ML19220A224
| ML19220A224 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Issue date: | 11/30/1978 |
| From: | NRC OFFICE OF STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML19220A225 | List: |
| References | |
| REGGD-08.024, REGGD-8.024, NUDOCS 7812010269 | |
| Download: ML19220A224 (10) | |
Text
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U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION November 1978 D (M) REG U LK'ORY GL D E o' '...*
OFFICE OF STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT REGULATORY GUIDE 8.24 HEALTH PHYSICS SURVEYS DURING ENRICHED URANIUM-235 PROCESSING AND FUEL FABRICATION A. INTRODUCTION atoniic enagy prograin and hase been discussed in reports of the National Council on Radiation Protec-Paragraph 20.20lt b) of !O CFR Part 20 ' Stand-tion and Measurements (NCRP) (Refs. 1-3, the ards f or Protection Apmst RaJiation, ' requires that International Atomic Energy Agency (I AEA) (efs.
each licensee make or cause to be made such surseys 4-7), and the International Commioion on as may be necessary for him to comply with the Radiological Protection (ICRP) (Ref 8). More recent regulations in that part As used in Part 20 the term reports ( Re fs. 9-10) contain additional information
'sursey is defined as an esaluation of the radiation for use in establishing radiation survey progams and ha/ards inciJent to the p rod uc t m n, use, releme.
selecting methods and equipment f or their im-dispo,al, or presence of radioactise materials or other plementation. Sursey s are necessary supplement
- to sources of radiation under a specific set of condi-personnel nmnitoring, in w hich desices worn by the tio n s. I his guide specifies the types and trequencies workers measure indisidual exterr. il ra.hation t xpo-of surseys that are acceptable to the NRC start f or the sures, and to sarious forms of bioassay to determine protection of workers in plants licensed by the NRC ir,take of radioactise material by the workert for nroccumg enriched uranium and for the f abrica-tion of uranium f uel.
Some enriched uranium processing and f uel fabri-cation plants conduct operations with Claw D (trans-This guide does not relate to the processing of portable, with rapid uearance from the lung) uranium g
uranium-233 Further, this guide does not specif-compounds for w hich co.'siderations of chemical F
ically deal with a number of aspects of an acceptable toucity to the kidney are litsting (There are other occupational health phy sies program that are closel) chemical hazards such as HF that are not add essed in related to sursey s 1 Ii the number and qualitication of this g uide. ) Other plants conduct operati, ns with the health phy sics statt; (2i mstrumentation, includ-Class W or Y (nontransportable, with 50- or 500-day mg types, numbers of instruments, limitations of use, biological half-life.n the lung > tompounds mly. In accuracy, and cahbration, ( 3) personnel dosimetry -.
the latter eme, considerations of dose equi lent to anJ W hioassay. Guidanet on bioassay f or uranium the lung are linuting. Sush ditterences in,lant appears in Regulttory Guide M.11. ' Applications of operation were considered in the deselopmcat of tais Bioassay f or Cramum.
guide.
B. DISCUSSION C. REGULATORY POSITION Sursey s are considered to be part of a mmprehen-N1ethods, pra edures and enteria in this guide are sise protection program estabbshed by the licenwe acceptable to i. e NRC statt and may be incorporated according to the philosophy and prmcyles of Repu-into approprute sections of a license application latory Gaide S 10,1)perating Philosophy for Main-This guide is intended to assist applicants in prepar-tainmg Occupational Radiatmn Exposures As I ow As mg license applications and to assist licensees in is Reasonably Ashievahle. ' Principles. methods, and establishing acceptable sursey programs in amcord-mstrumentation f or carrying out radianon and con-ance with the "as low as is reasonably ashievable tanunation surseys w ere deseloped early in the
( ALAR A1 philosophy.
USNRC REGUL ATORY GUIDES C r e s v. a r,se<t to r*
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- 1. TYPES OF SURVEYS thorium and protactinium daughters of uranium be-2.1 General Description come separated as bottoms, ' scale, or residue. The radiation les els near such sources should be sur-Section 20.201 of 10 CFA Part 20 specifies that seyed. Although most of the radiation levels in sun ey s be perf ormed to demonstrate comphance operating areas are low, a reasonable effort should be with the other radiation saf ety requirements of that made to minimize mdisidual and collectise (manrem) pa rt. Certain of these sun ey s are necessary to doses es aluate evernal exposure to personnel and concen-
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'I "I f" trations of auborne uranium in the facility and in wy s o tk pLnt see shouM N patonned b the ef tluents from the tatility. Monit" mg of ettluents is health phy sics statt as described in Regulatory Posi-beyond the scope of this guidt..i Applicaole guides ot n o n (,._ Results of these suney s shomd be recorded I)nisions 4 and 10 should be consulted f or suth as described in Regulaton Position (. 3.
guidance.
