ML19220A408
| ML19220A408 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Crane  |
| Issue date: | 04/27/1978 |
| From: | Grossman M NRC OFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL (OGC) |
| To: | |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 7904170564 | |
| Download: ML19220A408 (90) | |
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4/27/73 UNITED STATES CF AMERICA NUCLEAR REGULATORY CCMMISSICN BEFCRE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING APPEAL BOARD In the Matter of
)
)
)
CAROLINA PCWER & LIGHT CCMPANY
)
Docket Nos. 50-200
)
50-401 (Shearcr Harris Nuclear Power Plant,
)
50-402 Units 1, 2, 3 and 2)
)
50-40:
DUKE POWER C31PANY
) Docket Nos. STN-419
)
STN 492
(. Cherokee Nuclear Station
)
STN 193 Units 1, 2 and 3)
)
FLORIDA PCWER AND LIGHT CCMPANY
) Docket No. 50-389
)
(St. Lucie Plant No. 2)
)
KANSAS GAS & ELECTRIC CCMPANY
) Docket No. STN 50 182
)
(Wolf C. eek Generating Station
)
Unit 1)
)
METROPCLITAN EDISCN CCMPANY
)
Occket No. 50-320
)
(Three Mile Island 2)
)
PHILADELPHIA ELECTRIC COMPANY
) Docket No. 50-277
)
50-278 (Peach Botton Atomic Power Station
)
Units 2 and 3)
)
';.90417G569
h In the Matter of
)
PUBLIC SERVICE CCDA'lY OF INDIANA,
)
Docket Nos. STN 50-546 INC.
)
ST!1 50-547
)
(Marble Hill 1 & 2)
)
PUBLIC SERVICE CCMPANY OF
)
Docket Nos. 50 JJ3 NEW HAMPSHIRE
)
50-444
)
(Seabrook Units 1 & 2)
)
PUBLIC SERVICE ELECTRIC & FAS
) Dccket Nos. 50-354 CCMPANY
)
50-355
)
(Hoce Creek Generating Station
)
Units 1 & 2)
)
ROCHESTER reS AND ELECTRIC
)
Docket No. STN 50 485 CORPORATION
)
)
(Sterling Power Project Nuclear
)
Unit No.1) 1 TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY
)
Docket 'los. ST'l 50-518
)
ST!! 50-519 (Hartsville Nuclear Plant, 1
STN 50-520 da"? l 4)
)
STN 50-521 TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY
)
Docket '!os. 50-553
)
50-554 (Phipps Send 'luclear Plant,
)
Units 1 and 2)
)
TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY
)
Docket flos. STN 50-566
)
STN 50-567 (Yellow Creek Nuclear Power
)
Plant, Units 1 and 2)
)
Ga-CO
. In the Matter of
)
)
THE TOLED0 EDISON C0iPANY
) Docket Nos. 50-500
)
50-501 (Davis-Besse Nuclear Pcwer
)
Station, Units 2 and 3
)
VIRGINIA ELECTRIC & POWER CCMPANY
) Docket Nos. 50-338
)
50-339 (North Anna Power Station
)
Units 1 and 2)
)
WASHINGTCN PUBLIC POWER SUPPLY
) Docket No. 50-513 SYSTEi
)
)
(Nuclear Project No. 4)
)
MOTICN TO CONSOLIDATE PROCEEDINGS TO RECEIVE NEW EVIDENCE WITH REGARD TO RADON RELEASES AND ASSOCIATED HEALTH EFFECTS Pursuant to 10 CFR 62.730 and 10 CFR 62.716, the NRC Staff moves the Appeal Board to consolidate these croceedings pending before the Acceal Scard for the limited purpose of receiving ner evidence and making a decision regarding the environmental impact of raden re-leases in the uranium fuel cycle. The Staff believes that it would be in the public interest for the Acceal Board first to consider the
" radon" issues in a consolidated proceeding rather than directing that it be done in as many as 17 separate croceedings (either at the Acceal Board level or at the Licensing Board level en remand).
Our suggested r,cs;
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g ccurse would be more efficient, more expeditious and generally f airer toallparties.O Cn April 11, 1978, the Comission issued an amencment to 10 CFR 551.20, Table S-3 by eliminating the value for radon-222 releases (43 Fed. Reg. 15613, April 14,1978).
The Camlission stated that the appropriate value for this isotcoe would henceforth be litigable in inidividual licensing proceedings.
It directed that, in proceed 4cs pending befcre Appeal Boards, the record be reopened for the limited purpose of recePr-ing new evidence on radon releases and on health effects resulting therefran.
Since the cuestion of radon imcacts is general and totally unrelated to the particular situations of particular reactors, there would be no real advantage to having the issue addressed by the Licensing Boards which received the evidence en the other issues in the proceedings.
The Appeal Board need not involve itself in drawing uo detailed cost-benefit balances in c~ase cases.
It could reasonably limits its func-tion to making an initial detemination of whether the effects of radiation frcm radon could be substantial enough to affect the cost-benefit balances or determinations on the health effects of the nuclear
.1/ The NRC Staff is aware of the orders in Metrocolitan Edison Co.,
et al., (Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, Unit No. 2), ALAB 465, 7NE (Marcn 27,1978), and Tennessee '/ alley Authority (Hartsville Nuclear Plant, Units l A, 2A,18 and 23), ALAB 467, decided Aoril 19, 1978, remanding these issues to the Licensing S oa rd.
We would urge the Appeal Board to reconsider those orders in the 1ight of this fiotidn.
. fuel cycle.
C#. Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Ccro., et al. (Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Staticn), CLI-77-10, 5 NRC 717 (1977), ALAB-392, 5 NRC 767 (1977).
If the adon impacts are determined to be very small, there would be no need to have the particularized redetenninations of the cost-benefit br. lance made by the individual Licensing Boards. C#
Public Service diectric and Gas Co., et al. (Salem Nuclear Generating Station, Units 1 and 2), ALAB-426, 6 NRC 206 (1977).
Should there be no consolidation, the Staff's testimony would be essen-tially the same in each proceeding.
Presenting it one time would be more efficient and less expensive. Because of conflicting demands en the time of a limited number of Staff witnesses, scheduling these witnesses in many separate proceedings would inevitably mean substar.. al delays in reaching the issue in many proceedings.
Similarly, we think it likely that a good deal of rebuttal evidence would be duplicated frcm
]ne proceeding to another. Consolidation could thus speed up t'.e con-sideration of the raden-related issues and conserve the rescarces of all parties.2/
Consolidation would also be generally fair to Act'icants and Intervenors.
7.;ose trying the third or fourth cases f-.2 "; these issues would not be faced with the effects of those issues hav'ng bcen determined pre-viously in other proceedings.
Although the e fects of the earlier 2/ I snould be noted that in addition to the pendino Acceal 2 card ca ses, there are many cending Licensinc Board cases in whicn the re:ords must be reccened to receive radon evidence. While certain measures of consolication wculd be possible at the Licensing Board le/el, r.ney would be censicerably more difficult to work out.
y "'13
_ decisions would not be binding, there is no gainsaying that the earlier public decisioris wuuld affect later cases. Conversely, if early cecisions on the radon releases had no effect on later decisions, the likelihood of inconsistent decisions would be increased.
This result too should be avoided.
We recognize that the Appeal Board members hav a heavy apoellate workloads and that the time recuired to conduct a consolidated evidentiary hearirig would necessarily have some adverse impact on their ability tc keep their dockets current. Nevertheless, we feel justified in asking the Acceal Board to assume this burden because of the major benefits to the public interest which should result.
As a first step in a consolidated consideration of the radon issues in the captiorwJ cases pending before this Board, tha Staff would offer five affidavits: Affidavit of Homer Lowenberg of January 20, 1978; Affidavit of Jack E. Rothfleisch of January 18, 1978; Affidavit of Reginald L. Gotchy of March 28, 1978; Affidavit of R. M. Wilde of March 28, 1978, and Affidavit of Paul J. Magno of January 16, 1978.2'/
These affidavits show that impact 2f radon releases considering mining and mill tailings are insignificant conpared to thosi. c.Je to radon con-tamination in the natural background, and t.iat occulation radiation S Copies of these or similar affidavits have r;reviously been served in many of these proceedings.
For convenience, the Staff is reserving these affidavits with cooies of this !iotion to each of the parties in these proceedings.
4M CCd
. doses from these sources cannot be distinguisned frcm background radia-tion (Gotchy Affidavit of March 28, 1978, p. 16).
Thus, the cost-benefit balance in any case is not substan cial.f affected. They further show that af ter the radon impacts are considered, a wide gap still exists between the projecter 'aalth effects o# the uranium and coal fuel cycles.b The Staff believes that theet af' avits pr.:.de an adecuate basis to dispose of the raden matter in each of the cases herein, and in the absence of a specific indication by a party of the intention to contro-vert that evidence, no further proceedings would be recuired.
$/ The Atomic Safety and Licensing Board in Washinaton Public Pcwer Suoaly System (WPPSS Nuclear Project, Nos. 3 and 5), Ini tial Decision T7aril 10,1978) received into evidence (1) Staff affidavits in which the Staff explained its reevaluation of the releases of radon during the uranium fuel cycle from the value assigned to radon in Table S-3, 10 CFR Part 51, and (2) a Staff affidavit in which the Staff evalua-ted the impact of the corrected radon values on the comparison of the coal and nuclear fuel cycles.
In the Initial Decision, the Board stated the folicwing (at slip opinion, po. 88-89):
"To eliminate the possible need for a future recoened reccrd in this proceeding to consider the Radon-222 matter, the Board has reviewed Staff Exhibits 25 and 26 with respect to the effects of Raden-222 and finds tnat even if the corrected Radon-222 releases were used to replace the value assigned to radon in Table S-3,10 CFR Part 51, the enviromnental imoacts of the uranium fuel cycle would not be significantly increased. The cost-ben = fit balance in favor of the licensing of these projects remains unchanged." (footnote omitted)
Accordingly, the Staff does not consider it necessary to recoen the record in the WPPS$ 3 and 5 proceeding.
(II) ~ [3 C't)
.. We respectfully recuest that the Appeal Scard order the consolidation of the above-captioned proceedings for the curpose of dealing with the radon issue. A conference of parties to the censolidated proceeding shculd be held with the Appeal Scard members involved to discuss pro-cedures for the censolidated hearing, inc uding methe ", of efficiently and expeditiously handling discovery, submission of written testimony, identification of Board cuestions, and cross-examination. We would suggest that such a conference be held in the near future at a location as reasonably convenient as possible to all c?-ties who indicate an interest in participating.
Respectfully submitted,
% M m N WN Milton Grossman Chief Hearing Counsel Dated at Bethesda, Maryland this 27th day of Acril,1978
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NUC'.IAR REGULATCRY :~;'.9III*C 1 AF ION /IT CF HCMER LC'AE. 5 ERG 1
CN THE 2ACCN 'IALUE IN TABLE S-3 Hccer 1.:wencerg, being culy swen, s*stes as feli:ws:
1.
I am Assistant Diret:r f:r 0:erati:ns anc Tecnnciegy. Cf' ice :f Nuc!c-Ha arial Safety and Safeguards, ? luc! car Regulat:ry Cecnissi n.
A su:e:::ent f my ;rofessi:nal cual t'itations is attac.ned.
2.
The nu::: erica! values f und in Tacle S-3 Of 10 C7R Far: 51 (for values 0:ner ::an Pt r cessing and waste anagement) art derived tres:: a d: cur::en: :u lisned by one U.S. At:mic Energy Ccenission entit!ec. 'I.wircr= ental Surrey of : e Uraniu::: Fuel Cy:1e,
a5H 'Eia, da.ac Acril,1974, and its :rececessce, ' E. v i ren=enni uel C/cle,' dated 'icvem:er,1972. 7 e value r
Sursey Of ne 'luclear f:r raden-222.ni:n 3:: ears in 45H-124 and in Tacie S-3 <as esiculated uncer my su:errision. D e Ret.if*eisen af'icavi: sn:ws the basis f:e tais value.
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-2 3.
As Mr. 4thfleisch states, the raden value in Ta:1e 5-3 Of 74.5 curies per annual #uel recuirement (AFR)1/ ra resents only releases f-em mill tailings during active mill ccera f cn and does.nc: include releases frem either tne mining of uranit.m cr f em sta::fif:ed tatiings :iles e
aftar One ;ericd Of active siti :cerati:n. A: the time '4SM-1243 es in ;rt antien, adecua:a 'nf:r a:1:n :: esti..1:e ncen release fnm mining and I:ng-term releases f :m sutili:ed tailings piles gere not available and.#er -he reis:ns discussec belcw, tre Staf" felt it was unnecessary :: Ort: art s;ecaiative esti:ates of :te nden releases fnm Oese s urces.
MI'tI.'4G 4
At te time :ne Staff deveic;ec :ne Tacle S-3 value f r neen, :ns Staf" did not ' ave suf"icient da:2.: :uantify :te ett eases ' :m ncen involvec in tne :ining Of.n1 m.
'4'e vert una:T e :: 'ind any field sta for ncen emissions :ut, as '45H-iZt3 incicates ac
- p. A-5, field messur=ents take by :ne Eureau of Mines for nden cencentntiens in : en ;it mines rtvealed no signi'ican; al;ha c:ncent ations.
J All values in Table I-3 art fer a =ccel i. CO-megawat taccr
- ersted at 30-cer:ent :acact 7 Owe k
3-5.
