applicants.1 The only species of nete is the bcs turtle, rMi, which is descrit'ed as "kncwn to be in the area." Its haaitat recuirencnts are described' as " partial to sphagnum bcgs and clear reades strcans." It is doubtful that any cultable h:.bitat was disturbed by transnissic, line routing does not appear to have been investigated by the
!.pplicants. bhile this species is not formally listed cs endangered at,this tire, it: status is of se=c concern to the U.S. Departrent of Interior. '
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11- 14 REFF.RENCES FOR SECTIO" II
- 1. Environmental Report, Operating License Stage, Three Mile Island Nuclear Statica Unit 1 and 2, atropolitan Edison Conpany, Jersey Central Power and Light Ccapany, October 1971.
- 2. Endangered Species of the United States U. S. Department of the Interior, 1970.
- 3. Personal Communication, Ronald Sutherland, October 19, 1972.
- 4. Uurts, C. 3., Progress Reports on a Biological Survey of the Susquehanna River in the Vicinity of York Haven, Pennsylvania, 1967, 1969, 1970. ,
- 5. Kaesler, R. L. and Cairns , J., " Cluster Analysis of Data from Limnological Surveys of the Upper Potemac River," Accrican !!idland Naturalist, 88, 1, (1972).
- 6. Netting and Richmond, Pennsylvania Reptiles and Amphibians, Pennsylvania Fish Coc. mission Eocklet, (1950).
- 7. Perconal Communication, Carl Saysinger, U. S. Department of Interior, Oc tober 19, 1972.
- 5. U. S. Departe-cnt of Interior, ',:ational Register of IIistoric Places, Federal Rc3ictor 37(51), as 1: ended, Federal Regicter 37(129), 1972.
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4 III. THE PLANT A. C'CERNAL APPEARANCE An indication of the functional design and external appearance of the finished Station is given by the architectural rendering presented in Fig. 5.
A detailed plant layout is presented in Fig. 6. Certain buildings for cach unit are designed to withstand direct impact of a jet aircraf t (class I struc-tures). They are the reactor building, auxiliary building. fuel handling building, control building, diesel generator buildin2, intake screen and purp hcuse, heat exchanger vault and the air it.take structure. The turbine buildings, cooling towers, and service building are not designed to withstand aircraf t inpact (class III structures) .
The cost conspicuous structures on the site are the four 370 f t. high, hyperbelic, natural draf t cooling teuers. The towers are nade of reinforced concrete and are lef t with a natural concrete finish. They are shown in Fig.
7, a photograph of the site taken during construction in Au;ust 1971. The tuo finished towers for Unit 1 are to the left. The nighttine lighting of the torers concists of feuc flashing red lights at the top and fcur attady red lights at the nidpoint. The Unit 1 containnent building and partiall ccn-pleted fual handling and control buildings are in front of the turbine building at the left center.
The partially corpleted contairnant buildini for Uait 2 is to the right of Unit 1 and the partially c,nstructed forend drcit cooling touern ior Unit 2 are located to the right. Highway 441 is visible in the b2chground.
Also stern in the photograph is the flood protection dihe rhich in being built between the main plant area and the river at the upstrean end of the island.
The dike is an earth enbcnhnent constructed of c1cj and silt that has been cenpacted to produce a stable and relatively inpervious snll. The dike enterior' is protected f roa erosion by a layer of : tone riprap on top of a layr gravel and cand that is encedded in the clay.
Altho. all the major Station structures can be seen from the balcony of the s.s . ors Center, the dense foliage along the river screens all but the cooling touers frou the view of the observer on the highway. Frea the river bank the tops of the najor structures are visible, but nost of the structures at' and slightly above grar2e level are not.
The Apoliccnts have plans for landscaping upon cen,letion of construction.
Beccuse nost of the site at grade level can= t he seen frca the surrounding a rca s , this will probably not h1ve an appreciable effect en the appearance of the Station to its neighbors.
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l B. TRANSMISSION LINES I .
Unit 1 geaerates electric power, at 19 kilovolts, which is fed through I an isolated bus phase to the unit main transformer bank where it is stepped '
up to 230 kV transnission voltage and delivered to the substation. In the case .
of Unit 2, the power is to be f ed through the main transforner bank, there it is j stepped up to 500 kV transmissicn voltage and delivered to the substation. '
Unit 1 is connected to the Met-Ed 230 kV transmission network by tuo lines,
- l cach 1.4 niles long, f rom the site to Middletown junc tion, and a 4.1 mile line, which connce ts to an cxisting line to Cly. In su.anary, for Unit 1 {
j approximateif 7 miles of 230 kV line have been constructed. All of the new ,
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circuita are installed on double circuit 230 kV lattice-type cenbination '
steel /aluninun towers except for two structures which are nodified Dreyfus l .
designed steel pole-type structures. The towers range in height from 66 ft.
to 175 ft. and are approximately 33 ft. square a t the base. There are about }
i six structures per nile and the right of way for all the 230 kV line construc - l tion is 150 ft. wid e ,
I Unit 2 will be tied into the existing Met-Ed 500 kV transmission network i by a 0.7 mile line to the new TMI substation located east of the visitors i.
center.
Frca the substation, 'two 500 kV lines will extend on diverging '
pa ths to the existing Peach Sotcon-Juniata 500 kV line. One connec tion is 7.1 miles long and the second is 11.1 niles long. Tbis second line is to be '
constructed, owned, and operated by Pennsylvania ecuer and Light Cenpany, chich is not a CPU Cenpany and which is not involved in the construction or cperation of the Three '!ile Island Nuclear Generating Station. Uhen timre li.es cre installed, the 500 hv tic between Peach Potton and Juniata ull be
.ade n t tha Til substa:. ion. In addition to this, clearing has been conpletcc nud constru: tion is undcruay on a 67.3 .ile, SCG kV line frer the new s e ta-tien can: to Bechtclaville. Thus, for Unit 2, a total of 74.a niles of new 500 M1 l ue will be construc.ted. These circuits will be installed on single
- ircuit 500 kV lattice-type all steel or combination stecl/aluminun towers.
The towers range in heicht f ron 87 to 177 f t. and the base dimensions vary from 10 f t. . 7 in. : 24 ft. 9 in. to 64 ft. cquare. There are about 4.5 tm. ara per
,ile an.1 the right of way for all the 500 kV line construction is 200 f t. "ide.
The original plans for Unit 2 called for a 230 KV transmission systcn.
iovever. studies carried cut by the Mid-Atlantic lrea Coordination Co =ittee
(".AAC) on the transmission facilitics of the Pennsylvania - !!eu Jersej -
'a ryla t.c (PJ'O interconnec tion, indica ted the need for a third west to etst 500 KV transmission linc cast of the Susquehanna irresocctive of the T::I noject. There are al cady two west to cast 500 KV liner, west of the
,u 1g o c h.I n na . As a resalt, the transnission lines for Unit 2 were desiened at -
103 'W f or a 6ual purpose: to transmit energy fren Unit 2 and to serve as nrt of tha third vest-east linh.
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The 500 KV line from IMI 500 KV Substation to Bechtelsville, together with the extension of that line by other PJM cracantes to Scuderton, Pennsylvania (a point on the Whitpain - Branchburg 500 KV line) and the looping of the
} Juniata - Peach Bottem 500 KV line to the l':1 309 KV Substation would provide the third west-east line. All these sc3: ants are necessary for the third I
wes t-ea s t line to exist .
i t Routing and clearing for the transcission lines has, whercver practicable, follcwed the recc==endations incorporated in the U. S. Departments of Agricul-ture and Interior's booklet, " Environmental Criteria f or Elec tric Transmission Systems".
1 Permits have been obtained f rem the U.S. Ar=y Corns of Engineers and the Pennsylvania Departrent of Enviror.= ental Resources for the Susquehanna
]J River crossings where n(cessary. The Pennsylvania Department of Transpor-tation and the Pennsylvania Turnpike Cc==ission will te requested to grant permits for road crossings. The Federal Aviation Adninistration has approved an application to construct the lines in the vicinity of the P.arrisburg Inter-national Airport.
C. REACTOR AND STFAM ELECTRIC SYSTE':
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' The two reactors for the TMI Station are presrurized-water type supplied by the Sabcock and Wilcox Company. Unit I has a therral rating of 2535 tegawatts corresponding to a gross output of 871 MWe, while Unit 2 has a the:tal ratine ot 2772 'T ccrresnonding to a gross cutput of 959 'Ne. Since 3 the details of the two cores are esseatially the race, the follcuing description j applies to both Units 1 and 2. The nominal cpera ting pressure for the reactor is 2133 psig with an average coolant tc perature of 379*7. The reaccor j coolan t system is designed for a pressure of 2500 psig at a te rerature of 6:C"F.
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The core reactivity is controlled by a cc bination of 69 covcble control rod assenblics and a neurcen absorber (boric acid) dissolved in the coolant.
} The control rods are silver-indium-cadmium alloy encapsulated in stainless i steel. The control rods are used for short-teta reactivity control associated with the changes in pcwer level and also with changes in fuel burnup between
- pcriodic adjustments of dissolved boron mancentrations. The rcacter can be j shut dowr. by the covable control rods from aay power level at any tin 0 Each i movable control rod assembly contains 16 control pins and is actuated by a j
separate control rod driva =echanisn nounted above the reactor vessel. On receiving a trip signal the 69 control rod assemblies fall into the core by gravity.
Two outlet coolant loops are connected to the reactor vessel by nozzles located near the top of the vessel. Each loop contains on 2 secar generator, tuo coolant punps, and 'ne interconnecting piping. Reactor coolant is pumped i
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9 III-7 from the reactor through each steam generator and back to .the reactor inlet via two parallel loops by two centrifugal pumpa located at the outlet of each steau generator.
The steam generator is which produces superheated steen vertical straight tube and shell heat exchann er at constant oower range. pressure over the reacter cperatin; Reactor generated on the shell side. coolant flows downward through the tubes and stcan is For Unit 1 the steact compound, six-flow steam ficws from the staan generator to an 1800 rpa, tanden The turbine generator for Unitturbine generator manufactured by General Electric.
2 is a tanden conpound nachine, 1800 rpe, with reheat and four-flow exhaust manuf actured by Westinghouse.
The follcuing organizations have been engaged by the Applicants as principal contractors for construction of the Station:
Gilbert Associates, Inc. , Architec t-Engineer, Unit 1 and Eurns and Hae, Inc., Architect-Engineer, Unit 2 --
authoriaco station, to design and engineer the entire nuclear power generating crcluding the nuclear steam supply system, which will be designed by Babcock and Wilcor for the Applicants.
Babcock and Uilcox, Peactor Vendor --
authorized to decian, build, and deliver the necessary components for the nuclear secan supply systen.
United Encineers and Cenntructorn, Inc. , Cons t ruc tion Cont rac tor--
authorized to canage the constructica of the Station to the specifications establiched by the Applicants, Gilbert Ancociates, Inc., Eurns and Roe, Inc. , and Babccck and Wilcox.
caterial and engage subcontractora f or construction.Autherized to precure
_Pickard and Lewe, Ccasultants--
censult on general nuclear and environmental eng! cering tattern.
The Applicants' activitics of theproject nanager is responsib!2 for coordination of the foregoing named principal centrat ters.
D. _EFFLUE:;7 SYSTEMS
- 1. Heat The Station utilizes four hyperbolic natural draf t cooling towers ior dissipating the heat rejected frca the plant steam cycle. Virtually all the heat from the tu.bine enbaust condensers is dicsipated to' the etcoophcre througL th towers.
In addition to this najor heat load there are several ottier coolir; syntans which diccipate hcat frca other portions of the plant. There ir.clud e k
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} IOU 000411 ---
III-8 the secondcry services cooling syste=, the nuclear services cceling system, and the decay-neat cooling syn ten. A f!cw diagram of the Station ecoling systen showing the ficw balance for both units in :.h own in ylg. 3.
Makeup for cooling tower evaporation, drif t, and blowdcun is ebtained f rca the secoadary services river water puwning sys tem. After panning through the secondary services heat exchanters, water is cixed with circu-lating water in the cooling tower open fle=c. The maximum makeup flow is appronicately 27,000 gal /nin. which includes the approxinately 20,000 gal / min. (44 cfs) evaporated by the four cooling towers and a ninimum of 4,009 gal / min. blowdown f rom the ceoling tower basins . The cooling tower water peep building is located between the conder.scrc (in turbine building) and the cocling tevera; it contains six circulating water pumps arranged so that three pump through each of two 103 in. dic=eter mains. The secondary ~
services heat exchangers, located in the turbine buildings, ccol equipecnt such cs air compressors, lube oil coolers, sa=ple ecclers, heater drain pu=ps, hydregen coolers, etc.
A ficw of river water is also provided for the nuclear services heat exchangers, located in an underground vault next to the auxiliary building.
These heat exchangers are used for decay heat rcroval frca Unit 2 and for cooling nuclear equipnent, such as reactor coolant pumo motorn, reactor building coolina. units, fan cotors, the spent fuel pool ecolcr, evarcrator distillate cooler, waste qas compressors, etc. The river vater used for ccoling the nut' ear services heat exchan;ers, alenc with the excess secondary avs tes heat exchangur "ecr and the concenser cooline circuit blowdcun, is passed through a forced draft cccling tower before beinr, returned to the Sasquehanna River.
The Unit 1 decae heat rensval system reuoves decay heat frca the core and censible heat from the reactor cooling system during the latter stages of a cooldcun. ~.ae systen also presides an auxiliarv spray to the pressuriecr for connlete depressurization, maintains the reactor ccalant temperature durira refueling, and provides a = cans for fillin; and draining the fuel transport canal In the event that the forced draft tower freezes up, the decar heat services cooling for both Units can be naintained by passing ecoling vater directiv through the tower basin.
The river watet, upon entering the intake structurcs, pcsses under a skimmer wall, through automated trash racks with 1 inch vertical bar spacings, through traveling screens with 3/8 inch tesh, through the river water pumps, and finally through strainers of 1/8 inch ecsh, before passing to the heat c< changers. The intake river-water structure is provided with a deicing water line. Under normal operation in sub-freezing weather, condenner circulatine water dischar;;c vill be the cource of deicing water. The flev velocity at the intake structure under normal and low riter f1cus and normal cperating conditions is 0.2 ft/sec.
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III-10 The river pu= ping ayste=s are designed to pu=p from a minitus river level ("lcss of York llaven Da=") of 271 ft., from the nonul level of 278 ft.,
and also f ro= flood levels. They pump to a high point in the plant and drain by Eravity through a double-ended 48-inch diameter discharge line through the forced draft cooling tower. The disch2rge flow rate f rom the tower basin is e2aaured by a prcpeller Later. Flow rate and radiation level of the Station radioactive waste are ceasured and the effluent la then cixed with tuis dis-charge. The =ixture passes 100 ft. to a weir box where the radiation IcVel is nonitored as it is discharged to the river. The cooling water is finally relca9ed through a 72 inch disneter pipe line that discharges directly into the river behind the natural chore line. Under norral conditionn the pipe is half submergad and the no=inal discharge velecity is 2.7 f t./ccc. with a taxicus value of 5.2 ft./sec.
The river water temperature at the intake structure varies f rom a mini-tus of 33*F in the vinter to a =axicum of 85*F in the su==0r. As stated, all of the ccoling water effluent from the plant is passed through a forced draft cooling tower (one for each unit) prior to discharge to the river. tThe tempera-ture rise (over river a=bient) of the ef fluent froa the forced draft cooling tcwcrs varies daily and seasonally because of changes in cooling tower operation dictated by varying ambient air and river water te=peratures. In the su=ner the forec; draft tcuers will be operated co that the diccharge is at essentially the n=bient river te=perature during normal Station operation. During a reactor cooldcun* in su==er, the discharge could be 2*F higher than river ambient, but would never exceed 87'F.
In the . snter, because of the necessity fer operating the cooling towers in the "daicinr.tode" (wherein a curtain of hot eater la pacsed around the cat ide of the roling tcwer fill to prevent frcare up), the effluent vill cverage 3*F above river a:bient during normal plant operation, although thic could be as hinn as 10*F during an extreme river / air tenperature nic=atch.
During a reactor cooldc.:n in winter the initial diccharge will, on the average, be 12*F above a:bient, but under extreme river / air tc=perature cismatch con-ditions it could be as high as 19'F. A typical cuoldown transient is such that the initial 12'F tarperature difference uculd decrease to abcut 2 F within 12 hours1.388889e-4 days <br />0.00333 hours <br />1.984127e-5 weeks <br />4.566e-6 months <br /> (% l'F/hr). Under the extrete temperature conditicas, effluent tecpera-turca would decrease at a rate of appronimately 1.5*F/hr. Fur th c rco re , the usual cperatienal rode will be to shut dcun only one unit at a tiae and, therefore, the initial effluent temperature aifference will ce the average of 3*F and 12*F or abcut 8*F.
The transit time f rca the intake to the discharge through the secondary and nuclear cervice heat exchanger circuits 10 about 13 minutes and the tempera-ture rise is 10 to 15*F. The residenca time of the coolant in the large basins nCocling dcwn of the reactor pricary coolant lecp by the nuclear decay heat system following a reactor shutdown.
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III-ll under the natural draft ecoling towers (capacity 8 x 106 gallons) is approni-mately is 28'F.70 minutes and the te=perature rise in the condenser cooling circuits at The taximum full power is 20,800 consumption gal /cinute.of river water when the two units ara operating draft cooling towers, and the two small forced draftThistowers. is evaporated from the four natural
- 2. _ Radioactive Naste In the operation of nuclear power reactors, radioactive =aterial is produced by fission in the reactor coolantand by neutron activatica reactions of totals and caterial system. Small ancents of gaseous and liquid radio-active wastes enter the effluent streams, which are monitored and processed ,
within the Station to ninimice the radioactive nuclides that will ultimately be released tr- the atmosphere and into the Susquehanna River at low concen-trations under controlled conditions. The Limitaticas of 10 CFR Part 20 and the "As Low As Practicable" require =ents of 10 CFR Part 50 with respect to radioactive releases will be cet during the operation of the Station at full power.
The are paragraphs, waste treatment designed systets for the Station, described in the following to collect waste which may centain radioactive caterials.and process the gaseous, liquid , and solid Thece vaste handling and trect-eent systens are discussed in detail in the Final Safety Analysis Report for Unit 1 ('iarch 2,1970), in the Prelitinary Safety Analysic Report for Unit ?
C' arch 1969),
Dececber 19 71. and in the Applicant's Revised Environtental Report dated
- a. Ggy_ ecus Unseq.
During pcwer operatica of the f acilities, radio-active materials released concentrations of fissica prcduct to the accosphere in gaseoua effluents include leu noble gases (krypten and v.enon), halogene (tostly iodines), tritiun contained in water vapor and particulate material including both fissica products and activated corrosion products Tha systems .
for the schematically shown processing ofinradioactive Figures 9-11.nnseces waste and ventilation paths are the primary coolant are aaintained at specified valuesConcentrations of v fission and activation products is limited by withdrawing ecolant, and the buildup of at a normal rate of 45 gpa (the letdown strean).
A side stream frca this coolant ir. cooled, depressuriced, and diverted to the rakeup and purific;tica systen and, asFigure systea, necessary, to the boren
- 12. "crually, managerent systen or the liquid waste diepesal the vent valves on the cakeup and purification cysten equipnent are closed and the systen ir operated at pcsitive pressu~re .
By this procedure steady-state valuesthe inventories of noble gases in the ecolant increase co encept coolant that in the case of icng-lived krypten-35. Only the is diverted to the boron control systen is nornally degassed.
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.. j Cast a stripped f roa the recyeled reactor coolant together with cover gases '
are cellected, compressed, and stored in preccurized tanks fer rad:.cactive 4 decaj. b*ith the exception of long-lived krypton-SS, the cases Vill Jecay to '
a ' ull f raction of the or f g!:".1 c .ount prior to beine released. Tha pas is filtored throern high efficiency Particulate filters and charcoal adsorbers :
.and relt.ased to the at=osphere throer.h the auxiliary W11diur. vent stack. ;
The holdup systen uns evaluated based on the Api t ic arit s s ta t e:cnt t ha t a
~
r.ini:ua holdup of 30 days vill be uscd.
Additional sources of radicactive gases which are not concentrated !
cneuch to permit collection and storage include the nur.iliary buildin; '
I c:haust, the turbine buildinc cxhauot, the reactor building containnent : .
cir, and the main condenser air ejettors, whic'h re:nove radicactive gases !
which have collected in the condenser as a result of pries.f ce secondary j cystem Icakage. The air ejec tor exhaust f rcm the nain conicnocr o f Unit 1 .
13 discharged through the turbine buildin; cxhaust wit!.out treatneat. The i ej ector e.thaust f rom Unit 2 is routcJ through demisters to the auxiliary -
butidi:n; filter train end released to the ctation vent. I 1
The auxiliary buildin.3 is e.2intained at a clightly negative i pressure with respect to cnbient pressure. All the exhaust air la <
filtered throut.h high cf ficiency particulate filters (HEPA) prior to beina Jft:Larged throu.;h the auxilicry Suildin,: vent stack. Areas vinhin the
- cu::ille rt buildin which have pescible centmination have th caMflity to be eQausted threurh charcoal adarhers 'n addition to -'A filterc. .
~~he r t e c: generator are once-through units * ' 7 h na sic ~.iew a r.4 uith full flew d mineralincre cn the cendensata return. Turb;na Luil ' ;
ventilatien it. dirchar ,cd to atactrhere without tre e.ent u:roeza ree:-
counted c.xhaus t frnc.
Calculatic:'s of c..pected nornal discharges of noble gnset aM iodines are cu:-.arincd in Tables /. and 5. T'ic haces for these calcula -
ticns are presented in Table S.
- b. Licuid f? antes. All equircent rele" ant to the liquid va-te precessing systen la duplicated in the tteo uni s except the misec11aneous ,
vaste evaporator which in located in Unit 1 and shared by Unit 2. A notchie dif fcrcree between the t'.o units is the cethod of condensata dstineralization.
Unit 1 uses Powdex; whereas. Unic 2 uses deep-bed dominerali: cts. Due to the constraints on vaste preeccsing in the mirec12cneous viste subsystcs , ce j asrumed in our evaluation that 10% of the de r g-bed regenerant solution and 100.': of the Powiez cluice watcr vill be rele.wed to H any hnrnent trit hou t trentacnt. ,
In both uaits a nake-up and purification nvsten naintains the quality and boren cenecntration of the prirary coolat't. A strcan is ,
continucusiv "letdevn," cooled, decineralized in a at::cd bed ion exchanger, ;
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Table 4
>!iTICII'ATEI) l',f:UAI RC113SE OP F!d>10 ACTIVE !;UCLIDES I!;
CASEQUS Lil LUL:ir Ina t Til:tI:E !!ILE ISLA!iD U:ilT 1
_D f_ .cin r;r In t e (Ci/v r)_
f'a s Stran Con t a l t s:a:t Auxillary l'recessfug Generator Cu i ld i n;.
Isotouc l'a r c o S ys t e.a Leak Leak To t a l Kr-33a -
1 1 2 Kr-85., -
5 5 10 kr-35 20 .5 10 10 K r-o, ./
705 2 s 3 5 H Kr-SS - s h
9 9 1g Xe-131u 2 53 w
6 5 66 Xe-133c. -
10 10 20 Xc-133 140 C'.l a C60 S50 2740 Xe-135 -
15 15 30 Xa-138 -
20 20 40 I-lll . C '.
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III-19 filtered , ar.d f cd to the na ke-up tank from which it is returned to the reactor.
- hen tha boron concentratien is beinP, Icun ed, a "bl eed" s trean fren the " letdown' strean is directed to the coolan t t.ns te systen. This strean is processed through a derincraliccr, filter and evapera tor. The cr.ndensate fron the evapora tor pa sses throur,h a mixed bad denineralizer to a storane tank f ren which it may be recycled or discharged. The concentrated boric acid (evaporator bottons) is storet for re-use in a subsequent tore cycle or sent to the radioac tive wr.ste drunning staticn for off-site disposal.
During the last portion of the core cycle, when the heron concentra t ion is the louest, the entire " letdown" strean is also passcd through a deborating denincralizer to ef f ect reductica of borca contenc, rather than by use of a " bleed" strean. This mode ot' cocration doce. not produce a vaste strean directly; however, this debora ting bed is regenera-ted, and the neutraliced regenerants and rinses are processed through the niscellaneous waste systen. Na other denineralic,rs processing radio-active streans are regenera ted except the rain condensate decineralicers in Unit 2, centioned above. Other waste-water containing beric acid from reac ter shutdowns, startups, and refueling crerations is also processed through the coolant waste disposal systen equirnent.
L'astes collected in the containnent and auxiliary buildin: drains.
lab and sampling drains, denincralizer resin and filtcr proccat sluice .:a t e r ,
deborating bed regenerants, and dcccatanination and other niscellaneaus wastos crc processed in the miscellaneous ante nystcn. These t.asten are colle:ted, filtered , and evapora ted. The co: 'mina te f rca this estporater 1.;
cassed threugh a polish:: , M.it eralicer and then rautcd to recycle or to hold-up f or disciurne.
Bo t tenn f roo. this evanorater are stored in *.he concentrated drunning station.
waste tank until they can be pecuessed through the waste Laundry wastes will be collected , filtered, nacitored, anri nornally routed with the sanitary wastes. The tur bine build in.2 drains are no71tored ar.d discharged to the coollrr tever effluent strean. Frca an accenula tive leak ra te of 5 gpn fren all sysums in the turbine building that contain secondary coolant we expect les; t han .05 C1/yr .
Contro11od dischargea vill be nade f rrn the radwaste into the coolina tower ef fluent strean. This flou la 36,000 apa onsystcas an annual average basis for the cenbined units. Unit I can dircharge vaste at up to
-30 Spa while Unit 2 can achieve a na:.i~un of M gpn. Ac tivity acnitors and ficw controllern uill maintain apprcxLnate .1 - ' ri ty leve ls . Discharnes can-not be made frc, both units si ultanecucly. O di scha rge will be ti.v.l e u nl ecn the cooline teucr effluent flow is at least 5000 gpn.
Eared on the assun tions noted above and shown on Table 3, the releases free the primary sources for nornal operation were calculated to be less than 5 Ci/ year per unit. To ccapensate f or treatment equ i rnent
,n n Qj
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III-20 Table 6 A :TICII'ATED A!:::UAL .ELFAS E OF ?.AL '0 ACTIVE !!ATTRIAL I . T!iE LIOUID EFTLUE!;T FhC:! THRET. ':LC ISLA!D U::IT 1
_'! : c l i d o Curter /.r Rb-36 0.00035 Sc-89 0.00054 Y-90 0.00005 Y-91 0.0099 Zr-95 0.00007
!;b-95 0.00G07
- 10-99 0.037 ,
Tc-99m 0.037 F u-103 0.00005
!!h-103m 0.00005 Sb-124 0.00003 Tc-125m 0.00003 Tc-127m 0.00032 Te-127 0.00035 Te-129- 0.0016 Tc-129 0.Culo Te-131n 0.0C074 Te-131 0.00014 Te-132 0.019 I-130 0.C013 I-131 I .3 I-132 0.020 1-133 0 . '.1 I-i35 0.025 Cs-134 0.21 Cs-136 0.083 Cs-137 1.17 Ba-137n ( 16 Ea-14 0 0.000'.8 La-140 0.000'.2 Cc-1!.1 0.00C07 C e -l '. 4 0.00005 Pr-143 0.00007 Pr-144 0.00005
- J -147 0.00t,02
!:a -2 4 0.00037 P-32 0.00007 Cr-51 0.0011 Fe-55 0.0010 Fe-59 0.0000 Co-53 0.0097 Co-00 0.0m 2
!' i-6 3 0.00004
'1-135
, 0.00005 L*-187 0.00033
!:p-2'9 J 0.00035
,, , a TOTAL % 3.0
- 9) d !) . Tritium-1,000 C1/yr n,mc, ,
UULu(
II I--21 Table 7 A!;TICIPATED A :!"cl.L RELEASE OF PADI0 ACTIVE "ATERIAL I?. L nt'ID EFFLL'i';TS FRO:t TittEE lt1LE ISL.'d:D U;;1T 2 Weliin Ci/vr ' ;clicie Ci/vr Rb-36 .0012 Pn-147 .C0305n Sr-S9 . C O '.1 ':a -2 4 Sr-90 .000039
.C0012 P-32 St-91 .00048
.000013 Cr-51 .0058 Y-90 .000072 !!n-54 .000036 Y-91 .0032 Fe-55 .011 Zr-95 .C0072 Fc-59 Nb-95 .0054
.000F0 Co-58 Ifo-99 .095
.032 Co-60 Tc-99n .013
.030 ::1-63 Ru-103 .011
.00048 Zn-65 .00005',
Ru-106 .C0014 W-135 .00045 Rh-102n .00043 "-187 .00032 Rh-106 .00014 !;p-239 .00075 Sb-124 .00336 Sb-125 .000036 Te-12 n TOTAL % 5.0
.00034 Te-127m .0036 Te-127 .0934 Te-129n Tritiun 1,000 Ci/yr
.014 Te-129 .00?3 Tc-13in .001:
Te-131 .00021 Te-132 050 I-130 .0013 I-131 2.7 I-132 .052 I-133 .20 I-135 .021 Cc-134 .54 Cc-13 6 .15 Cs-137 .41 "2-137n .39 in -140 .0030 La-14 0 .0032 Ce-141 . 000 r%
C a -12.3 .00002 Cc-144 000'.5 Pr-143 00D39 Pr-1!.4 .000'.3 N1-147 .000th v - n hr w i >' L 1
00058
III-22 Table 8 ASSI".!PTIO:;S SED I' DF.TETllI"H:C RELEASES OF PfI)10*.CTIVE EF FLUT'.I5 AT TlidEE ME.5 ICLY M Unit 1 Unit 2 Reactor Power , ML't 2533 2772 Plant Capacity Factor 0.8 0.8 Fuel with Def ective Cladding , l' O.25 0.25 Leek cf Prinary Coolant into Stean Generators, gpd 20 20 Leak of Prinary Coolant to the Auxiliary Building, gpd 40 40 Frequency of Contair.r:ent Purge, tines /yr 4 4 k*aste Cas Holdup for Decay, days 30 30 Cold Shutdowns, times /ycar 2 2 Ccolant 'lolumes Degassed and Processed During Cold Shutdcens and Normal Operations 3 5
' iscellanenus '.'aste Precessed , ga'lons/ year 600,000 600,000 n e, -
j O $%
't y 1) J f
U f<]O vaC
. . - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - -~
III-23 downtire and expected operational occurrences, the values shcun in Tables 6 and 7 for the waste systems have been nornalized to 3 curies per year for Unit I and 5 curies per year for Unit 2.
c.