L Where operating personnel are subyct to receising F
Oct upational radiatian protection programs at en-F more than
_,5, of the dose limits. sun es s are not nched uranium processmg and fuel f abrication plants normally acceptable f.or compliance with II1e person-I should include the ty pes of surs ey s discussed below.
nel momtoring requirements of 4 20.202 of 10 (FR Acceptable surs ey f requencies are discussed in Reg-r P"""" C I ulatory Position C.2.
dosimetry data, due, for example, to low of or I.2 Surseys of External Radiation i)ose Rates chemical or physical damage to the dosimeter, an
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ahernatise means of estimating the exposure is to use NRC. licensees are required by 4 20.202 of 10 CFR survev data in coniunction with m* ropriate occu-Part 20 to suppn appropnate personnel momtorine pancy f actors. In such a case, th : estimate, including equipment to each indnidual who enters a restricted the suncy data used, must be documented and re-area under such circuinstances that he is likely to tained definitely along with personnel monitoring in receise a dose m any calendar quaiter m excess ot records pursuant to paracraph 20 40lteH 2Hii) Sancy 2 5 ' <. o f. s alues specified in paracraph 20 ioltal and results should be resiewed promptly by the health to require the indis Jual to use th'e equipment. Health physics staff in conjunction with personnel monitor-phy sic s personnel should conduct mitial suney s so ing retords < l) to identify n tentially hazardous situ-identity all areas and operations w here personnel ations and unfasorable trends and (2) to ensure that monitonng may be required and perific suney s to all personnel are adequatels momtored and that expo-detect any changes. Ihe sun ey instruments used sures are maintained as low as is reasonably achieva-should be eperable and capable of measunng. at or ble. Sun ey s f.or alpha radiation in ennthed uranium below the required les el, the ty pes of radiation that processing and fuel fahncation areas are tonoucted will be encountered Note that if workers will occups primanly to assess the extent of contamination of the area essentially f ull time 1520 hours0.0176 days <br />0.422 hours <br />0.00251 weeks <br />5.7836e-4 months <br /> per quartert personnel. equipment. and premises and to detect the periodic suneys should be n.ade for beta camma loss of. confiaement. Such suneys are discussed in radiation at lesels as low as 0 24 mrem hr Such raore detail in tollowing sections.
lesels may cxist in a large traction of the area of an ennthed uranium processing or f uel fabrication plant 1.3 \\leasurements of t'ranium Concentrations unlew considerable care is taken to minimire expo-in Air sures Heta gamma radiation it. cts of I to 2 mrem hr it is essential to establish a comprehensne program usually exist at a dntance of one f oot or more f rom ior assessing concentrations of uranium in air, at the surf aces of UO; pellet tray s or boats and f uel rods frequenties specified in Regulatory Position C.2 or bundles ud in areas where tuel bundles are stored below, for each area where operations could expose Radiation lesels of 5 to 10 mrem hr may be f ound at workers to thz intake of quantities of uranium ex-the surf aces of f uel rods and bundles, and lesels of ceedmg those specified in s 20.103 Special require-50 to 100 mrem hi may be found near the surf ace of ments for such assessments may also be made a pellet tray s and boats Care should be taken to sun cy condition of the NRC license Air samples should be and esess doses to hands and lenses of eyes received ollected in suth a way that the concentrations of by workers handling process matenals (with gloves uramum are represent:tise of the air in w hith w m k-or short tools) Much higher levels of gamma radia-en are exposed tion may exist at such points as multiply used Uh cylinders or where operations insolsing meltmg or Air sampline nlas be aClomplished thing instd.
reduction to uranadm metal JTe Londucted and thC of workers, personal clapel) samplen f or supportne measurements and special studies, and air monitors
' Howescr. the r.tlatmn urets prgrrn shoo!J iulaac surs es s < r h4 carl) warning of unexpGled reicees resorJs that nJ u ate c ontrol of it e pant!nes of rad % t o e nutcrul re!cascJ in an an l w ater to unrestra ted areas as rrquircJ When radiomet ic measurements of the quantity of M 10 n 1< Part :n uramum deposited on or in an air sample tiher are 22
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being performed, appropriate corrections should be protectise equipment. An air monitor; may be used to included for geometry and alpha (or betal absorption prinide a w arning signal that the concentration of by the filter media and by material collected on the airborne uraniun' has become unexpected'y high An fiber Filter meth a used should retain collected air monitor should be considered it conditions ma' mat-rial on the filter surf ace, and correction should it likely ; hat an intake of uranium exceeding the be made f or finer etticiency considering the particle lin.its in # 20103 may occur stres and flow rates ms olved. therestimates of the
.Inc princip d f unction of the air momtor is to alert solume of air that has passed through the tilter shoulo.
pe sonnel to ta.e inunediate action to protect them-be asoided by accurate cuhbration of the flow rate se ses f rom urespected airborne uranium. Inhalation and by presention of or correction I r loss of flow rate due to the accumulation of nwerial on the til.cr ev. osures are in progress during the time between the releast 4 me uranium and the sounding of the alarm.
