ML19206B309

Monitoring of Cooling Tower Operational Effects on Vegetation in Vicinity of TMI-2,1978

ML19206B309
Person / Time
Site:	Crane
Issue date:	12/31/1978
From:	Johnson B, Pellek R NUS CORP.
To:
Shared Package
ML19206B305	List: ML19206B304 ML19206B306 ML19206B307 ML19206B309
References
NUDOCS 7905080531
Download: ML19206B309 (41)

Text

{{#Wiki_filter:1978 MONITORING OF COOLING TOWER OPERATICNAL EFFECTS ON VEGETATION IN THE VICNITY OF THE THREE MILE ISLAND NUCLEAR STATION PREPARED FOR METROPOLITAN EDISON COMPANY PREPARED BY NORTHERN ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DIVISION NUS CORPORATION CLIENT NO. 3521 DECEMBER, 1978 PREPARED BY: R. R. PELLEK ECOLOGIST AND PROJECT MANAGER e,M B. R. JOHNQON MANAGER, NORTHERN ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DIVISION, PITTSBURGH 790508053\\ 23 090

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

SUMMARY

1 INTRODUCTION. 2 3 MF.THODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. 5 REFERENCES CITED. 10 TABLES. 11 APPE:IDIX. 30 FIGURE 1 - INDEX TO PHOTOGRAPHY (TRUE COLOR). 33 FIGURE 2 - INDEX TO PHOTOGRAPHY (INF RARED). 34 FIGURE 3 - VEGETATION MAP 35 FIGURE 4 - LOCATION OF FIELD STUDY TRANSECTS. 36 FIGURE 5 - DISTRIBUTION OF VEGETATION STRESS. 37 23 091

Summary Annual monitoring of vegetation conditions in the vicinity of Three Mile Island Nuclear Station (TMINS) was conducted on September 12-13, 1978. Twenty-two mainland transects and seven island transects were surveyed, and twelve taxa abundance observation points were revisited. In addition, aerial color infrared photographs and ground verification were used to locate, identify and map areas of vegetation stress. The investigations revealed that the incidence of locust leaf miner (Parectopa robiniella) is widespread, and consitutes the most serious of the vegetaticn stress conditions. Anthracnose (Marssonina juglandis) was also a serious problem of black walnut, a common canopy constituent. Interpretative maps identifying the location, extent and nature of vegetation stress were prepared to document temporal changes which have occurred since TMINS was last monitored in 1977. There was no evidence to indicate that vegetation stress has resulted from operation of the cooling towers. ~ 23 092

Introduction the Vegetation monitoring is being conducted annually at Three Mile Island Nuclear Station (IMINS ) by NUS Corporation. The purpose of the monitoring program is to detect possible environmental impacts which might results from operation of the station, particularly the natural draft cooling towers. The large quantity of drift generated by the towers has the potential to cause vegetation stre:ss. Chemical constituents of the drif t may be taken into plants directly by foliar absorption or indirectly through the soil by root uptake. If harmful drift constituents, particularly sodium salts, reach toxic levels in the vegetation, stress symptoms may de ve '.op. Potential regetative stress due to salt deposition which might res.lt f rom operation of the cooling towers can be observed and monitored using f alse infrared color aerial photographs taken late in the annual growing season. In order to distinguish vegetation stress which is not related to operation of the cooling towers, e.g. of past or existing climatic or pathogenic origin, ambient stress conditions are alco monitored by ground verification of apparent stress conditions observed on the photographs. O 23 093 2 9

Subsequent sections of this report summarize the terrestrial monitoring studies conducted at TMINS during the fall of 1978. The monitoring program was designed to detect and assess vegetation damage / stress in the vicinity of TMINS and to meet the objectives of the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 2 Environmental Technical Specifications for monitoring /egetation effects (Appendix). Methods Vegetation stress, whether from natural or man-induced causes, was assessed by means of false color infrared (CIR) and true color aerial photography, photointerpretation, ground truth observations and comparisons with documented pre-operational baseline studies. Stereo aerial photography was flown twice on August 23, 1978 with a Zeiss RMK-A-15/23 camera, once with Kodak Type 2445 color film (Table 1) and again with Kodak aerochrome 2443 CIR film (Table 2). The photomission was flown along flight lines oriented north and south over the study area (Figures 1 and 2). Photographic coverage of approximately 24 square miles was obtained, including complete coverage within a radius of 2 miles of TMINS (Figure 3). 23 094 3

O Photographic interpretation was conducted using the unaided O eye, a binocular microscope, and a mirror steceoscope. The preliminary interpretation focused on detecting and classifying vegetation stress patterns on the basis of general appearance of plants and differences in color, tone and textural signature. The suspected causes of apparent vegetation stress, based on comparison with similar photo-graphic evidence flown in 1977, were tentatively marked on area maps. O Field observations on the study area were conducted September 12-13, 1978. Reconnaissance in the area included general observation of major vegetation types and overall plant vigor in the vicinity of TMINS. Annual road surveys along 8 transects west of the Susquehanna River, 14 transects g east of the river, 7 island transects and field checking of 12 characteristic vegetation sites were completed (Figure 4). Large pockets of stressed vegetation of man-induced or g pathogenic origin were noted on an interpretive map which documents the location, extent and probable nature of major stress conditions (Figure 5). O O 23 095 4 O

