ML19210B853

Environ Rept,Ol Stage

ML19210B853
Person / Time
Site:	Crane
Issue date:	10/01/1970
From:	Jersey Central Power & Light Co, Metropolitan Edison Co
To:
References
ENVR-701001, NUDOCS 7911120551
Download: ML19210B853 (42)

Text

,,

-. ~ ~ -

7 s. x, k? '.

e (3 -3,33

• ..;/

.,c (f ';,..,,.

v

.s

• r") } -- 3 3 '.

f,.s,h i,,,., ' #.  ;

RC[*JI1':W/ '.,

~I

^

y s

, - se

-s

~ s ;.

L -t 4/

$*.M ! b,ii. s !g.. v.

'.k': ;,*G

1. Y,......,..~

.\\

s

• 5'j~

U 5

Ivietropo!rcen t-a,, son Comc/,,ampt i

=

/O., %-/ ~7 0

.c.,...

d8P88V CentP8 V

~

J

?

e oWSP

&m

_.lC nT..; Como8nV G

a A

q~.

no.1 ur.. --

m :+.. m. <

m:a:uu.FLIa, t

c: n,2$4

. =.

u mn

• ., ~

.4 j.....

ENVS ACNMENTAL REPCMT

~

CPERAT]NG L]CEN. SE STAGE

~

,N, v

... s "l

's y,. ~ 3

.. V,.,n :.4 %.

r:o

s. 7.4

-i f

iyOP88~

il e-:

S enc Sl CCT1 m

• Ej i

4 y>,,wpp_y, d~

..Wt N.,! w 'l.=, a.n

.A-F.,c"u,on, ir i

y sw-

,r +,t _.P' anC n i, t. p

^

m 1590 00i

,.. -., 1

, !._,,o..,.

~

u m.;

.....4

~

u.. u....

.7

s.....

,1 a. -

7911 iso ygf

-e 9

un-&c-iVetro,coiten Edison Com,oeny Jersey Centre b Hower

_ight Com en ENvmCNMENTAL rep C AT CPERAT]N G LlCENSE eTAGE I hree Vie !elend Nuc!eer Stetion Unit

' enc Unit p 1500 002

31ETROPOLITAN EDISON CO.\\1PANY JERSEY CENTRAL POWER & LIGHT CO3IPANY ENVIRON 31 ENTAL REPORT OPERATING LICENSE STAGE THREE.TIILE ISLAND NUCLEAR STATION UNIT 1 AND UNIT 2 OCTOBER 1,1970

)3

,.a TABLE OF CONTESTS Page A.

INTRODUCTION 1

I.

STATEMEST OF PROJECTS 1

II.

PURPOSE I

B.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 3

1.

PROBABLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 3

a.

General 3

b.

Thermal, Effects 3

c.

Radiological Effects S

d.

Chemical Relea:es 6

e.

Mechanical Effects 7

f.

Physical Presence 7

i.

Aesthetics 7

ii.

Noise 8

iii.

Regional Development 8

iv.

Population and Traffic Patterns 8

v.

Recreational Land Use 8

vi.

Non-Recreational Land Use 9

vii.

Archaeoloav 9

viii. Historical Landmarks 9

ix.

Conclusion 9

g.

Other Areas of Possible EnvironmentalImpacts 10 II.

POSSIBLE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 10 III.

ALTERNATIVES TO THE STATION 10 a.

Not Providing the Power 10 b.

Importing Power 10 c.

Alternatives to Nuclear Power Generation 11 d.

Possible Cooling Alternatives 11 e.

Alternatives to the Site 12 IV.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHORT-TERM USES OF MAN'S.

ENVIRONMENT AND LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY 12 V.

IRRETRIEVABLE AND IRREVERSIBLE USES OF THE ENVIRONMENT 12 i.

1590 004

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTD)

Page VI.

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 12 2.

Aquatic Environmental Studies 12 b.

Radiological Monitoring Program 13 VII. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES WHICH WERE INSTITUTED OR WHICH ARE EXPECTED TO BE INSTITUTED DURING CONSTRUCTION AND SUBSEOUENT OPERATION OF THE FACILITY 15 VIII. RECREATIONAL USES OF THE SITE 15 a.

Recreational Facilities 15 b.

Observation Center and Park 15 C.

BACKGROUND IMFOR'.IATION 16 I.

DESCRIMION OF THE THREE MILE ISLAND SITE 16 a.

Location 16 b.

Demograchv 17 c.

Land Use 17 d.

Geology 18 e.

Hydrology and Groundwater 19 i.

Hydrology 19 ii.

Groundwater 20 f.

Meteorology 22 i.

General 22 ii.

Severe Weather 22 g.

Seismicity 22 II.

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT EFFLUENT AND WASTE SYSTEMS 23 a.

Condenser and Equipment Cooling Water System 23 i.

Condensate Cooling 23 11.

Equioment Cooling 23 b.

Radioactive Waste Discosal Systems 24 i.

General 24 ii.

Liouid Waste Discosal 24 iii.

Gas Waste Discosal 26 iv.

Solid Waste Disposal 27 v.

Summarv 27 1590 005

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D)

Page c.

Nonradioactive Waste Disposal Systems 27 1.

Potable Water System 27 ii.

Sanitarv Waste System 28 iii.

Decontamination Shower and Laundrv Waste System 28 iv.

Industrial Waste

_8 III.

UCENSES. PERMITS. AND APPROVALS REQUIRED FROM FEDERAL. STATE. AND LOCAL AGENCIES 2S a.

Federal 28 b.

Commonwealth of Pennsvinnia 29 c.

Local 29 e i 1590 euuo 2.

LIST OF EXHIBITS 1.

Architectural Rendering 2.

Site Topography 3.

Aerial Photograph 4.

Population Distribution 5.

Condenser Circulating Water System e

lJ,j Ud[

u iv.

A.

INTRODUCTION I.

STATE 11ENT OF PROJECTS By an application dated Stay 3,1967, and fourteen amendments thereto; and by an application dated 5tay 22,1968, and ten amendments thereto, Sletropolitan Edison Company (5tet-Ed) and Jersey Central Power & Light Company (Jersey Central) have applied to the United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) for the necessary licenses to construct and operate a two-unit nuclear power station on a site in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, to be known as Three afile Island Nuclear Station (Unit I and Unit 2). Slet-Ed will have complete responsibility for the engineering, design, construction, operation and maintenance of the Three afile Island Nuclear Station. Jersey Central and Siet-Ed will share undivided ownership of the station as tenants in common without right of partition.

This station will occupy part of an 814-acre site consisting of the Three 5 tile Island and adjacent islands in the Susquehanna River approximately 10 miles southeast of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

Both units will employ reactors of the pressurized water type to be supplied by the Babcock

& Wilcox Company. Unit I will have a gross electrical capacity of 871,000 kilowatts, and Unit 2 will have a gross electrical capaci:y of 845,000 kilowatts. Gilbert Associates, Incorporated is the architect-engineer for Unit I while Burns & Roe, Inc. is the architect-engineer for Unit 2.

United Engineers & Constructors, Inc. is the constructor and the construction manager for both units. Pickard, Lowe & Associates has been assisting the engineering and environmental staff of hiet-Ed and Jersey Central in general nuclear and environmental engineering matters.

Experts in meteorology, radiological health physics, marine biology, nuclear fuel technology, and other specialized disciplines have been retaiaed for supplementary assistance.

The applications have been reviewed by the regulatory staff of the AEC's Division of Reactor Licensing and by the Commission's independent Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards. After a public hearing was conducted for each application by the Atomic Safety and Licenst.,g Board, the AEC has subsequently authorized construction of both units by permits dated 5tay 18,1968 and November 4,1969. Unit 1 is scheduled to begin commercial operation in November of 1972 while Unit 2 is scheduled to begin commercia! operation in Slay of 1974. These units will provide the additional generating capacity required to enable Alet-Ed and Jersey Central to meet load conditions and reserve requirements projected for those years.

II.

PURPOSE This Environmental Report, prepared by the applicants, is submitted in response to letter requests from Dr. Peter A. 31 orris, of the AEC's Division of Reactor Licensing, dated July 15, 1970.

This report serves to provide a summary description of the station's environmental features and an assessment of the station's environmental impact. As such, this report retlects the AEC's

+ 1590 Ou,q o

proposed statement of general policy as published in the Federal Register on June 3,1970, as a proposed amendment of Appendix D, Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 50 (10 CFR Part 50), for implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). As requested by the AEC, this report discusses the environmental aspects of the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station as set forth in Section 102(c) of NEPA. Other pertinent information requested by the AEC is also included.