Col id ',?a c t es . The follcuing types of solid was:tes will be treated in Unit 1 (Unit 2 wastes that require solidification will be trans-ferred to Unit 1):
(1) Cc:pressible vastes - paper, rags, clothing, and charecal filters.
wires, (2) Incc=pressible wastes - metal parts fron inside the reacter, cables, and spent filter cartridges.
(3) Evaporator concentrates.
(4) Spent resins cnd used filter precoat.
All rolid waste vill be packaged and shipped to a licensed burial ground in accor tance with AEC and DDT regulations. Based >n plants presently in operation, it waste uiti be is expected that approximately 300 to 600 drums of solid transported off-site each, year.
- 3. Chenical and Sanitarv L'a s t e s The chemicals tced in significant quantities at the Stati a are listed in T;ble 9.
- a. Dgnineraliner Receneration Solutions. Sulfuri.' acid enJ codiun hydronide solutlent are used for rep,ener aing resins in the two-stare fced
'atter denineralicera used for both Un :ts 1 and 2. These naterials are dispcsed of on a batch basis; each 'atch, for a aiven unit, consists of 2,000 in 70,030pcunds of sulfuric gallons of water. acid and 1,300 pounds of sodiun hvdrenide diluted The resulting relutica of sedium sulf ate, with a pH between 6 and 9, is released every three days at a centrolled rate over a 4-h;ur period (about 300 apn flow ra te) . The waste caluti)n is dilutcd uith the 36,000 gpm cooling water ef fluent of the forced-draft cooling towers prior to dircharge to the river. The arcunts listed in Table ^ are the to tal quantities of acid and bacc used annually for the two units at the Statien.
The cancentrations in the second column of the Table, hauever, occur in the 36,000 gpn ecoling water effluent caly during the hatch dircharac f ron a single unit, since the two units diccharne their batches at different times.
b.
Cerdenr.a te Polich.'r ?.ecencra t ion Solut ione . The condcnnate polishers for Unit 1 are the wound elc=ent filter type prcccated <ith poulcred resin. The spent resin is varhed out and discharged to the ciudge treatment house rather than being regenerated, hcnce no regeneration n m i n1 ;
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III-25 chemicals are used. The condensate polichers for Unit 2, however, are deep
' bed denineralicers and produce dilute waste solutions of sulfuric acid and codiun hydronido f rom the regeneration of the dcnincralicers. The quantities used are 2300 pounds of culfur:c acid and 1,900 pounda of coJium hydroxide per regenera tion cafcle, uhich ecturs cvery fourth day. These chenicaln, disaolved in 60,000 gallons of uater, comprice a batch lich. is released over a period of four hours every four daya (about 250 gpn flot ra t e) . This batch is neutraliced and diluted in the ef fluent of the forced draf t cooling tower prior to being released to the river. The quantities of naterials listed in Table S are the total quantitics of sulfuric acid and sodiun hydroxide used for Unit 2 and the concentrations in the last column of the Table are the values in the 35,000 gpn of cooling water during the tir.e of the batch release.
c.
Sulfuric Acid for Cooline Tower Circuitn. Sulfuric acid is added to the circulating watcr in the condenscr ccoling water circuits, fcr pH control, at an average rate of 12,200 pounds / day for both units, and the Applicants have stated that this cuantity could increase to a r.1xinum 2.5 times greater under sene circunctances. This acid, uhich forms sulfates with the various cations in the cooling tower un ter, is eventually released uith the 4,000 gpn bleudown f ren the tuo units and mixed with the Station ecoling water before it is returned to the river. The total quantity of sulfuric acid listed in Table 3 ic based upon the averar,e additica ned the concentration in the last colunn of the Tabic is the resulting sulfate in the cooling irater ef fluant due to the continucus addition of scid.
In additien to the acid added to the blerdo.m there is a concen-tratien of the naturally eccurring salts in the river ca ter 3-f about a factor cf 5 in the cooling touer barin. This also leads to an increase in dissolved d ids in rht b l e',-d o t m uter which, in turn, increases the dissolved rolis content of the 36,000 c-n cooling water effluent returnina to thu river. The uverece concentration of dissolved salts in the river is 233 cc/1. This is concentra tM to about 1203 m/l in the blewdoun, c'.ich, af ter dilution with the ccolin;; water, results in a final concentration of :bcut 345 ng/l in the effluent f ron the sta tion.
d.
fer both units) C51orinntien. The uater taken froa the ri.cr (5' ,500 npc total is treated s ith appron.mately 2C7 roun6;/ day of chlorine to recent the growth of bintor;ical slines in the service water hear enchcnacrs.
Alth:u ,b a progran for these chlorine additicas has not yet been ectablishe:i, ec:periunce with other plants indicates that it will he added over severni enc-nali hour perieds during a 24 hour2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> day. An average of 1,000 pounds / day per unit of chlorine will also be injected into the cooling teuer circulating ta ter ' ysten for control of biolonical slines and plant greuth. The ch!crine sill be inj ec ted one to four tiner a day for perieds of 15 to 30 ninut"s e.c h .
The Apn11 cants h re also stated that the 1,000 peunds/ day nverar,e valu ~ cculd increase to a uinun of 2,000 pounJs/ day.
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. III-26 In the recirculating water (natural draft cooling teuer) systen it ic unlikely that chlorine relcased in the bicwdown will enist at a level such as to cause violation of the EPA recommer.ded criteria
- for the river.
The chlora=ines produced in tha recirculating water systen and in the takeup cater before addition to the system will largely be lost by volatilization in the ccoling tcwers. The free chlorine present at the position in:2diately downstrecs of the condenscrs will at least partly be destroyed by reaction with organic sliues in the piping, in the cooling tcwers, and in the colle : ting basins beneath the cooling towers.
However, some of the effluent from the secondary services and all of the nuclear cervices effluent are discharged after cnly one pass through the forced draft cooling towers (i.e. does not pass thrcugh the na: ural dr ft cooling tower circuit) and the flow and radiation monitor-box. The chlor-level in the service waters (during periods of chlorination) will be high because of the necessity to defcu.'. a series of heat exchangers, anc the degree to which the chloramines uf.ll be recoved by evaporation and the free chlorine recoved by reaction with slices and other substances in the forced draft cooling tcwers cannot be predicted accurately. The Applicant states that the total residual chlorine at the point of discharge to the river can-nct be guaranteed to be below 0.3 ppa. The Staff believes that by careful control of the levels and duratien of chlorine additions the residucl total chlorine in the discharge can be kept to a level of 0.1 ppa that uould be rec.uired to assure conformity to the EPA recer ended criteria for the river.*
If in f act experience indicates that it .:111 not be possible so to caintain
'ne residual chlorine in the discharge, alternative rethods of opara: ion can be ccasidered, including the pacsage of all service vinter into the recirculating condense r ecoling water circuitc. This wcu}a lead to the large resitence tite in those circuits (priar to blowdcwn) that will be required f or evaperation and decerposition of the chlorine species. This would Icad to greater blowdown rates and more dilute solutions in the recirculating water systers.
- e. Sanit ari Pac t os. The sanitary waste system is designed to handle cbout 10,000 gal / day (sized to handle a normal population at the site of about 120 rersons). The treatment plant is an actis ated-sludge systen uith tertiary tresttent. The systen consists of two aeration tanks and an acrobic digester uhich produce an odor-free sludge that will be used for land fill. With proper cperation it is expected that 93% of the biological exvgen denzad (ECD) in the intake will be re=oved. The remaining E03 is further reduced by the additica of sodica hypochlorite. The chlorine applied to the sevage vtries fron G to 3 ppa, but the Applicants state that the residual chlorine in always lees than 1 ppa. The treated sanitary waste is nized with the service water and blowdown before discharge to the river as ahcun in Figure S.
Since the nouradioactive laundry waste water passes into th's syste=, the control of phosphate discharges is also of interest. The et rtiary stage of the systen includes a line process reem.al of the phosphate lor s ,
and it is expecced to renave 80% of the input phosphate. The discharge frca the treattent plant contains about 6 ppm of phosphate ion.
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. _ _ _ _ . _ . . _ . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ . . . ... . ... ..r-III-27 4 O t h e r '.'a c. t e s Th.' cheuicals and additivc.; used ;n the ukeup za ter pre t t e.'trant s'>te, rynerate a ciudr,e consisting m .:ni, of fine citt, and eurpended r.a sludr,e isf rcr the ri.er alonr with clav adled to assist in coa ~ulation. The t:.er ceparated fron the carrier wacer by filtration at a 93L renoval efficiency, resultine in corprecscd dewatered blocks. The bi,chs. appreal-nately 2,000 pounds / day, 2111 be collected and trucked off s;te "o an
- pproved sanitary land fill . An additional 66 pounds / day of solid clad; e cake from the sanitarj waste synten is also disposec of in an .pproved off site sanitary land fill.
There is a small oil fire incinerator at the alte for disposing of nonradioactive combustible trach; the ashes fren the burninp, of 400 pounds per day of wastes are hauled otf site for disposal in a licensed land
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fill. The solid waste and trash free the river water reroved from the plant fill.
intake ccreens is also hauled off cite and disposed of in a land ,
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SIT *' PEPACTIO', AMD PU.NT C'WSTUC !C?.
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A. SI":AR T O F 'i.AN9 A*T, g EDUI.E's 1
,j f, 1. Plant Construction 4
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j l j' Construction started in the fall of 1967. The original plan was for a
' Unit 1 only, but GPU decided to cove Oyster Creek Unit 2 t o T' I . Construction of Unit 1 should be corpleted by early 1973, but Unit 2 construction vill j~, f continue well into 1974. Manpower for construction has increased to a current J
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[' peak of about 2,200 workers, and this level should remain fairly constant
!' through December 1972. Throughout 1973 the level cf e=cloynent is expected u
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to d~ rea3c, and by early 1974 will be half of the current requirements,
'] l' 2
- 2. Bridces and Hirhuavn f; Two bridacs previde access to the Station. Ec th span the cast channel of the river and lea to State Highway 441. The bridge at the north end of j- the island is tha permanent private access road. The pe r.it was issued on
- Cetober 13, 1967. This bridge provides cccess for a one-track Penn. Central R.R. spur, as acil as an asphalt surface two-lane road, and has evidently been l ; in service f ren the date at which construction began. It is of all concrete j -
construction with sete of the cnlumns supported at Sandy Scach Island, which 4
is spanned M the bridge.
, E::cava tion on this island and ca the cast shore
- was c::psed at the tire of the aerici photograph (FI':. 13) but no evidence i
- ' of by construction eifccts or erosien ;.as ebserved at the tire of the site visit i
.m bers of the ntaff.
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- .' tion. It Theic routh brid;*e is waad and provides auxiliary access during ccastruc-
} access less than two years old and it is intended to use this bridge for
.! i to the recreational site that u 11 be developed subrequent to plant 1
construction (nee Section V). This brid:;L is the proptrty of the York Haven 1
Power Company, a wholly owned subsidi..ry of 1:et-Ed.
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- 3. Trnnsri mion Line Construction i
i The towers and 230-kV lines to the '!iddle tout and Cly jrnctions frer Unit 1, a distance of 6.9 niles, are completou. Frcm Unit 2, there vill be
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one 500-kV and one 220-kV line, both tahen to a 500 kV substation 0.7 niles j
- east, en Applicant's prop e r t:. on tle east side of State Highway Ll. The area containing the t'ansniscien line substation, about 20 acres, has been j
' cleared and closed in with cyclone fence. Selective cle:tring of 393 acrer of to right-of-way for the 500 ' V <
line extending f rna thin sub>.tatien 67.3 miles the Ecchteisville junctien h is brea completed, and construction o: the line in well underway. The major impact cf tN constrt<ction of the Rechtelsville l i transmissien of-vay.
line has already taken place, that is, the clearing of the sicht-The incrcrental impact of the remainine construction is not considered i to be substantial or unduly adverse. No clearing or construction has taken 1,
- - place for the 500 kV line running between the 'n!I Unit 2 substation and the n.
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IV-3 duniata-Peach Bottqr line. All of the trancaission line construction is ccheduled for ccmpletion by the vinter of 1973. The ground under existing towers shows no ef fects of excavation during construction.
4 Visitors Ce :ter The Applicants own approximately eight acres of property, including three f arn buildings, along the cast side of Highway 44), directly east of the Station. The visitora center and observation platfern is in a newly ccnstructed building about 80' wide x 100' deep with slopina rcof. This building, along with landscaping and asphalt parking lot for abcut '5 cars, was ccepleted during 1971 and is in use. The farm buildings purchased with the property appear to be newly painted and are being used for housing the ~
quality ccn'Erol group. There is a gravel road that leads to the rear of the property, for access f ron the highway to the 500-kV substation arca at the rear of the property. Some heavy equipment for construction of the 3tation was on the premises during the fall of 1971, but because this part of the property is at lower elevaticn than the highway, the construction cannot be seen frcn the highway.
3.
PPACTS ON LAND. R\TER. AND HU"AN RES _?_C_E_S
- l. L,n d
- a. Iroact on TMI Site precaration and plant construction haw' af fccred only ti.e 472 acrea en TMI with ao evident erfect ou Shelley or the other islanda in the 314 acta site.
A cnall (200' x SCO') sectica of the State-ctmed Sandy Ee_ch island, northeast of !"I, har,'ocen affected by construction of piers for the ccccrete brid 6 e. "aj er irract has acres. f allen an the north half of I!I, approximately 200 entent Most of the land occupied by the Station was fornerly farmed. The of the f arm land is sho m. in the aerfal photograph of tha island, taken before the start of construction (Fig. 3). The part of the farn area t ha t wa r excavated during the construction is shown in Figure 13. In addition to the 200 acres about 100 acres,that surround the plant f a cili t ies , the remainder of the farn land, construction chacks, is being used during construction for automobile parking, pr epa ra t io n. road to che south bridr,e, and for till necded during site Mcst of the forast land, about 172 acres, (Fig. 3) rcrains untouched. Tree damage has occurred nainly on the cast and west shores of the island that abut the Statica site, uhere trees trere removed for railrcad track and bridge construction, for construction of the unter intake and pump houses end for effluent trench facilities. The shore to the iest of the reactor Iccations is alnost completely stripped of tree cover. The trees litticthe en east shore landscape have been thinned out and the existing trees provide very screening. In total, about 2S acres of vooded lana disturbed by construction. were 4
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IV-4 A factor that both adds to prevention of vind and rain erosion and indicctes considerable noisture at LLe surf ace is the rapid ;;rowth of v ege ta t ion . The flood centrol dike systen that was constructed fron the fill and that surrcunds the fccility arca ca three sines is cennietely covered over. The older borreu pit creas are aisc covered by a variety of weeds. The measuces that were instituted to control dust, nud silt runcif, and ficod traters are described in Sec tion IV-C.
Constructica rubbish - large rocus and pieces of wood and netal cerap - is Jidely dispersed in the borrow pt area and can be seen fran the read that leads fren the construction crea to the south bridge.
Another rajor ef f ect en land use was the renoval cf 70 rcereational cabins on the island, tha t were built snd in use by a lease arran w ent. All but tuo of the cabins were noved to nearby islande at the Applicants expense.
A small picnic area, consisting of five tables, two fireplaces, two to il e t s ,
one boat dock, and a drinking-water well, was destroyed by the consecuction.
The area of ccnstruction activity must he presteed to bc totally lost as a wildlife habitat for the lifetime of the Station. Other parts of the island t:ill he less suitable than for erly because of the large number.
of people and nachinery traversin'; the island. The effect is similar to any large scale construction in a rural aren . It is difficult to assess the influence of noise, but since jet flights to end f rw Harrisbur'; f t:- near the ininnd, and since there is a rail road and well-traveled ..igir.:ay nea rby, naise sensitive spe:ies would already have been af f ec t:ed ,
- b. Imact en Shorn Ch inla nd) Pronerty The chore property disturbed by construction includes 3 ccres of f arnland purchased by the Applicants for the Visitors Center, and about 2 acres of woodland ucs: of Highway 441 on the river east bank. About cre-hcif acre of farnland was used for the Visitars Center buildin:;, the adjacent paved parkira lot and the grar, lancscape. ine upact cf this construction was rel-atively ninor. The land t elief chang,e cas evidently insignific;nt. 31.ni la rly, the Unit 2 substatica aill not recuire a significant degree of cut or fill. On the west side of the highuay, the trees were renoved to provide a fiew of the Station frcn the Visitors Center.
- 2. Water The i pact of conatruction on silting of the riv2r trater and ch;n;,c2 in opo';raphy of the island shore line and river hatton a rise prinari]:' fron dredging the intake channel and in:,tallation of the intahe water punp imuser located at the uest shore of the island, opposite the reac tor buildin: s. Sone
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IV-5 temporary datage was also caused by the bridge pier construction in the east chaunct of the ri ur. Sone silting can, and probably does, result fror. the storn ua er drainare systen that emptics into the east channel. P311ution of the river by uncentrolled disnosal of solid or liquid aastes ray alra occur but there is no evidence that the precautionary neasures described belcw in Section 1V-C have been violated.
sources. The inpact of the cater intake building construction ccmes frca several The fornatien of water intake channels required blasting that caused temporary turbidity of the tater, disturbance of the natural riverbed silt sone fish kill. and blasting and dredging Thereoperations.
was none disturbance of the river banks caused by the The cofferdans that were constructed before -
the river and changes in the shoreline. be pourcd caused temporary silting of foundations and housing buildings could T!, caterial used for cofferdam construction river. and the rock forced by the blasting created forci . natter in the
- 3. Humcn Resources The impact on nunan resources in the area arises primarily from the need for skilled labor for the construction of the Station. Abo ut 652 of the 2,C00 or so ccastruction crployees had to be brouaht Staff ncabers of the Tri-Ceunty Planning Conaisnion ininHarrisburg f ror outside tha area.
haic stated that the rate of residential construction in the Harrisburg area has been significantly reduced through the absorpticn of skilled labor by the Station constructica and the highway construction in the Harrisburg area.
The migration of construction vorhers to thin area hts af fected m supply and cent of housing relatively little.
L'orkers without fanilles ho are Icohing for Middletown and Royalton, rental rooms or apart = cats in the innediate area, prinarily report tha t such accen:cdatiens are in short supply and the area quite expensive. There are, however, a large number of trailer units in that vere formerly occupied by service personnel and civilian employees at Olcsted Air Force Base. The closing of thin base has cade rearonable cost housing available for the f acilies of Station constructica varkers. There are no reports or evidence that the fanillies of Station construction worhers have concentrated sufficiently in any one area to cause overcrowding of school or hospital f acilities. Again, the lack of pressure may be partly due to the coincidence of the closing of the Air Force base.
C.
CONTr.0LS TO LI'!IT Th%'.CT OF 'LM:T C0ZTTUCTION Several provisions have been taken to minicine dust fornation due to enpccure of soil and to control storm water drainac,e so as to minimico river a:ilting caused by storn uater drainane .
an underground piping systen in the nain plant area and drainedditches in*:Cncess rurfac at the periphery of the main site.
The collecting ditch drains thrcugh a 60-inch diameter culvert into the east channel of the river. The culvert is n4 o 1' L
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IV-6 so desiencd that at heavv runoff the flov frca the trench is impeded, causin heavy silt to settle to the botten of the trench instead of bein;; carried into the river. The torrot' pits, c o urc er of ccantruction fill, and their surround:
were shaped to tint erodad coil is carried tcward the pit rather than into the river.
The flood protection dites, constructed frca the fill excavation to the south of the main site. vere carefully finished to mini-ine erosion by store water and wind. The raterior slenen have a heav'j stone riprap finish on an c= bedded layer of gravel and sand, and they are alread/ partially covered by natural vegetation. The interior slepes were planted with crown vetch. .
The (xposed surf aces in the main plant arca intended for automobile park-ing are prved with an asphalt surface, as are the tain roads. Heavily travelled paths bet;.cen buildings are covered wits crushed stone, and much of the lesser travelled surface is covered with weeds that seen to grow readily in the whole area.
Damage to the river bottom fron the intake channel blasting was rininized by rerovin:; the she'c rock to the borrow pits fron which tL land fill was excavated. Erosion of the river banks adj acent to the intake ' rater facilities
' ras I:inimized by a coverin;; of stone riprap. The tuo cofferdams that were constructed on the west bank of T'!I before intake vater f acilm housi: , could be erected were made fron packed truckloads of carth and finished uith a Ic.yer of riprap to prevent river silt.c3 The con.ntr :ction creuq are ordered not to di: pose of > arte so fi cr solids into the river. Liquid and solid wastes frca che latrine: in the temocrar; and permanent freilities are stored and carried ot f the island pending cenple-tion of the pemanent sanitary sewage treatrent facility.
Heavy truck traffic to and frca the Station has been ninimited by use of the railroad spur onto the site for hauling in the larr.e components and con-struction naterials. A maj or f actor in dininishin;; heavy truck traffic and highway danage has been the location of a concrete plant on the site.
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00070
V. E:'" ipr'. "':TAL I:" PACTS O' PLA::T Opro iTTG" A. Li?:S UP"
- 1. Acceso and p.ecreation Since the Statica is on an islend wholly owned by the Applicants, and since the exclusica radius for each of the two reactors entends over land cuned by the Applicants, the operacian of the Station vill deprive no one of access to land that he voeld otherwise have been free to enter. The cajor impact on T:II and adjacent Shelley Island is that about 400 acres of facalend .
will to be lost to further production and about 70 sum =cr homes have been relocated Beshore Island, also owned by the Applicants. The Applicants have prcposed to begin development of an extensive " recreational resource" en T:11 and o-her iciands and replcce in the thevicinity ics that will expand the succer-home land Jease pregran use forest and farmland on the south cud of TMI vith a culti-recreational area tiat will benefit the whole IIarrisburg area. The pool, or about 22 ft. created by the York Haven Dac, raises the level of the river reservoir, To exploit the recreaticnal potential of the river in this area, neu facilities such as boat launchuays, docks, and car parkinc, facilities are needed.
acquiring chcre The Pennsylvania Fich Cc=niscion has recogained this need by land adjacent to Goldsboro, cn the west shore, that will be used as a start for prcviding the above centioned f acilitiec. The recreational f acilities on T':I that cre propoucd by the i:plicants are shcun in Fi.,. 14 Initially, 50 boat slips thene vill include all circulatory roads, a narina (excavation),
nnu dockc, parking for 50 cars and boat trailers or 275 ::rc, 125 picnic r,ites, 2 corfurt stations, 2 3rcup picnic areas, 2 picnic sheiteru uith cociert stations, a chorelina trail, general landscape der 21cpment around use t at.:,sareas,
). drinking eater dtctribution, and a scuage dirposal system (sep tic The Applicants plan to spend about 3750,0003 on development in addition to that already completed.
A longer range, has been proposed by more extensive recreational recource cevelornent project the Applicants after consultation .ith several state agencies and county planning co==issiens (Tri-County , Yo rk and Lanen. ster) .
"ost of the acreage to be used in the new develepnent vill be Applicants' prcperty, but the cost ecvered by Applicants' of the future developments vill be only partially contribution.
be Sore local and federal tax t.,ney will necessary to complete the p roj e c t . Fornal agreements between the Applicants end interestel agencies have not been completed at this tine.
- 2. Trannniscion Lines The which are completely 6.9 niles of 230 kV transmission linos associated with T:'I Unit 1, built and ready for service, have little impact oth2r than cesthetic use is involved. since they traverse open farmland and no signiticant change in land n <,"
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V-3 The right-of-cay for the 67.3 mile 500 hv T'!I Unit 2-Bechteisville line occupics about 1620 acres. The Applicants 1. ave stated that reute selection za s carried out using techniques and precedures chich f actored in the naed to mini-nice relocatiun of property cwnerm, to r.axir.ico ur.c of existin', rights-of-n y to avoid high points and Icrg paralleling of hig... cays. and to .inisine cwiron-cental inpact. Although exis ting right::-of-way could havc been paralleled or utilized for nest of the line, this approaen was rejected beccure it ' culd have required the rcroval of a large number of h:mes. The route which wcs finally cho cn parallels or uses existing transnission corridors for 15 allec, ad .
traverses prirarily rolling farnland with some scattered woodland. The purchase o f one here and the selective clearing of 393 acree of right-of-tecy wet e required. Of this 393 acrcs, 233 acres were .ecend, third, fourth, or fifth .
grcuth forests, and the remainder abandoned pasture or agricultural land, brush cnd scrub field growth, overgrown ceadows, fencerows, and the like.
Clearing was carried out in accordance with " Specification for Right-ccasistant with thedeveloped of-wcy Clearina", in 1969 by one of the Applicants, t:hich are fully
'J. S. Depart =ents of Agriculture and Intericr's guidelines entitled " Environmental Criteria for Electric Transniscion S stems". f These procedures, largely prepared by professional conpany forectcrs, call for selective road crossinas, clearing by the preservation of desirable species, screening at all paths, and trcils. steep sicpu cutting, and preservation and care for strears, The rcute does not c ros r public lands, and does nct nas t h r:- ,h areas of historic or recreational value. Fo r 64. 6 lles of tL2 67.3 c.ile rcute, caser.ents h. vc been ebtained t;hich pernit the maers of the right-of 'eay to une the la id f o r gr:.winr, crcps, grazin;; cattle, or growing trees ta a linned neicht. , cc ording'y , little che m;c in land use thould result, in viev of the pre:ianina paices, irly aaricultural nature of the land throuch ichich the right,2f-vay iha I:1 Unit 2-Juniata 300 kV transmission line entends 7.16 ni]es frem the T::I 500 kV line, west of the Susquehanna tiver, betueen Juniata and
'Peacb Ecttcu. The proseced right-of-uay will eccupy about 170 ccres, half of aich in fcr:. land and the remainder woodland and river crosciut. Sit hcras r.ust be acquired, and cendemnation preceedinr.: undertaken for the 1.26 niles of right-o f-way no t already cwned or covered by casements.
1-1/4 r.iles, Prcn EiI the proposed route would run southeast and south for about distance, andparalleling er utilicing existing rirbt-of-way for coct of this then cross the Susquehanna Rivar. The point chosen for the river crossin", is adjacent to crcstings by four other transmission lines, the Curthast 1/2 nile away, so visual impact will not be significently altcrei.
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V-4 Uect of the river the route trrierses 1/2 nile of wooded property cwned by the Applicant to a point appcsite an existing substation,'aere it beelns a parallel rua sith an exiatin:, 224 '<V line for about 3 miles. Scar the substa-tion, crossin:: of a state hi p. - is re<;ui red, and since there in ecruiderable strip developuent alunn the road, impact on hones and/or conrercial pronerty is unaveidable. The route chosen, para!1 cling the enf ating right-of-way, will necessitate the purchase of four homes located on that rcad. The final cile of the line diverts from the 230 kV parallel in order to avoic a juacture with the Juniata-Peach Betten line at a point which would have required acquisitien of a number of honts. Thic secticn trave rres open f a rniand.
According to the Applicants, rouce selectica has followed, to the ,
ex t e n t possible, the rec, trendaticas of the U. S. Departments of Acriculture and Interior cited above, and selective clearing procedures will be in accor-dance with these guidelines and the Applicants' "Specificaticns for Right-of-way Clearing", also discussed above.
Af ter revieving the route chosen by the Applicants and conparing it uith the available alternatives, and af ter balancing the factorc relating to en"trennental impact, the staf f has concluded that the propcsed route for the T"I-Juniata transnicsien line represents the preferable approach and will not have a significant adverse irpcc: on the environtent.
Since a large prcportice of the land traversed by the Station tranc-rl;sica lines is cpen f armland, and selective clearina procedures which lar'ely re t r. in low grauing treen and shrubs have been used in the veod!.nd *retiun;, the irecct en wildlife is expacted to be minit.al.
- 3. EffMt of Ca liv WnrC"mtin1 Four large natural draft cooling towers, tuo for each unit, u.~1 be used to dissipate nast of the cendcaser heat from the Station. In .ddit.,n, tuo three-cell vet acchanical draf t cooling towers (cne for each unit) /111 he used to cool the ccnbined service water effluent and the blewdcwm frea d.e natural draft units co that there vill be snali thernal discharges to the Sucquahanr2 River. At full load, 11.5 x 102 STU/hr will be discharacd to the atnosphere. Each tceer 1111 discharge a maxiz.uc 5000 gallens/ninute of cater in vapor form pet cinute.
Eccause of the la--- a"> .mitics of water vapor they discharge, concern has been expressed accut the possibilities of weather =cdificarica, such as fe gir;, precipitatien and huaidity increase, icing, etc., which night be produced by the towers. Since the total opurating enperience with cuch te ters in the U. S. in snall, techniques for predictin; ueather ccdificatlanc are atill relatively primitive. :.atural draf t cooling towers have,5cea used for at least two decades in Europe, expecially in England. Dacker" has nade a survey of Eurorenn operat ing experience and has un overcJ Jittle evni e n e 31 n1 mn O i
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G I V-3 i adverse weather modifications attributable to aatural draft c o a li t.p, t et y r : .
Experience in the GA to date has revea'ed no significant preblers.23'3'10'll Cperational creerience bc.th in thr- ! M ud in Farare hs 31mun tha t , of the "arious alternate ccoling nrocedurcs " P r n i c ::' f t ctalir, twer s aa , ' the s
lowest adverre actev: vio;',1 cal impac t . ' ' ,
- a. Coo l i_n e'._Towe r pl ure Pe rf e l I
The Applicant has developed a nucerical mo !el to predice the lennh and other dinensiona of the visible plane gene, rated by the cooling towers;
a su=ary of the todel was published earlier.' Thic formulation la similar .
to other codeln, such the EC&G =adel,13 in that pluw ration is diviced .
into two phases ; (1) a plume rise portion describin<; the pluce behavior in the imediate vicinity of the teuer, fnlicued by (2) an atnospheric diffusion calculation, describins; the lateral dispersion of the plum 2 once it has reached its point of caxinun rise (zero upward velocity) .
teuer) 12 Tc.c pluce rise section of the Applicant's rodel (within t Je 'a o.' the basically the and Dcviu.