Other field investigations included: o Examination of potential salt-stress indicator species (Table 13) present, for visible injury symptoms o Examination of tissues of plants showing apparent stress symptoms o Description and identification, where possible, of injury symptoms on various tissues affected o Identification of existing environmental factors which could influence or cause stress symptoms o Identification of species affected by stress symptoms. Preliminary findings were compared with baseline data (Woodward-Envicon, 1974) and other post-operational study results (Ichthyological Associates, 1975; NUS Corporation, 1978) of the TMINS. The location, extent and nature of vegetation stress conditions were included in the overall evaluation of the study area. Results and Discussion The vegetation cover types in the vicinity of TMINS are about equally balanced between forest and agricultural lands (Figure 3). Forest land consists of bottomland hard-woods along the Susquehanna River, stream terrace hardwoods along minor drainages and extensive upland hardwoods of mixed species and ages on hilly terrain. Agricultural lands include active cropland, pasture and abandoned croplands. 23 096 s

some intermediate successional shrubland is also present. The Susquenhanna River is a dominant feature in the TMINS environs. fegetation Types and Associated Species Previously established observation points (Figure 4 and Tables 3-11) characterized the major forest cover types in the vicinity of TMINS. Bottomland hardwood forest types were dominated by silver naple, river birch, sycamore and white ash in the canopy /subcanopy strata (Tables 3, 4, and 5). Species common in stream terrace forest types included red oak, silver maple and black locust (Table 6). Upland forests included oak-hickory and mixed hardwood types, but species composition is influenced locally by s tand age, stage of succession, aspect, slope and edaphic factors. Midslope forest stands characteristically contained black oak, white or.k, chestnut oak, ironwood, flowering dogwood and pignut hickory (Table 7). Cool, moist ravines and upper slope forests frequently contained hemlock, chestnut oak, red oak, flowering dogwood, yellow poplar, black locust, various hicxories and oaks, white ash and red maple (Tables 23 097 6

8 and 9). Black locust, tree-of-heaven and black cherry were successional species typical of seral forests in the area (Table 10). The relative abundance of herbaceous plants fluctuates annually and thus are less reliable than forests as indicators of drift-induced stress. Seasonal influences and pheno-logical factors are also more pronoun 2d in ground stratum plants than in other strata. Relatively little drift is expected to reach the ground stratum because it is screened by shrub or canopy folia Due to prevailing winds, the area most likely to b iffected by drift, (i.e., highest concentration) is downwind from the cooling towers, wes t to northwest and east to southeast of TMINS (NUS, 1978), on land that is largely privately owned and agricultural. Agricultural lands include active cropland, pasture and doned cropland. Major crops include corn, tobacco, and alfalfa. Small vegetable gardens and orchards exist in some areas. Grazed and mcwed pastures containing grasses and shrubs occur throughout the area. Abandoned fields are also common. Some of the more important successional species include foxtail grass, sweet clover, goldenrod, red-top, ox-eye daisy, Canada thistle, Queen Ann ('s-lace, tick-trefoil and hogweed (Table 11). 23 098 7

Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Insect or disease-related preoperational vegetation stress conditions (Table 12) cited by Woodward-Envicon (1974) and Ichthyological Associates (1975) in the vicinity of TMINS remain widespread. However, most symptoms of pathogens attacking shrubby or herbaceous vegetation are undetectable on aerial photographs unless they occur in the uppermost canopy or in a layer of uniform height. Many agricultural crops which are affected by pathogens have short growing seasons and may be harvested before annual photographs can be taken. Consequently, only widespread c _areaks of disease which are detectable on photographs are mapped. The major plant pest / disease outbreaks noted in the vicinity of TMINS during 1978 were, in order of decreasing importance, locust leaf miner (Parectopa robiniella) of black locust, anthracnose (Marssonina juglandis) of black walnut and fall webworm of black cherry and other trees. Only locust leaf miner produced stress patterns which were identifiable on aerial photographs and which covered a large enough area to warrant mapping (Figure 5). This pest eas not mentioned in the preoperational reports (Woodward-Envicon, 1974; Ichthyo-logical Associates, 1975), but was a significant problem in 23 099 8

1977 (NUS, 1978). Leaf discoloration and potential defol-iccion are due to insect larvae which feed only on the palisade cells of the leaf (Frost, 1959). Moderate to severe defoliation of black walnut trees resulted from anthracnose, which affected most walnut trees in the TMINS area. Walnut tends to occur as isolated trees or in small groups within a stand throughout the study area. Fall webworm of black cherry was common in the area but was less extensive than the injury symptoms of black locust or black walnut. Other stress conditions affect isolated trees and shrubs of various species but were of minor overall importance. Miscellaneous stress symptoms observed include: leaf bronze and leaf spot of hickory, powdery mildew and anthracnose diseases of several species and leaf gall of white oak. Photographic identification of stress conditions in vegetation due to miscellaneous causes was inconclusive. There was no evidence to indicate that stress conditions in the vicinity of TMINS were due to operation of the natural draft cooling towers. All observed stress conditions within a 2-mile radius of the towers were similar in origin and magnitude to ambient stress conditions found outside the 2-mile radius. 23 100 9

References Cited

DeVine, J.