As stated in the AEC's proposed statement of general policy, the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 supercedes the more general requirements of NEPA with respect to the water quality aspects of the station. However, a discussion of water quality has been included in this report so that all concerned may be more fully apprised of the effects of the station on the total environment.

)

e 1590 009 2

B.

ENVIRON 31ENTkL CONSIDERATIONS

~

L PROBABLE ENVIRON 3! ENTAL Ih! PACT a.

General The Three 5 tile Island Nuclear Station will have its principal impact on the environment in the areas listed below. All but the second of these items are common to any large thermal power project.

1.

Intake and discharge of cooling water.

2.

Controlled release of small amounts of radioactive matter to the air and water.

3.

Dischargt of treated process wastes and treated sanitary wastes into the water.

4.

Rejection of waste heat to the atmosphere.

5.

Physical presence; i.e., structures, traffic, sound.

6.

Land use of the site.

The Applicants intend to abide by all applicable State and Federal standards related to the protection of the environment. The relationship of the Three 11ile Island Nuclear Station to its environment with respect to the above areas and its conformance to applicable Federal.

State and local regulations in these areas are discussed below. Detailed descriptions of the site and plant systems are included in Part C, entitled " Background Information."

b.

Thermal Effects The operation of the cooling water systems for the Three 5 tile Island Nuclear Station is as described in Part C,Section II of this report. To reduce the thermal effects on the Susquehanna River, natural draft cooling towers will be used to dissipate to the atmosphere almost all of the waste heat generated by the station.

It is anticipated there.will be no increase of ground level fog or ice from the cooling tower operation. The top of the cooling tower will be approximately 400 feet above the river, and because the plume is buoyant due to its large heat content and has momentum as it emerges, the effective height of the cooling tower is even greater. The inversion which normally prevents dissipttion of ground fog occurs at a sufficiently low level to be penetrated by the natural draft cooling tower plume.

-'~

1500 010

.w Since the cooling in the tower is accomplished largely by evaporation, this loss of water must be replaced. Also, due to the evaporation, natural salts and other contaminants in the makeup river water introduced into the circulating water system are concentrated so that some of the circulating water must be bled off continuously as " blowdown" while the tower is in operation in order to maintain an acceptable quality of water in the cooling system. The blowdown from the cooling tower will carry with it some heat. To reduce the slight effect this small tlow would have'on the river, this blowdown is further cooled in a mechanical draft cooling tower (Exhibit 5).

The temperature of all cooling water released to the river will, except in an emergency, be reduced by natural draft cooling towers and mechanical draft cooling towers. Under most conditions, including the most adverse combination of high river temperature and high ambient temperature, these cooling towers will be capable of reducing the temperature of the water so released to essentially the temperature of the river, and will be operated to that end.

Under the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970, the applicants are required to provide the AEC with certification from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania that there is resonable assurance that the construction and operation of the Three 3111e Island Nuclear Station will be conducted in a manner which will not violate applicable water quality standards.

The applicants are now in the process of obtaining this certification for the water quality standards wMeh already exist. In addition, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is proposing water quality standards Jer the control of thermal discharges. In the absence of existing limits, the design of the cooling water systems has proceeded on the basis of the limits recommended by the Federr.1 Water Quality Administration.

In order to confirm that the aquatic environment will not be significantly affected, the applicants are conducting studies of the local ecology as described in Part B,Section VI.

Investigations have been underway since 1967, and encompass various physical, chemical and biological parameters of the Susquehanna River in the Three hille Island area.

Post-operational research will examine these same parameters and will continue to determine what effects, if any, have occurred in this area.

It is the conclusion of the applicants that the intake and discharge of cooling water by the Three Ahle Island Nuclear Station will not adversely affect the fish population and migration patterns, populations of other small aquatic organisms, or any other aspect of the aquatic ecology in the area. Further, the applicants will take into consideration the recommendations of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service that the applicants:

1590 Cil

1.

Continue cooperating with the Fish and Wildlife Service, Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Federal Water Pollution Cc,ntrol Administration, the Pennsylvania Sanitary Water Board, and other interested State agencies in developing plans for environmental surveys, initiate these surveys prior to reactor operation, and continue them until it has been demonstrated that no significant adverse conditions exist.

2.

>!eet with the above named Federal and State agencies at frequent intervals to discuss any new or modified plans and the progress of environmental surveys.

3.

Prepare a report on the environmental surveys and provide five copies of it to the Secretary of the Interior for evaluation prior to prcject operation.

4.

Slake such modifications to the station as may be determined necessary as a result of the pre-operational and post-operational ecological surveys to preserve the environment and to protect the fish and wildlife resources in the area.

c.

Radiological Effects The radioactive waste processing facilities of Three Stile Island are as desenbed in Part C,Section II. All liquid wastes can be processed through filters, demineralizers, and/or evaporators to remove as much radioactivity as is required to achieve low levels which are consistent with applicable AEC regulations. Solid waste will be packaged in appropriate containers and shipped off-site for disposal at AEC approved storage sites by Department of Transportation licensed contractors. The design of the gas waste system permits retention for a minimum of 90 days under normal conditions to permit decay to activity levels which are well below the limits specified in the applicable AEC regulations.

It is anticipated that during the operation of the Three Stile Island Nuclear Station, tha radioactive gaseous and liquid releases will be a very small percentage of the limits as specified in 10 CFR Part 20. The plant operating procedures will be such that radiological releases will be maintained at as low a level as practicable, consistent with safe plant operation.

It is expected, therefore, that, at these low levels, there will be no adverse effects on either the land or aquatic environments surrounding the Three Stile Island site.

To provide a basis for detennining any possible radiological effects on the environment, the applicants are conducting an extensive pre-operational program of monitoring rauiation levels in the Three hille Island area as described in Part B,Section VI. Samples are taken of surface waters, bottom sediments, aquatic biota, air, soil, food crops, milk, vegetation and general background radiation levels. This program, with minor modifications, will be continued post-operationally to establish the degree of environmental effects.

1590 Ci2 It is the conclusion of the applicants that there will be no adverse environmental effects as a result of Three Mile Island Nuclear Station ooerations and that the radiological monitoring program will demonstrate this. Furthermore, the applicants will take into consideration the recommendations of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service that the applicants:

1.

Continue cooperating with the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Federal Water Quality Administration, the Pennsylvania Fish Commission, the Pennsylvania Sanitary Water Board, and other interested State agencies in developing plans for radiological surveys.

2.

Conduct pre-operational radiological surveys of selected organisms indigenous to the station area that concentrate and store radioactive isotopes, such as mollusks and crustaceans, and of the environment including water and sediment samples all collected as near the reactor effluent as possible.

3.

Meet with the above mentioned Federal and State agencies at frequent intervals to discuss new plans and to evaluate results of existing surveys.

P'repare a report of the pre-operational radiological surveys and provide five copies 4.

to the Secretary of the Interior for evaluation prior to project operation.

5.

Conduct post-operational radiological sur ' s similar to those specified in recommendation (2) or as modified under recommendation (3), analyze the data, and prepare and submit reports every three months during the first year of operation and every six months thereafter or until it has been conclusively demonstrated that no significant adverse conditions exist. Submit five copies of these reports to the Secretary of the Interior for distribution to the appropriate State and Federal Agencies for evaluation.

6.

Make modifications to the station to reduce the discharge of radioactive wastes to acceptable letels if it is determined in the pre-operational or the post-operational surveys that the release of radioactive effluents permitted under 10 CFR Part 20 would result in harmful concentrations of radioactivity in fish and wildlife.

d.

Chemical Releases Of necessity, all thermal power plants use various chemicals in plant operations. These chemicals include acids and bases for regeneration cf chemical resins used in maintaining high purity water in the reactor system and other analytical solutions in the chemical laboratory. The liquid volumes associated with these chemicals are collected and treated in various systems prior to disposal as described in Part E,Section II. This treatment involves neutralization, filtration, demineralization and/or evaporation. The liquid waste disposal processes result in two effluent streams, one a concentrated chemical waste which

)E 0

reill be packaged and shipped off-site for disposal, and a second high purity liquid which would be either recycled ire.o the nuclear plant makeup water system for reuse or discharged from the plant. This latter liquid discharge will contain onb. race quantities of neutral inorganic salts, which would be well within the Federal water u.ality standards for drinking water.

A small portion of the cooling water taken from the river is used to cool auxiliary cooling systems. This water must be treated with chlorine to prevent aquatic fouling of tubes.

It is eventually discharged back into the river. However, concentrations of the chlorine are controlled so that at the point of discharge, the residual levels of chlorine will be negligible and well within the Federal water quality standards for drirJcing water. Allliquid releases from Three 3 tile Island Nuclear Station will be well within the applicable Federal water quality standards for drinking water. Thus, there will be no adverse effect on the environment of the Susquehanna River as a result of chemical releases from the station.

e.