A means for measuring flow rate at air samph.ne
.l hus es ery reasonable e t tort should be taken to
,ocaJs should be as aLble.
reduce this time period. In particular the air inlet of Any air sample. that are surected of reflectig tne monitor should be located near the potential releases and high concentrations. such as samples source of auborne uranium, preferably between the taken during phn e-box glose chances, should be souice and the workers. Iht use of excesmely long counted at once to identity any samples witn quan-tubing or piping leading to the inlet shouhl be tities of uranium greate: than expected for the asoided because of the high probabihty of alarm san.pling location and v ilume Procedures used delay due to uranium deposition on the mterior walls shoulu ensure prompt corr;ction of the f aulty control of the tube or pipe. ~lhe intake by personnel should or operatmn that led to the release and hgh sample.
be reduced by the choice of selpoint Howescr the Air samples should be counted again for record seguint should not cause talse alarms that weaken purpim s atter a routine period of time 124 hours0.00144 days <br />0.0344 hours <br />2.050265e-4 weeks <br />4.7182e-5 months <br /> is the workerc tontidence in the air momtor. ~l he f reque ntly used) for decay of the
'backgrourd' iatake by personnel may also be reduced by prosiding a high flow rate of air through the tilter it is radon and thoron. T he samples should be counted for a suf ficiently long period of tim or until a sutti-important to maximi /e this flow rate, thus reducing ciently large numbei of counts has been obsersed to the time of exposure before the alarm establish the ample counting rate error within I.4 Surface (,ontam. mat. ion Sursey s
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For contamination tontrol inside the restricted area Filters f rom personal (lapel) samplers should be d, plant there are controlled areas w here uncon-counted and the data related to the uramum intake of tained uranium is handled and uncontrolled areas the w earer H apphcation of f actors for samphne where uranium is in the f orm of sealed sources or is tLut. nreathmg rate, wearing time, and total working not handled at all. Routine monitoring for uranium tune. Filters f rom general air samplers should be contamination that could be present on surf. aces of.
changed each w orking shif t or more otten m the es ent iloi s w alls, plant equipment, or turniture in con-ot' rapid buildup of material on the tilter media, trolled areas is a necessary part of the sursey w hich reduces the air flow. (,onsideration may be procram. lhe failure to control surf ace contamination gisen to running samplers oser weekends when no may result in unnecewary external or mternal expo-w oil is in progress or to changine part of the samplers each day of a weekend.
sure of pe rson na, to radiation Although surtate contamination contributes to the external radiation Paragraph 20 20m d) of 10 CFR Part 20 defines dose of w orkers, the primary concern is to a s oid
' airborne radioactis ity area' and prescribes posting internal deposition resulting f rom the intake of loose requirements. In setting forth the stanJards f or hmit-uranium by inhalation. in"estion, or penetration of ing intake of uranium, Section 20103 requires licen.
the skin.
sees to use proceu and other engineering controls to I-A Mh uik amble mnte the extem practicable to limit concentrations of nation is that radioac tis e material in air to les els below those uramum contanunation present on a surf ace that can be transferred to a dry smear test which delimit an airborne radioatisity area
.I hat paper bs r"ubing with moderate prcssure. Methods section also prosides f or the use of other precaution-anJ instruments used in surves s of remos able surface ary procedures suc h as increased surseillance, lim-contamination shouhl be capable of detecting the itation of workine times, or prosision of respiratory alpha radiations f rom uranium at and below the lesels protectise equlDment to maintain inlake of. radioac-
. i
.l able
- 3. For ex.unple. smear counting specif ed in tis e M:aterial as low as is reasonabl) achies abl Health physics surseys of air concentranon are es-sential in esJIuaHUp the changes obtamed under
"'"d"**"'""*"P'""D process and engineering controls, m condutting im a parna'"c acun m micw a raanecint measorm ni eri m. a creased surseillance and liimting working times, and amum rn order..i n.cter a nh presci alarm t apaNhis, amt an m wpport of a proer un for the use of respiratory aume at.m mie R 24-3 144 194
1 may be perf ormed with prorortional counters, alpha in writing the director of the appropriate Nuclear scintdlanon enters. er thir -window Geiger-Mueller Regulatory Conumssion inspection and Enfoccement G I) tubes.