Even ncugn :nere.ere cc meaningful 'ield ta:a !:r estima:ing a specific raden release uantity, One Staf' fel that it was a:le ts ::nclude : a: ad:n ::ncentraticns away frem tre immediata vicinity of :ne mine *culd not be detectabie against natural backgrcund. -2 / This Staff ::nclusien is su:: cried by :ne foliewing conclusien reacns; in :ne 3EIR et:crt 4'l and : e U.S. Envirenmental Protec:icn agency re:cri, 'I::drates Of ::ni:ing Eacia:i:n Icses A
in tne United Sta:as 1960-20C0, '-- / tc:a of wnich are :itec in
'4 ASH-1218:
- [d]hile uranium mining ac-ivities increase One imcun: Of surface aranium and its decay Or:cucts, it Oces act cause measura:1e increases in envir:nmental racicactivity cu: side tne immeciate vicinity Of ne mines.'
(WASH-1218, ;c. A-4 and A-5).
6,
- See WASH-1218 1: ::. A 4, A-5, A-14 and A-16.
2/'The Effects :n :::uiatiens :f Ex:csure :: L:w Levels Of *:nt::ng Laciati n,' Re:cri Of ne adviscry %:ni-ee :n : e Sici:gical Effects Of
- ni:ing Raciaticn (3EIR), Nat'l. Ac. Ici.,. au'l Res.
1 Ccuncti, Wasningt:n, 3.
C.,
("cv.1372), :.15.
(Citec in
'4 ASH-i218 1: :. A 4).
CRP/CID 72-1. Estima:as Of Ionizing Radia:f cn Ocses in ne United S tates 1960-20C0. U.S. Env. F-::. Agency ( Aug.1372), p. 27.
(0!ted in WASH-;2*8 a :. A 4).
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5.
The licuid and solid effluents (:ailings) frem uranium milling are
- mcined in the mili, and One s urry is pum:ec :: :ne afling: area.
l The Osilings are oftan dum:ed inside dikes :P dams, inus f:r5:ng 1 pile wnich :sn gr:w :s 2C Or 10 feet nign and is cuen is 9al f 1 ti'e icng. The Itcuid and soli: effluents are :isenarsec 'nsi:e :ne :am, wi:3 the larger ;ar:1cies :f sciics de;csiting near One irn en s=ailer particles Inc licuid ; nase fi:w away frem :ne cam, forming a ;cnd.
7.
The arts of e2 csed dry :2 flings is variable, de:ending On :ne volume Of liquid effluents fr:m :te 5111, ne natural eva:crl:icn ra:a, and the design of :ne retantien system.
- n :ne s: ring :f 1973, all tailings it :ne ew x2:n anc Rio A1;:m milis <ert su:-
~
nerged in 4a:ar.
.n ::n:rss:, New ext:0 miiis nave rany treas :f w
cry tailings.
UCC4 IALL'E :CR :ER:CD CF AC~-'/I w!'.L:1G 3.
As indica:ec in :ne Octhfieisca af'idavit, :ne -2cen value in W/Eri-j 48 t: resents nly me tieases ass:ciated 41 n te 2:!ing:
- iles during :ne : erica :f active tilling.
hese ::Icula:::ns 4er?
9 yea h
at
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0 0
n 5
based :n a recel wnica as:::ed :na: One nilings Oiles ere :=cie:eiy ae: during :ne ;eriod of active milling. A: ce time Of prt:: ara:icn of WASH-1243, dau availacle = :ne Suf" On new or 01anned -'illing cperations indicated tha: during active. tilling :1e :silings wculd be wet.
3.
Altacugn sue 3111s may have a ver/ sca:: tr/ *tescn' area, a recent surtey indica:as na: mst niils a.s :nanctarizac :y uilings ;cces wita large (3 r0ximately 20-30 :ercent of na : ui teacn arc ;cnd arta) def teacn ar=as.
It has been calculatec ma: Ocrs raten is -eleasec f :c these def areas than frem the ;cnd surface Or ?mm et teacn areas. :/
- 10. E.e calcula:1cns for raden releases in the af'idavi: f Faul J..tgno use a =rt r* cant :cdel.nica is based On tailings ;iles anien are
- artly crf and ;artly,et.
~his.uy :e xrt t:resen:stive anc is xrt ::nseria ive *.an =e acdel ; sed in WASH-12ia.
In a:01:icn,
.Mr. Magne ;rtsants an astimata Of 250 curies /AA :f rac:n reitase during an interis :er c
. x
9 0
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RELEASES RC.9 MILL TAILUiG5 ?!LI3 Al-*IR ?ERICO CF 2C-/? M LL *.NG
- 11. At ce time 'JA5M-124 <as in ;recaratien :ne. elease n:es asscciated wita ne nden in the tailing: piles after :ne ;ericd of ac:he tilling were ::nsidered by ce Staff *. :e :uita speculative.
- 12. Because of 2e relatively secrt naif-iife Of nden-222 (2.3 nys),
ce amcunt of nden eleased fnm i tatiings sile, after it is generated frem decay Of Ocriu.2 in :ne ;ile, is decencent On ce pnysical cnanc:aristics of tne ;11e (e.g., si:e, sna:e, Over*urcen, soil enaractaristics).
~hus, ta icng-ter-n enanc:aristics :f te
- ile are "ac
- Ors wnica must te ::nsidered in nden tieases.
In 1972, ce 5:sf' sid ac: nave acecta:a icfor-ation :n.nica =
- ase astimates :? I:ng-tarm ::anctaristics. 77ert tac :een 3:ancened mills acese milings :iles ud ac: :een ;P:erly su:ili:ec and cartd for gnica nad causec ;reciems in 2e vicini y of te mili s.
On the other hand, cert <er* sills that had given acccua:a cars := ce ;rtclem Of stabili:siicn of uilings ;iles vnica nac resultac in little effec.s :n ma env:nr=ent and few :re::iens in Oe vicinity of Oese mills.
- n adcition, in 1972,.n; e ne 9
aumem p'(g
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C=nissicn (USAEC) was =nsidering -nis matter, bu. nac nc: je:
developed a ;clicy eith respect u 3:als a be acnievec in subili:ation of tailings piles after :ne ;erice of active mili cceraticn nac : eased. Thus, One degree cf sucilin:icn, Inc
- nerefore ne mden release n a, 0:uld nc: :e ;tecic:ac ita any rea10nacle cegrte Of caruinty.
- 12. Never-neless, re I:sff ::nsider-c availa:ie inf;r ati:n, : articular!f ne re:cr; Of Oe U.S. Environmenui ? ::ection Agency antitled, "Estimatas of !0ni:ing Raciatie, :cses in tne United Su as ;"6C-2CCC. ' e / ~his dccu=en: Ft:crted me resuits of s::cies race at active and inactive =ill sitas <ita =vem and unc:ver*d uilings wnien sacwed ne significant ndiation e.t:csure = ne :u::lic.
3ased :n :nese s::cies, ce 5:sif =ncluced in WASH-124, 3-22,
- na: Oc:ulatica c ses a:-Mbutacle u =e uraniu:n niiling incus.y
=culc not te :1 stingui snaci e f.= catuni :ac.xgmunc -scia-icn.
CO.'tCLUSICNS 14 The mcen value :f 74.5 uMes f und in Tacle 5-3 ay :e s=ewca:
21sleacing; newever, ce backgrounc infor.a:icn =nninec in d'~
See P.c:a a, :. 2.
e
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. u
5 :nis talue,as intancec to accress Only :ne MSH-12?S snews ra:
release a:--ibutacle u an annual fuel muireent fnm =e D e value dces net milings ;cnd during active mill ;enti:ns.
include ncen releases 'nm mining er 1:ng-tem releases fnm tailings piles afur active milling '.u :aased.
De Sufs current esti:.ata f:r -tieases '-tm -:ining is *CSC Ci/ Afi, 15.
as snewn in t e Wilde af'idavit. De Sufs cur-en: esti a:c ':r releases f-em sucili:ed milings ?iles is 1-10 Cl :er year / *FR as sncwn by the Magne afficavit.
k aedition, Mr. Magno estimates a racen release Of 250 Ci/AFR fer =e inurim ; erica after active siliing cas esased and befert the til%gs sile is stacili:ec.
and Mr. Magno's afficavit als: ::ntains ce Staff's x:rt netn x:rt at:rtsentative estimate Of nd:n atlease during =e active till :cen:icn Of ~3C Ci/AF9.
fuei De nden value 'er tieases ' tm al! :nases :f =e anni ::
15.
cycle, inclucing -11 eases fr:m mining and icrg-cen etieases fre.2 :ne milings Oiles, aculd be sucsuntially higner tr.an te value sucwn in Tacle S-3.
This :ces nc: carnet, cwever, '-:m
- ne :ven11 Itaff ::rclusion :n :ne envirereenul ' cac :f =e' uranium fusi cycle. Bis is :! ar f em =e af'idavi: Of ;r. C-ct:ny,
eeme
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O e
3 which sacws that, anen raden caleases frc:s the scurces net incluced in the Tacle S-3 value are considered, the peculation ecse is nc:
distinguishable frc:n the ner.al and ex;ected variatiens in nat:2ral background.
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In 1942 ; received 1 Cegree Of 'dec:anical Engineer *ng ni n Educati:n:
distincti:n in Checrical EngineeHng f cm Itavens institute of Technelegy. In 136E : 1::encec :.Te Cor eii University Gracuata !cacci of Eusiness and ?'a:iic Ac=inistrl-!cn Executive "evele: ment ?r: gram.
1942-1946 - ! 4as 41:n me Hercules ? wcer := any is 1
'4c r t E.t: e rd en c a :
Ceveiceren: and :-Ocucticn Engineer, invcliec in ce :esign of equi:cen and:recasses f:r -.anufic ure :f :-::eil ant:
and Hign Ex:icsives.
1946-1347 - I was ;roject engineer f r ?acift: Air o-ive Ccrp. nandling *ne design anc ins ul 1:icn of slan and equi:=en for the over:aul of aircraft.
1947-1967 - En: icy an: 4i u 'li r: EngineeMng :=:any (for-erly <aliex Car:crs:icn) is ?- jec: Engineer, -:j ect Manager,.anager :esign inc necial :1 cili ties, uanager :f
'few Ycrt 0:eraticns.
?- jects included 14ide iaMety Of nuclear installaticns. Icme typicsi faciif:'es wr*:
Red:x, '4asta etal Fac:very 2nd Nrex 8e:recassing 012nts, Ric". land, '4asningt:n; lign Lavel Ldiati:n analytic 21 ind Examina:1:n L2:cr10: ries, Rect:cassing ?il : :lin: Inc Alicy evei :ren: : Tan:, Cax Riege, Tennessee; *-pile Ls)
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..: wen: erg Reac::e Tes: L:c:s, ETT, :danc Filis, !:anc; :ncian : in-No.1 Nuclear Praer Plant, Consolidated Edisen, New ?crt; Mobile Samma, Bulk Grain, Casium, Shi:ccard and Weed Plastic Irrscia: Ors; Nuclear Accket E-MAC facilities, Jackass Fla:s, Nevada; and Varicus plu :nium and radiclegical labcra ries.
Majcr ;uolica:icn effer:s incluced: React:r danctcck -
First Editien, Vol
- l; Reac :e Hanebecx - Sec:nd I:iti:n, Vol. !!; A::mic Energy Fact Beck.
1967-1971 - I ac:ee:ac ne :csition of Manager :f antral teir NUMEC Engineer *ng di-a A:! antic Ricaff eld 00=:any a:
sucsidiary. Res;cnsibilities incluced :lanning, :esign and c:ns:-Jcticn of facilities for ARCC's :rojectad ent y int :ne nuclear fuel cycle, i.e., fuel f abrica:icn,
plut:nium fuels manufac-.:rt, s:ent fuel rter:cessi g.
1972-1972 - I ac:e::ec a :esitien wi n : e 'J.3. A::mic Ener;y Camissicn as an Assistan: Ji sc::r for Tecnni:21 ateriais Suc;cr; and Tr:ns:crtatien; Licensing Fuels anc w
wnica includeo riscensibilities f:r : e Itcensing of 0 ans or.a:icn c:ntainers and envir:nmental and s ec al reviews Of fuel cycie faciitties.
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1975-:: :ata tii n =e U.S. Nuclear Regulanry C:= ssi:n since its inca:: icn.
I am :resently Assisunt Jir? cur for Cceraticns and Tecanciegy, Cffice Of Nuclear Ma:arial Safety and Safeguards. In mis :csitien, I am ts;:ensitie for NRC assessment of generi: issues, s:ecial s:. dies,
rtiatad researen ;1anning and ::crtina i:n anc ne 't:ansing regula::ry base rela:ad = ce fuei cycle Ti:ent'nq functi:ns.
Sc=e f =e major accivities :er':r ed uncer y su:ereisi:n included:
. Se analysis Of Oe use Of ;1utenium recycle in Iign:
water reactrs and de relatad rectecings
. 2e analysis of de envi-:n= ental effec.3 # tm :P.e urtnium fuel cycle ce review Of altama:ive fuel cycles Majer ;uclicati:ns inclucec: Invir:n=entai Survey of Os Nuclear ~uei /cle; Envi enmenui Scr/ey Of.9e Urani=:
. uel C/cle, WASH-1218; Ieneric Envi :n=enni 5:a:2 men :n Mixec Cxide Use ("J.2PC), : raft WA2H-i.~27 anc 'ina! 1tRE3-CCOZ.
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..a 3!CGRAFMCAL *?iFC FAT *CN Pnsent Cc:::atien U. S. Nuclear Regula:Ory Q:missicn - since it incacticn in 1975 Assis* ant Cirect:r f:r C:eratiens and Tecancicgy, Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards. Res ensible fer 1RC assessmen: Of geneM : fuel cycle issues and :lanning and ::cruinati:n cf reia:ad researen and ruleciaking activities.