C., Jr. 1974. The Forked River program a case study in salt water cooling. GPU Service Corp. Parsippany, New Jersey. 78 pp.

Frost, S. W.

1959. Insect life and insect natural history. Dover Publications, Inc. New York. 525 pp. Ichthyological Associates. 1975. An ecological study of the Susquehanna River in the vicinity of the TMI Nuclear Station. Annual Report for 1975. NUS Corporation. 1978. 1977 monitoring of cooling tower operational ef fects on vegetation in the vicinity of the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station. Annual Report for 1977. Woodward-Envicon, Inc. 1974. Three Mile Island Nuclear Station terrestrial environmental studies pre-operational survey final report. Volumes I and II. 10

9 TABLE 1 PHOTOMISSION FLIGHT LOG AEROCOLOR NEGATIVE FILM Camera Zeiss RMK-4-15/23 (#111688) Lens

1. 112653 Camera Focal Length 153.42 mm Filter KLF Film Kodak Type 2445 Aerocolor Neg.

Altitude 6000 ft. Scale 1"-500' (1:6000) Shutter Speed 1/300 f-Stop 5.6 Date August 23, 1978 Time 10:08 AM to 10:34 AM, EDT Flight Exposure Time Line No. Start Finish 1 01-14 10:08 10:10 2 15-28 10:12 10:14 3 29-42 10:15 10:17 4 43-55 10:19 10:21 5 56-69 10:23 10:25 6 70-83 10:27 10:29 6 7 84-97 10:31 10:34 8 23 102 11

9 TABLE 2 PHOTOMISSION FLIGHT LOG AEROCHROME IR FILM Camera Zeiss RMK-A-15/23 (#111688) Lens

1. 112653 Camera Focal Length 153.42 mm Filter MB Film Kodak Type 2443 Aerochrome IR Altitude 6000 ft.

Scale 1"-500' (1:6000) Shutter Speed 1/225 f-Stop 5.6 Date August 23, 1978 Time 10:56 AM to 11:22 AM, EDT Flight Exposure Time Line No. Start Finish 7 192-179 10:56 10:58 6 178-166 11:00 11:02 5 165-152 11:04 11:06 4 151-139 11:08 11:10 3 138-125 11:12 11:14 2 124-112 11:16 11:18 0 1 111-98 11:20 11:22 9 9 9 12 9

TABLE 3 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF WOODY SPECIES OBSERVED ON BEECH ISLAND, OCTOBER 1977 Relative g) Scientific Name Colloculal Name Abundance Canopy /Subcanopy Stratum Acer saccharinum Silver maple 5 Facus grandifolia American beech 3 Platanus occidentalis Sycamcre 3 Betula nicra River-birch 3 Fraxinus americana White ash 3 Carva cordiformis Bitternut hickery 3 Celtis occidentalis Hackberry 2 Quercus rubra Northern red oak 2 Shrub Stratum Lindera bencoin Spicebush 3 Sambucus canadensis Cc=on elderberry 3 9 (a) Key: 1 - Very infrequent; 2 - infrequent; 3 - common; 4 - frequent; 5 - ve y frequent 9 0 6 23 104 13 9

9 TABLE 4 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN A SHRUB AREA AIONG THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER, OCTOBER 1977 Relative Abundance (a) Scientific Name Colloquial Name Shrub Stratur, Fraxinus americana White ash 5 O Gleditsia triacanthos Honey locust 3 Cornus stolonifera Red osier dogwood 3 Ulmus americana American elm 3 Quercus velutina Black oak 3 Acer saccharinum Silver maple 3 Platanus occidentalis Sycamore 3 g Betula niora River-birch 3 Salix sp. Willow 2 Quercus alba White oak 2 Carva ovata Shellbark hickory 2 Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash 2 Ground Stratum Lysimachia ciliata Fringed loosestrife 5 Rhus radicans Poison-ivy 5 verbesina alternifolia Wingstem 4 g Hordeum sp. Earley 3 Polyconum hydropiperoides Mild water-pepper 3 Helianthus spp. Sunflower 3 Panicum sp. Panic-grass 3 Aster lateriflorus Calico aster 3 Hibiscus sp. Rose-mallow 3 GP Ambrosia trifida GLant ragweed 2 Hypericum sp. St. John's-wort 2 Vitis sp. Wild grape 2 Smilax sp. Smilax 2 9 (a) Key: 1 - Very infrequent; 2 - infrequent; 3 - common; 4 - frequent; 5 - very frequent 14. 23 105-