Regional Of fice hsted in Appendix D to 10 Cl R Part 20 at least 30 dass before the date that respiraton O,m t o r m methods for collectmg a(1d analy ang pratectis e equipnfent is first used under the pros [-
smear samp'es should be employed. Ibese stanJ-smns of paracraph 20.103ibH 2).
ardved methods should be employed user extended perm.Js of tuve to aid in e nns-wmpanson of con-Indisiduals working m areas where a potential for tanunation at ditte:ent times and places and in order skin or dothing contamination exists should wear to es aluate trendt A dn smear taken trom an area of suitable protectne clothing. Hect se it is likely that acc' ptahle to indicate les els of the radioactise matenal on contaminated protettne about 100 cm; is e
n mos able contannnatmn A diagram of each clothing will again become airborne while the cloth-routinely sun cyed arca should be used f or recording mg is bemp iemos ed, monitors should be as ailable in suncy resultv Ihis procedure will prosiJe radiation dothing thange areas for worLen to suncy their safety penonnel w nh record that win assist in the clothing bef ore remos al and their boJies (particularly identitication of tten it the sur eyor will find it their heads hanJs. and other espmed portians) af ter helpf ul to identity on the,un cy diagram the loca-remosal of the protectne clothing and betare leasing tions that are smear tested the controlled area Potentially contananated clotbine should not be sent to a laundry that is not specilicalls Quantitatne measuring in straments used to M iM w d4iu contaminated w ith monitor the aJequac. of cmtinement an.i contamina-uramum unless the ch3thine hb been sunesed and tion wruol. sus h as thme used f or measuring air found to hase less than '200 disintecrations per vmiples. and meautrements to es aluate uramum o f. uranium contannnanon.
2 minute per 100 cm contJ!Hinathm of pt r 4Whel IbkoaW)s), work areas Ismear te: st and e lu pment should be cahbrated and Indisidual workers' suneys of themselses need chetked prior to use exh das. T he accuracy of the not be recorded unless the s alues in Table 2 ire cahbraoon source shoulJ be as a minunum.15' of exceeded. Ilowner, the health physics stati should the stated salue and traceable to a primary standard maintain d.nly sun cillance to ensure that the workers such as that mannamed by the Nanonal Ho.
of contmue their ow n personal contamination suney s.
S t a n d a rd s.
Obsen ations during radiation safety su n cillance lhe regulations in in CFR Part 20 do not spetify beneath protectis e
{
hnuts f or suriace contanunatmn. Each appheant may
\\ny pesonal dothing worn
!mhing shoulJ be sun :yed bef ore leasing the con-propose md jusuty surface contauunation knuts t
allow able bef ore decutanunation is requued in exh m ulc _ area In the es ent that personal clothing work area lhese knuts should be based on the need contanination les els exceed preselected limus, to noid transter of contamination to uncontrolled workers should be instructed to report the situanon to
's low as is rea the heahh phs sia of fice. A member of the heahh areas anJ to mamt.un esposures sonably ac hies able. 'l he contannnanon limits for phy sics staff should then suncy and surenise any conuolled areas pres;nted in Iable 2 are acceptable necessary decontamination or clothing dnpmal. The to the NRC statt and need not be justitieJ by the appheant inay propose and justify personal dothine apphcant.
contamination hmits; the lesel 2n0 disintecrations per minute per 100 cm : s ace:ptable to the NRC staff 1.5 Protectise Equipment and C!othing and need not be justitied by the applicant.
eds Contamination Sur eis shauld be maintained in the manner describe, me for instances of protectne dothing contaminanon.
When it is impracticable to 4 ply process or other encineci;ne controls to limit concentrations of For indisiduals whose work n conducted in con-uranium m air below thm e detined in paragraph trolled areas with a potential for "ich surf ace wn-20.2031dH I yiit other precautionary procedures such tamination les els, complete tiotnmg <hanges are as incrcsed suneillance, limitation of working normally prosided in this case, personal dothing nmes or prosision of respiratory protective equ:p-should be sorted outside the controlled area.
ment must be used to maintain iotake of uranium by Suneys of personal clothing are not necessary in this any mdisidual within me limitt When respiratory case if the area in w hich the ciorhing is stored is protecove eqmpment is used to hmit the inhalation of suneyed ia accordante with Regulatery Poutmn C.14 auborne uranium pursuant to paraeraph 20103tbw 2L of this guide and if viney results are below the limits the beensee may nuke allowance f or such use in adopted for in-plant uncontro!!ed areas. After re-estimarine esposures of inJisidaa:s to uranium pro-moval of proteclise clothing and washing and before sided such eqmpmera is used as stipulated in Regu-donning personal clothing and leasing the thange latory Guide 8.15.
Actepiable Programs for Res-areas, particular at'ention should be paid to surveyicg piratoi) Protechom ' Licensees are requircJ to notify the hair bottoms of the shoes or feet, and the hands.