Educatien Stavens Instituta of 7ec.9ncicqy,1942, Cegne Of Mecnanical Egineering
'with cistinction in Chemical Engineering.
Carnell Universi y,1965, Graduate Scacci of Business anc N lic Ac:ninistn:icn -
becutive Cavele: en ?-: gram.
Occucatienal Ex:erienes Hercules ?cwder C ::any, 1942-1947, Ceveic; ent and Fr:cucticn Ogineering Procellants and Hign E.xplosives.
Vitro Egineering 2. :any (femerly <allex Cem.),\\l974-i?67 \\ Pmject Sqineer, N PMject Manager, Manager :esign anc Scecial Facilities, Manager Of New Ycrt C:erttiens. Res:cnsibilities inc!cde:
v tal tec:very and Nrex Re:recassing ?1anc -
Redex, 'Aasta e
Richiand, dasning.:n Hign Lavel Radiation L2:cm:: ries, Re:mcassing 7110: ?lant and Alloy Cevel:: ent :1 ants - Car Ricge, Tennessee Incile Test L:c:s, CR - !dano Falls, Icano
.. Indian Point No. I, Censclidatad His:n, New Y rt Mcoile Sacr.2, 3ulk 2rtin, Casit:n, Shi:: cart and ' iced 31astic :r scii.:rs Nuclear kcta I-MAC facilities - Jacxass ria:s, Nevaca VaMcus Flu::niu:n ar.: Radialegical La:cnt: ries A:! antic Ricnfield C ::any, 1967-137' wanager f Cantni Ingineering, C:::rercial Nuc!aar Ac::vities
'J.S. A:::nic Sem.y ::missien, 1971-1974 - Assis.an: Jirec :r f:r Tecnnicai Su::::cr; anc Trans:cr 2:::n; Licansing ruei s and Ma:a.H a.h dd.".19
O t 3. ' wer.: erg J;:if::: ices
- eact:r Hanct ck - Firt: Editi:n, V:1. V tanc Or Mancb:0k - Sec:nd Edi tien, Vol. II
.Lmic ".nergy Fact Sc k cr.v7 rennental,arvey
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. icter Of Ameri:1n.'luelear Society since its f unding.
Sta as of New fort and ?ennsyivanta Licensed Fr:fessi nal ~.gi eer O
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a PRCFESSICNAL GUALIFICAT!C?ls HCMEh LOWENBERG U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY C 3 MISSIC1
{ducation:
In 1942 I received a Cegree of echanical Engineering wita distincticn in Chemical Engineering frem Stevens Institu e of Techno1cgy.
In 1965 I attended the Cornell University Graduate Scheci of Susiness and Public Administration Executive Cevelopment Fr: gram.
Work Excerience:
1942-1946 - I was with the Hercules Pcwcer Ccmcany as a Development and Production Engineer, involvec in the design of equipment andprocesses fer manufacture of Pr pellants and High Explosives.
1946-1947 - I was project engineer for Pacific Airmative Corp. handling '5e design and installatien of plant and equipment for the overhaul of aircraft.
1947-1967 - F_mpicyment with vitra Engineerdng Ccmpany (formerly Kellex Cor:oratien) as Project Engineer, Project Manager, Manager Cesign and Special Facilities, Manager of New York Operaticns.
Projects included a wide variety of nuclear installatiens.
Some typical facilitis. were:
Redox, Waste Metal Recovery and Purex Repr cessing Plants, Richland, Washingten; High Level Radiatien Analytical and Examinaticn Laborat: ries, Reprocessing Pilot Plant and Alloy Cevelectent Plants, Cak Ridge, Tennessee; Incile M
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H. i.:wenberg,
Reactor Test L: cps, ETR, Idaho Falls, Idano; :ndian Scin:
No.1 Nuclear Pcwer Plant, Cons lidated Ediscn, New York; Mobile Gamma, Sulk Grain, Cesium, Shi;doard and 'iccd-Plastic Irradiators; Nuclear R:cket E-MAD facilities, Jackass Flats, Nevada; and varicus plut:nium and radiological labcrat: ries.
}
Major publicatien efforts included:
React:r Handbeck -
First Edition, Vol. IV; React:r Handbeck - Second Edition, Vol. II; Atenic Energy Fact Bock.
1967-1971 - I acce:ted the ;osition of Mariager of Central Engineering with Atlantic Richfield C:::any at their NUMEC subsidiary. Respcnsibilities included planning, design and construction of facilities for ARCO's projected entry into the nuclear fuel cycle, i.e., fuel fabrica:icn, plut nium fuels manufacture, spent fuel recr: cessing.
1972-1974 - I ac:ectad a position with the U.S. Atemic Energy Ccmmission as an Assistant Direct:r f:r Technical Support and Transpcreaticn; Licensing Fuels and Materiais which included responsibilities for the licensing of transportation c:ntainers and environmental and special reviews of fuel cycle facilities.
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O H. L:wenberg 3-1975-to date - With the U.S. Nuclear Regula::ry Ccamissicn since its inception.
I am presently Assistant Direc :e for Operaticns and Technology, Office of Nuclear Ma:erial Safety and Safeguards.
In this positicn, I am res:ensible for NRC assessmen cf generic issues,.special studies, related research planning and ::crdina icn and the licansing regula: cry base related :: :ne fuel cycle licensing functions.
Scme of the major activities ;erf:rmed uncer my su:ervisicn included:
. the analysis of the use of plut:nium recycle in light water reacters and the related proceedings
. the analysis of the environmental effects from the uranium fuel cycle
. the review o'f alternative fuel cycles Major peblicaticns incluced:
Environmen:11 Survey of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle; Envircnmental Survey of the Uranium Fuel Cycis, WASH-1218; Generic Environmental Sta: ament :n M'.ted Oxide Use (GESMO), draft WASH-1527 and final NUREG-CCC2.
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HOMER LCWE'EERG SICGRAPHICAL *?tFC:MATICN Present Cccu:atien U. S. Nuclear Regula.ory Ccm.ission - since its inception in 1975 Assistant Gic:c*nr for C:eratiens and Tecnn01cgy, Office of Nuclear Material Safety and 54 *s;uards.
Resacnsicie for NRC asse:sment of generic fuel cycle issues and planning and coordina:icn of related research and rulemaking activities.
Educa icn Stevens Institute of Techncicgy,1942, Cegree of Mechanical Engineering
'with distincticn in Chemical Engineering.
Cornell L'niversity,1965, Graduate Schcol of Susiness and Puciic Acministra:icn -
Executive Cevelc ent Progra:n.
Occu ational Ex:erience Hercules Pcwder Ccmcany. 1942-1947, Cevelecment and Producticn Engineering Propellants and High Explosives.
m Vitro Engineering C ::any (for-erly Kellex Corp.), ig72-196.- Project Engineer, Project Manager, Manager Cesign and Scecial FaciTities-Mansger of New Yor<
Operations. Respcnsibilities include:
Redox, Waste Metal Recovery and Purex Reprocessing Plants -
Richland, Wasning::n High Level Radia:icn Laboratories, Recr: cessing Pilo: Plant and Alloy Dveleccen: Plants - Cak Ridge, Tennessee Inpile Test L:ces, ETR - Idaho Falls, Idaho Indian Point No. 1, Censolidated Ediscn, New York Mobile Ga=na, Sulk Grain, Cesium, Shipboard and Wced-Plastic Ir-adia::rs Nuclear Eccket E-MAD facilities - Jackass Flats, Nevada Varicus Plu::nium and Radiclegical Laboratories Atlantic Richfield C m any, 1967-1971 - Manager of Cantral Engineering, Ccanercial Nuclear A::ivities U.S. Atcmic Energy C anissicn, 1971-1974 - Assistant Cirect:r for Technical Su: port and 7eansper aticn; Licensing Fuels and Materials
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_ _ _ _ ~
G H. Lowenberg Publications Reactor Handbcok - First Editien, Vol. IV Reactor Handbeck - Second Edition, Vol. II Atcmic Energy Fac: Ecok Environmental Survey - Uranium Fuel Cycle, WASH-1248' Generic Environmencal Statament en Mixed Cxide Use (GESMO),
WASH-1327 and MUREG-CCO2 Professicnal Affiliations
' Member of American Nuclear Society since its founding.
States of New Ycrk and Pennsylvania Licensed Professicnal Engineer e
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Then, assuming releases frca the model mill to be proportional to tnose escimated for the Highiand Mill, the total raden release frem the
- nodel mill during tne pr duction of one AFR of U 0 was calculated 3g as follows:
Total Curies of Rn-222 " 1600 MT/ day x 1.1 ST/MT 57 days AFR (57 cays) 20C0 5T/ day 10 Ci/Ci 6
-0 or 5.02 x 10 times tne daily release in uCi frem :ne Hignia.nd Mill.
4.
Therefore, Rn-222 per AFR:
(a) Frem Dust Collectors = (308 uCi/ day) (5.02 x "0'5) =.02 Ci/AFR.
(b) Frem Tailings pend = 17.12 uCf /sec.
4 (17.12 uCi/sec) (8.64 x 10 sec/ day) (5.02 x 10 JT 74.5 Ci/AFR 5
(This cor esconds to the value of 13 X 10 uCi/ day in Table 3-3 at p. B-12 of 'GSH-1248).
Total Rn-222 Release = 71.5 Ci/AFR.
5.
In short, the value of 74.5 Ci/AFR see forth in Table S-3 of WASH-1248 refMcts or.ly releases from the tailings pond of :ne
- nodel milt described in WASH-1248 during operation of the mill.
It does not include contributions that may result frem stabili:ed piles after active milling operations cease.
It also does not include estimates for radon release frem mining.
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The SEIR Report (I) and the USEPA report, " Estimates of Ionizing Radiation Cases in the United States 1960-2000" (2) both concluded that wnile uranium mining activities increase the amount of sur# ace uranium and its decay prcducts, these activities do not cause measurable increases in envircnmental radioactivity cutside the
[
immediate vicinity of tne mines. On :ne basis of these conclusiens, radon releases resulting frcm mining activities were not included in the WASH-121.8 S-3 Table.
7.
Similarly, radon releases from stabilized tailings piles were not included en :ne basis of the EPA Report (2) which indicated Oac -tLdies at active and intetive mill s1tas with covered and uncovered tailings showed no significant radon ex osure to the public frcm these sources (WASH-12a8, p. 3-23).
l).
M 6.8 acx i. ionarielsca
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Subscribed and sworn to befsre me this /Pday of W = ; 1978.
(hw, b, n. de 5
/f Notary Puctic P
My Ccmission Expires h4 /r //1 f G/J 0
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5-
References:
(1) National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council' "The Effects on Pc;ula:icns of Ex:asure to Lcw Levels of Ioni:ing Radiation"; Re: ort cf :ne Advisory Cc=nittee en :ne 3folegical Effects of Ionizing Radiations (SEIR), Wasnington, D. C.
2CCC6; November,1972; ;:aga 15.
(2) USE?A Cffice of Radiation Progra:ns; " Estimates of Ionizing Radiation Ccses in :ne United States 1960-2000"; CR?/CSD 72-1; Arfst, 1972; page 27.
8 46
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PROFESSICNAL QUALIF! CAT!CNS Jack E. Rothfleisch
' U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Ccmissicn 1
v Educaticn:
In 1941 I received a Bachelcr of Chemical Engineering degree frem the College of the City of New Ycrk. Curing the period 1956-1960, I attanded nignt classes at the University of Tennessee and ccepleted :tst of the ccurse work leading to a Pastars degree in Industrial Panager:ent.
Work Excerience: In 1941 I accepted a positien as Chemical Engineer with the Tennessee Valley Authority Cesar*mnt of Che.:ical Engineering, working en prcjects associated with the develeprent of nitrata and phosphate fertili:er catarials including the manufacture of water gas c::nversien and a=:enia synthesis catalysts and startup of a synthetic a=:cnia plant.
In 1943 I volunteered f::r service in the U. 5. Navy where I served as Cc=:unicaticns Officer, then Executive Officer, and finally, as Cc=anding Officar of USS LST 544.
In 1946 I returned to a positien in che=ical engineering with T/A where I designed, follcwed ccnstruction, and ocera:ad pilot scale' facilities in support. cf the pr:: duction of phosphatic fertili::ars, a==nia, nit.-ic acid, annenium nitrate and elemental phosphorus.
I supervised the details of the experimental work, evaluated and carrelated data on prcjects including centrol of emissions frem ph::s:: hate and nitric acid plants.
In 1950 I was recalled to active duty with the U. S. Navy, assigned as Joint Cc=:unicatiens Canter Officar abcard the USS Eldorado (>GC-11), in Korean waters, where my pri:ary resperisibility was -he perfor ance of the Ccding Scard in precessing all inccming and cutgoing dispatches, mscensible Attacn=ent 2-6 Pye
t.
/
for all external ccm unicatiens as well as cperation and maintenance of the cca unicatien system.
In Cctcber 1952 I accetted a ;csition with Unicn Carbide Nuclear Cc=any at the Cak Ridge Gasecus Diffusien plant where I was engaged in engineering develeccent studies directed tcward im;:nving varicus processes asscciated
,,e with the enrich::unt of the **U isctcpe by 73secus diffusion, cut 11ning the cbjections, sc::pe and methed of attack for fluorine generation, gasecus diffusien feed plant cperaticns, byprcduct recovery and =anufaccure cf barrier.
In,1960 I was transfernd to position as Chief Metallurgist with Union Carcide at their Uranium Hill in Rifle, Colcrado.
In this position, I planned and supertised studies of process operations in the prcducticn of uranium and vanadiu:n frca carnatite cre.