TABLE & RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN A STREAM BORDER, SEPTEMBER 1977 Relative ) Scientific Name Colloquial Name Abundance Canopy /Subcanopy Stratum Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust 5 Betula nigra River-birch 3 Sassafras albidum Sassafras 3 Tilia americana Basswood 3 Ulmus americana American elm 3 Platanus occidentalis Sycamore 3 Acer negundo Boxelder 2 Acer saccharinum Silver maple 2 Liriodendron tulipifera Yellow poplar 2 Prunus spp. Wild cherry 2 Shrub Stratum Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust 4 Rhus radicans Poison ivy 3 Betula nicra River-birch 3 Carya cordiformis Bitternut hickory 2 Fraxinus americana White ash 2 Tilia americana Basswood 2 Acer negundo Boxalder 2 Prunus sp. Wild cherry 2 Quercus velutina Black oak 2 Fraxinus pennsylvanica-Green ash 2 Vitis sp. Wild grape 2 Sassafras albidum Sassafras 2 Viburnum sp. Viburnum 2 Ground Stratum Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle 5 Glecoma hederacea Ground-ivy 4 g Eupatorium rugosum White snakeroot 3 Solidago altissima Tall goldenrod 3 Teucrium sp. Wood sage 3 Boehmeria cylindrica False nettle 3 Urtica dioica Stinging nettle 3 Polyconum scandens False buckwheat 3 23 106 15 9

TABLE 5 (Continued) Relative g Scientific Name Collcani.. Name Abundance,) Ground Stratum Verbesina alternifolia Wingstem 3 Oxalis sp. Wood-sorrel 3 Betula nigra River-birch 2 Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust 2 Rubus allegheniensis Blackberry 2 Geum spp. Avens 2 Verbena hastata Blue vervain 2 Sassafras albidum Sassafras 2 Ulmus americana American c 2 Hackelia virciniana Beggar's-lle 2 Phytolacca americana Pokeweed 2 Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash 2 Fraxinus americtna White ash 2 Viola spp. Violet 2 (a) Key: 1 - Very infrequent; 2 - infrequent; 3 - co==on; 4 - frequent; 5 - very frequent 16' 23 107

TABLE 6 RELATIVE ABUtIDANCE OF PLAMT SPECIES OB S E P'IED III A STFEA'1 TERRACE FOREST, SEPTEiOER 1977 Relative (a) 5-ientific Name Collocuial Name Abundance Canopy /Subcanopy Stratum Acer saccharinum Silver maple 4 Quercus borealis Northern red oak 3 Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust 3 Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash 2 Celtis occidentalis Hackberry 2 Shrub Stratum Acer rubrum Red maple 2 Rhus radicans Poisen ivy 2 Ground Stratum Glecoma hederacea Ground-ivy 5 Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod 4 Aster sp. Aster 4 Impatiens pallida Touch-me-not 3 Rumex sp. Dock 2 Eupatorium perfoliatum Scneset 2 Verbesina alternifolia Wingstem 2 Laportea canadensis Wood-ne ttle 2 Oxalis sp. Wecdsorrel 2 Boehmeria cylindrica False nettle 2 Pilea pumila Clearweed 2 Asclepias sp. Milkweed 2 'liola sp. Violet 2 Rudbeckia sp. Coneflower 2 Dactvlis glcmerata Orchard grass 2 Tridenc flava Tall redtop 2 (a) Key : 1 - very infr. fuent: 2 - infrequent; 3 - ccmmon: 4 - frequent: 5 - very frequent 2) \\ 17

TABLE 7 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN A MIDSLOPE DISTURBED FOREST, SEPTE:1BER 1977 Relative Scientific Name Colocuial Name Abundance Canopy /Subcanopy Stratum Quercus velutina Black oak 4 Quercus alba White oak 3 Quercus prinus Chestnut oak 3 Ostrva virciniana Ironwood 3 Cornus florida Flowering dogwood 3 Carva tomentosa Mockernut hickory 3 Fraxinus americana White ash 2 Carva glabra Pignut hickory 2 Acer rubrum Red maple 2 Prunus serotina Black cherry 2 Quercus rubra Northern red oak 2 -Ciospvros virginiana Persimmon 2 Shrub Stratum ~ Viburnum sp. Viburnum 4 Quercus velutina Black oak 3 Cornus florida Flowering dogwood 3 Fraxinus americana White ash 3 Prunus serotina Black cherry 3 Lindera bencein Spicebush 3 Quercus alba White oak 2 Carva glabra Pignut hickory 2 Quercus prinus Chestnut oak 2 Ostrva virciniana Ironwood 2 Acer rubrum Red maple 2 Carva tementosa Mockernut hickorf 2 Vaccinium vacillans Lowbush blueberry 2 Amelanchier sp. Serviceberry 2 Juniperus virginiana Red cedar 2 Ulmus americana American elm 2 Celtis americana Hackberry 2 Nyssa sylvatica Black gun 2 23 109 1a

TABLE 7 (Continued) Relative Abundance # Scientific Name Colloculal Name Ground Stratum Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle 3 Violet 3 Viola sp. Eupatorium rugosum White snakeroot 3 Prunus serotina Black cherry 3 Fraxinus americana White ash 3 Cornus, florida Flowering dogwood 3 Ostrva virginiana Ironwood 2 Geum canadensis Avens 2 Pilea pumila Clearweed 2 2 Hedeoma sp. Pennyroyal Circaea canadensis var. Enchanters nightshade 2 quadrisulcata Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper 2 Hackelia virciniana Beggar's-lice 2 (a) Key: 1 - Very infrquent; 2 - infrequent; 3 - ce==an; 4 - frequent; 5 - very frequent 19