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The appli-1.6 Personal Surseys limited to use inside the controlled a 1 anu.emovable cant may propose and justify total Indniduals whme duties insobe work in con-
- h. her than those specif. d in contamination lesels ie ie trolled areas where uranium contamination of body the license f.or uncontrolled use. Such proposals s u r f. aces is probable should sursey all exposed areas shou.d ensure that reasonable eltorts will be made to l
of the body af ter w ashing and before donning per-eliminate the residual contaminatior..
sonal clothing and leasing the controlled area. Skin contamination les els may be proposed and justified 1.8 Surseys of ?ackages Recei ed and Packages by the appheant. Workers should be required to Prepared for Shipment report to the he dth phy sics ottice it there is contami-b.ternal radiation surseys and smear tests o f.
nanon on the body that exceeds the preselected lesels external surf aces of packages shoulJ be carried out f ollow nw' attempts to remose the contamination bs both at the packacine pomt bef. ore beine sent to the soap and water washine. Decontamination attempts unJer the direction of th'e radiation saf ety staf f or the shippine point and at the retening pmnt to auud unw arranted raJiatiim exposure and inadsertent con-lhensee's medical consultant should be repeated unni tamination of. personnel or the tacilits. S.ursess anJ t1) such attempts cease to ef fect significant reduc-labeling n,ust comply w n.a regulators requirements in tions or (2) such attempts threaten to damage the g
yy gy gg gg Part 20 and any skin.
11 the residaal contamination does not exceed specif.ic license conditions Packages transported presclected k s els when the decontanunation attempts within the plant should also be surseyed and labeled are termina'ed, there should be no further concern nen practitab,ic. materials should be transf erred by V.
because the contanunation would not tht n present a carts, conseyers, or other methanical equipment sieniticant irgestion or inhalation ha/ard it residual rather than by hand-carrsine. I,ackaces aparticularls contaminanon exceeds the selected hmits, the af-pails or other containers containmg powder or other fccted indn idual should be released, but periodie finely duided material) should not be opened until surs es s shou.d be made until the hmits are no loncer the packages base been placed in an appropriatel-exceeded.(.omplete records should be m.nntained of exhausted f.acihty such as a hood or glos e box.
each incident of this naturc.
Packages shoulJ not be released f or shipment or Besause of the potennal for intake of urann.m in transler unless external radiation and contannnation sarious chenucal and phy siul forms, screening by les els are u nhin the limits el the Department of means of nJsa! sw abs and hioassa) b) mers of Iransportanon reculations.
urinaly sis, tecal analy sis, and in siso counting 1.9 t. hecks on Post.mgon0aut. ion S..igns, I,abels, should be perf ormed it. on the basn of air sampline
- h..ignals, L.ontrols, and Not. ices to E.m plm ees data. accia, nt. equipment fadure ete there is reason to beheve that an inJnidual noght base taken The health phy sics statf should
.rs ey 'o ensure uramam imo his or her body. \\linimum icceptable that signs. labels, signals. other access controls. re cri'eria. including numerical guidance on the imtia-quired notises to emphn ees. copies of licenses, and tion, selecnon, frequency, and interpretation of re-other items are properly posted, legible. and opera-sults f or sus h programs, are prosided in Regulatory tise as required by 10 ( l R Parts 19 and 20 or spe-Gaide R il. ' Apphcation et Bioassay f or Uumum.
ulic hcense tonihtions C rit ic.d it y md air monitor alarm s should be rated n.onthly unleu the licensee 1.7 $.urs eys of,.r.quipment, Premises, or Scrap pros ide s justification for testing at lew trequent Prior to Release for t.ncontrolled I.se mters als Any failure of such desices to perform as intenJcd shoulJ be promptly corrected.
Surface co n mu nin a n o n surseys should be con-dus ted f or both remm able and total contamination 1.10 Leak-I.ests of Sources prior to the rekase of pote-tially ontananated sap from comro!!eJ to Leak -testing of sources such a,
thov used in prenu ses, equipment, or unontrolicJ.neas anJ use. If contanunanon is de-instrument talibranon and quality control procedures tected or n know n to hn e been un cred, reasonable must be carried out in accordance with the terms ad et t orts should be mxle to clinunate the contamine conjunns of the apphcable specific license.
tion, Ie deCtintamiflation protedaro should be 1.11 Calibration of Radiatmn Safets repeated until aa, i nonal MImts do not significantly redat e contaminat:i'O ICN els. If lhe s alue til the itCms ins eh ed does not tusoty thn 13 el of ettort, the Portable surs ey instruments should b, pixed on a items shi' alJ bc J. pt nes'
'.n radisias tis e w a te < >r routini maintenan. ond cahbrathin program that will ensure that p:tiperl) CalibratCd and LipCrab!c WU ey intruments are.n.nlable at all times for use by the t iwnwwu
.m pm : aa ui ma,,
so m p em health phy sics statt.