Investigations included precass im;: rove-
- nent proposals, cost studies of proposed circuits, definiticn cf plant cperational t ends, preparatica of technicai raccrts, and pollutien :x:nitoring and abatement programs.
In 1962 I was transferred to pcsitien of Senior Cevele=ent Engineer wi,th Unicn Carbide Ccrpcration Eleccronics Division and was engaged in the deveicpment and cotimi:stien of c= pact systems for the production of pure hydregen frem alc::hols and hydiccartcns fer use in fueT cells.
In 1968, I became Technical Su::erintendent with Unicn Carbide Corporaticn, Mining and Metals Divisicn at their vanadium
- rill, where I superiised :he Technical cesar =ent cperati;ns, prepared the de::ar*:= ental budgets and established precess c::nditiens for the coti=m re.:cvery of vanadium frem varicus plant feeds. Additional res;cnsibilities incluced setting up and directing air, water and ncise pollutien abatement programs and establisni.1g worting relaciensnips with Iccal, state, and federal regulatory agencies.
At:acnmen 2.-
43 7,39
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3-In 1972 I accepted a position with the U. S. AEC as i
a Senior. Materials Licensing Engireer processing license applicati:ns f:r uranium milling and UF
?"O d"C li C U 6
facilities including preparing envireneental imcact 1,
statemente for pr:pesed er existing installations.
I assisted in the preparaticn of WAS'd-1248, Envircnmen:21 Survey of the Uranium Fuel Cycle
~
flucride prcducticn and uraniu a enrich:nent.
.In.1974 I was premr ted tc positien of Senier Pr: cess Licensing Engineer with the primary func: fen of acting as project manager and principal techniccl reviewer of license applicati:ns for the c:nstructicn, mcdificaticn and cperatien of ncn-re.:c:ur fuel cycle facilities.
g Subsecuently the' title of my position was enanged :o Senior Chemical Engineer.
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O UtlITE STATES CF AMER!CA
.1UCLEAR REGULATCRY CCPfi!SS:Cfl AFFICAV!T CF R. L. GOTCHY Reginald L. Gotchy, being duly sworn, states as folicws:
l.
I am a Senice Radicbiologist with the Radiciegical Assessment Branch, Office of Nuclear Reacter Regulaticn. A statement of y professicnal qualificatiens is attached.
2.
I have grapared estimates of the radiological imcact asscciated with current staff esti-ates of raden releases fram the uranium fuel cycle.
These are set forth in the atuched rescrt, " Radio-logical Impact Fem Raden Releases."
The statement: centained therein are true and ccrrect to the best of my kncwiedge and belief.
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A :Ld/fjdO' Re91nfip.Gottn' Subscribed and swcrn to before me thisa lth day of varch, 1973.
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RADICLCGICAL IMDACT CF 1ACCM-222 ELE 3ES In a Septem:er 21, 1977 memorancum to James Yore, Chairman, At:mic Safcty and Licensing Scard Panel ( ASL3P), Cr. Walter H. Jordan, ASL3P, pointed cut that the value in Tacia 5-3 of 74.5 curies per RRY' of Racen-222 release to the at=csphere dces not ac:urately represent all scurces f racon releases frcm the uranium fuel cycle.
A numcer of
- ner affidavits have teen prepared unich identify tre : asis for the value af 74.5 curies ;er RRY se: for:n in Ta:le 5-2 anc anicn provide current staf# assessments of racon release, inclucine releases frem mining and from stabili:ec mill tailings piles, Tuc scurces not covered oy the 74.5 curies per :.RY entry set for:n in Taole 5-2.
I have estimated the radiclegical impact asscciated with the curren; staff racon scurce estimates shcwn in Tacle 1.
Table 1.
_5'IMATEI CF :ACCN-222 CM M:N:NG aNO E LING CPERATICus CF inE.RAN.L.M E i-. CYCLE Estimate of Raden-222 Scurce Operations Releases Uccument Incluced 74.5 (Cf /RRY)
WASH-1243 Milling Only 4',C60 (Ci/RRY)
R. Wilde Afficavi:
Mining 780 (C1/RRY)
P. Migno Affidavi:
Milling anc ac dve tailings pile 350 (Ci/RRY)
- 7. Magno Afficavi:
Interim tail'ngs pile (inactive milis; cr nng prior :s stacili: :icn)
'RRY -- Ref erence 4eac::r Year (a ICCO "We lign: water react:r ::erating at SC% ca:aci:y #ac :r for one year).
Syncnymcus wi:n :ne annual fuel recuirement ( AFR) wita :ne same ca:aci:y fac::r.
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.ab,te i. --40n,d a
Estimate of Raden-222 Scurce Occra:i:rs Releases ocument Incluced -
1-10 (Ci/yr/RRY)
P. Magno Afficavi:
Stabili:ec :ai;..ig; pile (for ;everal huncred years) 5:acili:e: :ai!
gs 110 (C1/yr/RRY)
- p. Magne Afeje375:
ile (Oeyor; seve-li nundred years)
Thus, cur current estica:es Of Or:ficted p :u!! i n ::se: 1 :-i:uta;?e to Rn-222 releases associa:ac i th :ne urani.= fuei cy:!e :: su::cr: :ne operation Of One RRY ::ns'cers ne 4,100 Ci/RRY f-cm mining, :ne 1,1CC Ci/RRY fr:m mili c: era:1:ns a: an act.<e pile anc su:secuen:
drying of :ne pile prior :: stacili:ation, and One I-Il0 Ci/yr/RRY f-em the staoili:ed pile.
Calculation of o :f ected 3 ulation ::se ::. -i ments r
m 1.
Using the RA3GAO can:u:er ::de davele ec #:r :ne 325M0 ;r:ceecing,'
the staff has reevaluated sc;ulaticn cose :: mitments f:r nese scur:es The calculatices nave reen ::rrected for ne follcwing:
of Rn-222.
An error in 'CRP-Puolication 2 an :n resul;ec in accut a f ac r (a) of 10 cvertstimate Of the :: li Ocdy :Cse cannitmen: 'r an ~ e Ingestien of the ter.g-lived Rn-222 daugh ers s'?b-210, 3i-2iO, F0-2 0).
()) Conversion of :ne Rn-222
- smeared lung
- cose from :ne sncrt-livec Rn-222 daugnters (?c-213, R5-214, 31-21 4, Po-214) to a becncnial isi:nel t ur dose (acout a fact:r of 20 increase over ne GESTi0 ::earec !;ng ::se from One snort-livec caugnters).
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' Letter :: GEIMO Hearing scard, ccxet No. RN EC-5, Acrii 3, :977.
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A c;nservative evisi:n 2;warcs f :nc GESPC cruiati:n censi:ies reflect the assumati:n that a sta:1e U.S.
c;ulati:n Of 200 million wi!'
be reached in the year 2020 (accu a EC% increase ever the :0;ul a:i:n assumed in GEs!*C).
This was cone by increasing the cpulation density assucc:i:n i n 222. C (7.5 persons /mi,- in the wes t, rising ex;cnentially :: 150 persen:/-i; 2
in the east al:ng a 2CCC mile :ath leng:n) :: 11 perscns/mi anc 225 persons /mi in the aest and east, res:ectively.
The calculaticns incicate tha: the icng-lived raden daughters ac::un:
for ac' : 4C" Of :ne smeared lung dese.
Thus, the dcse cc 71t sn: ::
the branchial e:i-helium wcuid be a::r:xima eiy 10 times the :: 21 (shcrt-lived :Tus icng-lived daughters) SESMO smeared Tung" d:se.
The resuits are sur=ari:ed beicw for the estimated releases ar.d elease rates in the pr2 ceding table.
Taole 2.
EST! MATES CF RACCN-222 CP';LAT:Ol CCSES AND COSE RATES FRCM "'NING aNC S'!LLING CPER ATICNS Envi rencental Ocse Commi tments*
Estimate of (Man-rem)
Rn-222 Releases Tctar 3ccy cunc Sene 74.5 Cf /RRY i9 42 51 Mining
( 4.1C0 Cf /RRY) 110 2,300 2,3C0 be.
Most Recent Millinc Estimite (1100 Ci/iRY) 29 620 750 Current Minina b Milling Su:iotals:
1 40 2,900 3,5CO 1 Cf/RRY 0.026 0.55 0.58
'Tne envirencentai cse ccmmitmen: (ICC) is ne sum Of :ne 50 year ntegrate:
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O From this table, ne staf f's current bes: estimate f mining and mi' ling.
deses (; rice to stabili:2 icn) wculd be accu: 120 man-rem ( ::al :ccy),
2,900 man-lung-rem, anc 2,5C0 man-bcne-ren per RRY -
The 1-110 Ci/yr per RRY release rate from stabilized plies reflects :ne curren:
uncertainty of long-term s:acility of mill :'iiings; Cur en stacilizati:n requirements for new mill applicants (for NRC licenses) *culd resul t in a:cu:
1-10 :uries of s,n,--,yr ;er xx-y. : r cer:ccs ::- :erna:s severa,i nuncrec years.
a In ceder Oc res;:nd ;uantitatively to Cr..'cr:an's ccncerns, it was assurcd :na:
the stabilized tailings pile aculd emit 1 Ci/yr/RRY for 100 years,1 C fy,RRY for the next 400 year ', then 100 curies /yr/RRY fcr periccs beycnc 5CO jears, corrected for radicactive decay.
tnis is c:nsistent with ? Magnc's affidavit.
For perieds significantly beycnd a few hundred years, there are quasticns ccncerning whether cne can rely en maintenance Of :verburder :: lini:
raden release to :ne at:cs:here, hcw soil meisture er other scil cnarac-teristics may change, etc., as weil as very seri:us questicns as :: :ne ability Oc project hea'th effects cver very Icng' ime :eriods, wnich are discussed in One f:llcwing secti:n.
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" sing the time varyir.g release rates assumed abcVe, the cumulativa reic2sc and asscciated pc::ulation ecsa co.:i=ent > wceld be as sucwn in Table 2.
(For discussian of ler.g-:er i releases, see c.12.)
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- ny1renmentai.cse.:.cni =ancs (Man-Rem)
Curies Time tyrs)
Releasec" Total Socy Lunc" 3cre 1
1 0.C26 0.56 0.63 10 10 0.25 5.6 6.3 50 50 1.2 28 24 100 100 2.6 56 58 500 I 4,090 110 2,200 2,5C0 1
1,000 52,3C0 1,400 20,000 27,0C0 "Sased an =e cecay cf Thcrium-220 anc Ra-225 to Rn-222.
- All lung ccses here refer Oc m e beccchial epi telium.
I Assumes rate remains ICO Cf /yr/RRY and is unaffectec by any large changes stabilicatien cue to severe neleer enanges and increasec ercsicn cue t:
'.he 'greenncuse effect."
e 0
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- -::ce :.a. :ccause mos: Of :ne racen lung dose is given
-d -,,,,
almes: im.mecia:ely ty the shcr.-lived #2d:n dauchters V -
0, Bi-214, PC-214), the envir:nmental dese J=it ent (ECC) :er curie release is essentially :ne same fcr a year, 1:0-jear, er 1,0CC-year integrati:n time.
The total-body and Sene c0se c:mmi:ments fr:m 1cng-livec rl::n :augn ers (Pb-210, 3i-210,70-210) ar, scmewna: more sensitive :: :ne time select for the ECC; neweve, :nere is Only accut a 12-14'. ci f ference :etween 40 !?2r and ICC year ECC3.
2.
Calcullti:ns ce ?::enti al Heal:- E'fects The questi n f estimating eal:n ef fects Over long :eri:ds Of -ime ;
- :e future is su ject :: ver'y li ge uncertainties due to several fac ors ani0n, 3 f ar, a re unc:n r:1'ed by man. 'tisks estima as of heal:n effec.s are casec :n past and present cenogra nic anc envirar. men:al statistics wni:n are likely ::
change within the next few cen uries.
Scre it;;rtant factors affecting ea!*h effects estimates are:
(a)
Life ex ectancies wnien are de:encent cn ::ner environmental pollutants, c n natural and man-cace, st:ncard Of livin9, and other sccial anc tecnnical f actors.
(b)
Age districu 1:ns of ;;culati:ns at risk are ertain nange wnich wi!I cause snif:s in risk estimat:rs ai-h :ime.
(.c)
!=cacts Of man-made anc na ural events (e.g., wars, ;:lagues, wide-
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certainly cause signi fican variatiens in (1) and (b), tnereby ef fecting :ne es.ima tas Of ri sks.
(d)
- cac:s :f ecnncl sical enanges
's e.g., :reven:icn :f and cures #:r s
in onnia -ar-vi."5 sc"ic s genetic Cancers, an
._ne...
--sl:'.,., -
se
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'--"2 defects) can :e ex ectec :: cause signi fiCan* Chdnges in ne level cf -. ;x :er i Of rac n -eIe3sec-
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O w
7 Hcwever, if :nc icncres these uncertain:ics, and assumes that the risk of health effccts per Ci of Rn-222 releasec e atmcschere remains as it is t: day, it is Ocssible to calcula:e ctential health effects int:
the future.
- must be underst:cd, hcwever, that such exercises are philcscphical in nature and may have nc real meaning.
a.
Calculation of Patentia! Cancer Risc: ra te (i.e., ecuilib rium,.
The aumerical <alees as:umed a ra.... a.
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. s Effects cf Ionizing Raci ati:n (3E:R Report-1972'.
7he Envir:rmen al 3 otection Agency has c;ntractec ai:n :ne National Acacemy of Sciences :: u ca a its 1972 report.
Mcwever, until tat re;crt is ccmcletsd, the staf# feels the 1972 3E:R Report is :te tes: reference to emolay fcr genetic risk assessments.