Afechanical Effects The construction of the station intake and discharge structures will result in a temporary disruption of the station environment and the aquatic environment in the immediate vicinity of the structure:. However, the effects will be minimal due to the short duration of this construction effort.

The cooling water intake structures are provided with automated trash rakes with 1 inch vertical bar spacings, and with travelling screjngwith 3/8-inch screen openings. These screens combined with the low inlet velocity of Ge fps reduce the possibility of fish and small crustaceans being drawn into the cooling water intake.

f.

Physical Presence i.

Asthetics The Three Slile Island Nuclear Station employs a clean, functional design as can be seen in Exhibit 1, which is an architectural rendering of the installation.

Because of the lack of bulk fuel storage and handling facilities, the station will be improved in appearance by comparison to fossil fueled stations. The dominant features include the natural draft cooling towers; the reactor buildings which house the nuclear reactors and the steam supply systems; the turbine buildings which house the turbine-g:nerators, the condensers, feedwater heaters.

heat exchangers, water treatment facilities, and other supporting equipment; the fuel water treatment facilities, and other supporting equipment; the fuel handling buildings; the auxiliary buildings; the diesel generator buildings; and a service building.

)bhb b

,7

The natural draft cooling towers are almost C Cet tall and will be visible for some distance from the Station. The operation of the cooling towers will

~

create a visible, white water vapor plume aloft which will disperse as it is t ansported downwind.

Under less favorable meterclogical conditions, the plumes may remain visible for a considerable distance downwind. Under no concition, however, could a region-wide, semi-permar3ent cloud cover ever occur from operation of these cooling towers.

ii.

Noise The typical sounds from traffic, heavy equipment and work accompying a large construction project would be produced during a period of approximately seven years.

Nuclear power plants are relatively noise free. Some noise could be expected from operation of the station. but the noise level would be substantially less than that associated with thermal generating plants using conventional fuels.

iii.

Recional Develooment Three Mile Island was purchased in 1905 as part of a regional power development plan. There is no known conflict between the land use of this island and any regional development plan.

The northern portion of the island lends itself to station expansion. However, the applicants have no present plan for further power development on the island.

iv.

Pooulation and Traffic Patterns Construction activities require a substantial work force at the site, which is typical of any large construction project. Operating nuclear power plants require a relatively small plant operating force, and traffic and other side effects of the station, once it is in operation, will not be significant. Therefore, no significant change n population trends or character of the activities in the i

surrounding area on either side of the Susquehanna River at Three Mile Island would be expected as a result of this Station.

v.

Recreational Land Use The Three Mile Island Station will not adversely affect the recreational uses of this area. On the contrary, the recreational uses of the area will be enhanced as described in Part B,Section VIII of this report. The land surrounding this site is rural and used primarily for farming and some hunting. The streams in the vicinity are used for boating, sport fishmg, and other recreational activities.

.g.

4 F

,.)

/

vi.

Non-Rect c

. Land Use The land in the vicir v of the site is used primarily for farming. The streams in the vicinh "ater supply, both public and private, and power generator. Comet aal uig is not conducted in the area.

Operat' of the station will not interfere with the public, private, and industrial fresh

. supply and the quality of the water will be maintained. Because of the lack of physical disruption of the surrounding area, the lack ofincreased traffic flow and other operational side effects, and the relatively small plant operating force needed, the rural character of the land and the land use activities will not be affected.

vii.

Archaeoloev Archaeological activity on Three Stile Island was completed by scientists of the Pennsylvania Historical and Sluseum Commission during the latter part of 1967.

The Sletropolitan Edison Company has given its cooperation and financial support to the archaeological salvage excavations on Three >!ile Island for the purpose of recovering such ancient IMian artifacts as might be found on the island. As a result of these investigations, over 1000 artifacts have been recovered. These remains represent some 6000 years of human occupation of the island, viii. Historical Landmarks The general area of the Three h!ile Island site has been examined for the presence of historic landmarks in accordance with the requirements of the Historic Preservation Act. The nearest historical landmark as listed in the National Register of Historic Places is over 17 miles from the site. This is the Cornwall Iron Furnace located in Lebanon County.

A candidate for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places is St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church in Sliddletown, approximately three miles north of the site. The site is not visible from the church and the Three SIlle Island Nuclear Station will in no way interfere with the church.

ix.

Conclusion It is, therefore, the conclusion of the applicants that the physical presence of the Three Stile Island Nuclear Station will have no significant adverse effect on the enjoyment and use of the surrounding area.

1590 016 9

g.

Other Areas of Possible Environmental Impacts Shipments of solid wastes and spent fuel from the Three 5 tile Island Nuclear Station are expected to have no environmental impact either during shipment or at the point of storage or reprocessing. The actisities are performed in conformance to strict Federal and State regulations designed to ensure the health and safety of the public under all conditions.

It is the opinion of the applicants based on the standards specified in these requirements, that there will be no adverse environmental impact from these operations.

II.

POSSIBLE ADVERSE ENVIRONh! ENTAL EFFECTS The Federal and State regulations applicable to the Three Stile Island Nuclear Station are designed to protect and to enhance the environment. The applicants have complied and will continue to comply with these regulations and expect no adverse environmental effects to result from the operation of this station. The design intent of the station is to provide flexibility to accommodate changes, if necessary, in waste and cooling water systems.

III.

ALTERNATIVES TO THE STATION a.

Not Providing the Power The public service laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the State of New Jersey, under which the applicants operate as public utilities, mandate that the applicants make adequate provision for the supply of electricity to their customers. Because of the long lead times involved in the planning and construction of major power facilities, electric utilities have no option but to base their plant expansion programs on demand forecasts.

In order to maintain a reasonable reserve,15% to 20%, it is necessary for the applicants to provide generating facilities timed to provide this reserve. Recent voltage reduedons, sometimes referred to as " brownouts." are the result of insufficient generating reserve in the area. To meet the growing demand for electrical energy, and provide for the reliability the public expects, the applicants have no option but to make firm provisions for this additional power supply, and it is this requirement which the Three Stile Island Nuclear Station must satisfy.

b.

Importing Power Purchasing power from other utilities in the amounts necessary to satisfy, or even partially satisiy, the above indicated need is not a practical alternative (1) because the utility systems upon which the applicants might concevably draw for such a purpose are currently hard pressed to keep pace with their own demands, C) because the purchased power is meconomical, usually priced at the supplier's top cost increment, and (3) because of

}[Ub7 transmission limitations. The applicants are members of the Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and 31aryland interconnection (PJ31), a power pool existing for the most economical interchange of power under normal and emergency conditions. However, no member is expected to consistently depend on the pool for firm power supply.

c.

Alternatives to Nuclear Power Generation The alternatives to nuclear power generation at Three Stile Island are fossil fuel or hydroelectric generating units.

Gas turbines are inappropriate because of their high fuel cost and low operating efficiency, which more than outweigh their low capital cost advantage.

Hydroelectric plants are discounted as there is no river in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania or in the State of New Jersey which can produce electricity in the quantities to match the Three Stile Island generation due to lack of suitable river flows and elevations.

Of the fossil fueled generation alternatives, natural gas, although the best fossil fuel from an environmental standpoint, cannot be relied upon for providing any significant capability due to its limited availability. Oil fuels (either regular or low sulfur content) are expensive and.are not readily available. Bulk barge shipmen:s of fuel oil would be needed at frequent intervals. The Conowingo Dam on the Susquehanna River near Port Deposit, 31aryland, has no locks and thus prevents any bar;d from reaching the Three Stile Island site. The alternate to this would be to construct an oil pipeline to an eastern coast Eort. Both of these alternates make the use of oil an unacceptable alternative to nuclear power generation at this site.

Coal is the most reasonable fuel alternative to nuclear power generation, but large quantities of coal and/or low sulphur content coal are not readily available. Storeover, coal has certain

~

environmental disadvantages. It is the applicants' opinion that, from an environmental point of view, a nuclear station is a more favorable alternative.

d.

Possible Cooling Alternatives Of necessity, all steam povier plants require large quantities of water for cooling purposes in the station condensers. Therefore, in the interest of protecting the water environment of the Susquehanna River, natural draft cooling towers were chosen as the cooling method for the condenser circulating water system. The only feasible alternative to these cooling towers are cooting ponds. However, it is estimated that a cooling pond of about 850 acres would be required for each unit more than twice the acreage available at the site.

It is the opinion of the applicants that the natural draft cooling towers used for the condenser cooling water system designed in accordance with applicable regulations will have the least environmental impact.

n

) b',0 0

a e

e.