- Turther fro,.isolated cumulu', cloud rodel de; eloped by I?cinatein is the tower, where dispersion of the tower ef fluent centrolled b" a-i.ient va nd and tucbulence condit f ors, calculatier vf di. f tnien are made usint the standard disnersion protedures. - The dispercio.
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- .oJcl predicts the change in absolute humidity (nar, of water v:per ner unit
'/c l u e ) a s a result of the to wer 0Ffluent.
c-bicnt qaturation deficit,- qc=C of the oxciIf'sthis inc v~ent is ~. ore th'- the vis ible alu N will ic.n. m' u wre vill cendcnse .'. >
frc 2.1 n/n at -lGC to 17. 3 g/n a t + O'C, it iscontent Since the water varar of nturatad air varies i
n "isible plune is much qreater curine tae conditiat o f lu.7 t e- r era ture and ele:r that the potenti 1 for ni;h hunidity uhich typically o _ cur during winter c.m59 Tia ge reteo ologic:1 conuitiona also contribute ta the prcduction et naturat fcp.
L e i r,h t ". ofTynical 1,003 to results 3.000 f t,of cumulus cloud r-jel calculationc l give piume even for stable lanse ratas. Ceccuse of this high penetratien altitude, the calculated mbecquent lateral dinparcion of the plu ' rar_4 ret.ul ts in a .*isible pluma at an altitu.in loue r th2n the top of the ccoling teuer. The calculations predict that retcarological cona: tans of moderate windr,, ctable lapse ratca, and low saturatica dcficits favor toe become fog.gener: tion of visible plures which, if they reach the grcund,
- fne saturation deficit is the wator vapor content of s.turate! air minus
' he actual centent or (Us -W) c/n .
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i cloud rodel and cctual cbservatiens have rarely been published. !!o sle r /
i reports one onservation of plu .e penetratien to l00 f t at th Keystone l '
P1 in t , in caret =cnt with calculated oluna ac2nht based on nrnaaphfric soundings (tempe rature and ht lidit: casurenents vs. altitude) taken at
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i f j l b. Feo,ine 1 8 4 :
l ; The question of prcduction of fog by cooling tcuers is of parancu-
, interent, particularly with re,m.rd to po ssible ef f ects on nearby population h ',
] centers, roads and, in the case of the iMI Station, airports. Large natural drait towers have scme inherent advantages over smaller mechanical ~
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draft towers in this respect. A natural draft tower relenses a relatively l ', large diameter plume et a high altitude froa a ringle source, and the i resulting plume, having a low surf ace-to-vo ltr e ratio, maintains its I, buoycncy and upward travel (beccusa of a lower rate af nining and recultin.:
.j ; buoyancy loss due to turbulent interchange) to a higher altitude. The resui.
' f in that the plu=c frca a natural draf t tou r is able to penetrate ve ry stabl_
atmospheric conditicns (inveraions) and send plunes hundred; of naters into 3, the air cefore leveling off. The plume then travels dcunwind from the tower.
3 i t scnetires escillating vertically about the lateral directicn of motion, a n :.
- } because of its height, touches the ground inirecuently. This behavior is in r
i contrcs: to the f o rced-draf t towers, which typically release plurcs at loucr t elevctions 'eith higher velocities . This leads to turbulente cnd cixinn at t
, s j ics altitudes sa that plunes often contact the prcuni. 'ic31e 7r rivac the
, only reported instance where the piu e frca a natural drat coolin. tcwor ec '
.seen returnin; to the cround.
t j U s in a, the cumulus cloud rodel, the Applicant h as calcul2ted tL potential fogginr; ef f ects at near'cy ifarrisburg Internaticnal Air-crt frrn
, _ cooling tcwer cperation to be 29 hours3.356481e-4 days <br />0.00806 hours <br />4.794974e-5 weeks <br />1.10345e-5 months <br /> per year for the cperatic: of cne un :
I and 39 hcurs for the operation of tuo units. Th2y further state that on cr-a 1 i given day the effects persist for 6 tc. 10 hourn. This yields to 3 days --
l , year wh2n there is fo;;ging potential for eperatica of cne t c .s .r, cr.J .',-o d
! per year for tuo towers. The atnosche ri- snunding data (rc3io:cade) uced ir j i, thece calculaticas una U.S. Weather Buraaa dat a f r. a Washinr, ten , D.C. (100
. l- ciles a eay) and Pit tsburgh (170 milcs away) . Later, the Arnlicante obtaine._
ctnospherie ;;ounding data at the Stt_. ion uith an instrumentcd lir,ht aircraf-
! { f or three 30-day pe riods , itarting October 1, 1969, Januarv 1, 1970, and
,. ". arch 15, 1970. Th< > scate that the results of calculations using the new
- at espheric data verify the earlier predictions of fo nin3 potential at ilart is b u r; Internatienal A.irport (29 and 30 hours3.472222e-4 days <br />0.00833 hours <br />4.960317e-5 weeks <br />1.1415e-5 months <br /> / year for the operaticn er I
cne and tuc units, respectively). This inpliec, that the atrm:pheric souni _
at the Station were not greatly different f ro those at P ii. t s b u rg h and
. Washington, D.C. The Applicant, alca ciate thnt the new calculation: ind i c n t ,a n t about half of thu 29. hourn are before sunrise.
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f i The Staff considers these estirates of cur:.ce f;. 3 n to be 1 concervative, since exnerience at operational croJ2n" tcuerc nhet that plu an rarely, if ever, reach the surf ac e. ' 7 ' U ' I C 'l l ' < ~'
then the plu 0 is lona enough t' reach the airport, the On those calc . inter dre-i usua:ly ca 300 to 520 feet above the runuav. ba.e of the plume vili t
{ is Scne indication of the 1 pact of the ccolin'; teuers near the Stati:
i givenBiernan, Plant. by the c.bservations et al.Il of plure Ica;;th and f requency at the Keystene
' report re:ults of a study at Ec' stone bascd on cbccrvationa July 1969. of the cooling tc er plumes for a 6-conth period, February throt:n
- During this study, which included 144 ir=~*vidual observations, photographs of the towers were taken daily to explore the general c'ar cter-istics of the plunes. The results showed that 31% of the time the plume 3
evaporated to invisibility in the acrosphere; : st of the remainia:' tire tt was absorbed in the overcast.
{ where it evaporated to invisibility The (SIT) breakdown was as of follcws:
the cbservations in the cases a)
I Pluce length less than five tower h2irhts (1,625 ft) - S 77';
4 h) Plune leng,th fite te fif tcen tower hei:; hts - 10'!,
c) t Plu a length greater than fif teen tower heif.ts (> 1 mile) -- 37.
. only one of the thra2 uinter renthc, ehen Ion:; pit.re fo=ation is --
i li::ely, conths vare include 1 in the curvey. Ecuever, if it can be acnu ec that .h e of Dem0er the percentagm aac January are no worse than ret rua/ nnd .rch, then conservative. ',iven, en a yearly basia , uculd preau Oly still be "alid er Both the Levstene Plant and the Station are in geographic regions classified es having hi:.h fo ning potential.I3 [ A rer,ica of hir,h fe;; gin';
po tential is defined in the study as one in which hearf fc ; is obse:,eed over 45 days / year, the eminum eining deptha are icw (400 to 600 reters) f ro a October 20 to 30~}. throu:S March, and the #requency of Inv-level inversions is at least The topography of the tiro cites is sinilar; both are casentially wide valleys witn hills about 200 ft. hip). on either sida (but still well below the tc, o f the coolin); towers). Therefore, it is not unreasent'.ble to expect that plume chservations at
! results at the Station. AccordingKeystrae uculd be useful in predicting to the Biernan study, tact of the time (707:)
the plu e would be well within the confinca of the rivcr bad s and
- shadows would not be cast on the surroundin', land. Approyi atelv 10< of the time, or 36 days per : rear, when the plt.re evaporaten to invisibility, the ople nlyes would sevan cxtend crer the land, but th:y ticuld he Icscr than ene nile on days.
Of the total frequenc'/ of disapparance inta tae overcast (16.3%) "1ven Th of the tine.
in.'sthe ntudy, the plunes were greater than 1,625 f t lo nr, 8 7 *'
6ves an incidence of l'G or ';2 days / year under overcast conditions when the plu es will extend beyond the river to th e land. Since t
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, the skies are alread/ cvercast there would probabl/ be no additional shadow l produced b/ the plumes under these cirtur.staneca. The tetal nufaer of dava j uhen the clune length would be longer than one cile wculd be about la days ;
7 each under cvercact conditions and evaporation to invisibility.
l The a nospheric :onditiona tending t. produce icng cooling tower i . - .
g plumes are the same as t.noce ravaring t.ne tornation of natura,. tog and i clouds. In f.eneral, however, because of their heignt, the tovera release heat and vapor above the surf ace inversion which contributes to fog, and the ple es tend to rise above fog. Consequently, the tes t probable effect l at the Station from the cooling towers is scte enhancement of natural fog
! at come distance from the plant, particularly during the winter conths uhen the atmospheric saturation deficit ic ' ew . The cnaller forced-draf t cooling towers at the Station en the other hand, will produce come local fog since their plunes do not hava the capa-ility for penetrating to high altitudes.
They are r.ct expected to have an effect enccot at the Station itself, since the nearest lond areau thich cculd be affected are 2,000 ft away, and the heat load on chese towers is vurf low.
- c. Preci-fration Operating c::re cience 'rith ~'.turo. s -draf t cooling towers indicates nn ceasureable enhancement of precipitation att. Lbutable to the c;eration of th e towers. A study by IIT R2;earch Institrt 16 shewed a nenative correlation between rair f ell measured at a nunacr of ceas ring s tacions uithin ^3 niles 0: th e cvstone Plant af ter the .s tart c f towe operatioc Ircre2nts in hunidity at uoper altitude levels beyend the s sible plume have oeen -ca ,1 red virh aircraf t, but increases in humidit' at th surf:ce have not been deteef cJ.
- d. P-!!* and c-1.t Fallout n._shough cost of the vt te.' leaving the ccolin-4 tower 1" aves as vacor (evaporation accounts for 60-701 c f the cooling ef t -t) a crall perc en tar;c of the cater circulated is carriel out of the tower s entrained drenlets.
In the more recent cooling tower designc, by che insta 14 tion of drift ellainatorc (baff!cs above the cooling tewer filt) th a , n :b re a k:_ around the fill, manufacturers claim that drif t has been reduced to - 03E or lems of the water circulated. Drift values aa lc7 cs 0.005Z have Leen
- cured in operational cooling towers. Thus, the /,pplicants ' stated drirs . ate (0.03 :) is Conservative.
.i t the Station the cooling tcwer basin is operat"d with cufficient blowdown to naintain a dissolyrd salt concen* ntion of five tiaea the normal ris3r water cenecatration. Water containin: these dissolved calta i<, carried cut as drift and produces some salt falleut from the pluce as tF.e uatar creplets evaporate. Using conservat tve values for the river vater of 100 pm?
of sulfute, 300 cpn of carbonate and 20 pp, or cbloride, casumin, a five co : .'
concen. cation in the cooling tower bacin nd 0.03; drif t, the etatf obtains a n ~n
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V-9 total salt fallout with both units opercting of approxicately 1.2 x 10 0 lbs/yr.
Ihking the pessinistic assumption that all of thic ia deposited evenly within a one-mile radiua of the Station, total calt !aliout would be about 6C0 lbs/acrc-It is cbrerved that , under most cenditicas, the drift partic!cs evaporate completely before f alling to the surface and that their salt ic disperced over a very large area befera being swept from the attoaphere by rain or snow. Calculations of salt deposition from a salt water cooline tower shcw that there should be no significant problem at the Station.17,13 Discussions with personnel at the Paradise and Keystone Plants, both of which use rivar water for ccoling tcwer naheup, indicate that there has teen no noticeable salt fallout. It is concluded that the quantitics likely to be deposited from the plumes at the Station would be undetectable visually.
~
- 4. Airrert Use In theAirport Inte rnatienal follcwin;
, 3discussion, only the irpact on the Harrisburg rdlea away, is considered since the Harrisburg-York Airpcrt, 8 milco distant, in f ar enough no that it it estantially imaf fected by the precence of the Station. While cccling tcwar plucca could occenionally extend aloft as far an thic airpcrt, it la ucil beyond the distance where ground effects frca ecoling tcwera have been observed.
a.
Interferance with Airnert Traf fi c Pat tarns The S ntica an airport tratfic area. is well within the normal 5-nile radius which dai_cas For light planes operating undar VIP. (Vicual Tlight nulen) conditiens, the airport craffic pattern is normally CCO ft. above the surface. Thus the presence of the tcwers thenselvas does not constitute ca inconvenience to air navigati be 400 ft. above the top of L: since VFR aircraft in the traific arar vould Houever,- the plume rise wculd .ero uhen approachine or departing the airport.
and aircraft ~
ally be higher than 600 ft. above the surface, the plu=c. approaching tren or departing to the south wculd have to fly arouns Since the teuerc are 2 miles south of the airport and the pltre is likely ta be less than 1 mile long most of the tira, it dcca not appear that this would cause any particular problem to VFR traffic.
The position of the Station relative to the airport in well cut of the existing instrument apprcach corridora as indicated by the fellouin; description of the International Airport: current ins t rueent approach procedures at the Harrisburg 1.
R:nunv 1,3 (the southeast runway) fu a full Inutrement Landing System runway (i.e. , has electrenic 3]ide slope equipment).
The app cach ninima applyin ; to large jet aircraft are a decisica height of 900 f t ::SL (about 6C0 feet above the surrounding terrain) and e vicibility cf 1 mile. /.i rc ra f t using thic instrument approach would not come near the Statica during tha upproach and the point of closes ( appro a_ch to the Station would be upon landing at theairphrd. '~#
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- 2. punway 31 (the ncrthwest runway) is a localiser approach only (back cource) without electronic glide slepe information:
however, the approach procedure stipulates that radar contact is requircd. The instrument minica for heavy jet aircraft are a miniat.n descent altitude of Gf;0 f t JSL (about M0 f t above the surrounding t errain) and a visibility of 1-1/4 miles. The flight path of aircraf t using this approach would be appror.imately 1.5 miles north of th2 citc; however, the mininum descent altitude for the approach (the altitude below which aircraf t are not pennitted to go until visual sighting of the airport occurs) is 200 f t above the height of the ecoling towers, which are at 670 f t !SL.
- b. Fffects on Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) O erations The Applicants have calculated a probable fogging incidence of 39 hr/yr attributable to the operstion of the Statica coeling towers. Cased en the cooling tower operating experience cited above, this is probably conservative. It is dif ficult to assess the inpact of thir on IFR cperaticns at the airport in terns of delays that night be cnused. On overcast days the plumes tend to mergt into the overcast and, therefore, the effect at the airport en days with a low ceiling night be a slight lowering of the ceilin; and/or slight reduction in visibility. Thus, the airport conditions would have to ce borderline for the instru=ent approach ninima in order for the cooling tcwars to affect the sicuation enough to prevant instrurent approaches and deparcurcs. Since, at cost airports, the number of days chen conditions are c::actly at instru= cat ninina is relatively small, the irpact is not enpected to be large.
B. IUpACT 0:7 RIVT1 '?ATD UMCE All of the water used at the Station . arn from the Susquehanna River.
- 1. Uater Consumption There is a ne* caxinua concurption of river water by the Station of 20,S00 gpa due to et - ration fren the four natural draft and the tuo forced draft coeling towers. :his amounts to 2.7', of the minimun river flow of 1,700 cfs (765,000 gpm) and 0.237. of the nean river flow of 20,000 cis.
Rcroval of vater at this rate is not expected to h,vc a significant ef fect on the water balance of the Susquchanna River in the vicinity of the Station since this is ' trail perturbation ot the normal seasonal variation of the river flow ction II.E.).
- 2. Ther a_ D5 ch,rces ihere is a noninal flew of 36.000 gallons pei ninute of cooline 'ater returned to the river when both Units 1 and 2 are operatina. Nomally this effluent is cooled to river ambient temperature by the forced draf t ecoling
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V-ll tcwers.
During winter operation, however, the ef fluent will average 3*F warner than the river (see Section IIl-D), resulting in a heat load of 900,000 LTU/miante.
This gives a tixed mean tezuerature increase for the cininum river flow conditien (1,700 cfs) of 0.28*F and for the nean ilow condition (20,000 efs) of 0.024"F.
Under unusual weather conditions, irmediately after reactor shutdcwr the ef fluent could be am much as 19'F :o"e river an31 cat for veral hours. This could Icad to an increase of approximately 1*F in ti.e mixec river temperature at minicus flow conditions fer a period of a few hours.
In view shutdowns, reactor of the smallandaverage :e:perature since the heat increcses and relative infrequency of winter, the staff cencludes that the thernal load will be added to the river during the discharges of the Station to the Susquehanna River will have a negligibic ef fect in terns of the present use of the river for recreation, tunicipal water supplies, etc. The Comnanwealth of Pennsylvania water quality criteria for this section of the Susquehanna River are given in Table 10.
The staf f concurs thct these criteria should result in ninical impact on the environment.
- 3. Chemical Effluents As discussed in Section III, the major chenical wastes discharged fro the Jtation (exclusive of liquid radioactive erastes and treated sewage) are:
(1) Sediun sulfate from the demineralicer and condensate polisher regeneratica steps, (2) Sulfuric acid added to the cooling tmJer condenser circuit fo r pH centrol (discharged as soluble sulfates),
(3) cooling Csacentrated dissolved tower bicudcun unter,solids and from normal river water in the (4)
Residual chlorina resulting frca chlorine injecticns to the cooling tower-condenser circuit the growth of biological clites.and the Statica service water to prevent Table 9 gives the total quantities of thcae chcaicals released to the Suse,uehanna River annually and the concentrations in the Station cooling water ef fluent during discharge. Table 11 prescnts a su= ary of the total concentracions in the ccoling water ef fluent and the resulting well nixed concentrations in the Susquehanna River for both the nor .a1 (20,003 cfs) and lcwsolids solved ficu (1,700 in the cfs) conditions. is shown, the total incretental dis-river flew conditions , river are S.4 ng/l and 0.7 =;;/1 for the low and norcal respectively. This condition would pre; il for the 152 fraction of time during which denincralizer er discharged. At polisher aastes are being res pe ct ively. other tires the concentrations decrease to G.3 r;/1 cad 0.3 r3/1, Ccasidering that these concentratiens will be -diluted sli ;htly t above the natural levels of dissolved solids in the river, we to values conclude that tha salt addition would not change the suitability of the Susquehanna Riser for the uses for which it is presently ceployed.
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00081
V-12 f
Tabic 10. L'ater Quality Criteria for the Suscuchanna River -
Juniata River to Obe Pennsylvania-Maryland State Line item Criteria pH Not less titan 6.0 and not more than 8.5.
Dissolved Cxygen !!inic'. 4 daily average 5.0 mg/1; no value less ti.un 4.0 mg/l in the epilinnion.
Iron T;tal iron not core than 1.5 =g/1. -
Temperature t! 't o:.e than 5'F rit a abov a ambient t<* rature or a c'xiava of 87*F, which-es . As Ices; not to be changed by more aan 2 F in any one hcur peried.
Dissolved Solice Not core than 500 ag/l as a nonthly average value; not more than 750 cg/l at any time, c^ /,
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V-13 The Pennsylvcnia Water Quality Criteria for this portien of the Susquehanna niver (Table 9) give a specification for total dinsolved rolida but not f or culfate per ce.
Ecth the conthly average value of 500 =g/l and the cenicum value of 750%/1 specified for tctc1 dianolved solida cre abc';e the avarcge and manicum values of 373 :::/l (138 natural river wcter
+135 incterental) cnd 417 ng/1-(233 natural river water A 179 increcental)
In the Station efflucut.x Chlorine is added to the service ucter and ccoling tower condenser circult water to prevent circuits. the buildup of biological slices in the cooling The total quantitics of chlorine added are given in Tcble 9.
As indicated, the chlorination systems will be opercted intermittently for several 15 ninute periods per day, and the Applicants indicate that these additions vill result in a total residual chlorine in the effluent cooling water stream of 0.3 ppm or less. Normally, the residual chlorine reacts with other caterials (chlorine decand) in the water, and persists for a relatively short period of time.
While this level of ch1crine is not detrirental to the usc of the river water for the variety of he=an activitics for which it is now empicyed, the i= pact on the biota of the river may be significant (see Section V-C).
The sewage treattent plant uhich is being constructed is a terticry trectccat area. actiented sludge cysten and la the caly kncun tertiary plant in the This denand (E03). plcat has the capability of removing 93% of the biological oxygen This is further raduced by the addition of e.cdirc hypochlorite up to S ppm with a stated residual chlorine centent of 1 ppa in the effluent.
!s in the ecse of the other wastes, the treated sewage is cined vith the cooling ucter prior to diccharge to the river, and this results in a minitun 1000-fold dilatica (for 5,000 apa cooling water flew) prior to reaching the rivar.
Under the minirum riser ficw conditicas, further dilution by a factor of 150 is obtained upen cceplete nixing.
cooling water erfluent Under noninal ficw conditions for would be obtained. and the river, a further dilutien factor of nhout 15 input phosphate ion, resulting in cn effluentThe tertiary stage of the process will renov ion. In su==ary, it cppears that contcining 6 ppa of phosphate the crall cuantity of cceated sewage which the river.Station will return to the river vill prcduce a negligible inpact It is expected that on the thera will be no effect on surrounding ground-watcr due to discharges from the Station to the Susquehanna River. This is because groundwater levsls are higher en either shore of the river with hydraulic gradients sicping tcward the river. In order for groundwater to envc frcaon gradient TM1 the to the ruinland it would be necessary to reverac the hydraulic cainlcnd.
See Appendix B for Susquehanna River Water Quality Data at TMI.
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Table 11. Straary of Average Incremental Concent rations of Dir,?.olved Salts in the Susquehanna River Due ta Gaeration of the Station Cancentrations (rg/1) l' ell Mixed in River In Cooling Water !!in t nua Normal Continuous DI:: charges I:f t luent River Floi River Plou Sulf ates due to 2li SO4 "JdI'I "" ' " II"S tower circuit (as 50 ) 28 1.3 0.1 Concentrated river dissolved calts in cooling tower bleudoun 107 5 0.4 Sub-total 135 6.3 0.5 h
e Additional Interraittent Discharges Unit 2 condensate polisher
- So, 30 1.4 0.13
.+
so 14 07 0.07
- Ih r ._) Total 179 8.4 0.7 r-)
CD
- There are additional intermittent di s cha r;,e s f ro:n tha unit 1 and 2 vater treatment demineralizers; however, since the concentraticus are lens and the Applicants have indicated that only one batch of vaste vill Le 1 ' cased at a time, tim nnulm,in valurr, occtir during the .lischarge of the condensat e C polishe r uan t es .
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V-15 C. ECOLCCICAL I" PACT
- 1. Terrestrial Ecesvsten The plant con: unity ca the island is not unique. It is less than 30 years old and recechles many others in the regica, so its renoval or disturbcnce by constructicn of the Statica has not destroyed anything of remarkabin econoric, aesthetic, or educational valua.
The proposed conversion of the plant co== unity into a recreation area with carina, playing fields, roads, parking areas, confort stations, etc., and the accocpanying people, could have a greater effect on the ecosystte than constructicn or operation of the Station. The impact of Station operation on the terrestrial ecosystem will not be ascertainable fron stuuics en Three Mile Island it; elf because the proposed recreation area will itself cause extensive alteration of the natural vegetatien resulting in what appears to be 19 a tree /teadow park development. For this reason, the suggested tonitoring progra= should be located in the nearest possible forested area such as on one of the adjacent islands owned by the Applicant.
- a. Coolin' Tower Ienacts The ph; sical size and precence of the tcwerc hav2 been cf scre concern as a poccible source of harm to cigrating birds. Ecwaver, in the two years since two cf the towers have benn built, no bird fatalities ha;2 been noted. Tcuer collicienc have nost of ten occurred during cicratica in association uith a cc:plen of cateorological conditions leading to lcw over-cast, fog, and greatly reduced visibility The greatest nortalities have occurred at night at lighted tewers, brig 4tly lit buildinga (e.g.. fcrearly at the E pire State Building), and airport celleneters. One report 25 indicates that red navigation lights cay cause confusion among tigrating birds resulting in impact under conditions of poor visibility. Because thin type of nighttire lighting is uced on the cooling towers at TMI, the Applicants chould nonitor the base of the coeling towers during periods of peak nigration under ccnditions of limited viaibility to assess this i= pact.
the attosphere During operation of the cooling towera, coicture is diccharged into c
Since drift is essentL.117 equivalent to spraying five-fold concentrated river water over the currounding countryside, it is ccasidered in asse: sing impacts because:
- 1. High centent of dissolved solids in the water tends to increace the osnotic pressure of the soil solution, thereby rendering water less available for plant greuth.
2.
The water cay contain element-s that are tonic to plants at certain concentrations.
- 3. Tha water =ay centain certain ele: cats that 1: pair soil quality, directly or indircctly (pollutants).
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V-16 Studies of natural salt f alleut have been based on fallout frca sea unter and the cpplicaticn of salt to roads for snow talting.
Highway salting research has shewn that applications of 500 to 1,0001ha./acrc/ycar can be detriccatal to vegetatica, depending on ccaditiens of leaching. Ia Cennecticut, leaching removes salt applied at the rate of 1000 lbs./ acre / year by April 1.11 Such cc:parisons are sorewhat misleading, however, because highway epplicatien is concentrated in a several conth pericd while drift occurs at a lcw rate over a lenger period. Moreover, the chemical coupositica of the tuo differs, with highway salt consisting costly of chloridas.
At the Station, with 0.037. drift, and with on extremely consarvative ascu=ption of f allout over cn area within a one-mile radius of the Statica, about 270 lbs./ccre/ year of sulfate ..nd' 54 lbs./ acre / year of chloride from a total salt fallout of 600 lbs./ acre / year would be c::pected to fall. Much of this would fall into the river. Actually, the value would be less because dispercal is over a greater area. Nearby f ar:s could be affected. Ucwever, because of the buffering capacity of the soil, it is unlikely that soil pH would be af fected by the sulfate.
Tchle 12 indicat 3 total anion descsition on area coils using extrc=ely conservative calculations. More realistic bet less conservative assunptiens would result in an increcent frca drift, ceteral orders of sgnitude lower. Even using thece conservative estinatea, the total increment frc all courcea is still well within accepted linits of no dan;ga to vegetation, es ic denenstrated in the last colu=n of tha tcble. Lihtuice copper additien to tha soil teill only be 1.03 lbs./ccre ever a 50-year perici. This is less than 0.003 Spa uaen dissolved by precipitation, cc ,ared with c curennold irrigation wster concentration 20 of 0.1 ppn.
The chove cited concentraticas should not cause dc= age to area soils or crops. "evertheless, the Applicant should tonitor both crop and natural vegetation for dcnage from salt drif t in order to confirn the staff's appraisal.
- 2. Acuatic Econvnten A =ajor concern of fi . 2rntn and fisheries cpecialista is the effect the water intake may have on fich, The design of the acraened intake (Sect. 11I-D) is expceted to minicize fish entraincent because of the low velocity (0.2 f t/sec) of the water entering the intake. All but th<. erallest fish should be able to avoid being trapped by the inflow. However, since there is more than a 30 fact distance froa the intake orifice to the trach rack, a scall number of fi. h : r.y enter the structure cnd be unchle to find their uay out. Monitoring caould investigate this ef fect. The ski ==cr wall, desigacd to prevent the entrance of caterial floating near the water surface, may be of soma value in reducing the intake of floating eggs, larval fish, or other organisms f avoring the unter near the surfcce of the streca as a habitat.
Hewever, predominant species in the fishery from which the coolinh vater is drawn (and to which it is returned) Icy eggs in sheltered botton arens.
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Table 12. Estinated Ibnitu: Yearly Mion Increments to Soil r. ear Statica *
':2.nmal Conc. for Incre ent D .:e Irrigaticn .later
!!aturally Occurring n
to Decoret/ating Anton in Rainwater-- Coolina Tcuers Dar neig
,Tp ral 5 0 ,, 2.37 (upper value) 31 35 192 C1 0.30 (upper value) 7 8 62 (all figures ppe) nas r,unin: all drif deposited within one elle rcdius, cad dis.:;cived in nornal year's precipitation.
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I The plankton, small fish, and other small floating or swiming organir
{ that enter the cooling systen circuits vill be killed by the sodiue hypochlorr added to the water of the cooling system. Since less that 12 of the river's
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i ficw passes through the Station under averau. ' lev conditirns, and even under record lew flow conditions, only cbout I; af the river's fleu would be usw ,
! plankton loss of the sa=c relative prcportion can be cxpected. 'ince che coac l organista are returned to the river, they can still be used as atrients for t fish production. It seems unlikely thnt this will significcntly affect the
]i f fish population. The Applicants' conitoring progran should qucatify the effect; j
l of such entrainment.