The numerical values cf ne risk Of dominant and can: lex genetic anc iLO per m..,icn man-rem, res:ective,iy.
.a1seases are i:~2 ce
.i 1
total cf 2E3 health effects :er miliicn man-rem can be at iied ::
'.h e.-..' l 8.c -", :.r.C ' > l i.e.
=d. i n ~i m=." l a.s. a n d.'.,- r.v i d ". a.<.i a..= s of potential geactic nea,s tn errects as sncan in iacle :.
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9 9
10
'iaoic 5.
ESTD'ATES CF PCTOlTIAL HEALTil EFFECTS CF GENETIC CRIGIN FRCM MINING M;D MILLING 'JER RRY Acti vi ty Potential Heal th Ef fects of Genetic Orig:n acr ARY Minino:
0.028 Active Milling &
]Interimdiles:
0.0075 Stabilized Piies:
(a) 100 yrs 0.CCC67 l
(b) 5C0 yrs 0.C28 l
(c) 1,0C0 yrs 0.26 Millina Totals:
Mininc & Milline Totalt (a) 100 yrs 0.0082 0.026 I
(b) 500 yrs 0.036 0.054 I
(c) 1,CCO yrs 0.37
- 0. 0
'See fcotncte 1, Table 3.
t 4
5
11 3.
Conc!usions Examination of Tables 4 and 5 indicates that:
(a)
The risk of car.r mortality is abcut 3 times greater than the risk of all genetically related health effects.
(b) Over One short-term (e.g.,1 C0 years), the risk of potential health effects from raden-222 results princi-pally fecm releases fran mining and active milling ccerati:ns.
(c) At times of accut 1,CCO years and beycnd the risk Of ;cten-tial health effects fran raden-222 is dominated by releases from tailings piles which were stabili:ed a: the end of milling cperaticns.
Alicwing for the possibility that the relative risk metacc with a lifetime plateau is acre correct than the aosciute risk me:ncd wita
~
a 20 year plateau, we believe tha: the estimates of potential neal:n effects over the next 100 years are accurate to wi: Min accu: One order-ci-magni:uce. Cn :ne other hand, we agree,with :ne SE*R 3.eport's conclusion ttac :na possibility of heal:n effects fecm accitional radiation exposures whicn represant a small fraction of Oackgrcund radiation exposures may inceed be :ero.
If ne latter case is correct,we have :verestimated the health effects.
In any event, i f
- ne former is true, Our estima:a wculd still be within an Order-cf magnitude, and wculc nc resu': in a measuracie increase in health effects Over these cue to cackgr und raciatien.
_n-,
9 d 9
e 12 For time periods in excess of accut SCO to 1,CCO years, there may be 2 or more creers-of-magnitace uncertainty in estimates of heal th ef fects.
The uncertainty bounds ballocn when the possible dif ferences in relative vs. 20sciute risk assessments are acced to :ne larger uncertainties regarding demographic variaoles of fu:ure ;cpulaticns such as ;cculati:n density (cculd vary by factors of 1 to 2 creers-cf-cagnituce) and years at risk per persc., (c;uld easily vary by fac :rs :f 2 to 5 cepending en pcpulation age cistri:utions, life ex ectancies, and mecical treatments for prevention and cure of sema:1c and genetically relatec ciseases).
In accition, doses could cnange by one or more ceders-of-magnitude since One stacility of tailings pile and transport pathways could :e consicerably altered by natural and man-made events cver geologic time periccs.
So l arge i s :ni s uncertainty that the staff feels such speculation is meaningless, anc cuscures the impcrtant f act (as will be sncwn) that the potential heal:n effects in any ;npulation living new or in the distant and uncertain future as a result of racen-222 emissiens feca :ne uranium fuel cycle will always represent an immeasuraoly small increase in those neal n effects cccurring as a result of sackgrcunc radiation anc c ner naturally cccurring and man-made environmental ;cilutants.
- n addition, gecisions made by man c:uld alter racen release ra es in the future (i.e., decisicns made :: cay with respect to stanilization d ia ~ I' 4. t.l
13 of tailings wculc no :e irreversicle, eitner 'ecm th; sta.:c:cin Of technology or costs in :ne foreseeacle future).
As a result, it is the Staff's position that health effect estir.ates should te limitec to those periods of time for whicn reasonaoly crecible estimates can be made.
For purposes of this assessmen,
ne Staff celieves tha the 100 to 1,0C0 year pericc c nsicered in Tables 3, 4, and 5 is a::r:-
priate.
Althcugh estima:es of actential health effec:s :ver very long :eri:ds of time are meaningless for the reasons given abcVe, for ers;ective, I have provided crojectad d:ses frca radon releases from mining and milling (for the c:ndi i:ns assumed :n p. A cf this testimony) :o t
pernit ccm:ariscns w1:n deses attributable tc raden in natural back-grcund.
These are se cut in Table 6.
periods beycnd 10,000 years were not censidered since current evicence '
indicates :ericcic glacial periods will cause significant reshacing Of
.iciember i,n__/.
-19, No. 3, :. 5 Jim Norwine, A Questien of Climate, ' ~nvircnment,
=
-Nigel Calder, " Head Scu:h With All Celiberate Sceed:
Ice May Return in a Few Thcusand Years, Smithsenian,
3,, No.10 ( 'anuary 1973),
a"H.
H. Lame, Climate:
3"esent. past and Future. '/ci, 2, 3arnes and 'lcole, New Ycrk (i_077).
- d., > - a. p -
...a
O la the surface along the continental di/ de curing the next 10,0CC 4
years wrere most of the tailings pilef wculd be 1ccated.
Thus Rn-222 releases wculd be ex ected :: decrease :: :ero wnen covered witn an ice sheet then resume at an uncredictable rate wnen :ne ice sheet recaces (i.e., the piles cculd be scread cut On :ne surface :r coverec by icditi:nal cver:urcen). Using a c:nstan release rate of 100 Ci 'yr '00J' beycne SCO years, ne cumulative release and asscciated :cculati:n dese c mitments wculd be as shcwn in Table 5.
At the present time, ;stiraates '3 Of raden emanaticn from sail indi-7 8
cate that abcut I to 2.2 X 10 01 of Radcn-d22 are releasec cer year in the centigucus U.S.
lCRP also states that the avei age in-222 concentration in :ne U.S. is abcut 150 :ci/m2, wnich they esti tate aill result in a dose cf a50 Trem/ year to :ne er:nchial epi:nei hn of the e
average perscn. '
'Putlicaticn, a5,flaticnai C:uncil en Radiaticn :retecticn anc Measurements (?tCRP), p. 30 (1975).
,C"!1aticnal Envircnmental Radiactivity 'ran Raden-222,' U.S. De art-ment Of HEW, RMS Dub. Tic. 999-RH-25 ("ay 1967).
9'lCRP 25, :. 37.
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Curies Time t yrs)
Releasec*
Total Socy Lunc"*
3ene 1
1 0.025 0.55 0.53 10 10 0.25 5.5 5.3 50 50 1.3 29 34 100 1C0 2.5 56 53 l
500 4, C90,
110 2,300 2,3C0 1,0C0 5 3,5 CO '.,
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12,CC0
'250,000 300,0C0 10,0C0 912,0C0 "
24,0C0 510,0C0 520,~CC "Sasec on ne cecay of Therium-220 anc Ra-225 to Rn-222.
"All lung cases nere refer to :.9e Orancnial epi:nelium.
1 See f ootncte 1, Table 3.
2 Assumes rate rec.ains ICO C1/yr/RRY and is unaf#ected by any large changes in tailings stabili ty cr cverburden as a resul cf glaciation excec:ec to occur during this time period.
e 6
4 a
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O 16 If cne makes the same assumoticns uith regard to future occule:icns as was made for the mining and milling releases, it is cessible to calculate potential future icng-term peculation deses frm back-ground Raden-222 as sncwn in Table 7.
These calculations use the same dose per Ci released as used in Tables 2 and 3 (i.e., 0.026, 0.56, and 0.68 man-rem cer Ci ter Octal-cody, lung and bene, rescectively).
The estimated maximum cercen age increase in icng-tern scpulaticn deses and health effects ;er RRY are shcwn in Tacle 3.
Tabie 8 demonstrates that regardless of the pericd selected, Jr. Ocrcan was ccrrect unen ne ccncluded (p. 7 of his memcrancum) that " ne number is insignificant camcared to these due to raden ccncaminaticn in natural backgrcund," and that the authors of WASH-1218 aere ccrrect in their belief that "pccula-icn ecses frm this scurce cannot be distinguished fecm backgrcunc.'10 10WASH-1218, Envircnmental Survey of the Nuclear ~uel Cycle, p.
3-22 (April 1971).
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- n summary, One staff has reevaluatec the Rn-222 rele2:es Inc subsequent ;cpula tion case commi tments, and potential heal ta effects questiened by Dr. Jarcan in his Septemaer 21,1977 memo-randum, and concluded ne following:
(a) 7he mining and milling releases for a 1CC to 1,CCO year cerice per RRY are:
Mining:
4,1C0 Ci Milling:
(1) Active milling and crying of tailings pile prior to staatli:ation:
1,1 C0 Ci.
(2) Releases fecm stabilized tailings siles for ICC to 1,000 years:
100 :: 52,300 Ci.
Total:
5,2C0 to 59,000 Ci (b) The popul aticn ecse cocmi tments (man-rea) for a 1C0 :c 1,CCO year period.ar RRY are:
Total 5ccy Lunc 5cne Mining:
110 2,2C0 2,dLO Active milling & crying:
29 6CO 750 Stabilized tailings pile:
2.5-1,200 56-20.CCO 66-27,0C0 Totals:
140-1,5C0 2,CCC-22,CCO 2,5CC al,CCO (c)
The potential neait.1 effects for a 1CO to 1,CCC year perica per RRY are:
Cancers 2enetic Effects Mining:
0.Cd5 0.u23 Active milling & crying:
0.C22 0.C075 Stactii:ec tajiings pile:
0.CO20-1.1 C.CCC67-0.26 Totals:
0.11-1.2 0.026-0.40
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UtlITED STATES OF AMER!CA
?tUCLEAR REGULATCRY C3dMISSIC 1 AFFIDAVIT OF R. M. WILDE Ralph M. Wilde, being dulf sworn, states as follows:
l.
I am Prcgram Assistant to the Director, Divisicn of Fuel Cycle and Material Safety, Office of fluclear Material Safety and Safeguards. A statement of my professicnal cualificaticns is attacbed.
2.
I have precared estimates of the raden released as a result of mining of uranium as part of the uranium fuel cycle.
These are set forth in the attached dccument, Raden-222 c lease Fran e
Uranium Mines." The statements contained therein are true and correct to the best of my kncwledge and belief.
/. m M. lv Y Ra i o n M'.
W1 ice Subscribed and sworn to before me this 32th day of March,1973.
/
fl B -q %, ~?
s m~w
~~
-~_n tiotary Huol;c 4 My Camlissicn E.tcires: N _ i s e. e t
L'C53
O RACCit-222 RELE;2E FOCM UPANI' MINES Histnrical Backercund The release of radicactive material to the at=cs:nere during mining cperations is briefly discussed in two documents is:ued by the Nuclear Regulatory C:=issicn prior :: the publicaticn of NUREG-CCO2, Final Generic Environmental Statament on me Use of Recycied 3iu::nium in Mixed Cxide Fuel in Light Water Cecied React:rs (GEIMC)I Ecth of these dccuments discuss:
(i) 7he release of uranium bearing custs, as well as Radon and its daughters, during mining c:erations; (2) the unavailability of data en the a cun: cf radicacti/ity released durinc mining; (3) the unsuccessful attamats by the Sureau of Mines to
?
- teasure significant c:ncentraticns of airborne ai;ha r:dicactivity in open-pit mines; (4) and the insignificant c:ncentraticns of airborne alpha radicactivity in areas adjacent to these mines.3 The final GE3MO was develcced as a mere c:mprehensive generi: assessment than either of its predecesscrs, WASH-1223 ar.d WASH-i327.
Thus the envircnmental impacts were addressed more ::=ciately and accurately.
It was my opinien, based cn rj experience in ne uranium mining and milling industry, despite the unavailability of confirming data, that mines Environmental Survey of the Uranium ru 1 Cycle, WASH-1223, USAEC, (April 197a).
Oraft 3ESMO, WASH-1327, USliRC, (August 1971) 2,J.S. Cecarment of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, District E, Femerancum File 437.2 (ISEE)
'XIement, A.W., Jr. et. al.,
- Estimates of Icni:ing Radiatien :cses in the United States 1960 ~CCC", CRP/CSD 72-1, USE.:A, (August IyQ. p,rg 66
O 2
c:ntributed One major portion cf the radon released t: the environment during tne c;eratinq life of a mine-mill ::molex.
Thus, in late i972,
,the staff decided that we shculd attsm:0 to provide a quantitative estimate of the source tern for raden released fr:m mining :erations for the Final GESMO.
DE'IELCP"ENT CF BE GEIMO SCL'RCE TERM :CR MINING E.:FL#'ENTI The data which provided the basis for the scurce tarn were obtained :/
personal telegnene c rmunications fr:m two scurces: James Clevelanc, Kerr-McGee Nuclear Corpora:icn, Grants, New Mexico (January 20,1975)<,anc Edward Kaufman, New Mexi;; Envircnmental II:rovament Agency, Santa Fe, New Mexico (February 3,1975).
I had been asscciated professionally wi:n
-both of these men for several years while I was empicyed with Anac:nda in New Mexico and I knew tha: they were both kncwledgeacle of c:ndi:icns which existed in uranium mining cper:tions.