TABLE 8 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN AN UPPER SLOPE FOREST, SEPTEMBER 1977 Relative g Scientific Name Colloquial Name Abundance Canopv/Subcanopy Stratum Carya glabra Pignut hickory 4 Quercus alba White oak 3 Celtis o_ccidentalis Hackberry 3 Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust 3 Fraxinus americana White ash 3 Acer rubrum Red maple 3 Cornus florida Flowering dogwcod 3 Carya tenentoms Mcckernut hickory 3 Liriodendren tulipifera Yellow-poplar 3 Nvssa svivatica Black gum 2 Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven 2 Sassafras albidum Sassafras 2 Populus grandidentata Large-toothed aspen 2 Ulmus rubra Red elm 2 Prunus serotina Black cherry 2 Ulmus americana American elm 2 Shrub Stratum Lindera benzoin Spice bush 4 Cornus florida Flowering dogwood 4 Carya tementosa Mockernut hickory 3 Liriodendron tulipifera Yellcw-poplar 3 Celtis cccidentalis Hackberry 2 N/ssa sylvatica Black gum 2 Fraxinus americana White ash 2 Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven 2 Sassafras albidum Sassafras 2 Ulmus rubra Red elm 2 Ulmus americana American elm 2 Ground Stratum Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle 5 Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper 3 Fraxinus americana White ash 3 Circaea quadrisulcata Enchanter's nightshade 3 23 111 2

TABLE 8 (Continued) Relative Scientific ! Tame Collcanial Name Abundance Ground Stratum Eupatorium 1tcosum White snakerect 3 Carva glabra Pignut hickory 2 Phus radicans Poison-ivy 2 Vitis sp. Wild grape 2 Hackelia virginiana Beggar's-lice 2 Solidago rucosa Rough-stemmed goldenrod 2 Imcatiens biflora Spotted touch-me-not 2 (a) Key: 1 - Very infrequent; 2 - infrequent; 3 - commen; 4 - frequent, S - very frequent 0 1 1 ') 27J il' 21

TABLE 9 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PIJA' SPECIES OBSERVED IN A COVE MIXED HARDWOODS FOREST, SEPTEMBER 1977 Relative Abundance (a) Scientific Name Colloculal Name Canopy /Subcanopy Stratum Tsuga canadensis Hemlock 4 Quercus prinus Chectnut oak 4 Quercus rubra Northern red oak 4 Corns'{ florida Flowering dogwood 3 Quercus velutina Black oak 3 Acer rubrum Red maple 2 Sassafras albidum Sasrafras 2 Ostrva virciniana Ironwood 2 Carpinus caroliniana Blue beech 2 Quercus alba White oak 2 Shrub Stratum Cornus florida Flowering dogwood 4 Lindera benzoin Spicebush 3 Tsuga, canadensis Hemlock 3 Quercus prinus Chestnut oak 3 Vtburnum acerifolium Maple-leaved viburnum 3 Quercus alba White oak 2 Hamamelis virciniana Witch hazel 2 Nyssa sylvatica Black gum 2 Liriodendron tulipifera Yellow-poplar 2 Ostrva virciniana Ironwood 2 Prunus avium Sweet cherry 2 Amelanchier sp. Serviceberry 2 Quercus rubra Northern red oak 2 Prunus serotina Black cherry 2 Acer rubrum Red maple 2 Quercus velutina Black oak 2 Ground Stratu.t Acer rubrum Red maple 3 Quercus prinus Chestnut oak 2 Quercus velutina Black oak 2 Fraxinus americana White ash 2 Cornus florida Flewering dogwood 2 2 -, 8 22'

TABLE 9 (Continued) Relative Abundance (a) Scientific !!ame Colloculal IIame Ground Stratum Prunus serotina Black cherry 2 Castanea dentata American chestnut 2 Carva tomentosa Mockernut hickory 2 Rhus radicans Poison-ivy 2 Polystichum acrostichoides Christmas fern 2 Eupatorium rucosum White snakeroot 2 Parthenocissus cuincuefolia Virginia creeper 2 Rubus occidentalis Black raspberry 2 (a) Key: 1 - Very infrequent; 2 - infrequent; 3 - co= men; 4 - frequent; 5 - very frequent 23 Il4 23

TABLE 10 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN A DISTURBED SERAL FOREST, SEPTE>lBER 1977 Relative Abundance (a) Scientific Name Colloquial Nare Canopy /Subcanopy Stratum Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust 5 A11anthus altissima Tree-of-heaven 3 Prunus sp. Wild cherry 3 Rhus tvnhina Staghorn sumac 2 Luclans nicra Black walnut 2 ~ Acer necundo Boxelder 2 Shrub Stratum Robinia pseudoacacia Black locusc 2 Prunus sp. Wild enerry 2 Cornus florida Flowering dogwcod 2 Lindera benzoin Spice bush 2 Ligustrum vulgare Privet 2 Vitis sp. Wild grape 2 Ground stratum Pilea pumila Clearweed 5 Unknown Sterile grass 4 db Polyconum punctatum Smartweed 4 Gleccma hederacea Ground-ivy 4 Viola sp. Violet 3 Polyconum hydropiperoides Mild water-paper 3 Polygonum scandens False buckwheat 3 Boehmeria cylindrica False nettle 3 Panicum sp. Panic-grass 3 Cc=melina cccmunis Apiatic dayflower 3 Solidaco rugosa Rough-stemmed goldenrod 3 Phytolacca americana Pokeweed 2 Carex sp. Sedge 2 Acalvpha virginica Three-seeded mercury 2 g Rhus radicans Poison-ivy 2 Verbena hastata Blue vervain 2 -Geum canadensis Avens 2 (a) Key: 1 - Very infrequent; 2 - infrequent; 3 - common; 4 - frequent; Ub 5 - very frequent 2~3 iib 2t