}} Under normal operating conditions, the discharge will be in the 2-3*F range over arabient and will ucet the caximum temperature criterion of the -
I commonwealth of Pennsylvania set forth in Table 9. The best information available, because it is based on a similar species complex froa a nearby l geographical area, wcs performed in the Delaware Rivar.22 Enanination of thes:
data suggest that there should be no cortality associated with Station opera-1 l tion due to high temperature effects, at least for the species tested. In
} ! local areas of the water where there is a prolonged tecperature shif t, even j l if cnly of a fer degrees, there cay be a shift in conparative abundance of 1
!. species, with perhaps some species near the linit of their preferenden dis-f { appearing.23 This effect, however, vill only be local and rinimal because of g l the stall thernal increment, and because of the small size of the thernal plu 2.
relative to the : eer area. However, in light of the pcstulcted presence or i-toxins in the vater 33 as rentioned in II-F-2, if these tonins are affecting the fish population, it appars likely that incrcased envirenantal terperaturn:
, will augnent their impac t. '
4 i
, , Data from the Delaware RiverU lead one to expect that the cifects of i
heated discharge en benthic organists will be miniral and local. There cay b:
l chcn ;e in the periphyton cc : unity towaru blue green algae and dictcms of the l family Fragillariaceae with, cace again, no wide ranging consecuences. Thes.c l '
changes will only occur if the discharge pltrue tc sches bottom fcr an extended 1 period.
i ,-
}n , The Applicants have provided inforcatica concerning a set of unusual ciretretantes which will result in a temperature differential of up to 19 F
}
l in winter (Sec tion III-D) . k"aile specific infornatien to make a definitive i
' prediction is lacking, data on 45*F acclirated fish cppear able to withstand tenperature increments of core than 20*F.22 It appears recsonabla tSct fish I
seclimated to water ten or more de<>,rees colder thcn this cxperimental *.c=perc-ture would have a sirllar absolute dif ference between acclimatica and lethal
' temperatures. In any case, the tice to lethality is never leuc than 19.5 hourr which is ample ti=e not caly for the fish to leave the plume cnd return to their preferenda, but also for the Station to resume nornal operation. Other observers agree that rapid terperature changes of 20*F ccn generally be torern .
by wars water fishes so long as the upper lethal linit is not exceeded.d Die _
j fish, however, are somewhat susceptible to lethal ef fects under these conditic-Consequently, it is concluded that unusual operating conditicna will not har-healthy fish, but might result in the death of some which are already diseasec.
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- deleterious ef fects result from such unusual Statica operation, as deternined i
from the tenitoring prograc, corrective action shculd be taken. Sinilarly, corrective action should be taken to ninini:'e the effecta of winter snutdown.
The increment of tecperatura by the discharge over river atSicnt should not cause :ortality program duringit.
shculd detect shutdcun, but if nortality occurs, the tonitarin3 r
conths.22Probably sene fish 'till be attracted to the warmer discharge in all of condition.Such cencentration cay result in increased predntion, disease, anc; .
program. Such effects will be ascertainable from the fish tonitoring If the tonitoring progran indicates deleterious ef fects on the i
t fishe ry, corrective action should be taken.
t j
3 V.B.). The Major chemical wastes are sodium sulfate and residual chlorine (Sect.
[
sodium sulfate discharged would increase the sulfate in the river
! downstrean frc=
5 eg/l under lou flow the Station by about 0.4 eg/l during normal river ficw and up :.
conditions.
Normal varf ations in the sulfate centent of the water have been far greater than this. We do not have data en toler-ances of sunfish and catfish, but ninety-six hour toxicity limits for fathead tinnews are 13,500 pp= sodiu: sulfate in hard water and 9,000 ppa in ccf t
- water.24 A change fren 100 mg/l present in the river on the averat;e to 100.l.
or 105 mg/l does not appear significant.
The Applicants propese intercittent discharges of tetal residual chle-rine per day.
of 0.3 pp= or less, to be produced by chlorination of 15 nineten, 3-l. tin:-
This figure exceeds EPA rece endations 25 of "A.
_to exceed 30 .inutes per day and B. 0.05 pr.c not to exced 20.1 ppm not hours per da;."
This reco=.cndation is based upon an extensive re ;ie' ot the laterature ' :hi.:..
further nc tes: "However, there is a minical, as yet, indicate the possible necessity of Icuering tha inter-itteat arount of data that i
recc=endations." ccacentratica f
i l The Applicants, in their response to Agency cec ents, in part justify the residual chlorine release level ca literature values for tenic effects en aquatic organtscs.
tt cust be noted that the fact that one or rany crganists may net be singly af fected by a toxin does not preclude ecosystem datage becar_.
of toxic effects en other of its rerber . Moreover, the observatien has been made 27 t'
design. that much of the older literature is based upon inadequate enperinental The National Uater Quality Staff explicitly takes the point that:25 ~
! recc=endaticas less fire ground for duedi~
to continuous the scarcitytotal residual of data chlorine in f resh weer are on tonic cr
- ninutes to a few hourd of enposure". e f t ecta during a f ew Hewever,.they continue
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l V-20 pertinent data vere developed by the Michigan Water Resourecc Commission. Th ey observed erratic cui= ring by fish of several species in a power plant discharge canal within 6 minutes of the initiatica of chlorination by the plant. At this tice the total residual chierine was 0.09 (Truchen, 1971).26 After 15 uinutes there were dead fich at a total chlorine residual of 0.28 pra." Sone other adver; _
effects mentioned 27 at the levels predicted by the Applicants are gross reduction of fish species diversity and a redcetion of plankten photorynthesis.
The fact that saltonids will avoid a chlorine diccharge28 is sonatices offered as a justification of excess chlorine level in discharge on the basis that the fish will avoid potentially toxic situations. This argument is (nadequate because (1) Fish in the plume may be poiso...d at the onset of chlorination as centioned above, (2) The sensory responce of salconids hos ,
not been deconstrated in other fish, and (3) Even in the sal =onids, there are some toxic concentrations referred to as sencory traps which are attractive to the fish.
It is consequently anticipated that chlorination at the levels stated by the Applicants uay result in notable cortality of fish, as well as more subtle ef f ects such as changing the aquatic con = unity's compacition and productivity.
Accordingly, the staf f recorrends that chlorine Icvels be litited to 0.1 pra at the point of discharge in ordar tu meet the EPA water quality rccccmenda-tiena of 0.05 ppa (for diccharres up to 2 hours2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br /> per dev) for receivin; waterc.
If thic concentratica exceed 0.1 ppm the Appliennts should take all practical nx'sures to reduce it belew this value. Should these efforts fail, the Applicants chould deternine the extent of the cone in the river within which the total residual chlorine ccacentration enceedc the EPA recornended criteria.
The Environmental Technical Specifications uill define a ronitaring pregrac for chlorina to insura cenpliance with the staf f'n recontendations.
- 3. Biolocical Monitorine Precran
- a. Terrestrial The Applicants have not made preoperational terrestrial surveys which uill be tacful in assessing effecta of Station operation. Since no assessment of impact on the terrestrial ecosysten is possible in the absence of cuch study, the c:aff recem= ends that a study be initiated. A forested area typical of the rer,1cn cheuld be celected as close to the Station as pcssible, possibly on Shelley Isinnd if thic a , cars suitable. Th is recrn=endation does not steclude the use of a . re remote area to serve as a ccatrol.
O) )1 95A
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V-21
- b. Acuatic
/anual biological surveys of the Susquehanna Pdver in the vicinit; of Three 121c Island vera begun in 1967 for the applicants by Dr. Chc rles 3.
Uurtz. Philad31phia, Pennsylvania, a censulting biologist with nora than 20 yects c<.pariance in the study of effects of discharges on aquatic ecc;yntenn.
The Applicants period . have p12nned to continue there studies into the pcst-cparatienci "acroinvertebrate fauna (bottcm organisnc) are studied at a series of sc:pling stations entending frca above Threo ! Ele Island dcunctress tc the Caldecan Riffic. Water quality characteristic are also canitored at the sanc stations.
The variability in species diversity found frca year t) year during the pre-cparational periods coastitutes the pre-enisting tilieu in which interpretaticn of future effects of the Station cust be made. T1.is .
progrcn appears adequate and should be ccatinued.
In addition to the Wurte curvay, an expanded survey is being under-taken by Dr. G. Hoyt Ubipple of' the School of Public Health, Univer._ty of Inchigan, aided by personnel frca ;Illiersville State Teachers Cell ge.
The survey consists of the following:
1.
A fish population study to deternine populct_ n density, nenber of species, and ccnditien facters.
2.
A study of cacro and ticrcinvartebrate fauna in the water and sedinants to detcrnine c;npositica, relative abundante , and general distributica.
3.
An analysis of the arca for scac twenty chemica] el m at. (stable isotopen) in conjunction with the biological ph .ses of tha survcy.
The objectiva of the stable isotcpe study is as follous:
- a. To " cap" the area with racpect to the distributica of the elecents living in the water sediments, suspenaed material, and organi=:s.
- b. To develop a the area. r"_ tine sanpling progran that will represcr.t c.
To detertiae areas of hich and low inputa of thesa clenents and to the cencentration Three Mile Island. eradients in the e locales relctive d.
To deter =ine the ratios of cene of the eltaants in G'e cater, sediments and indicatcr crgani::as.
- e. To attept to correlate the data obtained in the arab.le iscttue study with the biological population data fren the the other phaser of this curvey.
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V-22 The Staff finds the Applicants' conitoring progran deficient in several respects, especially sa:pling station locations, frequency of data collectica and reportir.g, and cethodology of saepling and analysis. Full details of a final biological conitoring progran acceptable to the Staf f uill be specified
, in the Environnental rechnical Specifications.
If significant changes in the ecology of the river are cade at a future date, such as reintroduction of the shad or major changes in eater chenistry, the Applicant should submit to the Staff an estinate of environ = ental impact of plant operations in the light of such changes, and propose a cource of action to minimize such icpact.
?. . Radiation Dose to Fpecies Other than !Sn .
Terrestria1 organiscs in the environs of the plant would receive approv.i-cately the same radiation doses as those calculated for man. Aquatic organis=3 living in water containing released radionuclides will also be expected to receive radiation doses. Using the bicaccumulatien factors given in Table 13, and assuming an additional dilution of 100 for the radioisotopes in the Susque-hanna River, fish and aquatic invertebrates will each receive about 5 trads/yr.
At this tira, no guidelines for radiation exposure to biota hava been established. Many investigaticas have been performed at higher dose rates thna the abcvc calculated values. hcuever, no organises have shown detectable no sensitivity to cadiation levels expected around the plant.
anus, it is concluded that no deccctable advarse effects are e::pected on biota as a recult of the radionuclide release from tha Three Mile Island site.
D. "ADTCi.0".ICA1, I?"'ACT OF ROUTI?:F OERATII"
- 1. Introduction In the operation of nuclear power reactors, radioactive caterial is produced by fission and by neutron-activ. tion reactions of netals m.d caterial in the reactor system. Small cecunts of ge scous and licuid radioacti;e vastes enter the waste streats which are tonitored and processed vithin tha plant to minimize -the amount of radioactive nuclides that will'ulticately be released.
The gaseous and liquid wastes will be released to the atmosphere and to the Susquehanna River, respectively, at low concenttations under carefully controlled conditions. The quantity of radioactivity that is released to the envire,-
ment will be a small fraction of the licita set forth in 10 G"7 Part 20 of the Ccnmission's negulaticas, and the amounts will be kept as low no practicable in accordance with 10 C7R Fart 50.36a. These regulatio,s apply to the cerainee teleases from all systens connected with both Units 1 and 2. The Staff has made calculatiens of the radiation dose using the estimated release rates of n ' /,
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V-23 TA3LE 13 3I0 ACCUMULATION TACTORS FOP. MDIO::UCLIDES 1" TRES!1 W.TER SPECI:3=
Eadionuclides Fish Inve r tch rates Eh 2,000 2,000 Sr 40 700 Y 100 1,000 Zr 100 .
1,000 Nb 30,000 100 Mo 100 100 Ru 100 2,000 Fh 100 2,000 Sb 40 15,000 Tc 400 150 I
1 25 Cs 1,000 1,000 En 10 200 Ce 100 1,000 Pr 100 1,000 Md 100 1,000 in ICO 1,000 Sn 100 1,0C0 11 1 '
~
Cr 200 2,000
'in 23 40,000 Fe 300 3,200 Co
.s00 1,503 di 40 100 Zn 1,000 40.000 Ag 3,000 3,000
' FC d.-50554, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, "Concer.tration Facters of Chemical ElementsW.
Michael in Pratt, EdibleDec.
Aquatic 30, Organists, 1968. Wm. H. Chapman,11. Leonard Fisher, n,7 f . 8 1
. 000 ti v u e
V-24 radienuclides listed in Tables 4, 5, 6 and 7 using stated assumptions relative to dilutica, biological r2 concentration in food chains, and use factors by people.
- 2. E,dicactive 'tatorie.ls '1cleased to the Atmar+e re The cost significant radiation dose to the public will recult free the radienuclides in the gaseous effluents f rom the plant. The radio-active caterials released to the at=osphere are principally the fissien-product noble gases, krypten and xenon. Nearly all of the dose received by pcraons living, working or using recreational f acilitics in the vicinity of the plant will result from radioactive krypten and xenon in the air sur-ro unding the individual. The postulated gaseous effluents fron the plant -
are listed 11 Tables 4 and 5. We have calculated the patential annual doses using averagea for meteorological conditions and assuming releases of the listed isotopea at a conctant rate.
During i orcal operation of the plant at full pos /, the ca:icua dcce rate due tc cloud ic=crcion at the plant's exclusica boundary on the river bank (1170 ft. ESE) where the X/Q = 9.1 x 10-6 sec/m 3 , is calculated to be about 0.72 crec/yr while the dose at the nearact co== unity (Goldsboro, 1-1 2 tilcs U) is less than 0.10 arer/yr. The annual dose (cucside) at the nearest nor.e (2340 ft. E, X/Q = 4.3 : 10-6 cec /n3 ) is esticated to be 0.38 trc=/yr. Hcwever, a nigher doce of 0.58 crem/yr uill be raccived at another here located 2460 ft. ESE, where a '.igher X/Q of 7.4 : 10-6 sec/n3 is calculated. Assuming an occupancy of 3 nonths annually, the total bcdy d>se to en ;ers at Scach Island (2030 ft. SU) and Shelley Isicnd (2000 ft. U),
Loth nor=211y uninhabited, would be about 0.52 tren/yr and 0.14 mrcm/yr ,
recrectively. The doce also based upon three uanths per year occupcacy, at the prcnosed recreational area at th2 southern end of Three Mile Island will range fron about 0.10 trc /yr at a point near Yerk Hcven Lan (3500 f t. S) to about 0.05 trea/yr at the couthern tip of the Icland (8500 f t. S). A ficher-can, pleasure boater or sunbather cho spends 500 heura per year just outs ide the exclusion line at tre nearest point on Shelley Icland uculd receive Lecs than 0.04 trea/yr due to gaseous effluents. Higher deses, of course, uculd be received by a fisherman, swir=2r, or beater who inadvertently violated the plant exclusion circle. For exatple, at a shore on Three Mile Island nearest the plant (inside the exclusion circle G30 f t. SU, where the X/Q is as hinh as 1.4 x 10-4 sec/m3 ), a fishernan or boater spending 500 hours0.00579 days <br />0.139 hours <br />8.267196e-4 weeks <br />1.9025e-4 months <br /> per year would receive about 0.63 trem/yr from gaseous effluents.
Based ca an annual release rate of 0.25 Ci/yr of iodine-131, the thyroid dose due to inhalation would be less than 1.1 crea/yr at the exclusion line (2170 ft. ESE), less than 0.9 cren/yr at the nearest here, 0.3 rcer/yr at the nearcct town (Goldsboro) and 0.7 cren/yr at the propesed recreation area (3500 ft. 5) .
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V-25 Radioactive grazing areas. iodine nay be ingested by milk cows after de?csition in Radiation drinking = ilk frce these ccus. exposure to the thyroid gland can result from grazing five tenths per year at A liter of silk censumed daily frca a cow tha nearest dairy farn (1-1/2 niles E3E, X/Q - 1.6 : 10-* cec /n3) would result in a calculated dose to an inicnt 's thyroid ofwill changes chout 19 crer/yr.
be required to Monitoring, insure that adninistrative causures and/or decinn the actual dose does not excaed 5 mrca/yr.
If in the future a cow is located c1cser to the plcnt than at present the Applicant result frc: will be required to evaluate the thyroid radiation doses likely to ecasumption of = ilk produced at the new location, cnd to ::ke whatever steps are necessary to ascure that these doses will be compatible with the then-exis ting licits for human expo;ure.
3.
Radioactive Materials neleased to Receivirn Uater During normal operation of the plant, the liquid radwas te ef fluent will bc cc bined with the forced draft cooling tower bicwdown before release into the Susquehanna River. Calculation of radiation doses f rc= radienuclides r?]
theseeased into the liquid radionuclides at effluent requires esti 2 ting the concentrations of gallons per ninute (80 cis) the point of discharge. A noninal ficu rate of 26,000 the liquid radwaste dilutien in the dischargefor the cooling tower blowd:wn was used a lcw of 1,GC0 cfs to a maninun flood level of 740,000TLe river flee rarges frer canal.
annual flow of 34,000 cfa. Thus, un additienal facter of 100vith cfc an cverc;;c was censervatisely assu=ed in order to estimate the ef fluent dilutien after cixins with the river uater.
The principal pathways leading to expcaure descs to u:n are drinkine, water frcn the river, consuning fich end invertebrates caught in the river, and svimming, f ctors boatin;, and picniching in er on the ahore of the river. Sicactutulation ir Table li. to calculate doses frc; fish and invertchrate cenrumpti;n ::a liated used The deses to individucls reuulting f rca the prr.viously tentioned pathways are calculated using the es tinated annual nuclide lic.uid releases rJven in Tabic 6 cnd dilutien factor described above. In addition, it uns assuned that pc:
each parson drinks 1,200 cc of water per dcy, consunas 20 grens of fish day, 5 grcna of inver chra tes per day, swims 100 hours0.00116 days <br />0.0278 hours <br />1.653439e-4 weeks <br />3.805e-5 months <br /> per year, and goos beating and picnicking on the shoreline for 5C0 hcurs pcr year. A delay cf tuenty-fcur hours is assuaad between release cad concur? tion. "o delay factor is cc:ul da red f or recreational use.
tions are summarized in Tacle 14. The results of the individual dose calcula-4
_P_c_dioactive Materials Scored en Site The dose contribution at and beycad the cite Scundary due t o radiocctive stcrage area; en cite is c::pected to be negligible.
- 5. Population Doses Frca A12 Sourcea based u- Values cf the cumulative dose to the population fron gaseous ef fluunts 19 70 census figures are listed in Table 15 for various distnnees f rom tbt Station. The combined dose to all individuals living within fifty miles of the Station (1,868,000) f rom exposure to radicactive gaseous effluents is n.O MD o r-l -] i suvad
V-26 TlaLE 14 AIP.PdAL DOSES AT EOUILIBRItI CC::DITIO!!S TO I:"D1VIDUALS AT VARICUC 1.oCATICUS DOSF CRE'!/YR)
LOCATIO" P ' flE?AY CI Tru\CT Y. "113 TOT /l. CODY E::clusica Boundary Cicud -
1.1 0.72-(2170' ESE)
Kesidencel Cloud -
0.62 0.38 (2340' E) .
Residencel Cloud -
0.83 0.58 (2460' ESE)
Coldsboro Cloud --
0.15 0.10 (ncarest toin 1.5 niles W)
Three !!ile Island Cloud -
0.15 0.10 Recreation Area 2 (3500' S)
Shelley Icicad Clou --
0.21 0.14 (2000 ' '!)
Dairr Farn' Cleud, Ingestion - 13.5 0.13 (1.3 tiles E) of allk Susquchanna River Drinking 0.009 0.50 0.025 water Fish 0.010 0.010 0.14 Conr u.Tp t io n Invertebrate 0.003 0.050 0.034 Consunption Swi==in;; - -
0.0001 Picniching and - -
0.041 ~
fi;hinr, on choreline
,'So chielding was accened.
'jDcne calculation assures an occupancy of 3 conths per year.
3 Dose to a child's thyroid beced on consurin:; one liter of m?.lk daily f ren a ecv grazing five =catha per year at that particular farn.
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V- 27 TABLE 15 CU'!ULATIVE ETNUAL POPULATIO'T E03F M:D AVEP1.GE DOSE FF.0'i CAST.0US ETFLUENTS TO TIIE P0FULATIO:i UP TO 53 '!ILES FROM Tile STATI0 i Average Cuculative Cu=ulative
_ Radius Pooulatione Ir.dividual Dase Pec;e (tiles) (cnn-rea/>r) (rrca/yr) 1 580 0.050 0.036 2 2,350 0.12 0.049 3 9,000 0.23 0.025 4 17,300 0.29 0.017 5 24,500 0.34 0.014 10 136,400 0.76 0.0056 20 621,300 1.43 0.0023 30 995,203 1,79 0.0013 40 1,235,000 1.85 0.0015 50 1,S63,000 2.05 0.0011
- Onerating Based on Licence 1910 Census Stage.Data given in Three Mile Island Environ ental Report ,
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V-28 esticated to bc 2.1 man-re: per year. It was assu=ed that 5 percent of thfa total population would be exposed while fiching, boating or picnicking in the i:rediate vicinity of the plant.
The dose fres ingesting fich and invertebraces was estimated by r^3uming that 10 percent of the tocal population within a fifty nile radiua of the Station cbtained 25 percent ot this intake frc= the Susquchanna River. Thus, the ef fective exposed population via thic pathway is 47,CCO.
The combincd annual populaticn dose via the drinking water, fish, inverte-brate, recreatica and transportatier (of nuclear fuel and solid radioactive uaste) pathwayc is calcalated to be 31 =an-ren.
The population dose fro: all of the above pathways is su==arized in Tabic 16,
- 6. p.a di olc ai c al Envfrnntental Monitoring The Applicants' proposed tediolcgical nonitoriu program is based on consideration of potential radiation sourcea frca the Statica and potential codes of radicactivc mater!'l tranuport in air, water and feod. The environ-rental radiation conitoring progras is divided into three preparatory pnasas followed by an cperational phcce. The crogram ia deceribeu in detail ir pages 5.5-6 throuzh 5.5-10 of the Apolicants' 1971 Environcental . nort (operating licenr.e sta; e) . The tent. t t ivo sc'tedule for postoperational environmental tonitoring as listed in Tatie 17.
'? ensure =ents are being c.<du of the ratios of stab!c eier'nt conctntra-ticaa in river iluh co--nat:c to river water :o de cr :ine bielc~,ic;i conce.mt ra-tioa f cctors in the ' tater-tish-nan p ith.iay. Stedi 9 have been c:id.' f or tne uelectica of cc alin; statica locations and the type at m. r l ea t o b e t a'< c a .
In addition, sccitent, tit.h, soil, vegetation, airborne dust, afrhorne icaine precipitation, and external radiatica will be naasured as indicntcd in Table 15.
Two terrentrial pathwrfs are under consideraticn. They involve the air-pasture-cc t-nilk-child pathway and the river-irrigntion-crep-auran pathsay f or
- h e liquid radioactive wasteu.
The Cennonwaalth of Pcansylvania is also conducting an envicen.1 ental renitorin z proerac, under partial /ZC aponsorship. at three plant s i t o.t :
Three-lile Island, Santca, and reach Bottc=. This progran is cu narized in Tchle 1S.
- 7. 1"al"ati m of Radic1 mical Trpact C;ine conservati .a ;timates , the anmial total nan-r:: dose fr: all path oyn recesved b/ the approxinately 1,06S,000 roc,lu who live within a fi f ty-uile rc lius of the plant would be nbout 21 mn-rem. Ly ccr)aricca, an araual total of nbout 233,023 man-rea to the same pegulation reruita f ron an nnnual avern te natural backgroune dose of 0.125 re: in the Cormanwealth of Pennsylvania.
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V-29 TAELE 16 A'r:UAL DOSE TO TIT GENEP.AL 20PUL\ TION FCOM D2 GPEPATION OF TIE IFIEE MILE IStit"D FLAST E::poc ed Cuculative Pathvav Ponulation Do7e (can-re /yr)
Cloud I:=crsion 1,868,000 2.1 Drinking Water 200,000 5.0 Ingestion of Fish 47,000 6.6 Inges tion of Invertebrates 47,000 1.6 Recre ation:
Swit.r:ing 93,000 >0.1 Fishing and Picnicking 93,000 3.8 Trenzportation of Nuclear Fuel
.:.d Solic! nadioactive Wac te 400,000 12.0 TOTAL %31
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C-13 C-4 C-1 Clacs or Snail 3* 2 1 G-13 G -13 G-4 riah 1 1 G-13 G-13 G-4 Aquatic Plants
- 2 1 G-13 G-1; G-4
! Kev: C-1 (C-4, C-13): Collect conti .uausly f or 1 week (4 weeks ,
13 weeks) and analf e.
I c-4: Film hade,e er TID e:: posed for 4 weeks and read.
I i-C-1 (G-4) : Grab sa:ple taken at 1-week (4-week) intervals l' and analyzed.
i; jj P-4 (P-13): Undervater gce=a scintillation scan at 4-aeek i
(13-veek) interval.
G-13: A grab sample taken 3 times a year (spring, st mer, cc:
fall) at approniuately 13 .<eek intervals and analytec.
-
- Still under investigation.
- Types of crops and related anpropricto canp'ine' times '-
be determined curing phares 2 and 3 of the progran.
ll t Frc:a TMI E.R.1971.
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l V-32 Operation of the plant will centribute only an entreccly n=all incre-cent of the radiation dose that persens living in the area nor= ally receive froa natural backgrcund radiation. Norcal fluctuation of the natural back-prcund dose is enpected to eneced the c:all doue increrent cent:ibuted by tc; lant. Thus, the incrce:ntal increase vill be dif ficult if not impossibic L:
casure and will constitute no caaningful rich.
E. Tn'Mp0"TATIO" 0F TJCIIAR FUEL M:D SCLID !L'.OIC.'CIVE ASTE The nuclear fuel for the two reacters at Threc !!ile Iciand near Harris-burg, Pennsylvania, is slightly enriched uraniu: in the fora of sintered urauiua oxide pellets encapsulated in circaloy fuel reds. Each year in nor=al operatica, about 60 fuel cle=ents are replaced in each unit. -
The Applicants have indicated that cold fuel for the reactors will be transported by truck frca Lynchburg, Virginia. The Applicents have not indi-cated where the irradiated fuel or colid vastes vill be chipped, but they did indicate truch.
irradiated fuel vill be trancparted by rail and solid wastes by Tae staf f ascu=ed a distence of 600 niles for chi ping the irradiatec fuel and;600 tilca for shipping the solid radioactive vacten.
- 1. Tranrcort of Cold reel The Applicants have indicated that cold fual vill be ship,2d in
!.CC-ECT approved containera which hold tuo fuel elements per centainer. About 13 truck 1 cads of 6 ccatainern each will be required each year to act the n eds of both reactors for replacenent fuel.
- 2. Tre n mer* of Trre ieted Fuel Fuel ele ents recoved f reu the eactor vill le unchter,ed in appearance :md vill contain ucca of the orir,inal U-235 (which is recoverablei.
An a result of the irradiatica and fircioaing of the ureniu=, the fuci elc~.cn:
vill centain large acounts of firsion products and sc 2 plutoniua. ,u the radioactivity decays, it produces radicticn and " decay heat." The a eunt cf radioactivity renaining in the fuel varies accordin.? to the 1:ntth of tire aft 2r discharce frcn the reactor. i.f ter diccharga f rc, a reacter, the fuel ele =entu are placed underwater in a rtorar.e pool for radioactive oceay and cooling prior to beind 1caded into a cask for transport.
Althounh the specific cask design has not been identified, the Applicanta crate that at the irradiated fuel elenenta will be shipned after lecat 4 conths cooling periol in a? proved caska desirned for rrrrnort by rail. The cask vill vai;h perhaps 100 tens. To trancport th2 1rradiated fuel f rc2 both reactcra, the Applicanta esticate 15 rail enr! oat
- docents pn.r year uith 3 fuel elcrente per cack and 1 cask per carlo:<d. An ecual number of shiprents will be required to return the crpty casks.
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V-33
- 3. Transnort of Solid Padiocctive k'antna The applicante estinate that about 2740 cubic feet of col!d radio-active vastes vill be cencrated by the tvo reactora ecch year. Opent recins and evcporater bocrou rill be colid fied, and soft, colid vastec en. pact.d in drura and 30 it' containers for shipnent and dicpecal. the Applicanta caticate f rca 50 to 100 truckloada of vastes cach ycc frca the Station.
- 4. Princialen of Fafety in Trcnseort Protection of the public and trancport vorhers from radiation during the chipecat of nuclear fuel and vaste ic cchieved by a coebinatien of licita-tions on the contents (according to the cuantitiec and typea of .adioactivity),
the package design, and the external radiccion levels. Chin sati ee 'e in rcutine ccer.erce and on conventional transportation equipaent. 5hipdenta cre therefore cubject ts normal accident environ:.cnts, juct like other non-radioactive cargo. The chipper has cccentially no control over the likeli-hcod of an accident involving his shipmant. Safety in transportatica dccs not cepand on special routing.
?acksnirg and transport of radioactive =sterials are regulated at the 7cdetal icvel by both the Atomic Energy Cormicc on (i.EC) cad the Oarartnent of Transportatica (EDT). In addition, certain ar3ccta, cuch as li it.stions on grecs '.eight ci trucks, are regulated by the statec.
rini is The probability of accidental relecccc of Icv ic"el cor aminated ente-cufficiently nn:ll that, co nciderina the form of the vente, th, l_ae.i-herd of ni'i.ificant 1: cr11pn2d to expenr? 10 entrerely : call. . ach:5:.in g fe r ... ~re ' .ne r i c.ia rer.ain icni;pracf under normal tre'. csp 7r coritticna O f rm mretura, prccsure, vibratica, rough handling, expocure to rain, etc. The pachaci:. ray release ita contents in cn accide st.
7cr lar.ner quantitica of radioactive citeriala, the pacharin~ cenien (Type 3 rackagina) must be cercble of withstanding, without loss of cententa or Laieldinz, t!s trecoga chich nicht result frca a nevere accident. Te c t conditicna for pschce,ing are cpecified in the re.aui"tions and include test:.
for high-speed i pact, punctura, fire, cud in erri.n 4.n vattr.;*
In cddition, the pachating nuat provide adequate rndf at!on ehielding to licit the enposure of transport vorhern and the f.eneral public. Ter irra-diated fuci, the pwkate tunt have heat-dicci; ation cnaractertatire to protect against overheatir- from radioactive cecar acut. Ecr frash cnd irredicted fuel, the deninn etat alco provida nuclear criticality safety cuaer corh norral cnd accident damage conditions.