3cth of these individuals supplied me with their estima:as of raden conc 2ntraticns in the ven: iia:i:n air oischarged fr:: 2ndergr und uranium mines (based on limited sam: ling data) t:gether with additional pertinent informati:n.
This inf:rmaticn include data :n;
- necduction rates, ventilaticn ficw ra:es, num:er of ventilaticn sha'1s, etc., such as was necessary : calculate the amount cf raden discharged per,.n of cre mined.
A sumnary of the data su:: lied felicws.
A.
Data Succlied by E. Kaufma.1 These data represen: Mr. Kaufman's estimates of the typical characteristics of all of the underground uranium minos which were Operating in New "exic:
4Y) - o r' b
- ti
3 (Ambecsia Lake area) in late 1974 and carly 1975.
A that time, under-ground miaes in New Mexic produced a;;roxim.:ely 75% of the :::al U.S.
producticn Of uranium cre fr:m underground uranium mines.
Estimated raden c:ncentratien in ventilation air 1,200-1,5CO ;Ci/l Ore producti:n (Amor:sia Lake) 7,500 ST/ day Number of ventilation shafts (Am:r:sia Lake) 60 Shafts Air volume per ventilation snaft 40,CCC-50,0CC CF" Mines Ocerate in an cre producti:n mcde ap r:ximately 3C0 days / year Ore grade approximately 0.2" U33 d.
Data Sutclied by '. Cleveland liese data represent Mr. Cleveland's estimates of the typical characteris-t.cs of the underground mine :erated by Kerr-McGee in New Mext:0 in la a 1974 and early 1975 anc are thus a subse: Of the Kaufman data.
Estimated raden c:ncantration in ventilatien air 1,CCO-1,5CC ;Ci/l Cre production (Xerr-McGee) 5,C00 ST/ day Numcer of ventilaticn shafts (Xerr-McGee) 35 40 Shafts Air volume per ventilation snaft 45,CCO CRt Ventilation snaft fans operate 24 hcurs per day 355 days ;er year Fr m my experience in the industry the data supplied ap: eared :: be re'asenable and, theref:re, was used as the data base frem wnich the scurce term fcr aden release fr = uranium mining was calculated.
Frem the preceding da a, the release of P.aden-222 per metric ::n of cre mined may be estimated.
g
..a g*
's
4 Annual Ore Pr:cucticn (0.2% U 0-cre) ao 5
(7500 ST)
(2C0 Cav)
(0.907 MT) 2.04 x 10 37
=
Day-fr 1
di__
-(r a
Annual Raden Discnarged frcm Mines Prcducing 2.04 x 10* MT/ year (50 vents) -(15,CCO CF?i/ vent)
(23.22 ;iCF)
(5.255 x 10* min / year)
(1.5 x 10-9 2
Ci
'Rn/1) = 5.03 x 10' Ci'- Rn/ year Release per metric ::n of 0.2% U 0 Cre 3g 4
- co s 03 x 10' Fi---
- ~/vear "I
~
= 2.36 x 10 7Ci-- Rn/MT Cre 009 2.0. x._:su-Mi/ year In GEIMO it was assumed ne average cre grace processed curing the :eri:d 1975-20C0 wculd be 0.1% U 3, n t 0.2% as above.
Tne raticnale for this 33 assumotien is that the are reserves and rescurces which c:ntain the required 5
amcunt of uranium (1.5 x 10 shcrt tens of U 0 ) are projected : have an 33 average grace of accreximately 0.1% U 0.
The additional assumcticn was 33 mace trat ne amcunt of racen released wculd :e directly orcocrticnal to the grade (uranium c:ntent) of the cre. The raticnale fcr this assumpticn is that raden aculd be in secular equilibrium witn the parent uranium and, therefore, directly precortional to the uranium c:ntent of the cre.
The corrected value of racen release f:r the icwer grace are used in t.5e GEIMO medel may be calculated as fc11cws.
Release per metric ::n of 0.1% U 0 Cre (GE3MO) 33 0.1% U 0, (2.95 x 10-4Cf - Rn/MT)
= 1.48x10-2CI'-'Rn/MT Gre 29'
- ?
0.2% u;0-ao This calculatisa gave me wnat : ::nsidered to be a reascnable estima:a f:r the radon release frca undergrcund mines.
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o In the printing of GESMO, due to a typ gra:hical err r, tnis value on, appeared as 1.5 Ci"- Rn per metric ::n of cre mined (sec:nd f:::ncte Table IV F-5, page IV F-2 '. A correcticn sas nade in the 3EIMO errata.
The raden release fr:m mining per AFR (Annual Fuel Recuirecer.:) was
_o coe calculated fr m this release rate (1.5 x 10 Ci "- Rn/MT) anc :ne a cun-of cre recuired :: su::ly the uranium for one AFR (2.71 x 10~ MT).
Raden release ;er AFR
-2 299
???
(1.5 x 10 Ci - Rn/MT)
(2.71 x 10 MT/AFR) = 4060 Ci" Rn/AFR LICre. e_3 LI:-.3I I
- t.. ie r. :.v I.m.. ! c. e r :. 0 :.ulR C r i ::m.
.A A..
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.t As a result of the erreneous value (:ype) wnich a:ceared in GESMO, representatives of :ne uranium mining industry :uestioned :he validity of the source term for radon release fr:m mining.
Subsequently, in Oct:ber 1976, Kerr-McGee c:nducted an inde:endent investiga:icn of raden released from their uncerground uranium mine ventilation systems in the Am:r:sia Lake area of New Mexico.
ine results of :his investigation were sent ::
me by a letter dated Cecember 9,1975, fr:m W. J. Shelley, Direct:r, Regulation and Ccn:rmi, Xerr-McGee Nuclear Corpcration.
The unit release value cbtained by Kerr-McGee in their inde:endent investigation was i.5 x 10 2Ci-Rn/Mt of cre mined.
This value is numerically equal :: :ne con i
e
,,s-.,nq.
6
~
GESMO value.
Mcwever, t.9e agraement ted.een the two values is not quite as gcod as it a:: ears en tne sur# ace, since the grace of are produced by Kerr-McGee during the samoling period was ;;rebably closer to 0.2". U.0, than ac to the 0.1". U 0 cre grade assumed for GESMO.
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i 7-SUV:GRY The source term in GES.'to fcr radan from uranium mining oceraticns was
' calculated fecm estimates provided by ex:erts who were kncwledgeable of the conditions which existed in uranium mining c erations.
7he inde:endent investigation race by Ker -DcGee, which was based :n actual measurements, confinnedtheGESMOscurceternaithinafactorof2$ cut 2.
It is of interest to note thac the mines wnich were samplec by Kerr McGee in their investiga:icn prcduca accrcximately a third of the U.S. : reduction of uranium cre frcm undergrcund uranium mines and thus shculd :revide an adequate sampling base.
I consicer the agreement between the scurce term estimated fer GEIMO and from Ker. -McGee's investigaticn tc be gced. 'de new have underway a study to determine actual radan releases fran undergrcund and Open pit uranium mines.
The early results Of this study, which shculd be available in mid-1973, will provide a better basis for eview of this matter and 1 mere accurate estimate cf this scurce term.
I believe that sucn.dci.icnal data will shcw that the estimates c:ntained herei,n for raden eleases fecm undergrcund mines are reascnable.
cr cen pit mines, until sucP v
~
is canpleted, there is just no reliable inf:rmaticn availacle u. -,
to base estimates of radan release.
% )
PROFESSIONAL QUALIF!CATIC:15 R. M. Wilde U. 5. Nuclear Regulat:ry Ccemissicn I received my Bacneler of Science Cegree in Chemistry #
m Brigham Ycung University in 1955.
In " arch 1955 I started to work
r:=
Colorado under c:ntract with the At:mic Energy Commissi n.
Cecem:er 1955 I was encicyed as assistant chief March 1955 t:
chemist at the Rare Metals Cer;cration uranium cre processing mill in Tuba City, Ari::na.
In January 1957, I accepted the ;csition of Assistant Metallurgist in The Anac:nda C: meany's uranium cre :recessinc mill in Grants, In this ;csition I perf rmed metallurgical research and New Mexico.
testing for both an acid-laach and an alkaline leach mill circuit.
My primary duties included deveic; men, testing and evaluation cf I was aisc icn-exchange ; recesses for the acid-leach curcuit.
involved with testing and evaluatien of varicus leaching metheds for sandstone and limestene uranium cres.
The cbjectives of these investigatiens wers to reduce ; recess lcsses and to determine the In Decem:er 1953, most ecencmical methcds Of c eraticn of the mill.
I became Radiaticn Safety Direct:r fer Anaconda's New Mexic:
In this ;csitien I was rescensible f:r surveiliance Operaticns.
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c.,,
and control of occucational and envimnmental radiation hazards in Anaconda's uranium mines and mill.
I was employed by Anaconda for 16 years.
I came to the Nuclear Regu atory Cennissicn in January of '973, i
and currently I am ?n ram Assistant to the Director, Divisicn of s
Fuel Cycl'e and Material Safety, Office cf Nuclear Material Safecy and Safeguards.
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AFFICAVIT OF PAUL J..vAGNO Paul J. Magne, of Rockvilie, Maryland, being duly sworn, statas as fellcws:
1.
I am a Health physicist with the Divisien of Fuel Cycle and Material Safety of One U.S. Nuclear Regulatcry Cc::Taission and my professicnal qualifications are attached hereto.
2.
Mr. Rothfleisch has indicated tne basis for the staff's estimate in '. LASH-1248 of the raden-222 releases frem uranium milling during active cperaticns.
Since this estimate was made, the staff has carried cut additional assessments cf the raden-222 releases fem uranium mill tailings and has also developed a series of per"cmance objectives fer the waste management of these *.ailings. Using this additicnal infomaticn, I have estimated the release rates of raden-222 frem uranium milling ccerations.
These estimates include releases frem One tailings areas fellcwing cessation of active milling which as indicated by Mr. Rcthfleisch were not included in the raden-222 release estimates presented in WASH-1248.
3.'
These raden-222 release rates are ex::rassed in curies per annual fuei require::ent (AFR) for a 10C0 Mwe reacter operating at an 50% cs::acity factor. These estima:es wnich are presented belcw -ere develoced taking into censideration racen-222 releases from (a) milling of the 4
'] /' :;
- c. cre. (b) tailings areas during active milling, (c) tailings areas during the interval between the end of active milling cperations and final stabili:stion and (d) stabilized tailings areas.
Raden-222 Releases frem Milline Ccerations Scurce of Release Curies :er AFR Milling of Ore 30 Tailings Curing Active Milling 750 Tailings During Inactive Sericd 350 Subtotal 1130 Tailings Fc11cwing Stabili:stien 1 - 10 (curies per year per AFR)
The detailed basis and calculations for these raden-222 release estima:as are presented in the folicwing sections.
4.
ESTIMATE CF 2ACCN-222 :.ELEASES CURING MILLING PRCCE55 Raden-222 releases during cre storage and precessing were esti=atec (a) assuming that the raden-222 is in secular equilibrium with the uranium-238 in the cre and (b) using an escace fraction (e:anating ;cwer) of 0.t.
The enanating pcwer (E) is the fracticn of raden-222 ferned wnich escapes the scurce particles.
Fce both natural scils and uranium mill ta' lings, E was fcund to be abcut 0.2 (I)
A value of E = 0.4 has been used in this esti=ata in crder to take ir,:c acccunt the potential effect ena: varicus staps in the milling precesses (i.e., grinding and leaching) may have en i} '"
'o r <>
the enanating pcwer of the cre particles.
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3_
Calculation of AR Cre Ecu1 valent,
()
1 AFR = 245 MT U 033 1 MT cre = 0.001 MT U-Oo x 0.9 recoverv = 9 x 10-# MT U30o MT cre facter MT cre 1 AFR = 245 MT U-09
2.72 x 10" MT cre 9 x 10 MT U-Oo MT cre Calculation of Ecuilibrium Raden-222 Ac*ivity in Or
222 Ci
= 0.001 MT U& x 0.S48 U
x 0.33 Ci = 2.3 x 10 ' Ci g'
MT cre MT cre U30g MT U MT cre Calculatien of Raden-222 Re ease cer AR M
222Rn, curies = 2.3 x 1C-4 Ci x 2.72 x 10 MT cre x 0.1 = 30 Afe MT cre AFR' 5.
ESTIMATE OF RACCN-222 RELEASES ACM TAILINGS AREA CURING MILL 7E Estic:stes of the raden-222 releases frcm the tailings area during ac*ive
- nilling wert> =ade based on a c:mocsite mdel milings pile devele;ed U3 3 recuirenent for no recycle action frcm GE5MO, Table IVJ(E)-17(2) 0 F)
This is t.9e Tcs: conservative action since it requires me largest cuantity of U 0s per AFR.
3 4, - o r'3
4 frcct infornation presented in CRML-TM 4903, 'lol.1 (Table 4.13). ( }
5 Using this model, cne AR (2.72 x 10 MT tal ings) would cover 2.9 acres of tailings area to a depth of 38 f t.
For a mill processing are containing 0.1". U 0 and having a 25 year life, t.
. mould result in a release of 33 abcut 750 curies per AFR.
The basis for tnis estimate is as follows:
Calculatien of Tailines Area er AR Table I shows the met.9ed used to arrive at the c:mposite model.ailings 7
pile. This pile c:ntains 1.33 x 10 MT of tailings and near the end of mill life c: vers 140 acres (106 acres of pond and wet beach and 34 acres 7
of dry beach). A conversion fact:r of 0.0205 (2.72 x 105 + 1.33 x 10 )
is used to nor nali::e the area of the composite tailings pile into area per AFR.