TAJ5LE 11 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN OLD FIELDS, SEPTEMBER 1977 Relative Scientific Name Colocuial Name Abundance (a) Ground Stratum Setaria ceniculata Foxtail 5 Melilotus spp. Sweet-clover 5 Solidago altissima Tall goldenrod 5 Acrostis stolonifera Red-top 4 Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Ox-eye daisy 3 Cirsium arvense Canada thistle 3 Desmedium sp. Tick-trefoils 3 Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common hogweed 3 Daucus carota Queen Anne's-lace 3 Aster pilosus Pilese aster 3 Solidaco graminifolia Grass-leaved goldenrod 2 Solidaco rugosa Rough-ste=med goldenrod 2 s Erigeron annuus Daisy fleabane 2 Lonicera jaoonica Japanese honeysuckle 2 Rubus allegheniensis Blackberry 2 Carex sp. Sedge 2 Triedia flava Tall redtcp 2 Solidaco juncea Early goldenrod 2 Phytolacca americana Pokeweed 2 Betula nicra River-birch 2 Achillea millefolium Common yarrow 2 Oenothera biennis Evening primrose 2 Fracaria virginiana Wild strawberry 2 Verbesina alternifolia Wingstem 2 Hypericum spp. St. John's wort 2 Rhus radicans Poison-ivy 2 Platanus cccidentalis Sycamore 2 Oxalis sp. Woodsorrel 2 Geum sp. Avens 2 Solanum carolinense Horsenettle 2 Eupatorium perfoliatum Boneset 2 Polygonum punctatum Smartweed 2 Polvconum pennsvivanican Pennsylvania smartweed 2 Polyconum sagittatum Arrew-leaved Tearthumb 2 Rumex sp. Dock 2 Apocynum sp. Indian hemp 2 Phalaria arundinacea Reed canary grass 2 Verbascum thopsus Commen mullein 2 25 25 \\\\ ~

TABLE 11 (Continued) Relative Scientific Name Coleculal Name Abundance (a)~ Ground Stratum Impatiens biflora Spotted touch-me-not 2 Euphorbia maculata Wartweed 2 Setaria virides Foxtail grass 2 Taraxacum officinale Dandelion 2 (a) Key: 1 - Very infrequent; 2 - infrequent; 3 - common; 4 - frequent; 5 - very frequent 2j \\ 26'

TABLE 12

SUMMARY

OF PREOPERATIONAL VEGETATION STRESS CONDITIONS Host Species Disease or Agent Insect Related Silver maple (Acer saccharinum) Red leaf gall, leaf gall River birch (Betula nicra) Fall webworm Bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis) Leaf gall Hickory (Carya sp.) Fall webworm Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) Leaf gall, witches broom White ash (Fraxinus americana) Leaf gall, fall webworm Black walnut (Juglans nigra) Fall webworm Black cherry (Prunus serotina) Gall mite, tent caterpillar, fall webworm White oak (Quercus alba) Leaf gall Staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina) Fall webworm Goldenrod (Solidago sp.) Crown gall American elm (Ulmus americana) Woolly aphid, fall webworm Wild grape (Vitis sp.) Leaf gall, Japanese beetle Disease Related Boxelder (Acer negundo) Leaf spot Silver =aple (Acer saccharinum) Leaf spot Aster (Aster praealtus) Leaf rust Aster (Aster simplex) Powery mildew Pignut hickory (Carya ovalis) Leaf spot Joe-Pye weed (Eupatorium fistulosum) Pcwdery mildew Ash (Fraxinus sp.) Anthracnose Spotted touch-me-not (Impatiens Anthracnose biflora Black walnut (Juglans nigra) Anthracnose Spice bush (Lindera bencoin) Anthracnose Yellow-poplar (Lirlodendron Anthracncse tulipifera) Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) Mosaic virus Plantain (Plantago major) Pcwdery mildew Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) Anthracnose Apple (Pyrus malus) Apple scab Swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor) Anthracnose Blackberry (Rubus allecheniensis) Orange rust Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea) Orange rust Goldenrod (Solidago sp.) Powdery mildew Red clover (Trifolium pratense) Peadery mildew Common Mullein (Verbascum thapsis) Pcwdery mildew Vervain (Verbena urticifolia) Pcwdery mildew Wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia) Pcwdery mildew y \\\\S

TABLE 12 l Continued) Wheat (Triticum aestivum_) Wheat smut Corn (Zea mays) Corn smut Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Tobacco etch virus Watermelon (Citrullus vulcaris) Powdery mildew Abiotic Injury Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) Frost White pine (Pinus strobus) Oxidant pollution Corn (Zea mays) Moisture stress Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Moisture stress (a)Taken from Woodward-Envicen, Inc. 1974. Preoperation Survey Final Report for Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Units 1 and 2 Terrestrial Environmental Studies. Woodward-Envicon, Inc., Clifton, NJ. S 2', \\\\9 28