Alternatives to the Site In the course of selecting a site for installation of one or more large thermal generating units, the applicants initially considered 20 different locations. This list of sites was narrowed to six locations for more intensive study. The Three Mile Island site was finally chosen after considering such factors 2s availability of cooling water, transmission capability, planning and service area growth pattern, and environmental considerations.

IV.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHORT-TERM USES OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT AND LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY The short-term use of man's environment to provide an adequate and reliable source of electric power to an area of this country experiencing a critical shortage of electric energy is unquestionably essential to the health, welfare, safety, and economy of the public involved. Industrial, residential, and recre:.Sonal activities in the surrounding areas will not be curtailed or even noticeably affected.

The production of electric power by the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station will enhance the long-term productivity of the area with no adverse environmental effects.

V.

IRRETRIEVABLE AND IRREVERSIBLE USES OF THE ENVIRONMENT The construction and operation of the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station will involve the commitment and use of a certain amount of land, air, and water, with only the land being unavailable for other types of activities. At the end of the useful life of this station, there is no intrinsic reason why then all can not be returned to their original state; hence, these commitments are not irreversible. Thus, the land and its resources will be available for the use of future generations.

The only resourse at 'Ihree Mile Island that is irretrievable is the Uranium-235 portion of the fuel consumed in the station. In this act of consuming fuel, the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station draws on a natural resource. This use of a natural resource is not intrinsically different from that at any other power station, either fossil fueled or nuclear.

It is the opinion of the applicants that the presence of the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station will not adversely affect the environment in terms of irretrievable and irreversible commitment of resources.

VI.

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES a.

Aquatic Environmental Studies A biological survey of the Susquehanna River in the vicinity of the Three Mile Island site was started in 1967 ana will continue through 1970. This survey is under the direction of Dr. Charles B. Wurtz, consulting biologist of LaSalle College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

, n The survey :onducted by Dr. Wurtz consists of a study of the macro-invertabrate fauna (bottom organisms) at a series of sampling stations located in a stretch of the river extending from above Three hiile Island downstream to the Haldeman Riffle.

Water quality characteristics are also being monitored during the survey.

In addition to the survey being conducted by Dr. Wurtz, an expanded survey will be undertaken by Dr. G. Hoyt Whipple of the School of Public Health, University of 51ichigan.

Dr. Whipple will be aided by personnel from 51illarsville State Teachers College.

The survey will consht of the following items:

1.

A fish population study to determine population density, number, f species, and condition factors.

2.

A study of macro-and micro-invertebrate fauna conducted in the water and sediments to determine composition, relative abundance, and general distribution.

3.

A study to analyze the area for some twenty chemical elements (stable isotopes) in conjunction with the biological phases of the survey. The objective of the stable isotope study is as follows:

To " map" the area with respect to the distribution of the elements in the a.

water sediments, suspended material and living organisms.

b.

To develope a routme sampling program that will represent the area.

To determine if areas of high and low inputs of these elements exist and the c.

concentration gradients in those locales relative to Three Stile Island.

d.

To determine the ratios of some of the elements in the water, sediments and indicator organisms.

To determine a correlation between the data obtained in this phase and the e.

biological population data from the other phases of this survey.

It is anticipated that this will be conducted for at least a five-year period.

b.

Radioloeical Stonitoring Procram A pre-operational environmental monitoring program has been in progress since January 1968 in the vicinity of the Three Stile Island site. This pre-operational phase of the program will be utilized to assess measurement techiques, to train personnel, and to measure backg ound radioactivity levels. The monitoring program is also based on. consideration of potential radiation sources from the station, potential modes of radioactive material transport in air, water, and food and significant modes of human exposure.

The pre-operational program will be continued until Unit I achieves initial criticality, at which time an operational program will commence.}) b

In addition to the Susquehanna River samples being analyzed by the Sletdd personnel, duplicate samples are sent to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Radiological Health Department. Sleetings have been held with representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to discuss instrumentation, fish sampling, and to solicit comments on environmental monitoring activities. An outline of the pre-operational program currently being conducted is as follows: 1. Well water is sampled and analyzed for gross alpha and gross beta-gamma activity. Four locations within a five-mile radius are sampled every 12 weeks. 2. River water is taken from the Susquehanna River on the west side of Three AIlle Island with 500 feet of the outfall every four weeks. The samples are analyzed for gross alpha and gross beta-gamma activity. 3. River sediment is taken from the Susquehanna River within 500 feet of the outfall every four weeks. The samples are analyzed for gross alpha and gross beta-gamma activity. 4. Fish samples are collected from the Susquehanna River within 500 feet of the outfall every 12 weeks and analyzed for gross alpha and beta-gamma activity. 5. Soil samples, one on-site and four off-site at locations north, south, east, and west of the site, are collected and analyzed for gross alpha and gross beta-gamma activity every 12 weeks. 6. Vegetation samples are collected at one on-site and four off-site locanons every 12 weeks. The samples are analyzed for gross alpha and gross beta-gamma activity. The folicwing additional samples will be collected during the operational phase when the reactor plant achieves criticality: 1. Air particulate samples will be taken continuously at strategic locations both on and off site. The locations will be selected following review of the meteorological data. 2. Direct radiation will be measured with either film badges or thermo-luminescent dosimeters at strategic locations to be selected. 3. Stilk samples will be collected periodically from dairy herds in the 'Ihree 5 file Island vicinity. 4. Clams or snails will be sampled within 500 feet of the plant outfall. 5. Crops wdl be sampled at strategic locations in the Three Afile Island vicinity during the growing season. p^ l b Throughout the environmental monitoring program, an effort will be made to coordinate the applicants' activities with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Radiological Health Department. Additionally, samples will be sent to an outside consultant for a third party analysis on a quarterly basis. VII. POLLUTION COUROL MEASURES WHICH WERE INSTITUTED OR WHICH ARE EXPECTED TO BE INSTITUTED DURING CONSTRUCTION AND SUBSEQUENT OPERATION OF THE FACILTY During construction of the facility, a portable septic system and septic tank and tile drain field are employed to control sanitary wastes. Solids which might be retained in the septic tank will be pumped out and removed by a contractor. Earth fill required for construction will be excavated from a portion of the island. L'redged materials from construction of the intake and discharge structures will be used as fill for these excavated areas. Subsequent to operation of the station, sanitary wastes will be treated as described in Part C, Section II. Natural draft cooling towers will be utilized for dissipation of waste heat, thereby preventing any adverse thermal effects in the Susquehanna River. Also, the design and operation of the radioactive waste systems and the chemical wastes will reduce to a minimum the amount of pollutants released to the environment. VIIL RECREATIONAL USES OF THE SITE a. Recreational Facilities After completion of the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, the applicants plan to construct recreational facilities on the southern portion of the island as a part of the over-all York Haven Power Project to enhance the Susquehanna River area. The recreational facilities contemplated at present include picnic sites, landscaped ground picnic sites, shelter and comfort stations, a marina, a recreation building, boat slips, baseball fields, basketball and tennis courts, a playground, roads and parking areas, trails, and other supporting facilities. b. Observation Center and Park A visitor observation center and park have been constructed along State Highway Route 441 North and face the east side of the island. A motion picture-slide program traces the history of the island, explains the beginning of the electric industry, explains how the nuclear station will generate electricity and at the same time protect the environment, and explains the impact of electricity on our modern way of life. A balcony on the observation center contains telescopes for viewing the construction of the facilitit.s. A park adjoining the center contains picnic tables for visitor use. 15. uc2 -e

u

C. BACKGROUND INFOR31ATION I. DESCRIPTION OF THREE 31ILE ISLAND SITE a. Location The Three 3111e Island Nuclear Station is located on Three Stile Island in the Susquehanna River about 10 miles southeast of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. It is in Londonderry Township of Dauphin County, about 2% miles north of the southern tip of Dauphin County, where Dauphin is coterminal with York and Lancaster Counties. Its location with respect to the surrounding topographic and cultural features is indicated on Exhibit 2. Three SIlle Island is one of the largest of a group of several islands in the Susquehanna River and is situated about 900 feet from the east bank. It is elongated parallel to the flow of the river, with its longer axis oriented approximately due north and south. Upstream, the southeasterly flowing Susquehanna River makes a sharp change in direction to nearly due south in the vicinity of Sliddletown. After this directional change just north of Three 31ile Island, the channel widens to approximately 1.5 miles. The island is about 11,000 feet long and 1700 feet wide. The generating units will be in the northern one-third of the island. Exhibit 3 is an aerial photograph of the site showing the location of the plant buildings, cooling towers, and the character of the immediate surroundings. The site is an 814-acre tract owned by Slet-Ed consisting of Three Stile Island and several adjacent islands. A permanent access bridge for Slet-Ed personnel connects State Highway Route 441 with the north end of the island across Sand Beach Island. A temporary wood access bridge connects the south end of the island with Route 441. This bridge is used for other site personnel, visitors, and construction equipment. Route 441 is a two-lane, black top road, which runs north and south parallel to Three 3111e Island on the east bank of the Susquehanna River and is more than 2000 feet from the reactors at the closest point. The site property is relatively flat land and wooded on the periphery and on the southeast portion of the island. The river is transected east and just south of the site by the York Haven Dam, which does not have locks. There is no commercial water transportation on the river adjacent to this site. On the east bank of the river there is a Penn-Central Railroad one-track line adjacent and parallel to Route 441. On the west bank there is a multitrack Penn-Central line at the river's edge about 1% miles west of the site and a black top, two-lane road parallel to it. There is a one-track spur across the bridge on the north end of the island to be used for site related activities. e -' 15/0 Uc3