Occh pachate in trans;crt is identifiai uith a distincti' - radiatten 1: bel on two ciden, and v varnin? nign on the tran.tport vehicle, n
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9 V-34 insed on recent accident statistica,31 a chipnant of fuel or vcste tay be c>:pected to be involved in an accident about once in a total of 750,000 shipment-miles. The sta:f hoc esticated that caly 1 in 10 of those accidents chJ ch involve Type A nacks.7,es or 1 in 100 of these 1:.volving Type 3 pac.< age.,
t.igh t result in c. lcusse of radiocctive raterial. In c.a. of cn c.ccident, procccures unich carriers are required 2 to folica vill reduce the consc-qucacea of an cccident in cany caces. The precedures include segre ;ctien of damaged and leakin3 pachages f rca pecpla, and notification of the shippar and the_ Depart cat of Transportation. Endiclogical assistance tccas are cvailable through an inter-Governmental program to provide cquipped and trained perconnel. Thesc tensa, dispatched in responce to calls for etergency acciscance, can citigate the consequences of an accident.
- 5. D:nesuren Durin nemal % t.ceidane canditiorg
- a. Cold "ual Since the nuclear radiations and hect enitted by cold fuel are c:all, there will be essentially no effect on the environrent during transcort under normal conditions. E::posure of individual crcannort workers ic cstinated to be lecc than 1 nillire= (cren) per ship:ent. For the 10 shipnents, with tuo drivers for each vehicle, the total dure would be r.bcut 0.02 r_an-rca" per year. In: radictica level associated uith each truchicad ci cold fuel zill E, Ices than 0.1 crc:/hr ,it 6 feet frc,the truck. A ne=ber of the ceneral public uho crend: 3 ninuten at en average distance of 3 feet fren tha truch nir.ht recei e a dose of cbout 0. 0 '>5 rz e per sh10= cut. The
' uc to other perscas alen; the chipping route woula ce entrrsely sucil.
- b. Irr7Ainted Fuel Eased on actual radiation levels caccciated trith thipments of irradicted fuel elenente, uc coti=ste the radictica level c 3 fect fr~n the rail cc uill be cbcut 25 nrcu/hr.
Trnin brckccin cinht npend a few ninutes in the vicinity of
- he car at an cverage distanca of 3 tect, for cn average expecure of about 0.5 cillirca per shynent. 'Jith 10 diff erent brak<:rca involved alens the reute, the curulative dcce for 15 chic ents durin:; the year is estimated to be about 0.03 can-rtc.
7:'an-rcs ic an expression for the sur.caticn of whole body doces to individuclu in a troup. In ccre cases, the donc cay be f airly unif.>rn cnd receivsd by caly a f cu persons (e.g. , dri'ccrc cud brakeren) cr. in other cgce.1, the do,e t.:y vary and ce received by a large number cf peeple (e.g., 10" parcen- along the shipping rcuto) .
n n aD
'l \ t. .v
()();L()dt
8 V-35 A cember of the genercl public who cpends 3 minutes at an average distance of 3 feet frca the rail car ninht receive a doce of as ruch as 1.3 cret. If 10 persons were co expoced per shipment, tha cuculative annual dose for the 15 chip =ents would cc abcut 0.2 can-rca. Apptoninately 247,000 perscas who resida alon; the GCD-mile route over which the irradiated fuel is transported nich: receive an annual dcce of abcut 0. 3 tan- ren. The regulatory :adiation 1cvel limit of 10 cren/hr at a distanca of 5 fcet frca thu vehicle was used to calculate the integrated dose to rersons in an area between 100 feet cnd 1/2 mile en both cides of the shippin' route. It uns astuned that the shipment would travel 200 =iles per day cad the pcpulation density would avarage 330 persens per square cile along the route.
Tha amount of heat released to the air from each cask will be
~
about 250,000 Etu's/hr. For comparisen, 115,000 Etu's/hr is about equal to the heat cutput frem the furnace in an average size home. Although the ten-perature of the air which contacts the loaded cask cay be increased a few degrees, because the amount of heat is small and is being released over the entire transportatica route, no appreciabic thermal effects on the environ-cent vill result.
- c. Solid ".dicactive Mastec Tha Applicants ectirate that frca 50 to 203 truck 1 cads of solid radioactive vastes will be shipped to a dispoce.1 site per vcar f rc= the two reactors. Under nctual conditions, the indiv'Jual cruck driver at:;ht receive as tucn as 15 nren per shipecat. If the cane Iriver were to dr; re 25 truu<loada n a year, he cculd receive an estinated dose ( f about 400 tren dut:n; the year. .he cunulative doce to all drivers for the year, asse ing 2 driverc per vehicle, alcht ce frcn aScut 1.5 to 6 can-re2.
A re bcr of the r,tneral public who cpends 3 uinutes at na average dictance of 3 feet frca the truth cicht receive a doce of as cach as 1.3 nren. If 10 persons vere co exposcd per shipment, the annual ce ulative dose night be about 0.o to 2.6 can-rea. t.pproximately 180,000 percens who reside aleng the 600-cile route over which the solid radioactive waste 1 transporteu nicht receive an annual cumulative doce of about 0.7 to 3 ncn-rc=
Thera doscs were calculated for persona in an arca betreen 100 feet and 1/2 nile on c1ther side of the ahipping route, assucing 330 persons per square tile, 10 tre:/hr at 6 feet from the vehicle, cnd the shipment tra. cling 200 miles per day.
gj na D j[ L e <
L
V-36 References For Section V
- 1. U.S. Department of Interior, "ational Register of Histcric Places, 1969.
- 2. S. C. Eendeigh, Anin,1 Ecolcov, Prentice-Hall, Englcwood Cliffs, N.J.,
19b1.
- 3. Supplement to the Application of the York Haven Power Concany for ::ew License for Project under License which Expiras on June 20, 1970, Project 1888, Before the Federal Power Co==ission, Washington, D. C. , February 1970.
- 4. F. W. Decker, Probabilities of Cooling System Fogging, AIchE Symposia,
- Houston, Tcxas, March 1971.
- 5. J. E. Carson, The Atmosoheric Effects of Thermal Discharges into a Large Lake, Journ. Air Poll. Cont. Assoc., Vol. 22, 523-52S, July 1972.
- 6. F. W. Decker, Report on Cooling Towers and Weather, Federal Uatcr Pollution Control Administration, Oregon State University, Feb.1969.
- 7. C. L. Hosler, Wet Cooling Tower Pluce Behavier, AIChE Cooling Tcuer S;tposia, Ecuston, Texas, March 2, 1971.
O. U. C. Colbaugh, J. P. 31ackwell, and J. M. Leavitt, Interin Report en Inves tigatica of "coling Tower Plure Behavior, AIChE Cooling lower Syrposia, Houston, Texas, March 1971.
- 9. R. W. Celler, H. E. Si=ison, E. J. Weathersbee, H. Patterson, G. Hansen, and P. Hildebrant, Report on Trip to Sevcn Thernal Pcuer Plants, Prepcred for Pollution Control Council, Pacific Ucrthwest Area, 1969.
- 10. F. A. Haf f, R. C. E2ebe. D. M. A. Jones , G. ". Morgan, and R. G. Scronin ,
Effect of Cooling Tower Effluents on Atmosrheric Conditions in Northeastern Illinois, Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana, Cire. 100, 1971.
- 11. G. F. Oiernan, et al. , Characteristics, Classificatica and Incidence of Plur.es fren Large Natural Draf t Cooling Tcwers , Anerican Pcuer Conference 1971.
12 .' Supplement I, Environmental Report, Three Mile-Island Nuclesr Station Unit 1 and Unit 2, Metropolitan Edison Co., Aug. 9, 1972,
- 13. Potential Environmental Modifications Produced by Large Evaporative Coolin;; ,
Tcwers , E. G. & C. , Inc., report ta E.P.A., Program 16130 DNH 01/71, January 1971.
< < n..D
! cdd gi 'l o 46
., fU> ,
O @
V-37
- 14. A. I. Weinstein and L. G. Davis, A Parc=ctarized Murcrical Model of Cuculus Canvection, USF Report 11, Dept. of Meteorology, Penn. State Univ.,
1968.
- 15. D . Pa . Turner, Workboot: of At=capheric Dispersica Zutirarcs, U. S. Dept. of Health, Educatica and Welf are, Public Health Service Publication No.
99-AP-26, reviced 1969.
- 16. E. Aynsley, Cooling-Tower Effcets: Studies Abound, Electrical World, 42-43 (May 11, 1970). -
- 17. F M. Shofner and C. O. Thomas, "Davelopment and Demonstratica of Low-Level Drift Instrunentation," E.P.A. neport 16130 GMR 10/71, Water Poll.
Cont. Research Series, October 1971, 55 pp.
- 13. R. A. Burns et al., "Progrca to Investigate Feasibility of Natural Draft Salt Water Cooling TcVers," Appendix 5 to Fork River Nuclear Power Planc Environnental Report, January 1972, 50 pp. plus Appendicec.
- 19. Environmental Report, 0? crating Lice 7se Stage Three Mile Island, Uuclect Statica, Unit 1 and 2 Metropolitan Ediscn Ccmpany and Jersey Central Po er cnd Licht, October 1971.
- 20. M:Ze2 cnd Wolf, Uater Quality Criterion, State Water nesources Centrol Ecard, State of California Pub'licaticn No. r A, /.pril 1971.
~
- 21. Rainwater An a Chemical !aent of Geologic Processes - A Revieu. Gec ic s.ic Survey Unter-Supply t' aper,15250, 1962.
- 22. F. J. Trenblcy, Decearch Project en Ef fects of Condenste Diccharge Unter en Aquatic Lif e, Lchigh Universiry, April 1951.
- 23. J. R. Gc ren, The Response af Fish Pcpula:Icna in the W.ab.wh River to Heated Effluents, Proc. cf 3rd National Symposium on Radioecology, Ck Ridge, Tennessee, 1971.
- 24. J. R. 2. Jones, Ficb ,d River Polluticn , Outtert.crths, Londca, lh 4.
- 25. Ucter Quality Criteria J.ecommendatiens for Total T.enidual Chlorine in Receiving Waters for the Protection of Trachwater Aquatic life, Staff, National Unter Quality Lchoratory, Duluth,1972.
- 26. Citation reads, "Truchan, J. 1971 Personal Ca;=unicction, Michican Unter Ecsources Cc= mission."
- 27. 3 rungs, W. A.,
Literature Revicu of the Cffect.s of necidual Chlorir.e in i.quatic Life. Prepublication Manuraript, 1972.
%n
/ q~,
00107
V-33
- 28. Sprague, J. L. and Drury, D. E. , Avoidance Scactica of Salconed Fich to Reprocentative Pollutan:c. Advances in Gator Pellutica P.escarch Proc.
'th Int. Cenf., S. H. Jenkir.s, ed. 196'.
^0. S. I. / ucrbach, Eccionaal Considera iens w Siti- ';ucicar Pcw3r Plcutn:
The Lorq; Tern dictic Ef f ects Problen. Luc 1 car Safety, Vol.12, Jan-Feb 1971.
- 33. 49 CFR 5 173.393; 10 CFR S 71.36.
- 31. Federal Highway Admini=tratica, "1969 Accidents of Larr.c Motor Carrierc of Property, Dacceber 1970; Federal Railroad Acuinistratica Accident Sulletin !;o. 133, "Su=cary and Analysis of !.ccidents en dailroads in the -
U.S . ," 196 9 ; U.S . Coas t Guard, " Statistical Sum = cry of Casualties to Com=creial Vessels ," Dacc=be r 1970.
,, .- , -- e.
a.. 99 C,,.
ra 3; ., 171.1>,, l,.4.at,7, 2 l,e ,i . m o ., .
- 33. L'urtz, C.D., Progtcan Reports en a Bielo ical Survey of the susquehanna River in the Vicinity of iork Haven, Pennr.ylv:;nia, 1957, 1909, 1970, 3 '* . ::2cek , ' . J. , Hut chirt.cn , C. , cad Cope, 0.d. , The Ef f ects of Tecoerature en the Susceptibility of Slued lla c.nd Rainbc.i Tro :t to _ _ - cted im ti cidas ,
?ulletin of daviron ental Cor.taminatica nad Tenicolo-y 4(3). 17'-133, 1967.
- 35. Cec.ran, "..:. --nd C ver, P. . R., 1C33, Attractir1 cf Nocturn'.1 'i r r m t '.
'v Lir5:0 en a Tcit .luica roer.
De lilu , .,ulletia 7C U. ; : 475-319.
- 36. :.ichts:, J . G., Smc Ef f ects o f Sudcen Tc:.;;.crature C.. . L* p e :- Le;ectcJ S;'ecies of Frachuater Fishen. T- b . D . the;ic. lik a . tuthern II ;c.c i ; t ni . . -
- 37. Fesearch s'roj e ct on Effects of Condenser Dinchar,7e Water en Aque. tic Laic.
I' regress report 1956 to 1959, F. J. Trcrble;. Leal;> Calver.ity, 1:00.
,' 4
- i.
/li L -> L 001Q;
..y .o
... . . 7 c ,.. .. ., .n. . ,. u. ,. r y-- u ... . c N' P C .~.~"m' "
".'*o"a ,r.'".".".~,
. , , .. .,,,,,s.:..,-
... .._.t ... 43 A hi<.h de ,rce of protection a; cinst the occurrence of po tulated stecideat ;
in the Tar.:e Mile 1:l=d :.uclect Station, Unit 1 cad Unit 2, la prcvined t:.routn correct de:L;,n, cc.auf cctt.ra, cnd operatica, cad tha quality ancurc>nc: proprc:
u.;ed to catchlir.h the necessary hi;h inte;;rity of the reacter n/stc. ca vill be considered in the C.nzdssion's Safety Evaluation for each unit. Deviatiana r.het y occur are hr.ndled by prctective sycte s to place tnd hold the pl.mt in a .wie -
condition.
- ct:<1t:s tcr. din; this , the ecnservativa peatulate is r.ade that sericus c,ccidents nicht. occur, in spite of the fcct that they cre c:(trerely unlib.ely; and engineered cciety features are installed to mitigate the ceasequence: of S.c u e postulated events.
Ta pro; ability of occurrence of accidents =d the crectru2 of their con;e-qu nces to 'ac censidered f ro.: cn cavirenrental ef fecta St..ncpoint .. v been cua-1 iced ta:.m; h :s t ceti:.ates of probabillt .aa cad reclistic fierien prod"et relcaac c .d t rea .p::rt c au nicna.
ca rt .nly ccnc e r /c ti e ::,0cca:1cn Por litt evaltatien la th.? S ta f f s cle ty re'. '.u ,
vere tued fer the pur ace of cors:1.; ., caltu-2 v.el deces re:ultin- f rca a nynethetier.1 rcler.ce et lis;.ica cro luc u irc, t:: -
fuel a .1.ct the 10 C: A Prrt 100 citine nuideli n. 7.m em und m e thnt fuld be rec ' cd by thc pc:'al.,tica .nd environ =cnt t re : actual accicenta ucu:d
'n :, v :it ie nn t Ff le;c th;a tnose that will un prer.cated in tb< Suat Sc: ( &
. . Ilu:aicn ; .
'." e Cenic sien ier.ued guidcace to /. plicante en Sept e .aer 1,19 71, rt.ct; ri- g tba ccaniceration of a r.n.:ctrue of accid.nt; with et.nz, tion 9 11 3 realatic ..
t!.a n t a t e o f En cule d s pc r:.i t s . Tae Applic..nts' respan:e is ccntained .n "1.a circn ental i eport C; c ratin, Iicenc e ; t c.';e" fo r Q e Ta re e l'i le I,1cn d
':uclear Jtatica, Unit 1 cnd Unit 2, dated Dece .ber 10, 1971.
O.a !.n oli c.,n t a ' rcNrt .'.cs been evaluated uair , the s ecede.rd . ecident m= t icr.: en:1 u'.d. nce is s ued as a p rovesed .%ncy. to A;;endu '7 c f 10 0:1
' rt Is by t.,
Con.ndaion en 'cceenber 1, 19 71. Nina clessen of posculated accidents and occurrences trMiur; in severity fren t .i"ini to ver/ a.ricta were lentitied by th Con. isaica. In :neral, cccident; in tha
- utentici ccese,uence end cf ch- cNctre.. h.ree a lcv occ irrance cat a, t.nd these i s' ch va tba lev potential ecaneqnence end hr.vc a hir.her occurrenc.' r.-a c . Se
- 1. ..n l e s
- alected b-/ -he / glic.ata for ther.e cinsnes ar, chcun in T91e 20 t.;,
x.pl:3 e m ptiev.,
cclectad ere re." onc.:1y he~rrens:cu; in te r u of preb. bility 'H Q
- v u :t cencic.ared to Le cor e e ' pro riate to cicMify (1) . . '
Uilurc cf tS vx,tc ;ts dect.y tch c.2 an accident in Cic,a 3 (applicants usu Cicas v) 4.nd (1) the stcaa pencrator tuco ruptutit c.s a accidzat in Cic.sa :s VI-l
,I y / --,i i
j L. J m/
00109
VI '
(1.pplicante uac Clar.s 5). I'.e fellcuint, asw: etieni rade by :5e ap-11canta are r.ue ::o nlo: (1) r.o u c c . . ge ne ra t.: r tu5e le Wa prict to t h e n t e :.:-
carerator tube re :ura are consiuered. (.D the trirarv c r a l .m: activity is
'c1 un 3.U teiled fuel, and (3) the con:e venc.es c: varicci relea>": are 1 ted L-i..: c n r e l t a m. r.. t a r11c:51e tar :cif m U es . Mcvevc ,
- m un - of citern :1ve a su. ,ue: . d c e :. nac ..,qitican:1v atrect ovc a u
. .vironmental rick.a.
~he restui. iced occurr.:nces in Class 9 involve fa11 urea care severe than 15 r . e rcoutred to be censidered f or the design ba .ts of proteccion r.v ::e:3
'r..! e n t'.n e e r ed naietv l e:. t u r es . Their can.:t uences cculd be severe. Eev-e;er, the probabili: .,f their occurren:e is ;o snall that their enviran-ent-1 risk is extreceiv lev. Detenu in depth (rul:1 ele phsnical barriers), .
<;uality escurance for design, n nufacture, and operation, contitiued surveil-la:e and te stic , stad censervative de3l:tn are all enlied to trovide and Mnt. sin the re:utred hi;% devrce of ase.urance that potential accisnta in
- h i, c). c a a r r_ . and will remain, suf ficiently c::all in probability that the envirot.eental rin. is extre: ely lev.
.9:af f estir ates of ti e done which aicht he received 'ey an ansured individual
.:tndinr 1: ::e ".ite beundirv in the dec.. wind directicn, usin- the escu ,tionn
- 1. h e p r . v n .:d Ar > : to I.pner.:11 D. a re c re 'en t ed in Ta';I e 0. Es ti :atea of ir.trer t.d e;ecc:ure tS.:: c '. r h t be telivered :: :he ocaut icn within M rijen
- b n:e ere also r.rt.nente'd in Table 20 The 2:n-re : eati .:.:e was bam d on
- p r a i. e c t <. M: ulat:on crca:ni the uite f o r t n.: veur 131a. Du es:' 2:c a pre-cer:c. % Tr' le 23 r f er te a 1!via er.it.
T ri cru sly snt.-blish n rc:lf -ic arnual riN . :Se c._lculatei do'e. In a l t. 10 sn ul '
- ve ta te r :l tir.11 cd . e s t i c.a t e d ; r c 5.:' ! ! ;; it o . .h . e n u
.. o ' i. a e; 1 rd 2 r c r o n cc;urren:e:. vn ten . . a ,.nticir ted durine pi nt er cret.cn 5: d tacir m esuence i. t..:;th are very r- 311, nre cor.sidered wi-hin
- =
f ra evor': or reu:ine e:Iluen . :::= the plan . u; cept for a 1:~.it e d
. cun cf : .21 ;:ilurt s and cene s tem renerstar lea.<.:.;c , t.,e events in Cisace, 3 throu.h 5 er nat cr.:icipated durir : plan: encraticn; hu: evento of :nia ty~,
could accur sc ret t.: c durinr. the w f e.1r pier.: lifetina. A:cidents in Clu .ca o
--d 7 and ans.ll .rc1dente in C2.n: . .1 rc ci airilar .,r lever probabili:. than accident.: :n C'.zast- 3 throu,,a 5 but are still cuibic. b prohnoility of occurrente of lar,.o Class 6 =cciaentr. In verv scall. --n refore,schen tne con equence2 indicated in T.tble 23 .re vel;,he; Lv ;rchabilities, tne anviron-ruit:1 risk i2 very lov. The pastulatad nc:t.rrn:v s in Cir.ns 9 involve sc ;ue-.ce ;
ci nuccenaive f ailure= :-ore t.evere than theu. re ; tired to be c nqidered in the d r. ip,n haa ir, o f p ro t ec tion tyr. t e .s and engineered safety f eatures. ~h e ir O c., n-c.mene -a could be a t v.?re. 1:cwver, the prceability of their cccurrence .:: cc
- .-211 -hat rentr envirrnrency.1 rift. is ext m ely Ici. Defo~;e ir dep:n (=altiple p /cic.1 carrier;), qu.ti :, . assurance f or desi;m, ranuf actur a :.nd a; aratien, s
t hl i )>g f ,'
uu
? hi ) A Al (%
~1 O .C .L U
i i
VI-3 centinutd surveillance and testing, and conservative design all are applied to 1 ovide an1 naintain the required high degree of ancurance that potential acci-c-nta in this eluss arc, and trill re ain sufficientir arall in p? cst.bility tnat 6
cevircn. ental rink is cntrc:aly icv.
Tchle 70 indicates that the rcalintically esticated radiological consequences o r .he restulated ac:1denta uculd result in exposures of an assuacd individual at the to site 'ccandary to concentratienc of radioactive caterials within or corparable t ." '!aximus Pernissible Concentrations (MPC) of Table II of 10 CTR Part 20.
Tae taaic also shews that the catinated inteprated exposure of the population within 30 niles of the plant f rom each postulated accident would be orders of rer.nitude c aller than that from naturally occurring radicactivity, which '
correspond, level cf 120totren/yr. approxicately 394,000 man-rem /yr based on a natural background L' hen censidered w-ith the probability of occurrence the annual ;otential r-diation exposure of the population from all the postulated acciden tc is an c'.en scallar f raction of the c.eposure fro natural background radiation a:.i. in fact, is well within naturally occurring variations in the nataral bc:5;rcund. It that is concluded frem the results of the realistic analycis
- ne envirennentsi riska due to postulated radiolcgical accidenta are exce'di Oly c all.
.. .- ... - :.. 7 ,,. _. .c m.- .e o ___
- 1. 'v "al
.n! :r accident conditiona other than accidental criti . 'i:~, the nel-1rt!:cd forN of the nuclear fuci, its encarsulatien, aad the icv roecific
. c r i v i t '. c! thq fuel ll:1t cli,ible 'evels. the rt.diclogical impact on the encircr ent to Tc -
severn acc.ident rackating i.s desirned to prevent criticality ender norral and condi:1ons.
c e n s i t ie r.3 To release a number of fuel csaenblies under that ceuld Icad to accidental c.riticality would require cevere drnace
, en or der.truction of more than ene package, which is unlikely to hap-in other than an extre elv severe accident.
The prchability that an accident could occur under ccnditions that ceuld result in acciduntal criticality 10 extremelf remote. If criticality tticere to oc:ur it transncit, persens within a radius of about 100 feet from acciden t mir.h t receive a serious expcaure but beyond that distance, no cetectable tho radia:Icn cifects would be likely. Persons within a fcv feet of accident could i-te.'.enin? receive fatal or near-fatal enpesures unlass chielded by Tecrial.
Althou ,h there would be no nuclear enplosion, he2c
- " I
< n, = ~ i i ,
I
.i
d i
i s
I {. VI-4 l
t.
i f i 1
' Tid:LE 19 I, .
l
' CLASSIFICATION Cr POSTCL1.TED ACCIDE::TS A*;D CCCUPI.E::CES
! C1 :s .J.C Descrittica / a r,li can t 's Fr.co l e ( c )
4 1 Trivial Inc.idents !?one l .
[ 2 S=all Releases outside Con- Spill in Sc:ple ileod
} tainren t a ,
Lt
}
3 Radwaste Systc= Failure Inadve rt ent Release of tJcste C s D -
Tak g
t'
[ 4 Fission Products to Pricarf !?ot applicab le Sys tem (B'?R)
. [,
t i
a 5 Fiscion Products to Prina f One day Operaticz with Prin rf Sys::
,e i, and Secondary Syste=3 (PWO Leak to Reactor Building
~
l'- . Nortal Operation with S tcan Cencrc::
Tube Leak and Release frc.: Ccadccc i.
, 6 Refueling Accidents Drop of Fuel Assc:bly or Drop of - -
Cbject on Fuel Asse=bly
- 7 Spent Feel Handlin; Accicant Drop of Fuel Assenbi-f 3 Accident Initiation Event
- Unce:penscted Cperatia; Reactivit:
Considered in Desi,;n Basis Chcn y n Evaluatica in the 3urety Stcrtup Accident Anclysis Ecpart Ecd 'iithdrcual Accident Cald Eter accident I Lcss of Coolant Flow Accide.;
Stuck-Out, Stuck-In, or Dropped I Ccntrol Ecd Accident i Less of Electric Lead Accident Stcan Line Failurc S teca Lina La-ka:;c i Stcas Generator Tu;c Failurc
. Rod Ej ectica Accident
- i. Loss of Coal:nt /.ccident I' Ilcsce Gas Tank 2rpture
'. 9 Hypothetical Secuences of !:ene I '. Failures More Severe Eu.n Cicss 3 l .
t F '
l 9
t b 8
/i mau l-e,
- ~ 00.? *, 2 e .
- O VI-5 t
4-T.GLE 20 i
c..,,
4 s . ...,3.
.. O F ts.,J7 i o ,u n .-
a.,C<..~
, C C . .:c
- ,Q , .e...L.~ , . . r..,t_. ..
. . . . . t. e 0.s. .e c.i .
.r r_ u, c ,.~ y_~,. ..i s-(Single Unic Caly) ktizated L':ua Estinated Tractic1 of to Populction 10 C"P. Part 20 1.init in 50 :lile Cinns Event at Site 30t::da rml/ :d i u3 ,
, ,n-rc-1.0 Trivial i i cidents 2/ -
2/
i 2.0 Small releues outside 2/ 2/ .
~
t contain=ent -
3.0 Padwaste systen f ailures 3.1 Equip =ent leck.ce or 0.073 10
- alfunctica
- 3. 2 F.clease of uaste gas 0.29 40 storcqe tank contents
- 3. 3 "elecsc of licuid war :e 0.063 0.47 s t o rc.ge t nF. ccattnts 4.0 rissien products to prinary './. '
f - . . ., s Efb Y5e s 5 8 L'.)
3.0 Fissica prcJucts to pricarf and secondary sjstets ( P'.li')
5.1 ruel cladding defects and 2/
i 2/
ster.a gener tor leaks 5.2 Off-design t.ansients that .002 0.23 induce fuel failure above those expected cad steam generate: leak 3.3 Ster = generator tulee rupture 0.0:A 13 3 O .~ 0
/ l L. . ) e j..
I
- l. .
00113
s
.f 1
I
! VI-6 k
T!.", L 20 (cen t' d)
. Caciated Dese Esticated "raction of to Populatica 10 Crn " art 20 Lluit in 50 Mile Cianc *'- .n t at 5 5 s Tcend:. :kl *-U. . . . r.an - t r-5.0 R2 fueling accidents 6.1 Fuel bundle drop 0.015 2.1
. 6.2 itenvy cbject drop cnto 0.26 3G fuel in core n -
7.0 Spent fuel handling accident j 7.1 Fual csser.bly drop in fuel 0.01 1.3 tcrc;;e pool
. 7.2 IIe.cvy o'aject drop ento Icel 0.033 5.3 rach
- 7. 3 Fu21 cask drop II. A. :;. A.
3.0 Accident initiation events censidered in desica o.uic evaluation in the safety cn.11ycis report S.1 Lccc-of-coolcat accfdento
- all Breck 0.16 40 Large Breck 1._2 1000 f
e
, 0.1( c.) Break in instrun. ant line fro 2 ..A. ?' A.
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- 3. 2 (a) nad ejectica accident (IHR) 0.12 103
'8. 2 (b) Rod drep accident (ESP.) li. A. 1.A.
l C.3(c) Ste=line brcska (Fi!R's-cr: side centair nt) f Stall Crcck <0.001 <0.1 4
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0.3(b) Staa: aline breaks (TJn) :;, A, g,g, l/ ibpruccata the calculated the equivalent dese to cn organ.tactica of a whole body dose of 500 mrea or 2_/ These releases nill be corsarable to CIm design o'aicctivc2 indicated in the proposed Appendi>: ~
(..c. , 5 nren/yr to r_a individual fre:I to 10 C7. Pcre 50 lor routina effluents eithcr liquia or meous c.:1u;nts). -
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- 2. Irradiatad Funi Ef fects on the environment from accidental releases of radioactive materials during chip = cat of irradiated fuel have been estinatcd for tae situation where centarinated coolant is r(leased and the situation uhere cases and coolant are released.
(a) Leaknee of contaninated coolant reculting from inoroper closing of the cask is pescible as a result of human error, even though the shippar is required to fellow coccific procedure) which include tests and exenination of the closed container prior to each shipment. Such an accident is highly unlikely during the 40-year life of the plant.
Leakage of liauid at a cate of 0.001 cc per accond or about 60 drops / hour in cbcut thc smallest amount of leahage that can be de ceted by visual observation of a large container. If undetected leakane of cuntacinated licuid ecclant w?re to occur, the amount would be so sna11 that the individual expecure would not eneced a few crea and only a very few people would rocci'.e cuch excocurcs.
(b) "eleane of cases and coolant is an extremely rerote possibilitv.
In the icprobable event that a cask is it'ec1ved in en extrencl" severc acciden:
such that the cask contair. cent is breached 9.nd the cladding of the fuel assemblics penetrated, acre < f the ccolant and scre of the noble aces might be released from the cask. ..
In cuch an accident, the creunt of radioactive natorial released would be limited to the available fraction of the noble gases in the void cpac s in the fuel pins and none fraction of the low level contamination in the coolant. Percons would not be expected to rerain near the accident due to t'.e severe conditions which would be involved, including a najor fire.