Area of Cceposite Conversion Area per AR Tailines Area. Acres Factor Acres Pond and Wet Beach 2.17 106
.x 0.0205
=
Dry Beach 0.70 34 x
0.0205
=
Total Tailings Area 2.87 140 x
0.0205
=
Calculation of Raden-222 Release cer AR Scurce of Release Acres Release Rate Years of Curies W
curles curi es Release AFR acre-yr AFR-yr 59 Pend and Wet 3each 2.17 1.04 2.25 25
=
Q Ory Seach 0.70 23.2 25.7 25
=
Total *ailings Area
'1u CCij
' ~
< This calculatien was made using the ccnservative assu=ction that the release rate during the 25 year mill life was equivalent to the release rate near the end of mill life. The release rate per acre-year for the pond and wet beach area was calculated frem data presented in CFflL-TM-4902, Vol. 1 (Tacle 4.20).
The release rate frem the dry beach areas >as calcalated using the following formula wnien has been derived frca sieple one-dimensicnal diffusien theery (CFf1L-TM 4903, Vol.1, p.146):
u/2 J =0C 1
x 4. 05 x 10' cm-x 3.15 x 10' sec.
o ev D /v acre year e
where:
J = raden flux in Ci/ acre-year a
2 0,/v = effective diffusien ccefficient = 0.054 cm /sec (CR'tL-TM-4902, Vol. 1 Table 9.29) 1 x 10-6
-I 1 = decay constant of raden-2'? =7 sec void fraction = 0.37 y =
C, = concentratien of radon in voids E Ce C
=
V y
. here:
w o
enanating pcwer = 0.2 E
=
y = void fracticn = 0.37 C = activity of radium-225 in tailings :er unit volume (2.3 x 10-'O Cf/g x 1.5 g/cm3 = 4.48 x 10-IO Ci/cm#)
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til
< 6.
ESTIMATE OF RACON-222 RELEASE?
F" RING *NTER'!AL BETWEEN END CF MILLING Atia CCMPLET;U4 CF STi _, MICl4 0F TA tL1 4G5 AREA The release of raden-222 per AFR frca the tailings area for the interval between the eed of milling and ccmpletion of stabili:stian was calculated assuming a five-year pericd to dry out the tailings and ccmolete the stabilizatien. The release rata of raden-222 for this period was estimatad to be 350 curies per AFR. Table II sncws the details of these calculations.
These calculations were made assuming that the pond and wet beaches dry cut linearly over the five year pericd and usirg the same release rates (curies per acre-year) as were used for calculation of release ratas during active milling.
7.
ESTIMATES OF RACCN-222 RELEASES FRCM STABILIZED TAILINGS AREAS The staff cf the Division of Fuel Cycle and Matarial Safety has recently develcped a series of performance objectives for an acceptable tailings management program for use in uranium mill licensing actions (#)
Tc meet Onese performance cejectives, all NRC licensed uranium mills (including license renewal acticns) are required to develcp a tailings stabili:stien and reclamatien program whien will redi:ce the raden-222 release rate (flux) fram the tailings area to about twice the release rate fran natural soils in the sur-cunding environs.~
Ine NRC staff is working closely with the Agreemcnt Statas in creer ::
have similar ;erformance cojectives incer; crated inco :ne Sta:as' licensing actions for uranium mills.
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<. The rs'aase rate of raden-222 frem uranium mill tailings areas stabili::ed to meet these performance objectives is estimated to be less than one curie per year per AFR.
This value was calculated as follows:
The raden-222 flux frem the tailings area is ccmcrised of two ccmconents:
the flux frem natural soils (cover materials) and the flux frem the tailings.
Therefore, to meet the perfo -:ance objective tnat the ncon-222 flux frca the tailings disposal area should not exceed about twice the flux frca natural soils in the area, the raden-222 flux frem the milings themselves should not exceed a value about ecual to the flux from the natural soils (i.e., background flux).
Calculatien of Backercund Raden-222 : lux Jb"d C x 4.05 x 103,2 x 3.15 x 10 sec 7
o s acre year where:
J3 = background radon flux in curies / acre-year 2
J, = radon flux in Ci/m -sec per pCi/g of r?diu:n-225 in soil = ! x 10-I2 (1.0 pCi/m -sec) 2 C = radium-225 cencentration in soil = 2.5 pCf/g 3
Jy = 0.32 curies / acre-year kkJ ~ $[7
8 This calculation is based on a radium-225 soil concentration of 2.5 pCi/g which is a value at the upoer range of concentrations of radium-225 measured in natural soils in the Western States (5)
The 2
radon flux value of 1.0 pCf/m -sec per pCi/g of radium-225 in soil was calculated using an effective diffusion coefficient (0,/v) of 5.4 x 10-2 2
cm /sec wnich is a value applicable to sandy soils (CRNL-TM-4903, Vol 1, Table 9.29).
Curies per AR pe., ear = 2.9 acres x 0.32 curies
= 0.93 AFR acre-year Although the tailings disposal area will be desigred for a radou-222 release rate not to exceed about I curie per year per AR, the estimated radon-222 release rate from the tailings has been expressed as a range frem 1 - 10 curies per year per AR to take into account uncertainty about the integrity of the stabilized tailings areas over long periods of time.
Sitir.g ec engineering de:,ign features required to assure long-tern stability are incorporated into final stabilization design.
There are numercus specific methods fer stabilizing the mill tailings.
One attract n alternative pr asently being evaluated is placing the tailings belcw grade in mined out areas to provide maximum assurance of long-term stability.
To reduce the rade.t release rate to the level specified in the
~
staff's perfor unce objectives will require between 5 and 20 feet
'Its C((9
s.
-g-of cover material over the tailings. The amount of cover required will depend upon tne specific characteristics of the soil with respect to the rate of diffusion of raden-222 througn the material. We believe such a stabili:ed pile will maintain its integrity over an extended period of time like at least several hundreds of years cnd that any degradation, if it takes place, will be small and not catastrechic.
8.
With respect to Dr. Walter Jordan's memorandum of Septemcer 21, 1977 to James R. Ycre, Chair an of the Atomic Safety and Licensing Scard, concerning errors in the raden-222 release estimates in Table S-3 of CFR I 51.20, I agree with Dr. Jordan that Table S-3 dces not represent all scurces of raden frcm uranica milling activities.
Furthermore, I agree with Dr. Jordan that releases of raden-222 frem tailings areas during time periods folicwing cessessatien of active milling cperations should be included in estimates of raden-222 releases frca uranium milling cperations.
I have included such releases in the raden-222 release estimates presented in :nis affidavit.
0". Jordan has estimated a raden-222 release rate of 71 curies per year per AFR fer a tailings area stabili:ed with 2 feet of earth cover.
I would agree with this estimate for the cand.tions specified.
The 2 feet of earth cover would result in about a 25 percent reducticn in the raden flux frem the bare tailings.
I have estimated the raden-222 release rate frem stabili:ed tailings areas based en the do T9
9
- s. the staff's new performance objectives for tailings management.
These perfor.ance objectives require a reduction of the radon flux by a factor of about 100 (i.e., to about I curies per year per AFR).
As suggested by Dr. Jordan, I have presented the radon-222 release rates frem sabilized tailings areas in curies per year per AFR.
3.
In order to provide additional perspective, I have also estimated the release rate of raden-222 which would occur frem a tailings area if all of its cover material were removed as a result of erosion processes over scme long period of ti::.e such as a thousand years.
This ccmolete erosion of cover material (all other factors remaining the same) would result in a release rate of about 110 curies per year per AFR. This is a. factor of about 10 - 100 greater than the z.stimates I have presented for the covered tailings areas.
10.
The Cc=nission is new in process of precaring a generic envirenmental impact statement on uraniu:n milling. The information develeced during preparation of this Statement and research program asscciated with that ef# ort shculd provide a much improved data base for :aking future estimatas of raden-222 release.
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- n this 16r.h daf cf 'cr.ua:y, 1973.
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References (1) Hay id, F. F., et al, " Assessment of Radiological ! cact of the Inactive Uranium-Mill Tailings Pile at Salt Lake City, Utah" ORN'
/TM-5251, p.14, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Cak Ridge, Tennessee (1977)
(2) " Final Generic Environmental Statement on the Use of Recycle Plutonium in Mixed Oxide Fuel in Light Water C aled Reactors (GESMC), NUREG-CCO2, Vol. 3, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory C:mmissicn, Washingt,n, D.C., (August 1975)
(3) Sears, M. S., et al, " Correlation of Radioactive Waste Treatment Casts and the Environmental Im::act of Waste Ef"luents in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle for Use in Establishing 'as Law =e Practicable' Guides - Milling of Uranium Ores,* CRNL-TM-4903, Vol. i, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee, (May 1975)
(4) Branch Position - Uranium Mill 7ailings Management,. Fuel Pr0 cessing and Fabrication Branch, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Ccmissicn, Washing :n, D.C.
(5)
" Phase II-Title 1 Engineering Assessments of Inactive Uranium Mill Tailings," GJT-1 thr:ugn GJT-125, U.S. Depar*. ment of Energy, Grand Junction, Colcrado.
(Issued Acril 1976 thr ugh Ncvem::er 1977)
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TABLE I
.C/.' CdLAT10ti 0F AREA 01-COMPOSITE TAILIllGS iMPOUNDMEllT
'I Tailings area Contribution ror Ind jvJdual fraction of to Composite
- elll_ Types t h ? (Acresl contribution Tallings Area (Acres) location-(a)
Pond and to composite ICI Pond and Type Hill Wet Beach Dry Beach Tallings Area Wet Beach Dry Beach Total h
' Wyoming-Sx 145 12 0.425
'61 5.1 66.7 Wyoming-Alk 91 37 0.075 6.8 2.8 9.6 New Hexico-Sx 80 48 0.425 34.0 20.4 54.4 llew Mexico-Alk 50 78 O.075 3.8 5.9 9.7 Composite Tallings Area 106 34 140 footnotes:
(a) Sx = solvent extraction mill. Alk = alkaline leach mill g
(b) Data from ORill-TH-4902 (Table 4.13). 7 Areas are representative of conditions near end of mill life.
fallings areas contain 1.33x10 HT of tallings.
(c) Based on assumption o' 65% of production from solvent extraction mills and 15% from alkaline mills (GESMO page IV F-25) and assuming 50% 0 03 3 production in flew Mexico and 501 in Wyoming.
b.
cc
TABLE II CALCULATION OF RACCN-222 RELEASES CURING INTERIM SE?IOD FOLLOWING CESSATION OF MILLING AND PRIOR TO STABILUXTICN Model Tailina Area Acres /AFRt01 Curies re' eased cer AFR Time after Ponc 2nc Ponc anc Millina Ends (A)
Wet Beach Dr/ Beach Wet Beach Or/ Beach 0-1 1.95 0.92 2.01 35.1 1-2 1.52 1.35 1.57 51.6 2-3 1.08 1.79 1.12 58.4 3-4 0.65 2.*2 0.67 84.8 4-5 0.22 c.55 0.23 101.2 TOTAL FOR PERIOD 5.60 241 347 (a) Based on assumotien that a five-year interval will take place between end of active milling and completion of stabili-zation of tailings area.
(b) Average area for the time interval and based on the assumction that the ponds dry cut linearly with time over a 5-year period.
do T.1,3
h r.
Paul J. Macno Professional Oualifications I have been employed as a health physicist by the Nuclear Regulatory Ccmmissicn since 1975.
I am presently assigned to the Division of Fuel Cycle and Material Safety where I am involvec in the assessment of the radiological impact of uranium milling Operations.
I received a B.S. degree in chcaistry from Boston College in 1952 and have over 24 ye?rs professional experience in the nuclear field.
Pr'or to joining the Ccmmission, I was involved in the assessment and monitoring of envircnmental radioactivity serving in varicus capacities with the U.S. Public Health Service and the Environmental Protection Agency.
From 1968-1973, I served as Chief of the Field Operatiens 3 ranch at the Northeastern Radiological Health Laboratory.
Frem 1952-1958, I was ecoloyed at the AEC's Raw Materials Cevelopment Laboratory in Winchester, Massachusetts wnere I worked on metallurgical extraction processes for the recovery of uranicm.
Frem 1958-1959, I was associated with the Radicchemical Analysis Group at Brockhaven National Laboratory.
1 then served as a staff health p5ysicist at the Massacnusetts Institute of Technology frem 1959-1952.
I have cablished over 30 technical papers and reports in the field of environmental racicactivity.
I am a member of the Health Physics Society, the Anerican Chemical Society and have served on ASTM Ccamittee D 19.04, and ANSI Ccmrittee N-46.
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KANSAS GAS i ELECTRIC CD."PA.NY
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EFFECTS" in the above-cacticr.ed oreceedings have b en served on the folicaina Sy denosit in the United 5 :tes rail, first class, or, as indicated hv an asteris!:, thrct:gh de sit in the ' clear Re<iul a to ry Commission's internti mail system, this 27th day o# Aori l, 1073:
Alan S. Rosenthal, Esq., Chairman
- r.ichael C. =crrar, Esq.
- Atcmic Safecy and Licensing Atcaic Safety and Licensing Appeal Dcard Appeal Scard U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comaission U.S. Nucl ear Regulatcry Ccr-i s sion Washington, CC 20555 Washington, DC 20555 Richard S. Salzman, Esq.
- Dr. W. Reed Johnson
- Atomic Safety and Licensing Atomic Safety and Licensing Appeal Board Appeal Board U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comnission U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comissien Washington, DC 20555 Washington, DC 20555 Dr. John H. Buck
- Mr. Jerc-e E. Sharfman
- Atomic Safecy and Licensing Atcmic. Safety and Licensing Acceal Board Apceal Board U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comaission U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Ccmmissicn
,4ashington, LC c0cco-
,,ashington,,C a::a n
v TU..,s.i
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. Frederic J. Caufci. Esq.