b.- Democaphy Exhibit 4 shows estimates of 1967, and projected (1987 and 2011) population in the 16 directional sectors for 0-50 miles radii around the site centers. The population estimates were made based on a study of the area by Met-Ed personnel. During this study, developers and planning boards for local and county political units were contacted in an effort to obtain first-hand know' edge of future trends in population growth and migration. Two trends were apparent: 1. The population of the r.thracite coal regions is decreasing with migration southward to surrounding regions. 2. The population of nearby city centers and boroughs is decreasing with migration to the outlying districts of these population centers. The population figures reflect these trends and were obtained by extrapolating the 1960, 1970, and 1980 population curves. These curves included appropriate growth factors and are considered to be conservative estimates. The estimates are also expected to reflect other factors such as the effects of birth and death rates. In the immediate area of the site, summer cottage population is included as if permanent. Another factor considered is the concentration of population in the vicinity of highways. Fe example, the completion of U. S. Interstate Route 80 through the anthracite region could attract industry to the area resulting in a slowing of present migration out of the area and a possible reverse of the present trend in later years. The possibility of such a trend has been accounted for in the projection study. Population within a one-mile radius is estimated to be about 650 people. The nearest population center with more than 25,000 people is Harrisburg, about 10 miles northwest. Middletown, with a population of approximately 12.000,is three miles north. The nearest residence is about 2200 feet east of the reactor building. c. Land Use Land within a ten-mile radius of the site is used primarily for farming. Farm produce includes dairy, tobacco, poultry, vegetable, fruit, alfalfa, corn, wheat, and other products. A summary of land use for Dauphin County, in which the site lies, and for the two other nearest counties (York and Lancaster) is as follows: C ', '] C ' j{ a o um Percent of Land Used Use Dauphin York Lancaster Forest and woodland 45.2 22.6 13.7 Crops 31.9 49.8 62.5 Pasture 4.8 10.1 9.4 Urban 8.6 6.5 7.8 Water area 0.6 0.4 0.4 Federal 0.2 0.2 0.1 Other 8.7 10.4 6.1 There are two airports in the site region, Olmsted State Airport 2h miles northwest and Harrisbu g-York Airport eight miles WNW. The former handles primarily commercial and the latter primarily private aircraft. d. Geology The site lies within the Gettysburg Basin section of the physiographic division known as the Piedmont Province. The topography of the area immediately surrounding Three Afile Island is of a slightly undulating natur_ . maximum relief of about 200 feet and highest elevation seldom above 500 feet. From the east, drainage is largely represented by the southwesterly flowing Swatara Creek, which has its mouth near Sliddletown and by the more westerly flowing Conewago Creek, which empties into the Susquehanna River at the south end of 3ree Stile Island. Fishing Creek flows into the Susquehanna west of the site, and the northwesterly flowing Conewago Creek terminates at York Haven. Three hiile Island has very little relief, with elevations ranging from about 280 feet at the water's edge to slightly more than 300 feet in the north-central portion. The site is located in the Triassic lowlsnd cf Pennsylvania, one of a series of long narrow basins of Triassic deposits which extend in broken patches from Connecticut to North Carolina. The Triassic lowland in the vicinity of the site is referred to as the Gettysburg Basin. North and west of the Triassic lowland are the folded and thrust faulted Paleozoic rocks which comprise the Appalachian 'iauntains. Southeast of the Triassic lowland is the Piedmont, of Pre-Cambrian and Early Paleozic Age, composed of granites, gneisses, and schists. The site is underlaid by the sedimentary rocks of the Gettysburg shale. The bedrock surface, at the site, is essentially flat and lies at approximately elevation 277 feet. One to three feet of weathered rock occurs at the overburden-bedrock interface. 15 0 015 No evidence of taulting transects the island as seen in the field from available rock exposures along the east bank of the river, or along the western periphery of the island.' Aerial photographs as well give no suggestion of faulting through the island. A comprehensive evaluation of major tectonic elements in south central Pennsylvania has been prepared. It is concluded that the site is not deleteriously affected by faulting, and further, that regional tectonic elements are inactive and present no threat to the structuralintegrity of the local geology. The island, as a whole, is composed of fluvially stratifled sand and gravel containing varying amounts of silt, clay, and clean sand. Density values range from loose to very dense, as established by Standard Penetration Tests. Boulders are present at depth and are mainly confined to the lower portions of the soil zone on the nwh end of the island. Soil depths vary from approximately 6 feet at the south end of the island to a maximum of 30.0 feet near the axial intersection of the island. Depth of soil is relatively constant at about 20 feet in the vicinity of the plant site. From one-half to one foot of topsoil, composed of sandy silt with much organic material, covers the island. The island has been cultivated and planted into corn fields for the past several years. e. Hydrology and Groundwater i. Hydroloey From the standpoint of geography, the Three Mile Is;and groundwater conditions are unique, but relatively constant, and predictacly controlled by the Susquehanna River, itself. The drainage area of the Susquehanna River extends from its source at Otsego Lake, Cooperstown, New York, for a distance of 444 miles, across the States of Pennsylvania and Maryland, and terminates in the Chesapeake Bay. This major water course collects surface runoff and groundwater seeps as well as their respective contaminants from a watershed of approximately a 27,400 square mile area, of which 21,000 lies within the State of Pennsylvania. This consitutes approximately 46 percent of the total area of the state, embracing all of 21 and a portion of 22 other counties. Approximately 6200 square miles of the drainage area is in New York State and 200 square miles in western Maryland. Three Mile Island is located about midway along the course of the river and therefore is influenced by the quantity and quality of that portion of the water from the Susquehanna River watershed upstream from the island. Average annual rainfall at the site is 40 inches. Characteristics of Strear.. .n Vicinity The drainage basin lies in the three main topographic divisions of Pennsylvania: the northern portion of the Allegheny Plateau, the central portion of the Allegheny Mountains, and the lower portion of the rolling Piedmont Plateau. The main tnbutaries in the vicinity of the site are the following: 1590 026 Stream Drainage Area Average Flow (sq. mi.) Conodoguinet Creek 483 sq. mi. 1.20 efs Yellow Breeches Creek 227 1.26 Swatara Creek 567 1.66 Conewago Creek (East) 52 Conewago Creek (West) 510 1.10 The Juniata River enters the Susquehanna River about 25 miles upstream from the site. Its drainage area is about 3426 square miles and its average Gow per square mile is 1.26 cfs. The plant =ite on Three S!lle Island is located approximately 1I river miles downstream from Harrisburg gaging station, which has a continuous period of record since 1890. The drainage area of the Susquehanna River at the Harrisburg gage is 24,100 square miles. The average river now per square mile at Harrisburg.4 1.41 cfs. All the data for the Harrisburg gage are assumed to be applicable to the site, which has an estimated drainage area of 25,000 square miles. The Susquehanna River is rather extreme in its flow characteristics, as is evident in the following summary of recorded data at Harrisburg: 511nimum daily flow 1,700 cfs Average annual discharge flow 34,000 cfs Average runoff per square mile 1.41 cfs Alean annual Good 300,000 cfs 5faximum Good of record (1936) 740,000 cfs No large dams or reservoirs exist immediately upstream from the site, nor are there any proposed at the present time. The Corps of Engineers is proposing a new dam for flood control on the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River. The project will also be used for low-Gow augmentation and for recreation. Data from the Corps indicate that the project, as it is presently planned, would reduce the stage of a repetition of the Good of record (Starch 1936) by approximately two feet at Harrisburg. For low now control the project will increase dependable now at the Raystown dam site to 480 cis. This benent will also be felt at the plant site. ii. Groundwater The bedrock underlying the general area is composed of shales, sandstones, and siltstones belonging to the Gettysburg shale of Triassic Age. A wide range in yields occurs within the formation, the sandstone facies normally being the }rcq n^J