If relcares occurred, they would be expected to take place in a clort paried of rice. Only a linited area would be affected. Persons in the devnwind region and uithin 100 feet or so of the accident night receive doses as high as a few hundred nillirca. Under average veather conlitions, a feu hundred square feet eight be contaminated to the extent ther it vculd require decontanination (that is, Range I contamination levels) accordin g to the standardsl of the Environrental Protection Agency .
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- 3. Solid R:dioactive Wastes It is highly unlihely that a chip ent of colid rcdicactive waste aill be invo?ved in a sesare cccident during the 40-year life of the plant.
If a ":1pecnt of icw-level vas ce (in dru. s) a2ccres invel"2d in a cevera cecident, acte r21eace of waste tight occar but the specitic activity of the uaate vill be so lou that the enpo:ure of personnel would not be expected to be cignificcat. Othar solid radioactive ucstes will be shipped in Type B packcces. The prebcnility of release from a Type B pachc;0, in even a very severe accident, is suf ficiently scall that, considering the colid for= of the vcate and the vary remote probcbility that a ship _ent of such vaste would be involved in a very severe accidant, the likelihcod of significant caposure vould be extretely stall. -
In either case, spread of the contc=inction beycnd the ittediate crea is unlikely and, althou3h local cican-up night be required, no significcat e::?osure to the genersi public would be crpected to result.
- 4. Severity of pestulated Trcnscortation Accidents The events pertulated in this analysis are unlikely but possible.
More severe accidents than those analyced can be postuistad and chair con'.e-quances could be severe. Quality assurance for desica, ranufacture, and use of the pcchc;cc, centinued surveillcnce tad tecting of pntker,es cnd trrnsport conditionc, and conservative design of pccLancs ensure that the prchcbility of accidents of this latter potentici is sufficiently cuall that the enrircn-rental rick is c::trc aly low. For chece recacas, care cevere accidents have not been included in the cnclysis.
- 5. Alternatives to Normal Trcnsnortatien Procedures Alternatives, cuch as special routint t shipnents, providing escorts in separate vehicles, adding shielding to the containers, and constructing a fuel recovery and f abrication plant on the site rather th n suipping fuel to cad frem the statica, have been exacined by the Staf f en a generic basis.
The itpcet en the envirencent of transportatica uader normal or postuinted accident conditions is not considered to be sufficient to j usti fy the addi-tional effort required to impiccant any of the alternativcs.
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VI-10 Peference For Section VI
- 1. rederal Radiation Council Report :o. 7 "Eackground . Material fer the Develope.:nt of Radiation Protection Standards; Protectifc t.ction Guidea for Strontiun fs9, Strontir. 90 and Cesiu= 1">7." May 1965.
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VII. T M*t.2SE EMCTS MIICH C':!' 0T PE AVO"'~D A. L!3D USE Tha prec se irpset of the cooling towers en fcLain; rnd, hence, cperatieno at the Haevichurg International Airport cannet be deternined with certainty.
As indicated, Apolicants have esticated a acxia n of 37 hours4.282407e-4 days <br />0.0103 hours <br />6.117725e-5 weeks <br />1.40785e-5 months <br /> / year (involving 4 to 6 days / year) of potential fecging cteributcble to operatica of tha coal-ing teuers.
This is believed to be cceservative, and that the actuct effect vill be less than this. Th2 effect en coctercial flight eneraticas la cini-ti:ed by the fact that the hcurs cost likely to be affected by for;ing (night aad early corning) cre a period of cinicua activity at the airport. At the present cnd three tica therebefore arriving is one8:03co==crcial flight arriving daily after 10:00 p.u.
a.m. Although thia picture :ould chance in the future at cost if cou:ercial air traffic increases, it new cppears that thera would be 10 incoming flights per year that eight be diverted to alteracte air-pcrts as a direct result of cooling tower cperation.
B. PHYSIC',L APPEA?M!CE IN SURROU'! DINGS The questien of the physical appearance of an industrial plcat invol.mo arccs of judcuent and opinia: which ara virtually itpossible to qucntify. The four large cooling tevers at the staticn arc irposing structures Jhich significantly alter the c7pearcnce of tha lcndsecte. Ue can do no rore at this tice thcn suc; cot thct soce vill jud;e this irpact to be very adverse while others will conaider it to be cinical. The number of parcens now affected, hcLever, ic relatively scall since the 1: 2edictely currounding area is predo inantly rural.
Uhile this situcticn uay ch:nge in the future, at Icant persens who da chcoce to tche up residance r.2nr the Statica vill do so with full knculedge of the surroundings and environnent they ar2 choccing.
Likewise, the appearance of the tranctission lina towere is a subject uhich is likely to provche a vida rcnge of reactica a=cng individunis. On the positive wide, the Applicants have nade attempts to tiniedte the icoact by using special towers at visible points (such cs highway crossings} vhich are core attractive than the ordinary teuers. The irpact of the transcissicn lir.e towere lies pricarily in their cppearance, involving concidaration of acathetics, installation.
since land use in general is relatively unaffceted b. choir C. SUPTAC2 UATZR The aquatic ecosystem util be affected by peasace of water through the ecoling syrten and by che Ical treattent. Viable plcnkten cnd larval ferns of other cr;;nis=s will be entrained in proportica to the :.nount of river flcu used by the station. This will range frca less than 1% undar nornal flow conditions to cbout 7% under lei flow conditions. Most of the dead q/T VII-l C UJ G{
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VII-2 crgani:=s will be rcturned to the river as nutrients for the ecosysten.
C cw s t r e r: frca the cifluent diccharr.e. species concesition of benthic or', anis;w may be altered because cf the chan".e in part of tl.cir unerr,/
ceurce frca living. or;;.:nices to cetritus. The re ra be local chan.'gs in fi.h pcpulation:: S u- to direct :::ceratura ef f e ct:. aa well :.s :rcr. increated diceares and predatica fro:a indirect cifceta such as attractica to th* dis-charge plume.
. On an intermittent ba.is total residual chierine: concentratiens in :n;-
Stati:n effluent vill be 0.3 pp=. Recidual chlorine diacharr,es at tl.c s e levela will cause disturbances to the ecosystem in the irrediate vicinity of the Station.
D. a...n,.
The presence of coolin ,teuer plumes in the at=osphere is not considered to be datrimental to the general health and well being af surroundin;; inhabi-tants. Any effects, and they are believed to be einital, would be in the nature of en occasicnal annoyance cauced by shadows or a slight autmenting, of natural fer. Since the prevailing,vinds at the f.tatien are frca the west and no t t r.ves t , the plu c would probably extend to the cast of the site nest frc-
<;cently. 1.and !.n this directicn is canentially rural with no population centers for a censiderable distance; therefore the inpact is e::pected to le ninital.
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VIII, c MT T "" LnEs N:D 1r"C -"l4 PMTCT"lITY The ar2 situa;ciar bnd property occepf cd by the St.,tien, and the .Ct.* cent L. ! c.n ds ,
in a relativcly ardereu b .- forcst lead. Thin pitt"rece,ue part cc the riser valliy tnat 'c at part of the river is cic.c,itied .
the Ccmenmalth u;e of thin Irind fct Fich Cc:::1ccion as a need apart fishin' area. oi.icials lac batt
- including ecain sites,the cencral populatica vould be as recrectional area boat docka, and picnic prounds. '.eith2 r the fera ,
prnductica ner the enlue of the land c3 be lor.t ta tuture generations. a rcercational cite will necesscrily On a ccale of tica reaching into the .
the life span of the Statien wculd be concidered a chcrtfuture through several rencrations natural resources of Icad cnd water. ters u:e of the dedicated exclusively to the production of elcctrical pcacr durincThe tha renource w naticipated life span of the Staticn vill be the land itucit.
electrical energy for the next 23 to 40 years.Apprcxinately 200 acres At acte future date, Ihny of the dicturcenecs of daut watheththe TM1 eneirene -atStaticn will ceasevill bec,me obralete .
en:! Le re d:vn, .n1 a rubalancing of the biota vill cccur.
e St.tR n la beteena croduction of elect ricity c .d srall chcer cc in Thus , the "t.r . *a-af f" is revernible. Reccnt .
the iceal enytcen ent nucicer plant; has dec.cnctrat.cd thee:gerience ith ot!'
- r eneri: ental cnd c :veic,t.2 el m a tlin c, such a ple.nt fccab211t: of decc cir :J ening c g O.s-The .'e ree o f dic ;nt lenent .cufficientiv to restora ::: cite to irs for , r us a.
- ..; with tm t t c ?.2 into account an'i 'fety conciderations,the uten.f ed ncw use of theeen; sitehealth end a b.:lcneab 971vate values, und environmental inpact .
Ho 0 ecific plan for the decommissioning of the THI Stati developed. on has been This is censistent with the Certission's curre re gulc.t ions
..t which a centemplate rcactor'c detailed considerstica of deconnincion;ng useful life. near the end of preparing review. c proposed cecourionioning plan nhicn in cubnitted toThe lice the IFf for then in ef fect and decommissioning cf the facility may cuthoricatica frca the AEC.
ens nTha lic os cercenc2 uithout To date, reactors experience is limited to ri:-: with decor.nissioning of civilicn nuclear power nantled: facilities which have been chut doen er dis-Itallan Nuclear Power Encility, Carolina Virginia Tebe Ecacto (C7T2),
railing Suelcar Reactor, and the El'a Superhoctor illver Reactor. (EONUS) Pcuer Station, Pathfinder Reacter, ni nd /
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' er Thera ar.: ceveral citernatives which een Se and hav: been used in th d :cc.ciscioain ; of :cactora : (1) P. cove the fuel (peccil,1y folicwed by cacent .dnati;n 9:cce.dures); real the c c.p e j pi;ms ; r.ac ec: blash c.a rac u . ion . tea a:cund the :_:ill:j. II . .: Ti .u.' :.ec~rcio:;. .cni:tr, c ' a ratica - in vcc typic.1 c th.s ceprocch. (2) In a:.ditica t.s t :4.: m ?3 eeti A::
(1), re - - the seperstructure .+.ad encaso in concrete all radion:tiv:
portions uic: re na:.: Ocve e,rou tu.
The i::11c; decorabsicnin?, operctica
as cf thic ty.'c. O) .e:. ave the fuel, all superstnicture. .., t:.e ..
reacter r aci.l., t, en , .ina nna uf t u_,
v sse. 3 and ..l,. :ent stanted eculpment ena cil cavitlen */f th clean rubble topped with carth to Frede level. This last procedure is beinc; applied in deco =:tssioniar the Elk Ri*/cr .'tcactor.
l.iternative decornbsloning, procedurcs (1) and (2) weuld re:;uire Icag-te: i curveillcata of the rea tor site. Mter a final ch ck to assure th all reamt ;-9teduced racicactivity ha been re::mied , alternaciv:
(3) would no; requira :.ny subsequent curve 111cace. rcssible effects of crosf o!. or 11cadinr, vill be included in these consideraticus.
l.lthcugh the i.pplicants have r.ct fo: ulated plens f sr per.n:'ca chut-d:wn of tha 1hrem tilla Island Ocction, th:y have estin. iced for Unit 1 that the cast of wutlown 0:suras co ?arcble to those fcr i!alicn vo:1ci not eve ed 06.C00,d;0 based on currcn <iolla valt.as, plus $30,C':0 ; cr ; car t.o cave M coat ct rcund-the-cleek cu:veillacca and pericdic naincenance to frnces and barriera. (J.pplicction for opers ing licence na r-vised ca
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IX. IR'2'.pSTELE ATD IPJ1ET'1IEVASLE CO*INENTS OF PESCLTCES IMnerous resources cre involved in constructica and operation of a tajor fc:ility such cs the TMI d:ction. Theco reccurces includa the land upan which the fccility is located, the caterials cnd chenicals used to construct cad maintcin tha Station, fuel used to cperate the Statten, cnd hunan talent, skill and lnbor.
ISjor rescurces to be committed irreversibly and irretriavably due to the operation of the Station is the uranius consured by tha reactor. Only that portion of the nuclear fuel which is burned up or not recovered in reprccessing is irretrievchly lost to other uses. This will ascunt to cppecxicately 48 tetric tens of uraniur-235 assuming a 30-year lifeti=e for the Staticn. Plutenium generated during tnc course of recct:r operation ~
uill be recovered, cnd this plutenius could either be recycled in the plant cad feel.
thus reduce the U-235 censu=ed or could be used elsewhere as nuclear Most other resources are either lef t undisturbed, or co=nitted only tetpercrily as during constructica or during the life of the Station and are not irreversibly or irretrievably lect.
Leng-lived radioactive matericls u111 be prcduced by ficcion of nuclear fuel in the cere of the reactor and neutrcn activatien of reactor parts near the core. The eventual disposal and stotage of rcuicactive naterials till r: quire a certain cmount of space, probably in an area rerote frca this Stctica for a very long period of tina, and could for all practical purpeces be considered as an irrevereibic cct:ittent of r? sources.
Of the land us2d for Station buildings, it wo"1d nopaar that cnif a ercli pertien benecth the reactor, centrol room, redvaste cnd th: turb1nc-gener tcr buildings would be irrevers;bly cenmicted. Alco, come cerconents of the fccility cuch oc large tnderzrcund cen rete foundaticna and certain equip-tent cre, in ecsence, irretrievabJe due to practical cepects of reclcra-tioa cnd/or radioactive decentamination. the degree of distanticnent of the Statica, as previously noted, vill be determined by the intended future ute of the Site, which uill involve a balance of health and cafety considerc-tiens, salvage values, and environcental effects.
The use of the environment (air, water, land) by the Statica decs not represent significant irreversible or irrettf evnble rescurce ccaritrents, but r:ther a relatively short-tcre investnent. The use of chlori.n at the levcis cnticipated by the Applicants uill result in codificacica of .he aquatic biota uhich vill ccatinue for the life of the Sta* ion. Acecrdin31 7, as discussed in Sectica V, the Staff recorrends that the Applicants reduce the total recidual chlorine in the Station's effluent to a taxitun of 0.1 ppa during the chlorinatica perioda. Other eifects of Statica operation vill recult in enly ninor and 1ccalicud changes in the biota without caticipcted icag-term damage.
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- giotic cor. unities appear, the ::nnitorin; proi,ra a are desi;,,ied to detece' j lt, and cor rective ceasures would then be taken by the Applicanto,
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X. TE !"'i'.D TOR PO'.ER The Applicants are subcidiaries of GPU uhich is a holding corpany corprised of fcur utilities, operated as an integrated systec. The CPU service area, shewn in Fig. 15, extends fren Lake Eric in Penncylvania, at its '.testern ext remit'/ , to the Atlantic Cecst of :'ew Jorcey on the cac t , and inclubs core than he'1C of the '. tate of Pennsylvania. In the past dec:6 or cc, Ci"J has found it eccnonically attractive to install odern nine-ncuth, coal-fired plants in erestern Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania F.lectric arca) cnd transnit sicable facilities.
blocks of power to eactern locd centers via high voltage transmissica The core recent additien of new capacity at the eastern edge of the CPU cervice area in "cw Jersey close to eastern load centers, has produced a concentration of generating capacity at the eastern and western edges or_
the GPU service area. The locat;on of the Station at Middictown (see Fig.
- 15) vill tend to reduce the system dependence on this ccat-west transmission -
pattern load demand and,istherefore, will increase systep reliability. The CPU systen composed of:
41.93; and cts cellanecus, 5.6%. residential, 32.S; concercial,19.77; industrial, The Applicants are =cebers of the Pcnnsylvania, "ew Jersey, "ar/1 . 'd Interconnection (PJ'O Pcwer Tool which consists of the felleving cc:gcales:
Atlantic City Clectric Company, Balticore Cas and Electric Cc=pany, Delcarec Power and Light Cc pan/ ,
General Public Utilities Systec:
Jersey Central Power and Light
- 2trepolitan Cdiscn Cc=p;ny Aw Jersey Pc.rer and Light Company Pcansf'iv .:ia Electric Ccmpany.
Pennsylvania Pcua: and Lirnt Cc~pany, Philadelphia Electric Ccapany, Pctomac C1.cctric Pcuer Ccepcny, Puclic Service Electric cnd Gas Company, UG1 Corporation - Lucerne Electric Division.
The 'JJM Pool is operated frca a central dispatch of rice at yn11c./ Torge, Pennsylvania as a cingle systen without rec;ard to cunerchip of the f acili ties of tember cc:penics in teeting the overall lead demand. There in frequent flow of inte required chcnge power between the mother cc panies and they sh .re in an'/
volcane reduction or curtailment of load. The PJM pcol also tain-tains ties with neighboring power pools ao that power may be interchen;;ed on an energency basis.
Tne pool serves a population of about 20 tillion in a 48,000 sq nile area which includes 3/4 of Pennsylvania, cost of "ew Jerccy ,
nore than half of Ibrylcnd, all of Delaware and the District of Coltrbia, plus a small part of Virginia. The total PJM capccity in 1971 s.as 31, C91. '5'e.
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91 2/C-0012G
X-3 Group Tac Applicants are also tenbers of the Mid-Atlantic Area Coordinating CIAAC) 'thich is one of nine regional groups of the National P.12ctric heliability Council. I'?.AC, corpo cd nf the same companies uhich cor rise the PJM Pool, functions to set itandards and to continually autess present and future plans which affect the reliability of the electric power service.
The projected GPU system load derand and generating capacity for the next decade is sur::arized in Tchle 21. The projected c,pacities required are based upon the systen surrer peak lond plus a 20% reserve targin--this reserve targin having been adopted as the ninimum desirable by the PJM Pcol.
As shown by the data in the Table, some purchase of pcter is planned for 1973, 1974, and 1975 to teet the peak sw::er load de= cad. The goal of ~
20% reserves (excluding the purchased power in 1974) is not eet until the sanzar of 1975 when TM1-2 cones on line. The percentaga reserve figues in the last of years delaytwofor colunns one orofboth Table 1 shows TMI units. the ef fect of successive numbers For era ple, if Unir 1 is delayed one year, the reserves drop to 7.5%; if Unit 1 is delayed tuo yects and Unit 2 is delayed one year, reserves are 2%; if Unit 1 is delayed three years cnd Unit 2 is delayed tuo years, rese rves are -0.5Z , e tc.
No utility in the power pool eculd be chie to prov'de inrne block: of firn pewer unen it is needed by OPU. On a short term basis it appcars that si:nble anocate of pcver may be available, but this ticuld not resolve the systen's 1cng term pcue r problems .
Tha projected load demand cnd reneratinq capacity for the PJ:1 Peol for th; next deerde is presen:cd in T nle 22, vaich gives the < cr e type of prenentation as Tnble 21, for the PJM Pool instcal of the GP'J system. as ocun bf the data in the Tables, while the delcy of TMI-1 cnd 2 causes a scricus reduction in the reserve capacity of the JPU system, the e'fect cn tt2 PJM Pool is much ices severe. For exacple, if one unit at TMI is not operating ia 1976 cs scheduled, the recerve capacity of the PJM Pool is rtduced frca 28.. to 26.2%. If both TMI-l and 2 are not operating at that Lima, there is a further drop in reserves to 23.9%. This corparicen, of course, doas not consider the increased reliability reculting from location of generating capacity in a regicn ahere there is presently a shertage, ner Jees it consider the effect of delays in installation of new PJM Cencrating
- capacity, units. 2% of chich between the years 1972 and 1975 is cocprised of nu . lear n 1 O"# '
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X-4 The ce= ercial servica cates of this nuclear capacity are currently esticated to be as follcus:
' "J D., t e Calvert Cliffs 1 845 Jan. 1973 Peach Botton 1065 Mar. 1973 Three !!ile Island 1 S20 ::cv. 1973 Calvert Cliffs 2 845 Jan. 1974 Calvert Cliffs rerating 20 Jan. 1974 1065 : fay ,4 Peach Ecttc= 3 Scica 1 1095 Oct. 1974 Calvert Cliffs rerating 20 Jan. 1975 Sales 2 1107 May 1975 .
Three Mile Island 2 S30 May 1975 Limerich 1 1055 Mar. 1976 Three Mile Island 2 rerating 120 Mar. 1976 TOTAL SS97 The effect of a cne und tuo ear delay in startup of these plants en PJM reserves ticuld be as folleus:
Reserves with Reserves wit':-
ene year delay two year delp g,; n 1972 5972 20.7 972 20.7 1973 4987 15.8 49S7 15.3 1974 5574 16.3 2664 10.7 1975 8157 21.9 5397 14.5 1976 10293 25.5 7246 17.9 L~ nile a two year delay for all plants is unlikely, some dela: s are probable and it is clear f roc the abo';c data that the PJ'I reserve capacity projected in Table 22 could be significantly altered by perturbations in ccastruction and operation schedules of a relativel'y small number of plants.
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8 Z-5 TADLE 21 PROJECTED GPU SYSTE:1 LO.C A'a CE!!EPMI:!G CAPACITY Decendable Can a c i t '.' OF..'el P.ese rva C.uneiti ( ;' ';
Projected Pe-St.mer Load CPU 1 ith '?ithcut Ltheut Year O r!.3) . torn g Purchaws Total E:I-1E2 T"I-1 Tui_!n2 1971 4326 (actual) 49 4 r, 4945 --
14.3 14.3 1972 4934 5625 5625 --
14.0 14.0 1973 5379 5373 350 6223 -
15.7 15.7 1974 5363 69351 200 7135 21.7 7.5 7.5 1975 6377 77652 400 8165 CC.0 15.0 2.0 4
1976 6954 86963 0696 24^.9 13.1 -0.5 1977 7:83 9090 9090 19.9 8.9 -6.0 1973 S269 10230 102 0 23.4 13.7 2.2 1979 9022 10385 10S85 20.6 11.4 1.0 1930 9051 11S41 110'.1 '
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X-6 TABLE 22 PRCJEC"nD P.n! PCOL LOAD N;D CC::EPaTII:C C/2/. CITY Recerse Canne d t r(')._
Projcered Peak Cemarsting Str cr Lead Capacit/ ' Tith '.,'i th c u t '!ithout Y: ar 0 " .'.3 ) ( " .'e ) TMI-152 T'11-1 T?!I-152 1977 25,529 31,094 -- 21.8 21.3 1972 28,870 34,842 --
20.7 20.7 1973 31,470 38,367 --
21.9 21.9 1974 34,240 42,5741 24.3 21.9 21.9 1975 37,290 48,499 2 30.1 27.9 25.6 1976 40,500 31,9733 23.3 '6.2 4 23.9 1977 43,940 56,212 27.9 26.0 23.9 1978 47,630 60,736 27.5 25.7 23.8 1979 51,'.70 66,231 23.7 27.0 25.2 1900 55,650 70,357 26.4 24.9 23.2
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XI.
ALTU2!ATIVES T O THE ".0PC3ED AC~IC': A'!D CMT-BE'.EFIT A'!ALY5IS 0? TEI? 7 7IEC.: ':T.U. T72CIC The Applicants have prov4ded a diacuasica of alternatives and a cost benefit anal/ cis in their Environ:2ntal ncport.1 The Staff's independent review is su =2 riced below. In many cases the staff found the Applicants' esticates cdequate ord these were used in the discussica. In other cases the esti ates sore made independently.
A. SUMARY OF ALTEPl!ATIVES
- 1. Abandenrent of the Pro 4ect Abandentent of the project is an alternative to be considered in evaluating tion.
the inpact of both plant construction and subsequent plant opera-cent of In the the cace ofisThree project not Mlle Island Station ve have concluded that abandon-a practicable alternative for the following reasons:
Construction of the Statica has prc3ressed te the point whera envirennental been abscrbed.
12 pact associated with this phc:e has already Th2 identifiable environmental costs of plant cperatica are insignificant 7: hen cc: pared vith the unsalvag2:31c cost of
$250 millica invnived in abanconcent (see 3.1. below) .
- 2. '.lternative_ Pouer Scorces
- a. Purchnse of Pouer The applicants state that there was and is no possibility of a pptrer roj e purchase ct. in an a: cunt equivalent to the capacity and energy of the TM1 The staff notes that uhile PJM pool reserves appear substantial (table 22), such pool reserves ao not ter: fir: power transactions. generally include provisions for long because constructica.
of the possibility of delay in new generating capacity new underIn ad The uncertainties of rafntainir; construction schedules cad the steady entensica of demand in this area nake der ndence on this external base-load pouar cource highly questionabic. In addirita, the Applicants state that no nearby public or private utilities outside of the PJM pool have large amounts of pcuer for sale on a long ter: continuing basis, b.
Alternativa Mathods of Generatinc Power Coal Tired, Base Load Generation 97I n) 1\ wo 3 XI-I O t>\
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XI,2 Econcric studies perforced by the Applicants in 1965 indicated that mine couth coal fired generaticn in ucstern Pennsylvania proviced short tern eccncric advantages over an equivalent nuclear unit loca t er; in the eastern portica of the state. Cus2d on these studien a decisien was rade to nroceed w;ch construct ion of the Later City unit, a conl-fired nine tacth gener;.tiac, picnt in vectetm Pennsylvania.
In 1966 the Applicanta re-e acined the ccencales of additional nuclear generatica, but this tire in comparisen with a coal-fired unit _t the sar-cite as would be selected for the nuclear unit. The Applicants atate that there werc two reasons for this chif t in the basis of cetparison:
(1) The particularly attractive ccr.ditiens applicable to the Homer City ,
plant were no longer available as an alte rnative , and (2) Coal suppliers had suggested that fuel night be delivered to the CTU site for 20 cents per million Stu, although this was not a firm cffer or such a cupply.
Even on the ba'.is of this low delivered fuel price, a nuclear unit i:atallation was found to be advantageous. In Novenber 1966, the decision was maca to prece(d with a nuclear installation for cervice in 1971; in Decenbar 1966, the TMI site was selected for this installaticn.
A corparisen of a coal fired plant with the Three Mile sland Nuclear Plant in given in part 3 of thic sectien.
Oil-Fired, Cane f.ond Conoraticn The Applicanto did not consider this alternative in the 1955-66 economic studies, because of the relatively high cost of oil fuel as compared to coal delivered in the area for which the unit was then planned.
A comparisen of an oil burning plant with the Three Mile Island Nuclerr Plant is given in part 3 of this section.
" dree'e ctric Genaragion i .
The geograchy and ficv of the Susquehanna River are such that it is i=possible to find the combination of head and water quantity that can produce the capacity and energy equivalent of TMI.
Cas-Firnd Generation-The Applicants state and the staff agrees that this fuel can be dicmissed frca further canaideratica, since gas fuel is not available for boiler use eithin the company's service territory.
T'ne r- al Peakine Ceacity The Applicants state that peaking capacity is not censidered as a alternative because of the high cost and inefficient use of fuel, if cuch units are used for
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XI-3 long hours of generation, ccmparable to these expected ei a nuclear plant.
Canbustion turb nes, ccabined cycle units and oil-fired cycling units are i
inttaded for a different type of ser: ice and C?U is plcnning n ,. le n;;-t e rn basis of its for limited use of such capacity to nrovice f o r a e ., ' nced develor.nent systen.
Cur-catly , however, ve rv larpe er b ; ' .c ine irnallaticas are being nade because of delays in insts11atio:u of <
sc i t:. .
The environmental cost of such peahar.g unics are cu te siuilar to those for an oil-fired bara luaJ unit.
tu 71e staff concurs 'iith this evaluation and notes that it in essential is to .:d ou to base load generating capacity at the present cice if the pplican*
capable of tecting its projected loads.
Other Fources .
The production of energy by PJD, solar heat, fuel cells, wind power or tidal will be must pcwer served beby dismissed T:!I. Pu= as not feasible in the time period and in the area that facilities are nct consumersped storage is not a viable alternative since such of electrical energy.
- 3. *
. lte rnate sites Five sites were considered by the Applicants durir.~ the (1955-66) for Unit 1, the nuclear utation that was to nrovi6. theinitial planning rend for GPi'. These sites .'ere: 1973-74 powe.r (1) ' h ree '!ile Island, (2) Gilb ert (3) Statien site on the Delaware River in hen Jerae",
(4) Portland Stati n site on the Delr rate River in Pean <f l :nia.
Pennsylvania, 'lenocacy and cite on the Schuylkill River, south of iPding, (5)
Ecrue. site on the Schuylkill River, north of 4 ading.
A cajor consideration in the selection of a nuclear plant site is its relation to centers of population. There was not much choice anong the avail-abic sites in this respect. All possible sites vere suf ficiently far frca major cities, out not very that cover rost of "et Ed's farca. ar renoved fret one or nuce small ce:~. unities From this point of vieu, ene site was j ust about as good as any other that could be given serious censideration, and no dif ference in cost was assumed to crise fron nuclear safety considerations.
Foundation conditions, likewise vary in no impor tant including enposure to seirmic disturbunces, respects at the sites inves tigated.
Condition 3 ubich varied a .ong the sites censidered and on 'ihich selectica of the Three "ile Island site ,Jac based included:
(1) Availability and cost of cooling water, (2) Transalssion investtent and transmission losses ,
(3) Cost of site and site preparation, and (4) Construction labor rates and productivity.
The discussion of these several criteria in the follmeing sections is assed on information provided by the Applicants.
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.[ i Cooling towers for Unit I will require acproy.itately 22 cfa as make-up for evaporation and other losses. Water can be ol tained at tnis rate
' not cni" frca the Su;auchanna and Delaware, but also frea the Schuylkill and =.
- smaller strec=u. The snaller the drainn
- ,e area considered, che core likely it i . would be that a reservoir is needed for ficw au~=antation. The App licants s ta;-
.; !. that ene of the sites considered required such a rena.voir in addition to j
j , b. Transmission j i,
- j; A study was code by the Applicant of CPU syste= transsission losses j t with the nuclear plant ir. various locations. Because of the pattern of west t
I' cast flow of energy in the GPU and PJM systems, the losses are progressively 1: higher as the nucitar plant is coved farther uest, thus adding more to this
- l- energy flew.
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l; ta addition, there was a need for a third east-west 500 Kv line
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to meet the MAAC reliability criteria. The location of the TML site uns i .- advantagecus in that it allowed the line then to fulfill a dual function: te j ' transport THI-2 cutput and to provide additional systen relichility.