John F. 'lal f, Esc Atomic Safety and Liccasing Atcmic 5;'.j and Licensing Board Panel Board P2nel U.S. Maciear i:agulatory Cucmission U.S. Nucitc Regulatory Co
- 5.. 5.
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vu Scmuel W. Jensch, Esq.
- Ed..a rd Lu t: '., Esc.
- Chief Adminictrative Lau Judge Atomic 52."..,
and Licensing U.S. Nuclear R2;ulatory Ccraission Board P mei Washington, DC 20555 U.S. Nucl-c 72;ulatory Cc--is?ic-
'.la s hi n g tc.'. 2C 20555 Mr. Les:cr Crabiith, Jr.
- Atomic Safety and Licensing Michael Gl a ser, Esc.
Scard Panei Atomic Suf2./ and Licensin-U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Cormission Board F:nel Washingcen, CC 20555 1150 17th Street, N.W.
Washington, CC 20035 Jchn M. Frysiak, Esq.
- Atcaic Saf ety and Licensing Mr. Gustave A. Linenbarger '
Soard Penel Atcmic S3fety and Licensin; U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Cormission Scard Par.ei Washingtcn, DC 20555 U.S. Nucles. Regulatory C:rmis sicn Washingt n, DC 2C555 Dr. Marvin M Mann
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- Board Panel Atemic Safety and Licensing U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Cormission Ecard Panal Washington, DC 20555 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Cerr.ission Washing:en, DC 20555 Ivan W. Smith, Esq.
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- Dr. Cadet u.
Hand, Jr.
Atcmic Safety and Licensing Bodega Marine Laboratory Board Panel University of California b.S. Nuclear Regulatory Ccamission P.O. Box 247 Washington, DC 20555 Bodega Say, California 94923 Dr. Richard F. Cole
- Dr. David L. Hetrick Atomic Safety and Licensing Professer of Nuclear Engineering Board Panel The University of Ari:cna U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Cocaission Tucson, Arizona 5752; Washington, CC 20555 n i. ~..
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'-la s h i n ; te n, CC 20555
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. Dr. Con 2!d P. d?Sf v;
.; i l l i n " " rgiffin. Esq.
i Associatt Dr0f: or cf
'a ri n e
.'sssi;t2nt s im ee General and Atm's:- ric Sciance Chief, Cons:
r Pre.;; tion Di/ision Un'versity u-
.icmi State Cap' _a: _uitCin]
Miami, Finrida 33149 Top eka, Kar.s:s 66612 Dr. Walter H. Jordan Ja.mes T. Wigle:..:cth, Esq.
821 U. Cuter : rive Rainey, Uidesucrth and Ce.;ey Oak Ridge. Tennessee 37330 9ECC Metceif, Suite 230 General Stuara Center J. Michael t'cGarry, III, Esq.
Overland Park, Kansas 662i2 Cebevoise ana uiberaan 700 Sh0: ah:.Juilding Eduacd G. Cc11: ster, Jr.
15th and H Streets,..."
Collistu 2 Ka.ns:hroeder Washingtcn, DC 20C05 Attorneys at Law 1203 Icus State of South Carolina Lawrence, Kansas 66C44 c/c ds. J :cuelyn Dic an Dept of H2altn and Environmental Mcnorable Rocert Cannett C' ontrol Governor of Kar.sas 2600 Bull Street Topeka, sanscs CG612 Columbia, Scuth Carclina 29201 Office or the County Clerk Dr. George C. Andersen c/o Ms. Joan Cox Departr. ant of Ocear.cgraphy, '. 3-10 Coffey County Courthouse University of Uashir.gton Burlington, Kansas 66339 Seattle, Washington 93195 Mr. Darrell Carlton, Ccmmissioner Gerald Charnoff, Esq.
Decartment of Labor Shaw, Pittman, Potts & Trcwbridge 401 Tcpaka Boulevard 1800 M Street, M.U.
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5130 Mission Road Kansas Gas and Electric Building Sha'.. nee Mission, Kansas 66205 P.O. Box 203 Wichita, Kansas 67201 William H. Ward, Esq.
Mid-America Coalition for William L. Porter, Esq.
Energy Alternatives Associate General Counsel 5130 Mission Road Duke Pouer Company Shawnee Mission, Kansas 66J05 442 South Church Street Charlotte, Nortn Carolina 282:2 Dr. Ernest O. Salo Professor of Fisheries Research M. Ricntcurg Roberson, Esq.
Ins ti tute 4ssist'n* '"crney General Cnllege of Fisheries l'. ? (}
.. t. J w
Av
. Joseph F Tu ridy, Esq.
Dr. J. V.
Leads, Jr.
4100 Cahedn1 Avrne2, N.W.
10E07 At.. ell Drive Washingtcn, ::
20016 Houston, Te:;cs 770?$
Dr. Kennath A. McCallo.n Richard E. Jones, Esq.
1107 '.' s t Kn u Street Associate Sanc. sl Cs;nsel Stillwater, Oi.!2nc.a 74074 Carolina F~ me & Lig.:t C:cpany 336 Favetr,ille Stra3t tilyn R.,..elss, tsc.
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c Shelcon, Har :0, 3 F.oisman 1025 15th Street, N.W.,
Thomas Er.'
- Esa-Suite 500 115 Wes t Ma.. sn Stceet Washington, DC 20005 Paleigh,.1C 276C2 Ncrman Ross, Esq.
':ake County."ablic L. 'ary 30 Francis Strt2:
104 Fayett;/ille St.:et Brcoklin, MA 02146 Raleigh,.NC 27501 Karin P. Sheld:n, Esq.
George F. Trc.bricga, Esq.
Sheldon, Harmon & Poisman Shaw, Pi ttman, Potts " Try..brid;2 1025 15th Street,i,.W.
1000 M Streat, N.W.
5th Floor Washington, DC 20036 Washington, DC 20005 Mr. Jessic C. Brake John L. Ahlgren Attorney Gcnaral's Cffice Assistant A:tornay Ganeral State of M.c:h Carolina Office of Attorne/ 3eneral
~.0. Ecx 629 State House Annex, Room 208
.aleigh, NC 27602 Concord, NH 03301 Edward G. Bauer, Jr., Esq.
Ms. Eli:abeth H. Heinhold Vice President and General Counsei Bradstreet
- 2. cad Philadelphia Electric Ccmcany Hampton, NH 03842 10C0 Chestnut Street Philadelchia, PA 19105 Robert Backus, Esq.
O'Neill, Backus, Spielman Eugene J. Cradley, Esq.
and Little Philadelphia Electric Company 115 Lowell Street 2301 Market Street Manchester, NH 03101 Philadelphia, PA 19101 Thomas G. Signan, Jr., Esq.
Troy B. Conner, Jr., Esq.
John A. Ritsher, Esq.
Cor.ncr, Macre and Corcer Ropes & Gray 1747 Pennsylvania Avenue, 1.4 225 Franklin Street Washington, DC 200:5 Boston, MA 02110 Ra3rond L. Hovis, Esc.
i Laurie 2crt, ~so.
9: 1c' "L 2cer One Ashburton Place, 19th Floor Ecs ten, CA 02103 g - '70
. W. W. t.r. !ersc n, Eso.
'!ill ian Hu bh.ed, E s a.
Deputy Attcc -cj Cener:1 Uillia:a " a rrick, Esq.
Cecartment of J.:stice Office of tit:rney Canaral Capitcl Anne.x 450 James Oc'_ce: son Parb y Ha rrisburg,
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17120 Nashvil le, T:. 372i9 Myron Bl c:,, Esc.
Raymor.d G il: b s, E cc.
U.S. Envircr: ental Protection 111 Ccraerce Euilding Agency 316 ', est L; tl e Region II', Curtis Edilding Murfree:b:ro, T:, 37130 6th and '!21 rut Streets Philadelchic, PA 19105 Leroy J. Ellis, III, Esq.
Caer, Ellis ar.d Brabson Karin Carter, Esq.
Chancery Cuiiding Departm2nt of Envircr'erital 421 Charl%te Avenue Resources
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Special Assistant Attorr.ey General Dr. A. Dixon Callihan Tawes State Office Suilding (C-4)
Union Carbide Corpcration Annapolis, MD 21401 P. C. Bcx Y Cak Ridge, T:! 37830 Dr. Forrest J. Rem.ick 207 Old Main Evilding Martin Marold Scdder, Esq.
Pennsylvania State University 1131 N.E. E6th Street Universi ty Park, Per.nsylvania 16302 Miami, Florida 3313?
Alvin H. Gutterman, Esq.
Dr. Frank Hcccer Attorney fcr Apolicant Rescurce Ecolcgy Prograta Division of Law Schcol of "aturcl Rescurces Tennessee '! alley Authcrity University of thchigan Knoxville, Tennessee 37902 Ann Arbor, MI 48104 s
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-3 Harold F. Reis, Esq.
Mr. David Caccia Lo.:enstein, ':e. un, Reis R.D. d2
& Axelrau ccx 70-A 1C25 Connecticut Avenue, N
.W.
Seuell, "'
05 30 Washington, DC 20035 Mark L. Fi st, Esc.
Norman A. Coll, E;q.
Daruty It': 'ey General Steel, Hector. Davis State of.:2! Jersey 1400 S.E. Cir:: dati.nal Cant Bldg.
7-o..w. s-e. s +.2 e. 2_
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M;ami, Florida 3ai31 Trenton,... C:525 Mr. Robert D. Pallard
'!illica Hcr'ler, Esq.
Union of Csocs :nd Scientists 67 :'arket : treat 1025 - 15th $
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salem, ::J c;]79
,,as,1r.gton, 3reeg,,0a cou Richard Fryling, Jr., Esq.
Dr. Chauncey R. F.2pferd Publi: Sectica Electric ar.d Citi nes for a Safe Environment Gas Coma.an.y
- a3 Or,ianco evenue go 03rk Place State College, PA 16301
- 4e. "<, New Jersey Ms. Judith H. Johnsrud Peter Buchshrm, Esc.
433 Criando nyer.ue Robert Westraich, Esq.
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Mr. Ernest E. Hill s u. t.o_
4 su, 76 s Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Cooper River Par'c.ay ' dest
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University of California North Park Drive P.O. Box SC3, L-123 Pennsauken, !!J 03109 Livermore, CA 94550 Mr. R. B. Briggs Associate Director F. Michael Parkowski, Esq.
110 -vans Lano Depu ty Attorney General Oak Ric,ge,
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Tatnall Builaing Ccver, Delaware 19901
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300 :b nu I'o l c is, O. o 3u52 Clarence T Opps, h,Esq.
1700 Penn e, Innia A. enue,,.W.
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Hunton, t.'liilia: is, Gay & Ci.uca P. O. E,o:.15 3 5 iilli.7'n A. U d n Rich ::ond, Virgi.:ia 23212 Ohic Pov. u: Siting Comrni=sion P.O. Box 1735 Honorable Anthenv Gamoarcel:a s o.. :3.rea u Sere t Office of the Att : m-Cene.ral Colun:nus, Ohio ;3216 Suprc:ac Cet rt Librar, E u:! din ='
1101 East Srcad Street Bla2ne e telding, r.sq.
Richmond, 'irginia 23219 David u. Nort!' rop. Esc.
Assistant Attorneys Genert Mr. James M. Torsen Room 029, S,mec, Toveers 501 LeroY Environmental La c. Sectica Socorre, New :.!cxico 87S01 Attorney General's Oitice 361 East Broad Street Columbus, Ohio 43215 Carroll J. Savage,' Esq.
1700 Pennvf vania Avenue, N.W.
i Washin gton, D. C. 20006 do. pn3 t<~
. :'s. Phyli: Picrce Peter F " nning, Esc.
1913 Seatar Read
/,s s i s t v. t Di r: c to r c L a Kingsport, TN 37650 City of Lc_isville 200 Ci'.y.ali l icholas D. Le'ais Louisville, cntucky 4:2C2 Cn, a i rr a n Energy Facility Siting Evaluation D,vid K "a r tin, Esq.
Council David C. Shcr., Esq.
820 East Fifth Avenue
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Olympia, '.la shington 98E04 Rocm 32, S '. i t Caoitc!
Joseph 3. "nctts, Jr., Esq.
Nicholas S. Rc /r. olds, Esq.
Tea; R..i c u..c.,
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Oc,bevoise & Licarran a..,_
70] Shore:n, Sui ding
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P:O' Bo" "'.'3 M
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,c.hland,.eshinc.on
- e fladison, India n e,, 7 c,. -u Ualker C. Cunningham, Jr., Esq.
Ralph C. Pickard 1129 Kentuck.y Ecre Life Buildina
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Office of the Jefferson County Attorney Doard of the State of Indiar.a Louisville, scntucky.;0202 1330 West 'i chi gan 3 t ree'.
Indianapolis, Indiana 66205 Dr. Cuentin J. Stober Fisheri n .esearch Insti tuta 14r. John '.loodccck University of '!ach ington Indiana Sassafras Audubon Society Seattle,iashington 98i95 2415 Hecdiey acad Bloomington, Indiana 47701 Robert Grav Rural Rouie il Mr. George T. Mouser, President Hanover, Indiana 47243 Knob and '! alley 'udubon 5cc;ety of Southern Indiar.3
' rry H. 'loict, Esa.
P. O. Cox 555 Le Socuf, Larb, Leiby and MacRae IIe'.! Albany, Indi ana 47150 1757 i: Street, M. u.
Washington, D. C.
20035 Robert C. Slover Save the '! alley, Inc.
Charl es 'l Carnbell, Esc.
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