/v D'

best aquifers. However, in closely jointed or fractured shales relatively high yields can occur. The alluvial deposits are not believed to be a major scurce of groundwater in this area. Groundwater was studied at the site by means of: a. Stand pipes to record elevation and fluctuation of water levels. b. A pumping out test to determine permeability of the saturated soil. c. A falling head permeability test to determine permeability of soil above the water table. Groundwater at the site occurs under water table conditions. The water table reaches its maximum elevation at the highest topographic point in the center of the island and falls off toward both the east and west shores. A variation of only about 5 feet occurs from either side to the center, producing a gradient of approximately 0.6 percent toward the river. At observation points in and surrounding the plant area, water levels occurred generally at e depth in excess of 15 feet and ranged from 14 to 19 feet. The groundwater level occured at a maximum of 6.2 feet above the top of rock with less than I foot of i head existing above the soil-rock interface at one point of observation. The water level of the Susquehanna River, which normally nows at elevation 277 feet, controls Three SIlle Island groundwater levels. Since a positive head exists on the island, any movement of groundwater from the plant site would be toward either channel of the river, and would eventually enter the stream. The river would act as a natural boundary, limiting the dispersal of groundwater from the island to the river. Two factors are important in considering the possibility of infiltration of groundwater into the underlying Gettysburg shale and transmission to onshore water supplies: a. A maximum positive head of six feet exists above the impervious (relative to the soils) Gettysburg formation. b. Groundwater levels are higher on either shore of the river, with hydraulic gradients sloping toward the river. In order for groundwater to move from Three $lile Island to the mainland, it would be necessary to reverse the hydraulic gradient on the mainland, which would necessitate partial dewatering of the Susquehanna River. Further, it is unlikely that river water would ever significantly infiltrate rocks on either shore, except under sustained high capacity pumping, creating induced infiltration. A natural condition of river water Gowing into the ground would not be normal to this climate and geography. 15 0 023 f. 5,fq oroloey i. General General climatic conditions in the site region are characteri7ed by a continental type climate, modified and protected somewhat from more severe weather by the Appalachian Stountain Ridge to the north. Summers tend to be warm ar.d humid, and winters are cool, with frequent periods of precipitation. An on-site metevronogical data collectica program has been in operation since Stay 1967. Wind speed and direction have been continuously recorded 100 feet above grade on Three 51ile Island and 2% miles north 25 feet above grade at Crawford Station. A two-year period of record has been analyzed, ending 5tay 1969, to provide a basis for evaluation of routine gas release limits. ii. Severe Weatner In more than seventy-five years of record at the Harrisburg-York M nicipal Airport and at the Weather Bureau offices in Harrisburg, the highest and lowest temperatures recorded were 104 and -14 F. Afaximum monthly rainfall was 9.07 inches; maximum 24-hour rainfall 4.36 inches, and a maximum 24-hour snowfall 21.0 inches. Sfaximum snow accumulation was 81.3 inches. During the 92-year period 1871 through 1963, thirty-three hurricane or tropical storm center paths passed within about 100 miles of the site. 51ost of these were in dissipation stages. The most severe was " Hazel," the center of which passed just west of Harrisburg on October 15, 1954. A peak gust of 80 miles per hour was recorded at the Harrisburg-York Slunicipal Airport during the passage of " Hazel." g. Seismicity The seismicity analysis indicates that Pennsylvania is relatively inactive seismical'ly, based upon 200 years of historical data and 40 years of instrumented data. Earthquakes in the greater Pennsylvania area, which have or might have affected the site, were studied and thu intensity at the site was determined by attenuation of the earthquake with distance. Earthquakes which have effected the site were studied in two categories, those within a 50-mile radius of the site, and those beyond this radius. Nearly all the earthquakes considered were felt over very limited areas, which are generally elliptical in shape, and aligned with the general structural trend of the area. The high attenuation of these earthquakes indicates that their foci must have been close to the earth's surface. 1F-1 p'Q lJ,a s'/

An estimate of the maximum expected intensity of an earthquake was predicated on the assumption that the activity which would affect the site would originate along the border fault of the Triassic Lowland, five to six miles north of the site. The highest intensity earthquake to occur on this fault has been modified Siercali VI. The intensity of such an earthquake at the site would be V, based upon the rapid attenuation of similar earthquakes in the area and along the fault. A conservative estimate of the maximum earthquake intensity to be expected at the site is a low intensity VI. IL DESCRIPTION OF PLANT EFFLUENT AND WASTE SYSTE31S a. Condenser and Equiement Cooling Water Svstem 1. Condensate Cooling Three Stile Island Nuclear Station utilizes four natural draft cooling towers for dissipating the major portion of the heat rejected from the plant steam cycle (Exhibit 5). All latent heat from turbine exhaust steam condensation is dissipated to the atmosphere through these towers. Expected maximum evaporation rate, with both units at rated load, is 5000 gpm per tower, or 20,000 gpm total for the plant. This evaporation is replaced by water from the Susquehanna River. The consumption of 20,000 gpm, when compared with the mean annual average river flow of 34,000 cfs (15,300,000 gpm), is only 0.13 percent of the total river Gow. Even under the most adverse combination of conditions of maximum evaporation, and minimum recorded river flow of 1700 cfs (765,000 gpm), the consumption is only 2.6 percent of total river Gow. ii. Equipment Cooling River water is also utilized for equipment cooling. Expected average quantity utilized for this purpose for both units is 30,000 gpm. Prior to returning this water to the river, it is cooled by two mechanical draft cooling towers, one serving each unit (Exhibit 5). Expected performance of these towers will result in the capability to coci this water, under most atmospheric conditions, to at least the same temperature as the river. To enable the plant operator to determine the amount of cooling required, and to select, therefore, the proper combination of fans and pumps, indication is provided in the control room of river temperature, cooling water temperature entering and leaving the mechanical draft woling towers, and flow through the mechanical draft towers. The design of these units, utilizing the above combination of natural and mechanical draft cooling towers, results in a minimal effect on the plant environment. 1570 030 23

b. Radioactive Waste Disposal Systems i. General The radior.ctive waste holdup and processing equipment for liquid, gaseous, and solid wastes is located within thick walled, reinforced concrete structures which are designed to withstand such things as the maximum hypothetical earthquake postulated for the location of the plant, tornados, tornado-driven missiles, and the impact of large aircraft. The individual items of waste holdup and processing equipment are designed, fabricated, and erected in conformance with codes and standards applicable to equipment containing radioactive materials and are located in thick-walled, reinforced concrete " cells" within the structures described abve. Each cell is provided with its own floor and equipment drain, which routes any liquid leakage to below grade stainless steel lined sumps, which are a part of the reinforced concrete foundation structures of the buildings and are located in firm bedrock. Fresh outside air is continuously supplied to the structures indicated above. This air flows from the normally occuppied areas of the buildings, through i the cells containing the equipment holding or processing radioactive wastes. to a ventilation exhaust discharge system. This system consists of fans, " roughing" and high efficiency particulate air filters, and charcoal filters. The l discharge of this system is routed to the plant vents past a gas and particulate radiation monitor, which will automatically shut down the ventilation system and terminate any radioactive waste gas discharge which might be in progress in the event its setpoint is exceeded. The capacity of the exhaust ventilation system is higher than that of the fresh air supply system so that the air pressure inside the buildings is slightly below that of the environment, thus preventing any inadvertant " leak" of building air to the environment. All tanks and processing equipment containing liquids which might evolve radioactive gases are served by a common waste gas vent header system to prevent radioactive gases from escaping to the building atmosphere. All other tanks and equipment are vented to the atmosphere of the cell in which they are located. ii. Liauid Waste Discosal The radioactive liquid waste disposal system has been designed to collect, store, and process all radioactive liquid wastes for disposal or reuse. In addition, this system provides operating service functions to the primary system and the spent fuel pool. The radwaste system consists of tanks, coolers. filters. 1590 031