I c. Coat of Cite precaration l i.
e Several of the possible locatiens for the nuclear plant involved enisting, sites, where all or nearly all of the necessary lend crea was already
! c ined a;' the Applicants (or an af fil.cte) cnd little if any additicnal capital enpend.ture for le.nd would be ceccasary. These differences in land ccst (cs i ,
uell ca other site differcnces) a_e reflected in the ccanarisca of sitec.
4 i
,! There were also differences among the sites in road and rai.'rced t ; access, flood p rotection, grading, etc. , which the Applicants evaluated in the
) estimate of plant cost.
< f I d. Ccnstruction 1
I- A cost important difference concidered by the Applicants between the _everal sites was the influence of labor rates and prcductivity en plant
{ : construction costs. This is a difference whien is evident frcn cc=parison of l union wage scales and is ene which has affected the construction costs of j existing plants of the Applicants and their af filiates in GPU. A fairly reli;__
- j. ;. bachground ,as, therefore, available upon which an esticate could 'oe based for i
i relative construction costs in New Jersef, ea,t2rn Pennsylv..nia, and in the Suscuehanna niver regien. The louest conttruction labor costs ::ere expected t :
, be available at Thrne Mile Island.
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- c. Other Differences I
other differences that cicht be significant wer; related enly to g
the Gilbect site, and these were unfavoriale to its use by th2 Applicants. :
i
' site is in New Jersey and is cined by an affiliate ccrpany. Use of t!.is site by the Applicants would involva scue reduction in Llw Pennsylvania tarcs paiu i
i (incore tax), but a core than of fsetting increase it "ev Jersey tanen. It i; also likely that this locacica would involve hichar expensea for cperatica sna uainten-ne because of differenccs in wage rates. An evaluc:1ca of these
.i di ff ereneus is not necessary to the selecticn of the Thre2 "ile Island site.
I
- f. Su==arv i
The evaluation of each of the above criteria by the Applicants f indicatad the relative cost of the several sites ta be: .
I
- SITE ADDITIO"AL CCST I
($1,000,000) t Three lille Island Base Gilbert 1.2
':enocacy 2.5 Portland 2.5 Eerne 8.9
+
The decision to locate the seccad unit at IMI, then scheduled for
, service in 1973, was ende in Dece ber 1953. Studica of the cite for this uni;
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were begun by the Applicants in 1967 vich cc pariscas being ecdc among the followin; locations:
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i Oyster Crocn, :i. J. (enisting site)
- Union Seach, ". J. (en naritan Day)
! Gilbert, N. J. (existing plant en Daluware River) l l
Portland, Pa. (existing plant on Delauare River)
Scottsville, Pa. (on upper Susquehanna River)
I"I, Pa.
The Applicants state that these studies showed a very small advantar.
(less than the error inherent in such esticates) for T:!I as coup.cred to Oyster Creek, assu=ing that discharge temperature requirenents for the second unit at 6
Oyster Creek would be somewhat more severe than for the first anit. Jevertheluu j
tentative selection was cade of the Oystar Creek location, based largely on the l' local need for additional generation and the associated trans=1ssion.
Cc= pared uith a nuclear plant at 'mrfous sites, the addition of a i third unit to the cine-routh plant then under construction ;t Mcner City i
showed the lowast overall cost; but the advantate of this <,u.a could be furthar enhanced if use of this site vare delayai several years until 1 cad growth in j the western Pennsylvania area of GPU could absorb this capacity, taking it i
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XI-6 again unnecessary to construct icng transmissica lines to c; stern 1 ad centers. Ccasequently, it was desirable to delay the Hocer City installatian (and in fact it una delayed, this third unit new being schedulcd for service la 1975) and to re ove it fro further censideration in connectica with the 19 73 uait.
During 1966, further studies were carried out by the Applicaats
' ith respect to:
(1) The cooling water proble: at Oyster Creek, (2) The need for extensive SCO Kv transuission additlenn, and (3) Possible delays in both plant and transmission construction.
The Applicants state that the results of these studies pointed up certain ~
disadvantages in the Oyster Creek site for 1973 capacity and added to the earliac
=arginal advantage of T"I. Finally, in Dece ber 1968, decision was maca to shift the location of this 1973 unit to TMI.
In the series of site studics, exte:, ding fre: 1965 through 196S, it was apparent that there were relatively stall cost differenccs acong cany of the sites that were i:.vestigated, and sevaral of these sites that uare not then selected for i= cdiate use wate considerec an likely locations 'or the next nuclear unit. The scall dif ferences n ong sites is to be enpected ' ce tne nature of the areas in 'enich the planta tere to be located; and th_ne small differences have been confir:2d by more recent studies by the Applicants of additional sites.
No ec:parisons were cade by the Ap: ' cants in 1965-68 reith off-shure sites, for ;uch Iccations for larac nuciaar unit did not then appear to be feasible, either for plant construction er transnicsica ccnnection. However, c_
is evidert frc the abov2 discuusion, TMI was cc ;nrad 'eith coastal sites at Oys ter Creek and Union Ecach and was found to be econo ically advantnr, ecus in cc parison with either one.
- 4. Alternative Land Uses Three Mile Island is in a relatively pictuicsque lan6cepe and it is quito probable that the land uculd be used for residential and/or recreational facilitics, if it had not been cuned and rescrved for its present use. There are then several usca of this land that should be considered in a cest-bencEit analysis:
(1) nuclear power station, (2) fossil-fueled power station, (3) other industrial uses, (4) concercial uses, i.e., restaurants, boat clubs, etc.,
(5) residential uses, (6) public park and recreational ucca, (7) farm land.
,, q L d 00106
XI-7 Among the core important benefits to be considerec in land use, the ecoactic benefits would include the productivity in terns of the gross dellar incere frca sales, wages brought to the local area, and the increased dollar cctivity in the local business cot unity fro: sales to the industries or persons occupying the land in question. Other benefits that cca be qualitatively evaluated on the tacia of needed services provided are electrical Table food, living area, recreaticnal area and concercial establish:2nts.
power, 21 presents a sunnary of c =narative benefits and environmental costs from the alternative land uses. For purpescs of cctparison it is presumed that other indnatry would be attracted to this area and that the total sales would be comparable to that frc the sale of electricity. Similar presumptions are cade with regard to the attraction to TMI of cornercial and residential developers.
fact doubtful k'ithout that anya large great increase in population near the site, it is in economic benefits could be extracted frc ,
shopping center or other coccercial enterprises on TMI. In view of the alarge aucunt that of undeveloped land to the east and west of TML, it is also doubtful TMI would be in demand as a site for a large housing development. It is, however, quite passible that TMI could be developed as a site for vacation homes or for a one-acre lot development. The esticate of $10 million frc sales and development with an average cost ofof$40,023.
residential homes is based on 270 lots of one acre, The principal conclusion of this cc parison is that, whereas the 1660 "v nuclear station vill produce a relatively large econctic benefit, the environmental costs cc pared to the use of TMI for othcr industry ur for cornercial12)act.
cesthetic or r2sidential uses vill be relatively small, encept for the The recreational and far uses are to be preferred frc the environmental cost basis, but thair econocic benefits ar negligible. The recreational for the area.use would, however, satis?y what is perhaps the greate3c need 5.
Alternatives to "ntural Drnft Cooline Towers The probable fog lapact from the four nutural draft cooling townrs, based on experience with comparable facilitics and model calculations, is censidered slight. However, because of the pronicity of the Station to Harrisburg International Airport, the possibility of cooling by other =ctheds should be considered as a = cans for correcting any serious problc s that ::.c y arise.
Given present technology, the following methods of heat dissipation are possible substitutes for the natural-draf t wet cooling tower method:
(1) Once-throuch cooling, (2) Cooling pond, (3) Sp ray-canal, (4) 'iechanical-draf t towers, wet, (5) Dry ccoling towers.
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Tabic 23: gr-Ict'.I'!'i I: M.YS!d O! AI.TF.RNATIVF IR;D USLS 1660 1:a 1;t.cica r Ec wfita Pouer Station Orl'or Injuatrv Cctrercial itesidentint Pecreat f e:nl Fam Salca (1G0 dollaru) 250/yr tC50/yr <250/yr s10 IM;. <0.2 b'a p s (106 dollarc) 1.2/yr >1.2/yr >1.2/yr Included Snall Ncg.
chove Lo::1 Euair.cno
.050/yr Prchmbly trach 1/yr ;ie g .
(106 dollars) creater s2/yr treater Electricity X X
Otl.cr Predt:cto X X Living Area 7 ? X X !!c g .
Becre aticaal Arca X ? ? ? X Cc:ncrcial Servicco ? x ? X _ M i
CC lic 3, for thia Arca -X
. X Coata A2:,thetic Irpact High 1;f ch I!a dlu.s 1: diun 1eg. 2'ef;.
Aquatic Life Ccat 1:2.lita to liit .h to S.rt11 ?!adiua I; g. Snall S.;all lie ; .
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C) Shore 11nc Erosiva Cait :a g. i;1ah to 1;ti; . Small !;e g . 1;e g .
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XI-9 Acang these five alternatives, the spray-canal and wet =cchanical draft towers have greater potential for grcund fog than the present cyste=.
The ccoling pcad systen is inpractical at the nresent site becauce of the large land area that uculd be necessary. It is cuticated that a 3400-acre pond unuld be accessaro for both IM1-1 and 2. Once-through cooling would put an exccssive theraal load on the Susquehanna River and would t.ot comply with rennsylvania thernal discharge standards for the River.
The alternative that would probably least affect the environ =ent is the dry cooling tower. The dry heat that is e=itted frcn such tc ers should produce no adverse fogging i= pact, although it is possible that a change may cccur in local precipitatien or stora frecuency frc= the large volunes of ,
rising dry air. Dry cooling systens are not included in the follcuing cost-benefit analysis, since the designs are not at the stage where they can be considered a2 practical alternatives.
- 6. Alternative Transmission Lines The route originally considered for the transmissica line frou the TMI Plant to Dechtelsville paralleled existing lines of lower voltar,e and would have required additions to the width of the right-of-way. For the portica of that route ucst of Ecading, at least ten 'omes would have had to be purc'.ased end removed and thirty ho:es were eithin 200 feet of the existing line. The portica of the route cast of "ending uould nave passed fairly cicse to the tcans of Seyfert, Gibraltar, Lorane, and Storetown, and cany hcres uculd h ve had to be re ovad. For the transtisrien line frca the TMI Plant to Juniata, follouin', existing rightc-cf-uay could have interfered with a far-Scuse, a rendaring plant, several hcuses in the village of Talcouth and a road and nurarous homas near the junctica with the Juniata - Peach Cottoa line. These inpacts necessitat2d changes in the routing of the transmicsion lines to put then through less developed areas.
The alternative of putting the transcission lines undar rcund has problems of technology and of econo:ics. The use of underground cable for high-voltage transmission of bulk pcuer has generally been linited to the enort lengths required in extremely congested areas and to voltages of less than 500 kv. The cost of underground lines can range frca ten to forty tires that of overhead linas of equal capacity. The Federal Poucr Consission in "the 1970
- aticnal Pcuer Survey" (Part IV, Chapter 7) states that the prospects for maj or reducticas in this cost ratio are not encouraging.
B. SI".D'.ARY OF COST-3E::EFIT /d!ALYSIS The generating costs and the envirensental effects of the TMI nuclear plant are compared with those for a coal-burning plant and for an oil-burning plan t in the discussion below and in Table 24 The benefits of the TMI plant are then discussed and balanced against its costs, gg qn-
- l udJ O(>\4 Juun
. > = ' t2 CO'iQRISOIl 0F THE T:11 HUCIlik Pl.A.;T UIT11 AI.Ti:R*JATIVE FOSSIL-FUCL PL*JiTS Generating Costs a/ ~~TMI !uclear Plant ~ Coll-Eurning Plant 011-2urr. ine P lant
($ tillion)
Capital 645 Operating c/ 234 3
561 b/
- 374 Total 526 953 879 1,037 1,327 Uce of !!atural Resources 9
Land (acres) 200 Uater (3 t1/nin consumed) 20,000
!!are than 200. flare than 200.
Fuel (t is tons) 14,000 14,000 U
38 * '+ ' ' '7#*
330 t/yr ' ' Y#'
Impact on Air and Land Fogging Possibly 39 hr/yr at Depends on location Depends on location.
l!arrisburg Airport, Chenicala in drift Insignificant d Insignificant lioise Acceptable on-site, Insicof fi car.t &
negligible off-nite. Soneuhat less than Somewhat less than O Gaseous radwas te for nuclear plant. for nuclear plant.
2.1 n1n-rem /yr to popula- Comparable with tion uithin 50 miler,. 1one.
so Conbuation products nuclear plant.
None (tona per year) 5 0., : 50,000 SO 2:
1;0[: 34,000 43,000 16,000 r _)
C3 Inp:ic t on Uater PaiLiculates: 5,400 No :
Particulates: 5,400 h Intake fron river Intake velbelty of 0.2 ft/see and volume equil to 0.4: of similar to nuclear. Similar to nuclear.
average yearly river flou should have insignificant effect oa river aquatic life.
- n/The fact that construction of the r!!I plc.nt is in prcgress is not considered here but is discussed at the cud of cubsectioc B.1 1:elow.
g;,
1 1/ Includes the cost of equipuent to reduce S0., cmicsica and. additional transmission costs associated with mine-couth pl.nlt in vestern Pennsylvania. ~
Q c/Present ,Jotth ecuputed for 30 years of operation at a discount rate of 8.75%/yr.
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9 XI-12 The plants are assumed to operate at the enut alent of full capacity for 30% of the tine or 7,000 hours0 days <br />0 hours <br />0 weeks <br />0 months <br /> per year. The "present worth" of annual operatin,; costs for 30 years of operation is obtained by using a discount rate of 3.75/, per year. The base year is tanen as 1973, when TMI Unit 1 is expected to start con =ercial operation, and allowance is : de for the start of operation of Unit 2 a year later. The result is that the cost of operation of both units for one year is cultiplied by 10.05 to obtain the present worth of .the cost of operation for 30 years.
- 1. Generatine Costs The capital cost of the TMI nuclear plant (Units 1 and 2 together) is esticated at $645,000,003, which corresponds to $362 per kilowatt for the ultimate capacity of 1,7E0 megawatts (830 cegawatts for Unit 1 and 950 megawatts for Unit 2).* The annual operating cost is estinated as $23,300,000 including nuclear fuel at 1.3 mills per kilowatt hour, and nuclear insurance, operatior and maintenance at 0.57 nills per kilowatt hour. The present worth for 30 years o f operation is $ 234,000,000. The generating cost, which is the total of capital cost and present worth of operating cost, is then $879,000,000.
The capital cost of a coal-burning plant of the sa e capacity as TM1 is estinated $401,000,000 ($225 per kilowatt) plus $71,000,000 (S40 per kilowatt) for equiptent te reduce onides of sulfur plus $G9,000,000 ($30 per kilcwatt) for additional transmission costs associated with location of the plant at the mouth of a coal tine in western Pennsylvania, td ich is core economical than transporting coal to a location near the load center. The total capital cost is then $551,000,000 ($315 per kilow tt). The annual operating cost is es tinatti as $52,400,000 including fuel at 3.7 cills per hilowatt hour and operation and raintenance of G.51 nill per kilowatt hour; the present worth for 30 years of operation is $$16,000,000. Zhe generating cost, capital plur cperating, is then $1,057,000,000.
The capital cost of an oil-burning plant of the sace capacity as TMI is estimated as $374,007,000 ($210 per hilowatt). The annual operating cost is estimated as $94,900,000 including fuel at 7.2 nills per kilewatt hour and operation and raintenance at 0.41 nill per kilouatt hour, and the present worth for 30 years of operation is $953,000,000. The generating cost, capital plus operating, is then $1,327,000,000.
The result is that, on a present-worth baeis, the generating cost for 30 years of operation is about $200,000,000 less for the TMI nuclear
- This cost estinate and the others given below are based on the Applicants' Environmental Report submitted to the AEC in December 1971. In a Quar ctly progress Report on Status of Rcactor Construction as of Septerber 30, 1972, provided to the AEC by the cpu Service Corp. , the total cost of the nuclear production plant for TML Units 1 and 2 was indicated at $780,000,000, of which about $402,000,000 was the cuculative cost at a tice when completion of physical construction was 90% for Unit 1 and 31% for Unit 2. A current comparison with the costs af a coal-burning or an oil-burning plant would need to include the effr .s of cost escalation on those plants.
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XI-13 plant than for a coal-burning plant and about $450,000,000 less for the nuclear plant than for an oil-burning glant.
The above the 2 1 plant bct;an. discussion deals with the situation before construction of had already been invested in the TMI plant,The actual situation in late 1971 was tha leaving $357,000,000 to cotplete the plcnt. Abandenzent of the plant at that stage would cean payrent of
$70,000,000 in cancellation charges and $95,000,000 to restore tna site to its original condition. Ile net result is that completing the plant would cost only $202,000,000 more then abandoning it. Furt he rmo ca , there vould be a delay of about to that of THI could be built,four years before new fossil-fuel plants with a caps. city equ and during this period the applicant would have to 1.screase production in existing coal-burning plants that are less eccnomical .
$70,000,000to operate and would have to purchase power, the cost being approxicately situation is su :arized below.per year for four years with a present worth of $223,000,000.- This
_Comoletion and Oneration of TMI Plant Incretental Cost in Millions of Dallarr Co pletion of Construction 367 Operation for 30 year 2E 224 Totcl 601 b
Abandonment of TMI Plant / and Construction and 0"nration of Ferail-Fuel Plnrt Cosi-Parnire Oil-rurainea TMI cancellation characs 70 70 Capital cost of foss!.1-fuel plantE 457 205 Peplacement power for 4 yearnE 223 223 Operation of fossil-fuel plant for 25 year E ?63 657 Total 1,118 1,250 2~/
Present worth b
a/'Does not include cost of site restoration which Applicants esticate at
$95 nillion.
-c/
Precent pericd. worth based on average annual conscructica cost during a four year The cenclusion is that and construction and operation of a frincretental costs for abandorment of the TMI plant to $650,C00,000 care than for cceplet 1-fuel plant would be $600,000,000 d operation of the TMI plant.
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9 XI-14
- 2. Use of Matural Rescurces Land. Of the 470 ac res of Three Mile Island , about 203 acres are to be used for the TM1 plant. The 270 acres of the island praviously Icasec for farming yielded a corn crop having an annual value of $10,000, but facc-ing ceased as p1snt construction started. Land required for a coal-burning or oil-burning plant of the same capacity as the TMI nuclear plant would be secewhat greater to acce==oc: Lc f acilities for storing fossil fuel.
Uater. The naxinua rate of evaporatior of water from the TMI cooling towers will be 20,300 gallons per minute, amounting to 2.7% of the tinicum river ficw or 0.23% cf the scan river ficw. A coal-burning or oil-burning plant of the sate capacity wculd have a higher thermal efficiency than the nuclear plant and would dissipate some heat through a smokestack, so that the water evaporatica wculd be about tuo-thirds as cuch or 14,000 gallens per cinute.
Fuel. In order to provide the initial loadings of nuclear fuel for Units 1 and 2 of the TMI plant, suf ficient uranium ore will have to be nined and refined to produce about 1,200 tons of U3 03 (yellcwcake), vi.ich will then be converted to uranius hexafluoride and enriched in U-235 ccntent ia an isotope separation plant. In addition, abcut 330 tons of U3 03 ell be needed each yaar for replacement loadings. The AEC Report to Ccagress for 1971 gives cn page 135 a preliminary figure of 275,000 tons as of the end of 1971 for U.S. reserves of U;03 recoverable at costs of $3 per pou.d, reprcuenting a 10 year forward supply. Potential resources at costs of $10 per pound or Ic.s were estimated at 650,000 tons , but this additional supply will require a major enploration effort to discover, develop , and bring into production. Alternatively, fuel requiretents for a coal-burning plant of the same capacity as TMI would be about 4,500,000 tons of coal per year, which would be nined in western Pennsylvania. Fuel requiretents for an oil-burning plant wculd be about 17,000,000 barrels of oil per yc , presumably cbtained frca foreign sources.
- 3. Irnact en Land and Air Foccine nnd Icing. The fcur natural-draft cooling towers for TMI Units 1 and 2 will produce a visible plena when the atmosphere is already near saturation. Under the cost acverse cetecrologic .1 conditions , occurring approni-nately 39 hours4.513889e-4 days <br />0.0108 hours <br />6.448413e-5 weeks <br />1.48395e-5 months <br /> per year, there cay be an effect at or near ground level of partial obscuration of tha cast end of the runway at Oltsted Airport abcut 2.5 niles away. The runway is 10,000 feet leng, and thu ucst end cay still be used unless natural fog, which may occur under the sace conditions, is already obscuring tha runway. Similarly, there may be partial obscuration of so-a 'ncal reads, but this shculd be less frequcnt than in the case of the runway and should not severely restrict traffic. The concentration of water in the at=csphere near the ground will be too lcw for icing to occur.
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XI-15 1
Chenicals in Drift W,s t e r . The natural-draf t ccoling towers will ccc-tain two pass herringbene drif t elitinators, guaranteed to keep the drift within 0.1% of the circulating uater flow. Sore recent data indicate that the drift aill not exceed 0.03%, and this is being further terted by the manufacturer. There vill also be drift eliminators in the small ecchanical-draft cooling towers in the blowdoun circuit. The Grift is expected to be concentrated in the area immediately around the towers. Much of it will fall into the river, and some could fall cn ueirby f arms. The concentration of dissolved and suspended solids in the drii t water should be between two and five cines the concentration in the riv - ac t e r. However, the arounts of thece caterials deposited per acre per year r ich snaller than aculd result f:c using the river water for irrigation a s probably have littic adverse impact and possibly a beneficial icpact in eruviding nutrients.
Noise. The principal source of toise will be the fans in the snall techanical-draft cooling towers. The effect of this noise will be acceptable on-site and will be negligible off-site.
Gasoeus _Radiancti m Effluents. The average dose to an irdividual at the site boundary of the iMI Plant is estinated as 0.72 nillirets per year, including direct exposure to radioactive gases and inhalation of radioactive iodine. The .etal population dose within 50 miles of the plant is esticated as 2.1 can-re.:s per year. These doses cay be cc. pared uith a natural back-ground of 125 nillircas per. year for an individual and 233,0C0 cnn-rens ter year for the population involved. The radioactiva releases frca the iM1 plcut vill be "as icw as practicable" in accordance with the criteria propo sed in 10 CFR 50. Radioactive eminsions to the air from coal-burninq plantc cepend on tha ccepositica of the coal but may be comparable with the emissienc fren nuclear plants. No radicactive emissions are expected frca oil-burning plants.
Combustien Products. A coal-burning plant in the ?q ,licants' area would discharge to tic atnosphere 50,000 tons of sulfur dioxide per year, c n uith equir=cnt installed to recove 80Z of the caterial. The discharge of ox. is ei nitregen uould be 34,000 tons /yr and of particulates would be 5,400 tens /yr.
The correapending figures for an oil-burning plant are 43,000 tens /yr of sulfur dioxide, 16,000 tons /yr of oxides of nitrogen, and 5,'00 tons /yr of particulates.
- 4. -Incact en Uata_r Jntake fron River. Uater taken f ron- e river acounts to 54,500 galle .s per ninute. The normal entrance velocity to u.c intake is 0.2 feet per necc.ad,
-hich is lcw enough to allcw all but the smallest fish to escape. Any fish.
fish larvae and eggs, and plankton entrained in the intche wner wil] prch m Fj 32 killed by techanical, chemical, and thernal ef fects in the plant.
the intake corresponds to only 0.51 of the average yearly flow of the However, river or 5% of the minitun daily flow expected to occur once in 25 years. The impact on 2quatic life should cherefore not be significant.
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- vischarre to Rive r. Use of the natural-draf t cooling towers together with techanical-draft cooling towers for plant effluents results in a temper-ature of the discharged water a few degrees above the ambient river terperatur
' in cold weather (deicing tede of operatien) nd essentially equal to ambient river temperature othe rwise. The addition of culfates and chlorine in the
! plant and the concentratica of dissolved solids in the cooling to ers uill nc:
! au significant af ter the discharged water is cined with river water, but ther;
} will be sore adverse effects on aquatic life in the irrediate vicinity of the
]
- discharge point. The radioactivity in the discharged water is esticated to
/ result in an individual average dose of 0.23 nillirem per year and a total ec .
i to the populations of 17.1 can-rema per year, including the effects of drinkin:
- . eater, fish consumption, and water recreation. These figures are within the proposed ..EC criteria for "as icv as practicable" given in 10 CFR Part 50.
- 5. Radiolecical Effec _ts of Accident's 1 The possibility of accidents involving radioactive caterials either l within the plant or during transportation is discussed in Section VI. The j conclusion is that the censures taken to prevent accidents and the ceasures taken to contain radioactive =aterials safely if accidents did occur cake the environmental risks exceedingly small.
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! 6. Transnission Lines The rights-of-way for the transmission lines fron the TMI plant uill consist of about 1,900 acres, costly of cultivated farm land with sore scattered woodland. The property cuner is pernitted to use tbc land fcr growing crops, grazing cattle, or growing trees to a limited height, but
. not for amt structures. No historical or archaeological sites , virgin forests, or vilc-life preserves are involved.
The route for the TMI-hechteisville line required the purchase of cn:
hote, and the route proposed by the applicant for the TMI-Juntata line uculd require the purchase of six hcces. The authorized cost uncer the constructier schedule existing in Sevenber 1971 was about $16,000,000 for the THI-Eechtela . _
line and about '$2,000,000 for the TMI-Juniata line.
i
, 7. Aesthetics Changes in the site frou a rural area to an industrial area uith buildings, cooling tewers, and transcissica lines will have an adverse aesthetic effect. The Applicants are trying to mininine this effect by the design of the plant and transmission system and by landccaping. A f ossil-fuel plant at this site would have had the additicnal advers2
! features of scokestacks and large f acilities for fuel transportation and 3
storage.
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- 8. Benefits The primary benefits of the TMI plant are associated with the installed capccity and the output of electrical energy. The capacity of 1,780 tegawatta vill assist in meeting reliably the electrical lead
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on the Applicants' systen and will contribute substantially to the reserves j cf the interconnected systems. The generation of abcut 12.5 billien hilowatt i hours per year will supply electrical energy for industrial, co==ercial, and residential uses.
1 There are substantial benefits to the local econocy from enpenditures during construction. About S5,000,000 a year is being spent for caterials and equipment within a 100-cile radius of the site. Exployrant is being
}
l provided for expected to be 2,200 paideen at the peak of the construction work force. The wages are about 4 $35,000,000 in 1972, tapering off in subsequent years as ccnstruction is conpleted. This payroll is especially important to an area that has been econctically depressed as a result of the closing of the Olested Air Force Base.
}
j Operation of the plant will give employ =ent to about 150 can at i
wages of about S2,500,000 per year. Property ta::cs are paid to the state on the depreciated value of the plant, and will initially amount to about
$3,000,000 per year.
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j An educational benefit is the Inferration and 05ccrvation Center located on the mainland, directly across frem the plant site. More than 52,000 in a number people have visitedprogrars.
of cducaticnal this center by Dece:ber, 1971 rad have participated
- $750,000 ~m Applicaats prepone to spend about i cn new recreational facilities en Thtee Mile Island, including a carina, picnic grounds, and athletic facilities.
f 9. _Ealancina of Costs and Eenefits i
i l , The usin environmental considerations for the 7"r "' 1 " .x
'"e change
' rom rural to industrial use of tha i -
=
the cooling towers would contribute o og,ing nearby airport under nateorolo ^< cal c^""4 ti
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l thepossibilityofadverseeffectson$ " I'
- river flow, radiological doses that * ? if
" 1 as 11 raction of the ithin the proposed AEC criteria cf i being "as low as practic-ble" A
, ground, and an enceedingly stall e v rf $ffal r s'ul fracticn -
of natural back-of accidents involving
+
i radioactive cateria'"" ~h -
If t r greatly outweighed by the benefits of suPplvinao ?
-e d elert.1citv of fo nens -
~ at la* e savin i j 11-fuel plants and without atte dant air po lu '
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XII. DISCUSSIC i 0F CC:r'E::TS RECEn'ED 0?i THE DRAFT n;VTEO:S;TAL STATEMr;T Pursuant to paragraph A.6 of Appendi D to 10 CFR 50, the Draft Environ-cental Statenent of June 1972 was transmitted, uith a request for comment, to:
Advi7ory Council on Historical Preservation Department of Agriculture Depart =ent of Arry, Corps of Engineers Department of Concerce Dcpartment of Health, Education, and Welfare Depart =ent of Housing and Urban Development ,
Depart =cnt of the Interior Depart =ent of Transportation Federal Pcuer Co= mission Environmental Protection Agency Pennsylvania Depart =ent of Health Board of Cormissioners - bauphin County, Pennsylvania Loard of Supervisors of Londonderry Tcunship, Pennsylvania Pennsylvnnia Historical and Museu: Corcission Pennsylvania Depart =cnt of Environmental Resources In addition, the AEL requested co cents on the Draf t Environmental State-
= cat fro: interestet versons by a notice published in the Federal Revister en July 22, 1972 (37 FR 14734).
Corrents in recpcase t) the requests referred to above were received fret:
Advisory Council or Historical Preservatica Department of Agri<ulture Depart =ent of Army Corps of Engineers Department of Cc :: tree Depart =ent of Heal:h, Education and Welfare Depart =ent of the Interior Departtent of Tran portation Federal Power Corni,sion Environmental Proteccion Agency Pennsylvania Historiec1 and Museu: Cennission Pennnylvania Department of Environmental Resources Our conside'stien of cc ents received and the disposition of the issues involve:
are reflected in part by revised text in ether sectien, of this Tinal Environ-cental S ta' er'nt and in part by the follcuing discussion. The co~;ents nre included it this statement as Appendix C. The Applicants' respcases to the cc=:ents tre included as Appendix D.
XII-l na ' ~ - "i
') u u 00118
XII-2 A. SPECIFICATION OF V"CF!ATION ENITORIO PRCCDAM ( AC?.!CI'i.TI:RF. P C-6 AMD HLkl. P C-13 As stated in one of the Table 17 footnotes, appropriate crops vill be selected for analysis durinz the preparational phases of the envirennental conitoring program. Operaticnal conitoring requirements will be explicitly stated in the Technical Specifications ccction of the operating license.