9 TABLE 13 inse of Various Ornamental Plants To Sea Water Spray (d) ,P Pl. growing at Horticulture Farm #1, Rutgers University, spi 1 with undiluted sea water on three consecutive days. O Ret .n t Pachysandra terminalis Osmanthus ilicifolia Ilex opaca Buxus sempervirens Aesculus parviflora Euonymus alatus Enkianthus campanulatus Viburnum rhytidochyllum Prunus laurocerasus Cedrus atlantica glauca Cotoneaster salisifolia Pinus strobus Ligustrum vulgare nanum Pinus sylvestris Ligustrum obtusifolium Pinus thunbergi regelianum Pinus nigra Myrica pennsylvanica Juniperis horizontalis Abelia x grandiflora plumosa Taxus bacatta repandens Juniperis chinensis Taxus media Hicksi' pfitzeriana Larix decidua Elaegnus angustifolia Morus alba } Sensitive Franklinia alatamaha Vaccunium pennsylvanica Clethra alnifolia angustifolium Stewartia ovata Cornus mas grandiflora Cornus kousa Cotoneaster horizontalis Syringa vulgaris Pyracantha coccinia Rhus aromatica Forsythia x intermedia Acer palmatum Magnolia virginiana atropurpureum Ilex verticellata Betula pendula Crataegus phaenopyrum Ginko biloba Albizia julibrissin Sorbus aucuparia rosea Gleditsia tricanthos Ailanthus altissima Cercis canadensis Very Sensitive (c) Cornus florida Vaccinium corymbosum ^ Cotoneaster adpressa Camosis radicans praecox Kolreuteria caniculata Rhus alabra Malus sp. Platanus acerfolia pyramidalis (a) Resistant - No damage. (b) Sensitive -40% of the leaf injured. (c) Very Sensitive - Over 40% of the leaf injured. (d) Taken from DeVine, J. C., Jr. 1974. The Porked River program, a case study in salt watc; cooling. GPU Service Corporation, Parsippany, New Jersey. 97 19 29 c)

9 APPENDIX 0 NRC TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS AERIAL REMOTE SENSING 3.1.2.b Terrestrial O 3.1. 2. b. (1) Aerial Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring Requirement Vegetation communities of the site and vicinity shall be g aerially photographed annually to detect and assess the significance of damage, or lack thereof, as related to cooling tower drift dispersions. Photography shall be done g by aerial overflight. Aerial photography shall be conducted once per year during late summer or early fall. Timing of g aerial photography and ground truthing should be selected ta coincide with periods of maximum predicted drift deposition damage, preferably from July 15 to September 15, meteorological g conditions permitting. Monitoring will be in accordance with the Procedures prepared g by the licensee per Section 5.5 and will include a program of low altitude true and false color aerial photography (either color infrared photography or multispectral or multiband e photography) along with the associated on-the-ground verifica-tion program. The scale for full coverage shall be adequate to enable identification of vegetative damage over relatively O small areas of terrain. Some circumstances may warrant 30 23 }2j O

9 inspection of photognaphs discerning individual trees. Such e scale should be in the interval between 1:1000 and 1:10,000 as appropriate to resolve impacted features. 9 Photographic interpretations shall correlate data from ground truthing and ground inspection surveys and drift modeling with areas of stress and non-stress, as seen on the photographs for purposes of verification of results and interpretation. Ground truthing surveys shall cover, but not be limited to, the first two years of the aerial photographic monitoring program. This surveillance program shall commence at initial attainment of normal operation of Unit 2 and shall be continued for at least two years. At the enc. of two years the licensee may request modification or termi nation of this monitoring requirement per Subsection 5.7.1. 6 Action Description of the program, results, and interpretive analyses of environmental impacts shall be reported in accordaace g with Subsection 5.6.1. Results reported shall contain information encompassing but not limited to: sampling date; g time of day; film type (s ) ; spectral band (s); and one (1) set of resultant color photographs or color slide transpa::encies encompassing an area approximately one kilometer (1 kn) from g the radius of the Unit 2 tower to be filed with the Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation. 23 122 31 9

O Bases O The environmental assessments, as defined in the FES-OL of 1972 (Section V.C.l.a) and the Supplement to the FES-OL of the 1976 (Sections 5. 5.1 and 6. 5) determined that impacts to surrounding vegetative communities may result from the operation of Three Mile Island Nuclear Station cooling towers. The Atomic Safety and Licensing Board determined in g its Initial Decision, dated December 20, 1977, (page 88 ff.) that the programs to monitor the possible impacts of cooling g tower operation should include true and f alse color aeri al photography and the associated on-the-ground verification p rogram, and shall continue ~or at least two years following g the onset of Unit 2 operation. Impacts may occur due to cooling tower drift deposition causing vegetative stress. Reconnaissance and aerial photographic inspection of biota g in the drift field is a suitable means for detection of possible adverse effects of drift. g Such adverse ef fects may most often be associated with either episodic high level dosages of chlorine or chronic low level chlorine dosages. Aerial photography will monitor e and record the presence or absence of vegetative effects due to cooling tower drift deposition. O 32 0