demineralizers, a mixer, evaporators, floor and equipment drains and sumps, pumps and valving. The system has been designed to recycle water and boric acid solution reclaimed from the radioactive liquids produced within the plant. The recyc:e capability is provided in order to minimize the total activity disposed to the environment from the station during its service life. Tanks with ample storage capacity have been provided to ensure that the letdown of primary coolant, packaging of waste, or the disposal of wastes to the environment may be accomplished in a convenient and timely manner. The system has been designed such that the collection and processing of the liquid wastes is divided into two separate chains, dependent upon the quality of the waste. The primary chain is used to process the high purity wastes which are reactor coolant, refueling water, and spent fuel water. The second (miscellaneous) chain is used to process the miscellaneous wastes from (a) radioactive laboratory drains, (b) building and equipment drains and sump, (c) regeneration of deborating resins, (d) Glter and demineralizer flushing, and (e) radioactive laundry and shower drains. The system piping is arranged such that all liquids collected must be routed through an evaporator and condensate (mixed-bed) demineralizers prior to collection in the condensate storage tank for reuse or disposal. The primary coolant stream, however, will be further decontaminated.. prior to evaporation, by recycling it through filters and/or demineralizers (as required) in order to ensure a low activity level in the reclaimed boric acid concentrate from the evaporator. If it meets the quality requirements for these uses, the condensate may be transferred to the reclaimed water tank (Chemical Addition System) for miscellaneous uses throughout the radwaste systems or to the reactor coolant bleed tanks for feed to the primary system rather than being discharged into the river. Any liquid stored in the evaporator condensate storage tanks, concentrated radioactive waste storage tanks, or the reclaimed boric acid tanks may be reprocessed through the evaporator for further decontamination or concentration, if this is required. Processed liquid wastes will be released into the river on a batch basis. Prior to release, each batch will be sampled to determine the activity content. Based upon the activity analysis and the flow rate from the mechanical draft cooling towers, a maximum tiow rate for the batch discharge is established. Batches of liquid radioactive wastes will not be released to the efGuent of the mechanical draft cooling tower if its now rate is less than 5000 gpm. and dilution credit will not be taken for more than 38,000 gpm of cooling tower effluent. The discharge rate will be selected such that the activity in the cooling tower effluent to the river is within 10 CFR Part 20 limits. ,r ',/ The radioactive liquid waste being discharged into the cooling tower effluent and the mixture of radwaste and cooling tower effluent are surveyed by separate monitors. In the event that the setpoint of either monitor is exceeded, the flow of radwaste to the cooling tower effluent will be automatically terminated, and an alarm will warn the operator so that he can determine what is wrong and correct it. The monitor surveying the mixture of radwaste and cooling tower effluent is located sufficiently downstream of the point at which the radwaste is introduced to the cooling tower effluent so that it sees a homogenous mixture. The cooling tower effluent enters the Susquehanna River a sufficient distan:e downstream of the water intake muctures so that there can be no possible recycling (and inadvertant concentration) of the activity being discharged to the river, iii. Gas Waste Discosal The gas waste disposal system consists, in part, of the gas spaces of the liquid holdup tanks and processing equipment that are served by the common waste gas vent header system previously mentioned. The gases collected by the vent header system are routed to the suction of two rotary, water sealed gas compressors which sequentially compress the gases collected into waste gas decay tanks. These tanks provide a long holdup time for the decay of the radioactive constituents in the gases occupying them. After a waste gas decay tank is filled, its contents are sampled and analyzed. Based on the gas analysis, the contents of the tank may be used as makeup to the low pressure waste gas vent header system or may be released under controlled and monitored conditions to the environment after a suitable delay period for the decay of radioactive constituents. If the gas is recycled, the effect is to increase the time (above that nominally specified) for decay of its radioactive constituents. If the contents of a waste gas decay tank are to be discharged to the atmosphere, a second sample is taken of them and analyzed after the period specified for decay has elapsed. Based on this analysis, the wa:te gases are discharged at a controlled and monitored rate to the inlet of the building exhaust ventilation system previously mentioned. The activity level of this gas discharge is also continuously monitored, both at its point of release from the waste gas decay tanks and in the mixture of building ventilation air and waste gases being discharged to the plant vents. In the event the setpoints of either radiation monitor and/or the waste gas tTow rate monitor are exceeded, the discharge will be automatically terminated, and an alarm will warn the operator to check to determine what is wrong and correct it prior to re-initiating the release. -- 1 C, P PU fj j 3 .3 i

iv. Solid Waste Disposal Radioactive solid wastes will consist of such things as: " lay-down" pm er, wiping rags, protective clothing, resins, filter pre-coat material, and filter chartridges that have become contaminated with radioactivity during use. These materials are collected in appropriate containers (tanks, dru'ns, or cardboard cartons) until sufficient quantities have accumulated to warrant " packaging" them for shipment to an off-site burial ground. The storage areas and packaging equipment for these items are all located within the building structures previously described. The waste packages produced are appropriately shielded and sealed, after filling, to protect station personnel and the general public from radiation and the escape of their contents. These packages are then placed in high integrity containers for shipment from the plant to the burial location by a carrier who is licensed by the Department of Transportation to transport such materials. v. Summary Double barriers, in the form of high integrity equipment and high integrity building structures in which this equipment is located, ensure against accidental releases of radioactive liquids or gases from the radioactive waste processing systems at the Three Stile Island Nuclear Station. _ Redundant and high reliability radioactive liquid waste processing equipment, coupled with generous storage capaticy, ensure extremely low liquid activity releases on a timely basis from the Three 31ile Island Nuclear Station into the Susquehanna River. Basically, all radioactive liquid discharges are in the form of distilled water that has subsequently been demineralized. Generous waste gas storage capacity coupled with the ability to recycle waste gases to the vent header system minimize radioactive gas activity discharges to the environment by providing long hold-up times for radioactive decay prior to release. Strict administrative procedures coupled with double monitoring of all routine releases of radioactive liquids and gases to the environment ensure that all such releases do not exceed the release rates or quantities to be released that were established at their initiation. c. Nonradioactive Waste Discosal Systems i. Potable Water System The potable water system is derived from the makeun water and is chlorinated as necessary to meet the requirements of the Pennsylvania Department of Health. ISO 034

ii. Sanitarv Waste System Sanitary waste that does r.ot contain radioactive material is directed to the sanitary sewer treatment facilities. The treatment facilities consist of an extended aeration treatment plant with phosphate removal facilities. l.- addition, all solids will be processed through an aerobic digester to remove organic matter and produce an inert sludge which can be disposed ofin sanitary landfills. Waste from the sanitary system will be chlorinated prior to discharge into the Suso,uehanna River, and such discharge will be well within the applicable Federal water quality standards for drinking water. iii. Decontamination Shower and Laundry Waste Svstem Waste from the decontamination shower and the laundry room will be collected and tested for radioactivity. After testing and verification that the waste does not contain radioactivity of quantities larger than those specified by the Pennsylvania Depart;nent of Health, the water will be discharged into the sanitary sewer system. If the waste does contain radioactive materials above that specified, it will be disposed of as a radioactive waste. iv. Industrial Waste The Three Mile Island Nuclear Station discharges two types ofindustrial wastes: river water used for cooling and waste derived from the water purification for makeup water to condensers and steam senerators. The cooling water after leaving the natural draft cooling tower circuits is cooled by mechanical draft cooling towers so as not to exceed the requirements of the Pennsylvania Department of Health for dischrage into the stream. The waste from the water purification facilities will be filtered, and all suspended and settleable dids will be removed prior to discharge into the Susquehanna River, and wdi be well within the applicable Federal water quality standards for drinking water. III. LICENSES. PERMITS. AND APPROVALS REQUIRED FROM FEDERAL. STATE. AND LOCAL AGENCIES The Federal, State and local licenses, permits and approvals which ::re necessary for the construction and operation of the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station are listed below; a. Federal Atomic Energy Commission - Nuclear Plant Federal Aviation Administration - Cooling Towers Federal Power Commission - Amendment to York Haven Power Project License U. S. Army Corps of Engineers - Intakes and Bridges lb/0 035

b. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Forrest and Waters - Intakes, Bridges, and River Water Use Department of Health - Air Pollution, Industrial Waste, Nuclear Waste, and Sanitary Waste Department of Labor and Industry - Boiler and Building State Police Fire Marshal - Outdoor Fuel Oil Tanks Department of Highways - Highway Connection and Bridges. Fish Commission - Intakes c. Local Londonderry Township - Building Permit Dauphin County Sanitarian - Sewage Facilities and Water Supply 1J/UCCGn UJD $

9 9 4 4 9 EXHIBITS 7.-, 3 s/ Ia,J i

e. -~a e-D l^' \\ 4,t j gl.

. ip

?N r u.. m3 .j \\ ,,.1 i i.y m: :> \\ ,..) :4 .' :2. ~ 3 ,C... iW'j f i, Q >,P lh_ @;}j .'1 ~S d @hi

Q-ykV. ~ p f; 1] f ; 4 tj% 4 4dBNif vsk Mgg,

. 4

.t ,11. s , c!D A y* !.'Mb ,_ /~.. p A, y [b, 't e.,-], ' ',;_ j + c J l n W 7 ;,. . %.q-Q, i -g.., s s 1- ,v-z Mt 4 g Jj igh QI- ~~'. $ d.4 en I l 5g O . y-2 i \\- o , y, g$ q u 5 3 g) -.. &'f j gg \\ t',,. [a ,I $!r Q$ s ^ v' M5 ' l, k-ey d ii *t l / a. / g' g ~ J ;. g iii e . ~, v= '.. o 'p l "' ,J1 'r 'ir((; ' -a, &s.