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,i u o, s e, a ur a up i a N L An adequate calibrahon of surse) IMtruments lt m h am p & n R
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+
B Icsth i
. i.i 5 o L! be oby
,d Cannot be pCrturmed solel) w ith built-in chet k tb m et a l hy 144 196 m
murces Electrome cahbranons that do ruit insolse a 1.13 Surseys of In Plant Oncontrolled Areas source of radiation also will not determine the proper I,ncontrolled areas mside the plant snould be functiomng and response of all components at an mstrument sun cy pedodicaHy to ensure that uanium n adequately contined in the tontrolled areas Prote-Dad, or other f requent s h.3 s of sun cy instru-dures should Fe established f or the nunement ments should be suppleliicM:.! c v er) si\\ months with through corr:Jors or other uncontrolled areas of the a two-point callbrJfion on cas h scale of cach instru-plant of uranium in any form that is capable of ment with the two pmnts separated by at lea,t 50 tontaminating surf aces or of dispersal m air Accept-percent of the scale Sursey instruments should also able sursey f requencies are discussed in Regulatory be t abbrated f ollowing repair. A suncy instrument Position C.2; results should be recorJed as dewribed may be considered properly cahbrated when the in Regulatory Position C.3. With ?be exception of mstrument readings are withm t 10 percent of the lunt h roonn, t afeteria s, snack ba.s. and sending alculated or know n salues for each pomt checked machine areas. random smear (csting of floors alone haJings u nh.n 2n pertent are considered accept-aJmuate for most uncontrolled areas in lunch
- s able it a cahbration chart or graph is prepared and rooms. safeterias snack bars, and sending ma< hine anai.hcJ to the instrument ar ea tuniture and vending equipment as well as Won euld be suncyed if such suney s reseal that 1.12 Ventilation Sursey s tetmnarnia hr been transferred out of the con-trolled areas. mimediate torrectae action should be IIcalth phy sics pers.mnel should s or Juo s un ey s taken to clinunate sech transf ers and to Jetontemi monthly to deternune that the schicos n: - tion at nate the uncontrolled areas. Also, the uncontrolled a.
the entrance of all hoods or other e xhausted encl"-
areas should be sun esed more f requenth R c., daih sures and (lose-tapture pomis is adequa to precluJe or weeklsi ce r condmination has been tound until '
~
~
a ewape of airborne uramuni (considering Jenuty and trend of m 'ain : re nhs is acain estabhshed. The pJrticle st/c of the materials presen!) and til miniinj/c aplicM n p; Go '. Jnd ju liI) perminible con-the pote ntial for mtak e by w ork ers Such mea
- Loninanon les e!s f or m. plant uncontrolled areas lhe urements should be made using a properly cahbrated linuts gnen m lane 2 are acceptable to the NRC thermoanemometer or selometer to determine statt and need not be justified by the applicant.
whether or not the air flow has been reduced to unacceptable lesels by tiher loadmg. malf unction of 1.14 Suncillan(c exhaust f ans, etc. T he aserage face selocn> tor a The ter.n son edlance as u,ed in this hood used f or special nuclear materi.J u nh the sash
'cuide, refers to obs.:n anom of w or k u+ conditions in and in the operating posnion and an opening in a specul around the pl ant made by the beakh p4 ucs staff who enclosure shoulJ be 150 f t min W m min) as deter-pertonn the routme ud ation and o mamination sur-noned f rom at least tne tht f erent m e.n u r e me n t ses Sut h sgn cil; +ce n conudered by the NRC pointt In addition to these suneys, each enclosure df to e one of the roost unportant aspects or a should be equipped w nh manometers or other indi~
protection pro. :xn 1 hoe should be a preconceised cators of the pressure drop across tilters to pn side suncillan<e rior thogh whhh health phs sics per-carly indication of a reduction in
.u r flow ; the sonnel acymre a nd mam tam detaded knowledge of readings of such desices hould be checked durinF cach operation e necessary to pernut t l } the identifi-eash shif t or more f requently for operations w here canon of u s to present or minimi/e occupational high loadmg rates may occur. Correct n e action exposures. (j) the selection of appropriate times for should be taken as soon as powible when the air flow making health phy sics m ea s u re me n t s, and (3) is found to be deficient Work shoulJ be ternunated it aJequate preparanon for action to be taken ir, the the aserage face selotity falk beloa 100 f t min 130 esent of breakdow n of process equipment or other ni nun) emergency conditions. llealth phy sies personnel w ho are responsible for performing sun ey s should be Suneys should be made of the negatne prewure mamtained inside glose boxes or other closed sy s.