B. ADE0i!ACY OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA (CC""EECE, P C-11)
A corrent uas cade that X/O values and their probabilities should be p rovide d. The =eteorological conditionc used in the analysis appronicate the dispersion conditions which would prevail at least 50% of the tice at a typical site. The value used for a short duration release at 610 =cters agrees with the Applicants' value. HovcVer, use of alte rnativ. ateorological -
assu=ptions, such as indicated in the Departnent of Co=merce cv ..a t , dcas not significantly affect the overall enviren= ental risk.
C. HOLO"? TI!'ES FOq 121I EFFLUF"T (HCI, P C-13. EPA, P C-l'.)
Our evaluation shcus that 30 days holcu e for gaseous effluents is suf-ficient for this plant to ceet the 1cv as practicable criteria. Holdup for 90 days would reduca the releases to approxisately 750 curies of Kr-85 f ar each unit. The incre= ental environtental ef fect of this reductica is incensequential.
The I-131 releases to water previously reported resulted in a dose of 2 trc:/yr frca drinking unter. Since the I-131 releac as in tSc reviscd acurce tern are smaller than previously reported, the doses vill ue m. aller ac are also accepte.ble. Uc conclude that the relenscs are as icw as ,rccric;ble cad that no cdditional wasta stcrage tanks or Teatment are required.
D. FC P ULATIC.7 DISTRIELTION (HE'J. P C-ll.)
The pcwer company's Enviren= ental P.eport lists t.:c population dis tribu-tions within a 50 mile radius of the plau; in Figure 2.2-1. The two values stated refer to the 1970 Census (1,867,735) and to a projected total in the year 2014 (3,023,527) . Ete AEC staf f based the radiological impact en th e populatica deternined by the 1973 Census.
E. P.ADIOLOGICAL EFFCC*S T~N '!EARBY PL/';TS (H O! . P C-14)
The Environmental Inpact statenents are concerned with the effects produced by a plant or plants on one site. Additive effects cre generally very difficult to quantify unless the sites are adjacent, in which case this question is addressed.
F. LOCATIO" 0F RADI0 ACTIVE DISP 0S AL AND FUEL REP'"CESSINC SITCS (E E; 9 C-14, DI, P C-19)
Certainly all details concerning shipping points for spent fuel and solid radwastes will be corpicted before plant operation.
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XII-3 G. DIFI'EPEUCES Tj! PJ.E'.!ASTE EI'TLUE'!TS : (M. P C-18)
The releases of radioactive icotepes in the liquid and gascous effluent in tables 4, 5 and 6 of this document rep resen t the results of an indepen-dent etaluation by the AEC Staff.
II. IW I. TO T!!DIVIDUALS I'.' EXCLUSION AREA (EPA, P C-38T
- c.
The highest calculated 3 value of the atnespheric dispersion value (X/Q == 1.4 x 10' sec/n ) uhich eculd apply to people using the Sunquehanna Tdvar occurs on the southuest shore of Three Mile Island. The total body dose would be less than 9 cre=/yr if a person spent all of his tire at this lccation; therefore, there does not seem to be any potential for exceesive exposure to persons utiliaing this section of the river.
1.
E!TECTS OF ADDITICNAL DEEP BED EE':INE?'LIZER (EPA, P C-35)
Unen the Ipplicants subnit a revision to the present treatment syeten, the environmental effects of this codification will be evaluated.
J.
MCLE""'TATION n7 CONTACT 'JITH PP"' FYLV!';IA HISTORTCAT. /.50 FUEE1Et C':'C'ISSION
(/u."JIS02Y CC'2:CIL 05 HISTe:1!C PRES:r' /sTIC:,. P C-2)
Cc~.cnts on the Draft Statenent fren the Pennsylva.nia Historical and 'r'useu.a Co 21ssion are included in Appendi:r C or this Final Statencnt.
K. ]:Sr Or / MITIC'iAL STIDPI"'; COLT"":S ~^*? CS-137 .TD S P-- m ("r" P C '",
Cparatin'; plants have denanstrated that deci:.cralicer ef ficienca a a fu.iction of uater qualtiy, ca:plin3 r.ethod c:'d cperntta; cenciticas. The tc.'it important of these, hcwever, is uater quality. The polishing daninernliner ecentanination factor of 10 for Cu and Sr used in our e reluation for avera'e unter quality conditions during the 40 year life of a nucient plant. The cal-culated Sr-90 releases frc Units 1 and 2 and Ca-137 releanes fro:Ur it 1 are less than .000035 of the 1 Crn 20 limits. The Cs-137 release frem Unit 2 is
.00002 tines 10 C"R 20, because of the assu ption in our evaluation tit;t 10% of the cor.dansate de .ineralizer rc3enerate solution is relensed untreated T'ils assunpcion was made to reduce the processing load on the Hiccellaneous
' aste Evcporator to reasonable lavels.
We concluce that the re:sval procass for Cs-137 and Sr-90 in the liquid radwaste cysten is adequate.
L. DI EUSIONS OF FLCOD POTEC~" ', DII'ES (DT, P C-17)
This infor:ntion is included in Appeneir. D as part of the Applicantn' responce to cc = 'nts.
M.
E!: VIE 0',ETAL IWACTS C~ ACCID:!'*AL RELEASES TO IJATER (DI P C-10)
A cor. men uns nade that accidental releases to unter chould be evaluated.
The doses calculated as consequences of the postulated plant operation accidenta n q p ,-
'i- k- '- , ngra u u:-*O
XII-4 are based on airberne trancport of radioactive caterials resulting in both a direct and an inhalation dose. The regulatory staff's evaluation of the accident doses assu=es that the Applicant's environmental ccnitoring progran and appropriate additional conitoring (which could be initiated cubsequent to an incident detected by in plant ronitoring) would detect th2 presence of radioactivity in the env'.ronment in a timely canner such that recedial actica could be taken if necessary to licit exposure froa other potential pathways to man.
N. _LCCATION OF PRINCIP\L__ REVISIONS OF TEXT I" RESPONSE TO COPrNTS Tcnics Consented Upon Secticn F'are Tonics are Addressed
- a. Citation for National Register of Historic References,Section II Places (Advisory Council on Historic Preservatien, p. C-4)
- b. Flood Protection and Drainage (Agriculture, II.E.1
- p. C-3,liEW, p. C-13, DI, p. C-16, EPA,
- p. C-35, Pa. Dep t. of Environmental Resources, p. C-54)
- c. Discussica of June,1972 Flood (Corps II.E.1 of Engineers, p. C-9, HEU, p. C-13, DI,
- p. C-16, EPA, p. C-35 Pa. Dept. of Environmental Rescurces, p. C-54)
- d. P.coults of Applicants Fish Populatica II.T.2 Studies (Corps of Engineers, p. C-9)
- c. In,lerentation Precedures for Recreational V.A.1 Are:2 Construction (Corps of Engineerc,
- p. C-10, DI , p . C-13 )
- f. Species Lists of Local 'n'ildlife 03 I , II.F.1 6 II.F.2
- p. C-16)
- g. Endangered Species (DI, p. C-17) II.F.1 & II.F.2 h .. Intake Unter Velocity at Lew Flew III.D.1 Conditions (D I, p. C-17)
- 1. Temperature Eff ects During Abnorral III.D.1 & V.C.2 Operating Canditicas (DI, p. C-17)
- j. Effects of TMI on Uildlife Populations IV.3.1 (D I , p . C-IS) --
e
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/
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XII-5 Topics Cc=nented Upon Section L' hen Tcpics are Addressed
- k. Discussion of Class 9 Accidents (DI, p. C-19) VI.A.
- 1. Discussion of Final Decommissioning VIII (LI, p. C-20)
Congregation of Fish at outfall (EPA, 7.C.2
- p. C-35)
- o. Discharge cf De=1neralizer Waste Solutions (EPA, p. C-34) III.D.2.b
- p. Turbine Leak Rates (E?A, p. C-35) III.D.2.5 q.
Itplications of Stoney Cre.h Pucped II.E.1 Storage Facility (EPA, p. C-40) r.
Entrain ent of Organiana (EPA, . p. C-46) V.C.2
- c. Cird Collisions With Ccoling Towers (IPA, p. C-47) V.C l.a t.
Ccpper To::icity Effectn from Cooling Tover V.C.I.a Drift (Pa. Dept. of Environmental l'.escurcer , p. C-5 2) u.
Restoration et Shad in the Susquehana V.C.3.b (DI, p. C-13)
,, - /
/[ L V r(>, o s .- <>
ila t ras
A-1 f.PD 2: DIX A Fiches in the Site 71cinity C,". v" ".', .I.". T T. F P. " ' ':. '."o Anlidae
/ .la _calva - bcvfin - only two adults taken.
C"Dr.7 CLL"'?.I 70" LGS Sal =or.idae Sa o trutta - brewn trout - only one takan, likely ccre frcn a strean.
Esocidae Esox tascuinon-e - ruskie, unccrcon, stocked.
CM'h CYT9I"IFCF2ES, Cyprinidae Orarinus carpio - carp - conca, up to 23-1/2 pound tchen.
_C rn m iu, auratu goldfish - unce man.
'c-
-- i , -Tu . cer o?enem - Loldcn shiner - cer.ron.
F :at!;uu ntrce=cumates - crcu cruo - com on in tributarice..
- ratil ca rr e r :r s.
- f llfika - rara in the river.
be m m cron en - river chub - uncoacn.
W t < ' t hv. a r m t.. .us - blachnoned Ca ce - n re in the ri';c r.
,rr s correr&.<
ccu.cn chinur - uncernon in the rivar.
';atroni a gia ccro- n - cpotfin shiner - uncemen in the rive.r.
Satre,tc huecenius - spetta11 chincr - uncc mcr. in the river.
.'i r ent.n l ea r.,t :t r.un - bluntnoce rtinnew - uncomon in the river.
Catestce.idae carnicdes evnrinus quillback carpaucker - ccmon, spians in tribat ariba.
- U
- ostera me ra tenidctra - pealip red horse - ccmon.
Ca t o n ec .us cc--:e rs c n i - white sucker - coron, spavan in tributaries.
li?N ntelita nirrienr3 - hc; r.ucker - uncen:on, sps ns in tributaries.
m -\ -
[
s
, b. F h[k4 8 Ll *].% t.1
n, A-2 APPENDIX A (continued)
Ictaluridae 1
Ictalurus .e_u_nctatus - channel catfich - very coundant.
Ictalurus catus - chite catfich - co==on but not abundcut.
Ict alurus natslis - yellow bullhead - cc==on but not ab ur.danc .
Ictaluren neculosis - brcun tullhead - cbundant.
55t15endes insicnis - margined cadtes - tare, only cne adult taken.
02ER /J:0'JILLIFCtTES .
Anguillid Anguillidae Aq uilla rostrata - American cel - rare, three adults taken.
-OCER PERCIFORES Centrarchidae
?ticrenterus dolnmieui - stallcouth bass - cornon in running vctor.
IU:rentorus salmaidea - large outh bass - cc =on in quiet water.
Lcoccia cyanelluq - green sunfich - uncommon but increasing in the area.
_Lc o na s ri.6csus - pur- kinseed - abundant, particularly in quiet water.
Ler r ed t m-i t o . - redbrecsted sunii.sh - abundant near east shore of river.
Lcnonil 1:crocairus - bluegill - tctacn, pcrticulcrl'; in quiet water.
E-nescantnun >1orla t aq - ble-e-spotted sunfish - caly one tc!:en.
'-Sle M tes rur+,tric - rockbass - common, particularly in clew waters.
Tc oxts nicrc aculatus - bicch crappie - abundant.
Pc-axis .nnularic - white crappic - abundant.
?2rcidae Stizestedian vitrcem - walleye - cormon but sporadic in distribution.
Perca flavascens - yellcw perch - rare.
Er'enstoua nirrra - jchnny darter - corron but not caught with Appliccats' gear.
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C-1 APPEfiDIX C COMMEflTS Ott DRAFT EflVIRO?;tiEtiTAL STATEliEtiT FOR THE THREE !!!LE ISLAf;D flUCLEAR STATIO!!, UtlITS 1 & 2 DOCKET liOS. 5 0- 2 0 9 ."i::D 5 0 - 3 2 0
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1 Lccr Mr. !L llcr: L is is in respc,nse to your request for coca.cnto cn the enviroecntal 1,;p ct utctement 1.!catified '.ar a copy of your cover 1cttcr attached to this dacurent. Le staff of the Advicory Council ha.2 reviewad the cubitted i=oact staterant and sug;;ests the following, identified by check = ark en tM.c f er:-: Le final statenont should contain (1) a sentence indicatin;; that the Naticnal Register of Historic Places has been ccasulted and that
~
no Zi.cional P.cc.istcr properties will be affected by the project, g (2) a licting of the Ustional P.enie.ter properties to be affeeted, an analysis of the nature of the effecta, a discussion of the wavo in which the effects were taken into secount, and an account of :.tc.:s t:Len to cauure ccepliance with Section 105 of the Naticnal Hi" toric Preservation Act of .L66 (S0 Stat. 915) in ,1cccrd nce. with proceaures of the Aavisory Cauncil en Historte Tretiervation as they appear in the Federal Ea-tster, L rch 15, 1972. In the cace of properties under the control or jurisdiction of the United Stateo Covernnent, the ctctement should show evidence of centact with the ofilcial r.ppoin ed by your agency to act so liaison for pur-po es of "xecutiva Order 1153 of thy 13, IW1, and include a discussic,n cf :,tcps t.nen to ec: ply with Sectroa 2(b) cf the Enecutive Ordur. f e / W final 4 tater.cnt nhould cent.$1a eridence of centact with the histcric Frenervatica 0:ficer for the State involved anJ a copy at nia cc:nents concer un", the ef f ect of the undcrtaktn: upon histaric-1 end archeologicci resourecse
/ Specit f .ic cc:nantr, attached.
Comnts en enviren:2 ental impact etc.te:rnes are not to be considerca no ccraenta of tne Aavisorf Council in section 105 mattera.
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jW wayJJQ)W% WN' t [(\ . . , , , P.obert R. Carvey, Jr. E::ecutive Secretary
- nclosura cc: Mr. - '. .l in J . '.*e vo r . N u t / %cutive Dim tor, Fannoylvanis Hist orics.1 Mu s :u J,: st aunc a , W' .li.m i e .a .corial ~ m-us 4. Arenivea hti:11.;;.
P. O. Mt 1,, a , ih r r i::ba r e, , fcensylvania 171J3 w/cy inc.
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terreeendeJ # $ pse $ es. e f a le f4. J P $ $498 s e de # e #48 e . A % Pe
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C-3 cc: Cr. S. K. Stevens, Chairncn. Ad'riecr" Counc!.1 en Historic Presenatica' 40 Centar Straat, C u? Hill, h n.h ylvac.is 17011 w/c/ inc.
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O C-4 Co .: cats : Le draft environnental statercat :: tca that the 1909 editi:n of the 10.tional negister of !!1r.coric Place.,1 c.s been censulteo. As this list his been censiderably revised since then, the fin;l : tate ent should SpcCify thr.E the Current lictin[5 Of thJ IIdtional t(eg10tQr CS publithed in tile Federal Ec zister, Ibrch 15, 1972, as supp'.c ented, have been consulted.
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O C c. 50-289 ,/,-~., So.3:n W .t:; el '=.) J.p DEPARTM ENT CF AGRICULTur,E
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August 25, 1972 ' N. ! j * :.3
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!!r. Daniel R. MJller
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':ashington, D. C. 20545 D2ar Mr. 'uller:
'l2 Threehave had Mile the llcclear Island draft envirccrental Station, Unit:statement fcr the I and 2, T'ctre,231itan Ediscn Ccnoany and v'arsey Central Pc er and Ligatr+n2nt.
Depa Cccoany, re *itwed in the relevant agencics of this of the Cap 3rtment, are enciesed.Cc =ents frca the Forest Service, an agency The Soil Ccntervatica Ser; ice, alto an agency of the Capart. ment, has co; yac cc:aieted its revie'.4 If it !as any cc=2nts, they will ha sent to ycu whsn availabic. Sincer9y, , , s .
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T. C, BYE?'.Y Coordin2tne, Envirencenp l Quality /etivities / Enclosure
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C.6 UN,n:3 STATE 3 Du...R' ::;T CF t.CIICULTCE
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Vcubinaton, D. C. 202:0 ?.c : Th1 ce !!ile Island Nuclear Station, Units 1 and 2 Me:ropolitan Edisaa Co. and Jersey central Power and Light Company We hnvc revicued the draf t enviror.: ental stat (ment for Three Mile Iuland liuclcer Station, Units i and 2, Metropolitan Edison Company end Jeracy Central Power and Light Co .panj. As described in t: e draf t environec ntal statc. , ent, the nuclear pl:nts et Thtco ::lle Icland I:ccicar Station should have little impact on veneratica. This inpa:t will probably be consider.,b icac than thct of a comparable plant usio; coal or oil. Periodic conitcring of ve;ctation on tl.c cast bcn:c of the Lunquehcnna River could tc used to establich whether cc not harr.ful Icvels of of chlorides er culfates had been rc:ched. On Pae,e 'l-23, Tcble t , t!.c dref t enviro.sneatc1 statem.st, moni.orin; of crops is r.cationed. Trees alen; th river cnd cice':here cou'd be nonitored ct the came time. It to scod to i.ote that the ccmpc:- rac . a:, to 1cadaccpa ti.a ;'1:.nt cite once constru: tion is cc::pictc6.
'Je vould likc to re:cive a copy of ti.e .nal envircnmental ctctcr.. cat .ica it la printed,, ,
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MAlh W"a f N "s Mr. Daniel P. .'iul l e r SM3) Atcnic Energy Cca..ission 5 M 20 Washington, D. C. 20545
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Cear l'r. Muller: Attached are cc:=ents frc i the Soil Conservation Service en t tha draft envirc.montal state:2nt for the Thrce :'.iie Isltr.d
';uclear Staticn, Units 1 and 2, Cauphin County, par.nyivania.
- Ccrents feca the to you cn August Forest Service on the sc :a statica ..ere cent 25, 1972.
Agriculture review. This cor.pletes the Cepart ant of Sincerely,
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T. C. 3 YEP,LY Coordinator, Envircr antal Quality Activities Er.:l csure 1 4 T
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i j September 11, D 72 1 I 1 The statement chould rention that 270 ac es of a.rm land t will be lost to construction of the plant, 2 % presently reasurable adverse eficers on farm enter rises j are expected unless aonor.nal radicactive waste discharges occur from plant operation or accident conditions.
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, 3 It should be mentioned that a continuous supply cf elec- .
t tricity is expected to bene 11: the 1ccal rural ec.rnnity. e 4 Erosicn and sediment control measures and ef f ects - 2:e provision for sediment control, as outlined on page IV-5,
- Part C, appears to be adequate,
. 5. A:.;ricultural land use trends are not e:q.ected to shcw cny c .im :es. .Anese enan;;es 'ul dqcna, on the operaticnul l LAstory of the plant.
I G. It should be critioned that the operatica or the pleir under { norm.11 c; ers _. conuiticas as not ex :ectec to im uir tr.e j une of icsal Gurn.cc ,.ter fc,r irri 'tica ,.dr-oses. 7 Zu prese: m of the d Res are: : Thrw .iile L id ~.- the c.eco n s i..'idge to the ... land will .i uce t n .: Oss se- ti r.nal
, arm .vailabic f or ear yir ; r.ter durit : 11 ~ .lc ;. 1 are no r untica in the envirc renta] staa.-2nt of incrosN j bacw ter elcvaricas in m;riculturo A art :. u p trce iro, the pli.n t . W ir. pai r ..ent of gricultural cra.m :2 is espectec.
i G. :,'a mnt ion a r.ade of internal drai u.;e nurnin : facilities i f ar clainating runoff within the dikcu crea durin; higa
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'. c.I thin the ;cor.e of presert day kr.o.ded.",e, no ceasurable agricultural pollurien is expectr d to ocene durin; nw al cperaticri of ti.e pls:nt. .he ercur.: of radioac tive polli.tica of local a. ricultural 1.nd will depend en the nu .Ler and sine of abnormal releases or accidents ,
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Mr. Dr.nie1 P.,
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f ' v. umistant Director / '
'.'i for Environnent:1 Projects LD' [(',(j JL;i ;'; /," \',') pi
* <.,.e Directoratc of Licensinr;
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N .;,4 j ; O.' ~ C: :'r. Muller: In reply to your ictter cf 23 J,:ne l';72, t:ic T.al ti: ore i1.ctrict , o t' .Q.cin e e r: Ce r;. s T.. viranten tal Cen.* 1de r.. tion:..cs reviceert the d raf t cr.viror.- ental :s tate ent on ::;. Ope r a t in a, P.clated to the Prc,:osed ::- .u:n: of :.a
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- e I 1<nd .e:Iccr Stetic,: Units 1 Ou r cr- rente.
are r.9: it t e d 1: c.ccc e.:nce wit h p re . : s i<.a- :. e n-taired in t!.a ,etienal Envirenzental relicy cJ ., - L-uv) . t:t cf 19 0 (i.e.;,11: y n, There ari .c cer.?nt: en t:.c Preb; M e "- it miched ..cce i!c:J f;cv . in: . r i 0 : .. . 'c. , r ,:1.:c f , c2 c f rece re ,-t .rr; ._: i:
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E;],C00 d b e ch c r* ~ e :. t o 2.i Ju.e .9 7 2 si t'a c.-- 3. tea There d:,n >t e.,:ccr to be any effrets fr;7 tLe ~n:ce "1;e Isler.d prc ye: en c.nf cc.,. t r u c t e d er t re; e .e d
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ad cc. trol projetts. On p ie I-3, the word "Penp" is . p el lc ri ir. correctly t nr:er tha coli. a , for purpose end next to per -it nue.ner *./JCP-P D: t-EJ Co) 21. Cn > .p,e 11-6, Swatars Creek 1 ; ainspcIIcd in Table 3. The
- b. u.u.ir us r enthly c-d 2'.-i: cur rainf all v.ven en pr.rf: II-J should revice:! ':ssed :n the June 1972 r.ters.
T.e::ults of the fish eepulation studie :: be included in the fin:1 environs ntr.1 f:7 :' state-entreferr.d jcet. to en paa.e ;I-11 r.i.rull for this pre
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, ;. e fin.a1 <nvircnnental 1:ps:t s:::enent.
~~ e pi;.ns fcr E- rc erce.:icn crc.: '.cic ;;c eced in conj'.:ccien with
- e nuclear s:c.:len cees ce t ir.c;;.e .Or.: fic:. tic:. cf 1:p;c:sn: tica prece;;res. ~ -;uld Le a.:;piul to i:.e ti.y ti:e -. .r cy er a:.; crc:.ts whici: sill cc:.:,t ruc t , c7ct:ce , c.nl -i r.:ain these :.cill:1cs.
t.cs c c =en t : r.re offered sa cu-,cstien.s to aid cur ofiice in pre-pe rir... c. fir. 1 cavirc:n.cn:c.i inpac: s t e:c:c r.: . /.s : gucsted, tr.c Ccur.cil ca Lnvironrxntal Quality 1.r.s been furnisacd ccpi .s cf this cerrecicadence. .
Sincerely yours,
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.,\ . . . - f./ THE W AOLSTA:wT sn.ng:cn. O C. i t:0 SECRETARY OF COMMtRCE
%i_$ . 50-2s9 So-no August 9, 1972
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g \/ k,sistant Dire.: tor fer , Environ- ental Projects ;H / U3; g,..- 3' @ U.S. Atcaic Energy Ccenission $, c :. . .
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The draft environmental impact statement for the "Three .iile . I: land :.uclear Statica Units 1 and 2 (Dacket :;o. 50-289 and 50-320)" uhich acecmpcnied your letter of June 23, 1972, has been recived by the Department of Concerce for review and co=c a t . The D:part cat of Ccecerce has reviewed the draft enviren-mental statement and has the folic.fing co=ents to offer for ycur consideration. 7:ce cct.coro10tical data presented by the appliccnt :.a the
'in-il Safety Analysis Report , ve hr ;c ccepurc.-: cn annu.1 av-ercce relative concentrc.tioc. vclue of 6 .; 10'3 - J' ccc .:
the
'.c' alte cxlusion dis tance c f $10 nilen. This is s: c cat c conserv:tive than ta ' value of 9 : 10-" a c .n J fr r.d in e r. 3 Acc~.tc Energy Cc niscion's analy21: cn s.je V-22. .e are unaa.m to csuss t.ea estt=atec et. the cenecquen::s o p o s t u l.:t e r, acc. dents which are licted in table 10. 'e need <
ta kncw, speci 'ically, tne r eteorological ast.c~.ntion:- used in
.he an.n l ys i.. , the resulting relative cencentratien value:,
(ce: applicant, The n. J) , and the prcbaailit . of occurrence of there value':. itat:d in :nbid 6.9-1 of the Envirocc ental Prort, has such ecacentrc-ion lease and chance of occurrence. values as a function oi ti: e of re-estientod ti.at at the site boundary For excenle , the pplicen:. ht
" a concentratica "nue of 3 ." 10-3 cce = # has a 'ifty percent an assi..med release period of 1 hout. Our ertir. ate is 6 ; 10 J chance of cccurrence for, cec m-J.
tie are unable
'herJ,y C:.:nission's to make cuch ccm:aricor: with the Atomic analysis.
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@ 9 C-12 b'c hope these cc.rcats vill be of assistance to you in the propr.raticr cf the final statc= cat.
Sincercly, s
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....3 t' in response to .
.at lettir at Ju: , 2 3. *. ;72, m.e r.:in you requcrted
- 1. :.::e i ln. n ui n t he d ra f t e c -/ f ro n- . . t c.1 i: : . t s t a te. .n t for ';;c D ra '!
- I e 1 and 2. Ve t ropolitan i.d. son Cc:pany, Duci.et t.*c:5.:r s 5 0-21.9 .ind 50- 1.'f, This becartcent has a cvieveJ the healtle c. spec ts of tN abeve praject as
;scesented in tne doco,enee sub-.i t te d .
T1.e r el wvin, cc: ent r tre rffeie.1: 6. Ri"i r Charac teris tics: 44.u en the :.;.uim. : fiv. rate (c f.s ; u f t h t. F u met..nc R.!ver at 'I du,ing .\ y..s o f i n 7 ?' .m use of '!ced -trw whi:a "can be ;et it pla,:.. ir the un11'-cly e'cnt thst L ,101, % 0 e r a I"7 is c>:ceeded" 1 : to t : lear ipp. I) *,- 6 ) . _
- 2. Liquiu 'astus: -
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Cest mea! bioie ! Maystes. and ",tr m 'un n0 are Mne-livM t u t epc:. relarfs.e to ne r.71izer f c r catione. ..h a t la t!.e ett.'st:ncy of u:e ro11shi . , de :t-ot ce si . t- .ar .w. .! s t r .m t t .: 2 ? If the efficie..,v t'.e :.n.ic.u- av.s il a h ! c. fer t's se c.Jr.ana, then final r.r::r hie,r. efficiency ec.ite .u::
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"autological
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':t-creps .:ay ens,. Y avziliale for a single
- c. p.trti:ularly r;rav::s which : ay %. present for on'; pe rice at t ! -.e , a nculti be specifteu.
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,. .Sdiolo,,1c.1 1 ;act:
- a. T u dratt state =ent r.tves 1.063 x 100 people within the 50 rtil 3 radies (p - . '7). The pweer eccpany's report givcs 'i.J1 x 10 p.w: sic sith: tce 3 r:e art a (6.9-1. M..rrn 1972). Ucu -an:: people lhe within the 50 mile radius c: c'.e sitc? .
- b. The reach 2otton Nuclear Plent is docut 35 miles downstres=,
taerefore, the 50 mile radii of T.'11 nd "each 3ottea overlap.
~
Bo t r. .ncluJc harrisaur,,, Pennr.ylv nii. The report shoulc t.how
-~.t N.:uer et pople sne a11. t,c re ceivin,; a.ditional c. sata tion irv: t..e ot!.er pl at and the .a;;nitude ut the additior.21 Jose.
- 5. Transpwrtation: "T'se applicaats have not indicated where the irradictt:t
- fuci or s,1;. wastes sili be shipped. etc." (pg. . J3). Caes a ter.1-nus exist? Lnat are the site options? Plant operation should nst be permitted until site (*:) for vaste and recycled caterials ar2 soecifiad.
i*1e opportunity ta review the draft envirot.mectai ir;:sc t s t.ite:ent is
.1ppreciated.
- in:erely yours, Q /
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14 C-19 1 h'e recc mend that the development cf the prepoced recreation facilities b2 stipulated in the operating licences for Uni n 1 and 2.
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include en outline of plans and responsibilities for future or ultimate recreation develcpment on the cite. This cut-lina should include details regarding such natterc as ccc of future development, develcpnent cchedules, and oceration i, and caintenance responstal.3iries by pub 3_ic agencico an,e the applicants. : i Terrectrial Ecosvaren t The confusing. cecond paragraph of this cection en page V-15 is i It should assecs the project cauced irpact: ; on the terrestrial ecosycten even if much of the impacts { are the result of recreation developrunt. It may be appropriate to estimate the percentage of these luracts . - thatauma cauced by the o'peration of the plant. _ Transportation of ):uclear Fuel and Colid Radioacti. tlactcc ' t Thic cection in the final c:hirennental statement shculd dentify the disposal circs cf the irradiated fuel or solid effects of order
.:astes.in dicpocal. to permit an tecurate assescrant o f +.hc En.-iror entcl Effects of Accident:
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, the enviror.menca,#a "' - ' . . . . -
co t.ater ic lacking. l effac:n of relcaccc linted En Tables 17 and 13 could resultMany of these postulated accidentc, fucquehanna River'and should be evaluated in Gerail.in releases to the Ue alc o think that Clacs 9 accidente re.culting in both air and human Jatar life reic and the cesrcr2ining should be describel and envirc.mmant diccuscc^ the incacts on ac there is any poccibility of occurr .nce. d as lon ! ces ' of an accident of thic ccverity could have far-reachingThe conseque
- cffqc ts en land and in the Cucquehanna River which cculd persict for centurics affecting millions of peopic, i
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