• f 7

- %-e.a... V:. e4 2 d. ~ s

c

.h j, f. E.[' " [. .,$I . rgr * ~.fYi. o[G,f ):' k* ,,sm. ' f ' I.UQ b - "d;.1 y';' ? f- . -.~~ h# ~, ^ ;b, ~., .?,, y 2; _l ,'z' . g. y b -fm .l ': I$ ~.I 0 k} 5 W 4, ' kil r.' ,, Qtf.O. ~$4 .,[ ~ w-g gQg

$2

. c.:. a,;. t-j e4p.=f'. a-s - cy.%. kk' i b g ',* f..P i - - 1 a. \\ ? ch.;- r(lQ O33 k.-

w g

~ ?BOR B E R

e uU J .eB R b w e a s$Ima$" s.. m - M '.. p-J -1, W '.,.- wn. >, m .n g, g,' 3J 4 h,',r .:. -w'a s.>-7. e, 4 man'i ',, ' f yi. q y; 5 .. Qn,Q s x %' f Q: y

1. hIh h...I$[h/.3,..,a

.s. ;, sM _. y m .t [24y %.:i ' G-616 g$.5ylj,Q;}t. ~

m. % '. e,. k

~ a.cr c~s m; -. O,td.:.. a L,p. m ;. m:p.v,. g.g/m,.. -in. M.. u , -- e a -- m.

q. ?^ {g/-d,,w'. e

.'t a g ~n y - %. Qf-1,. g"h... -,.,,m, - - -,..s "r g+ : *" -5.. . 9.d'. ! ! 4 &~te ; .,p-' ~v- ~ gg . f 'J?. ~. 2 m.s.4 y e m.w p ?;s M a w -i. ,.. ~ b %s,?c&My.- w%g g,lMv. j % W. ? c .g 4:, g cm 3 yg pw.y f.* .e n. w srw, un =%: y rg

+.M,.m.

w s Re., y. n x < ~ ~x f.. =? s ' ys . a - MW. ' ~ t-. . ;, Scr . 4,y,;, L y:, YD,R.Ck. ,. '^e--w,',, u e - = - y y y,. s -:. s. +w 6 x- - d-- ,p,'M%s-m 4.,Q..x.,.s% n.% ~. -. e o ,a r 2- = .~.+, - 5 ' s, ^,f ,,..~. ~ 4<,-s K p,.? ;,r $N +3, d.l.>y M..h.., T,)ft ik N'V . '~ ?.;... 3y4. 4- . ' %.hg. g V.st' 4 n .. ~y r v ' ?.  ?. {. . ~ - f'";s,.,%,.; & rg.y_,_. 1 4. u ^ fa CONTOUR INTERV At. :DPEET SITE TOPOGRAPHY 5 MILE RA01US '__3__* THREE MILE ISLAND NUCLEAR STATION M M {t o ao seco rest 2000 6000 g -. -. .g EXHIBIT 2 APPRCX. SCALE u

e g ; a Im 'g m . W,n.-~p --,.,y 3 E r . i t-' Wg

sf N-7 f '. } ^*

,o* ~$ 'E? b< yg ,.$a,. s ~- ~h .% a ..n 9.t:. o. o-W~;. -f, h', _ *'[aY,$g .h/,. 7 Mk kf3l. hh ) W 0,f ?$,?$h{f?:s %v / xn m -.y:.qr-y, / N&&g

.:.94...

s. E..'$f,.,.5} -ah Ik'f ?,N I 1:.<.i'Ah e ,I-l-[!{f f. ~ .w.f Ch'et ;,,*. a ~2 . n kt TG j khh{'-{'g y

./

-q .g

• g 5-N'($

':N

e. I b5M, d'/j j

4%mg,2g.s.:g 'ge\\,Ag-;"ff [r. g,g...e1 [ ' q;g.,:g$)gy m. .g,; ,ewm wn x di,.y.e,, 915. q+ 1.>F )

A.u -gq,.

'y. ,4 .- in DQ,Pe,- mur r;4.;.2,..., n,,. %y ^e p

• **[{ ' %'Rg : '
• ~y:? ~2

.:^ ,>>, e, i^ 'n* A Y;.h

• E;? ~..,. g.,

.,a /

c., -

n=..>.. ,..-;2., f I

1. l v f. 'je

%.i ,. Q <.h "'-J'). 'c lh f,$ ,....,'.&' Y.' ]. ., h" 'r IdMMUFAV,,,h- % #^j, 5" ..' 8 + j*. f %.g,',@'q%.m 2,.; ' 4 4 W4,..b %(W'^' %C l 'A. 5 y. l,,n ^W$$'i'i ' i =@ ~ w-;.s. 9*, ys r. r:. y ~h. .,+ g#4M, j *3; 3j3,. 5", b 4.'* D,;; I 3 a 9*. *Yh 8 t }Q j'N t' QY 1 4 = v ? .,,, 8.%g ~ dj./ Y';-)- l j O(( ~ q,. "W,(y*a..M m,* g e.s 1 .-,a y .r rf

2 %n.c:

j . l.,:a.!- q.. g . g< g.~e.:.y. c y, ~ w 1 2 r.% i ~ ' Q. -pf.,. __-l. _ 2t.. & a ,e rs p s i ~

f s

>J r*,Y (* l ' j ~ ? l s' - 1 . b.*)t 5 y e, 3 E ns'S ,, ~5 ~ ^ ,4 .. f l.l. 4. =M iqg%y. 2.: iC I -,- ysw#<] h,~al ~ =C i p .f u Ln.T,!

f;. - a c w

~~ ".i 9 s f D

y 1.o L

a=e. I w -~J- .. s, 9 + l y.4

.v m.3 k., m. tjp,}-[; b

o - a >. .m ,s== 7 I...,' f s,f b. .h'a, s.h-e x +. -s e w m,#1 R Mj? p.- d r F' L(V.. n!? . e ~.. gr. fy .k3 I. ..w. i, 3.MnWsuf F%te q#m ! 1, Yp'., t f... ~ - ._ Y,N :? b$., $ h Y .ji.s;;,. ; "s p"e r n ?003 0HIEL e

6 E ge6 .II8 JS3

• '((

A.h. 5 i l ui e',t. \\,(e\\N 9. \\... [. ,.4,I# s n -m ,e, p gi ' h 'h $ $ f $ O* N$$ 5 9.9m"*g,shjs[%,#*~g. j .= = = = =..,. ._ = = = =. .) 4 e 9'

4 ;,2'h

" N5 '9 $$ ,g ,,il'\\s.\\.'g., 4jN'?.?, i +,1 ,9:.,n, ui ~g p& ., A9 ' 4:!! / ;.;.l\\, \\ th,,,:e, ,,49 .!.!i ~ ,0 s g.i .gs ++g W W i in

1. +

M s E 486 III 333 9* lli .!rs O Ill f.i; egg 5n h.a@ 0,1. + .t

s. g

!ss / o'., .4 26 n: / R+ Y$ "p> asa %,%, \\... p p /g:2,, \\ l,? 9 e \\ 4p

c.,3,

~ li~.: . V.n, -;r. ', qn >,?,* ..* c.s 5:: g e,.. g

• ::( ~::::X *%p_*

  2*.

t 1 { o !...:.3 8 :"** 8 ::!.... !.1 jW' 'j. ' i.,, z.7,.:.:.O.. '!.S 8 E ,,1 ".. ' '. '.. ", ",,,,,,,,..e ,a U. ~$' \\ s,, g?\\5:fq.%',9,,e\\0> &pg.,sg. ,, &*, sh s ju. s,',/.**,,l lll \\,sv 8,'; ' E ~ ;*. ~ :$,,.a & a ,*.9 e.9

1. \\

z, t Ett t ,e 4'+ a / n \\ }! i ) h h. l + w I!/ kO'4 4e ~~ P00R ORK1

4 NATURAL NATURAL DRAFT DRAFT l COOLING COOLING TOWER TOWER "A" / "3" f Y l 102" CONCRE TE PlPE O tu $ () u. 3 8 EVAPO R ATION \\ MAKEUP (RIVE R) / ^ dp STEAM CONDENSER COOLING TOWER BLOWDOWN C.W. PUMP 5 MECHANICAL DRAFT N COOLING TOWER SUMP V TO RIVER CONDENSER CIRCULATING WATER SYSTEM rn n<^ ia>0 is9z Tuazz uitz istiso suCtran sTarios EXHIBIT 5 g. <e.-}}