sutticiently f amihar with each actisity to recognize tems. Additional suney s for airborne uranium, con.
p<uential ha/ards so that precautions can be taken to tamination of personnel and equipment, etc. should minimize exposures. Knowledge of p roce d u re s be made Jurmy and af ter glose changes and any other within each acthity is ewential to the selection of operations during w hi< h the integnty or the sy stem appropriate times for performing health phy sics m i) be lost. In addition to these sun ey s, each measurements.
enclosure shoulJ be equipped with a desice that
- 2. FREQUENCY OF SURVEYS indicates the flow rate, preuure drop, or ncgathe pressure in the enclosure. Workers shouid be in-The frequency of routine suneys depends on the structed 'o check on these desices and to notify the nature of the work being conducted, the quantities of health phy ucs statt promptly upoa indication of flow material being procewed. and the specific protecrise rates below preset lesels.
facilities, equipment, and procedures used to protect 144 197 m2a
the worken from esternal radiation and the intaie of bioassay data should be specifically referenced or uranium. For example, the nature and f requency of documented in the exposed indniJual's record. If suneys appropriate for a plant in which all or a large specific mtormation on the phy sical and biothemical portion of the work is conducted entirely withm properties of the uranium compounds insobed and timed sy stems are quite dif ferent f rom ihme con-their behas ior in an indnidual is k now n, such dus ted in plants hadng only hoods, exhausted entlo-inf ormation may be used and documented in the sures, or cime-capture exhaust sy stems.
espmed indn idual's record.
Generally, sun ey s should be perf ormed prior to Records retention requirements are pnen in the the operation of the plant in order to establish a regulations cited abos e. Paragraph 20.410tc H 2) re-baseline of bacl6 ground radiation lesels and radioac-quires that suncy records be presened for two years, tisity f rom natural sources. Ihese baseline suncy s except that i1) records of air monitonng, bioassay by should be perf ormed under various conditions to be urinaly sis, tecal analy sis, w hole body or in viso espected during routine plant operation. Suneys counting, etc. used to determine the intake of an should be conducted during test operanon of any new inJhidual in compliance with 4 20.103, (2) m the process or protectne equipment, dunng significant absence of personnel monitonng data, records of thanges in input matenals or work load, and during suney s to determine esternal radution dose, and (3) routine plant operations with all potentially msobed results of suncy s used to es aluate the release of person s present and carrying out their funcnons.
radioactne ef fluents to the ensironment anot treated Routine and repetitn e suneys are necessary to m this regulatory guide) are to be maintained until the control the location of material within process NRC authorizes their dispmition. Note that addi-equipment and handling sy stems and to ensure the tional information such as occupancy time may be contmued intepnty of protectne equipment and the essentia! to the estimation of dose from suncy data adequacy of procedures. Ihe sun cy program should or the estimation of mtake from data on air concen-be capable of tuonitonng the cononuing adequacy of trations.
contamment and control of the materials insobed in the entire plant operation. Although the trequencies Raore ouy be msuntainM in lo@oob or on spaial tonus d i am pan kpM.i, undnuanda-of routine suncys depend on many f acton and should be desiened for the specilie operanons and facilines ble, authenticatnj by authonud pasonni1, and con-nun aH of A intonna00n equM 1he Qnatum of in s ob eit, nunimum frequencies acceptable to the the person making the record and the data should be NRC statf as meetine the requirements of 4 20.201 of on the unne pag inunedutely follow mg each record 10 Cl R Part 20 are en en in Table 1.
entry. Either the onginal or a reproduced copy or
- 3. RECORDS Ol' SCRVI:YS microfonn tduty authenticated) may be maintained to mat Me Moran qmmnu nts of 4 20M.
Reference should be nude to 5 20 401 of 10 CFR Part 20, 4 40.61 of to CI R Part 40, and paragraph D, IM PLEMENTATION 70.3 2t b H 5) of 10 Cl R Part 70 for recordkeeping requirements regarding suney s. Section 20.401 re-The purpose of this section is to prmide informa-quires that the licensee maintain records in the same tion to appheants and Itcensees reparump the NRC units used in 10 CI R Part 20. Thus esternal esposure st at f 's plan for using :his regulatory guide. Ihk rates should be recorded in estunated maximum dme guide reflects practices currently acceptable to the equivalent units, rem or millirem, to reles ant parts of NRC staf f.
1% cept in thme cases in which the the body as specified in 4 20.101 of 10 Cl R Part 20.
applicant or licensee proposes alternathe pre 9ees or Air concentrations and surf ace contamination meas-methods for complying with specified portions of the urement results should be recorded in microcuries
( 'o m nu s sion 's regulations, the practices or methods a pCi) per milliliter (ml) or 100 square centimeters dmenbed herein will be used as a basis for esaluating (cm '), respectnely. The intake of radioactise mate-applications for specific licenses for enriched nal should be recorded in tenus of microcuries uranium processing and fabrication of uranium fuel (micrograms may be used for U-234, U-235, and or (in conjunction with inspection of performante)
U-238) and percentage of the applicable limit.
for evaluating survey programs established by Methods used to calculate intake quantities from licensees.
9 mm
TABLE 1 SURVEY FREQUENCIES i
lhiernal i l
Remos ahie
, RaJiation l l
Surf ace Contanunation Plant Areas l Surs ey s l Air Sampling
{
Surstys l'raniu:n reteising.
N!onibly Contmuous air san,phne; i
N1onthls and following w archousing. shipping.
samples changed wcekly l
any inJication of I
and f ollowing any indi-release canon of release leading I
to airborne cont entrations j
of uranium.
l Actne proccomp art as
! N!onthly Continuous air sampiine + -
Weekls and f ollowine III'e, s J pt irl /allii;1, NJniples changed cach shitt.
any indication iil l!!', -l h t on s ersion. l f ollowing any change in I
release t hemical proccuing.
equipment or process control.
scrap recos ery.
and following detection of p u der processmg,
any esent that may h ne roJ loaJing, relea ed uranium, i.e.
decontamina:ioa.
i leakage halses, pipes, tanks.
w ave proccuinc t h..nge roams tray s), spillage. or blockage j
of prot eu equipment n.on-j s ey ors, eles ators. hoppern l
l Chenucal metallureit al N1onthh Con:inuous air sampling, j
Weekly labaratory.
l l
samples changed cas h shif t.
j
\\
l 1 u 1 auembi). inspet tion J N1onthly Continuous air sampline; l
N1o n d d _s storage.
i samples changed weekls.
1
'i 1 uns h rooms, cateurias.
Quarterly i
snack har s enth ng I M ly mas hine areas
- See Pe zulai..r) 15 sitam l' l i TA3LL2 SURFACE CONTAMINATION LEVELS IN ENRICHED URANIUM PROCESSING AND LWR FUEL FABRICATION PLANTS I inat i Alpha i
Actn ity )
{
dpm lootm ;
Remos able
_ 9 I
Controlled areas 5 / 70 0 Protectn e cl.> thing 1.hf H )
w n:n only in controlled area 1 ncor: rolled areas onsite 200 Per'.nal clothing 200 (worn outside restricted area 1 Skin I)
- $ce Regulatery Posm-n (' I 6 anJ f urnme 8.24-X
REFERENCES *
- 6. I AE A Safety Series No. 1.
Safe llandling of 9
- 1. National Commiwton on Radioloeical Protection 4 NCRP) Report No 8, Contro: and Remosal of Radionuclides, l')7.1 Edition Code of Practice R adioattn e Centamin.ition in I.aboratories, 1)c-Sponsored by the International Atoane linergy cember 15, 1951.
Agency (I AEA) and the World ifcalth Organifa-tion (WilO), 1973.
- 2. NCRP Report No. 10 Radiological N1onitoring 7 l Al'.A Technical Report Series, No-133
'lland-N1ethods and Instruments.
April 7, 1952 (re.
book on Calibration of Radiation Protection si,ed edition to be published in 197%
N1onitoring Instrument s 1971
- 3. NCRP Report No. 28,
'A N1anual of Radioac R International Conunission on Ra tjological Pro-tisity Proced nes, ' Nos ember 20,1961.
tection (ICRP) Publication 12 %e neral Princi-
- 4. Ir.ternational Atomic Energy Agency (I AE A) ples of N1anitoring for Radiation Protection of Iechnica' Report Series No. I20, 'N1onitormg Wo r k c r e., ' Pergamon Press, 1969.
of Nadio.it tis e Containination on ShrtaCes, 9.1)iegl, 11.
" Guidelines for Deteiminmg Fre-gy79_
quency of Wipe Samples.
Health Phs sit s Op-5 I AE A Satety Series No 3S, 'Radiatmn Protec-crational Atomioring, Vol. l. C. A. Willis and J.
tion Procedures, 1973 S. llandiose: Eds. Gorden and Breach. New
'l %I A Repoos may be obuined f rom UNtPU B. Ir.s. P () Hot Yor k,197;,
411. Ne w Wrk. N Y livnh NCRP Repoos nay be obtened
- 10. Sonr ners J. F.
Sensitnity of G-N1 and Ion in m NURP hblu anons. Pu nos 4x67. %,tung a. o c Chamber llera-Gamma Surs ey Instruinents,
- noi4 h RP Repoo, nuy t t ebumed in m Perpmon Prcss.
//calth Ph s sin.'A. 755, 1975.
Mmtli House. F orucw Puk.1Imsford. New York Ins:3 144 200 0
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