D-";; d W J 3 % ~ ' n j. a.- . c s.; g'. g. % w Ns g% 1

t..

f <..N f. 37 g /\\ W/ a g(g ; s gm a>p(q r. = s Q@,%,_nqu L .. v - mr - ~ 7 - Y.' ~ .f* .;h A Q ~s ,b C'1 H;v<h p 'y R "3 1 < V a,eR 'N. St 4W3 2 ,i +QiM@p 1 ]' l':Q3RQ Q> e;{9%a z. - A. wpm y e - y y,?! $ s?+h ss m A s $fff ~ y}W}6'N,y, .. f 1R ,.,h -Tcy b tt k\\ . 'N fh?$,$hl>; Q ~ 20T \\ W Y h, c,[ e , #~'I m, m. c .,gl!!g.)i !b \\[g Y,L F. ! [T' 5 ;; t c <~ 1 eN,jll{ 5 ? f u t,

I c

'N, '#ded.[ ./ [. f f ' ll p.- e . f. ' ll kj kb p i /.,. 1 ,jl y. x+..j.f ,z n s }_ gq s

/

h ? 4,+ f, p n i-j 5 5 33

~~}~3 -{ [~ &b ^ ,,bk. N ~ 1 ~d. n Nx ) ~~ , '4 - y , f n s '> _ p.) ly,, W '*, n /;, Klg,f,;,, 'r%.s ' ' q.~2 s ,./ g ,s w-, q me.s f J p j 7, pg # , JO ' } s-K 'n- / g' g , q' m.,~ b r % Q'p, p l+l' zu " g ; QA y %(. " < < A Re,Y$l 5 ' 's"-k \\ " 'lf, i / [; ' ',5-d L r %,k 'M'Q f .] p~ ( n, / g -s *i :y (w., <r W - s /~L \\ - o /Wan 6-< g\\ w QSy g, %m$w ,f .*f .~ s- \\ V a p ,l'k..s I{ hj f & y _[* e.- ' * ~ ' n;5 A M~~ ' ~ e ,w } l t k,, \\ y)g, N st.g t g,x. g% I>kn* ~, m ~ 4 7:^y;~, ;-a.pil b> o y, v. t s sL ,hu- >J.. : 'en. f ( D/ f; - r.s 6. ppl c! a y, e -a-d f i) n ~,, n fr = fl*."<f } '};- Yl s'). ,l \\ D '. y' s 'mA ~ m, n u. + \\ y ;)lm' L f., yl=y?)., ( f,QfQ~.-&

(*

p mlQ m w.

w p

7.-y,ry. g .a ) ,' /g%, fp[* 3 y O I y' - [, /,, p 1 G. d', i \\j ., y>, /,G ,,C n , go [\\ p 7e' \\ /y k [#' 'A/ bd m '[ N '" s y' nM "}4 ,f s C . Y, s . ?: w ,s c .s sn (\\. ~ J,n, # 4 ~V e - g{ 1.,. ,\\ ,s/, - ' 3 { p m, N. [ 1 s s-4+ ( c o \\.~_ ,( / e ( lq m . '/ 3 J n <j v / y _y \\

c..... i

,, \\ !*f + p.?w% *L ri' ,...C ~ ^ ,) gyN-~n ~7. b',f. E g' & n Q,)s,g% s ' s y,{;_g. A., s w _p +\\ 9-1 y +,,ff (e ^{ /; an

gf-C r

• p,,

V \\ U sc..* N,g -%q ~/ "-m M'K(' jf,jf t 8 4 / 'i f h-s o L.. J 'l O r., p 4 x ~] j !gkk ' l}}?[k ~ [?-. N~ s* "1 /' e-8 i /o L x, n. s. - \\.C 6 f. 1\\ g-~ ,m% N ),, h ' g'" \\ E .e

• \\

"" taa A. g w . i.,r /. X. L.. U Fw LEGEND UMBER AND CEN R i """*""~M~"'M"'"""*'*r POINT LOCATIONS FOR TRUE COLOR PHCTOS FIGURE I INDEX TO PHOTOGRAPHY THREE MILE ISLAND AND VICINITY AUGUST 23.1978 N L-J b LD

7; '. 5-Q ,;; ;

• Q [ T' Wy h?]l' ky f h

~ (e u p u c e'qvt_ t. 'W [' i' T. \\i\\ \\ (. i =~ k \\, f( ( : g -[, h ': S $ ~ ~ g' % p. t.; g ,Wg %. y

/ q-3

$. c.,,, 9,x g f,aQi{; k'.4*

• O V

' :% q & 4, ag)s, 4 gQ>f :x]' f;Wh.3 mg[ s ~ :. f53% f. 9 h'T2 Ijd" p$g 3% 9, fc y

y,np x

p N J7 ). t w 'bh, f fbj]

L l '}.

NQ 3 Agh!m 2, h. h G.n T}hy):":n'c,f,- .. + CQ. n o s ,e I hi Y I \\ SLI );&pq'q.,Q:: s, f n z.,d'8 M3 [

• p~'

i;[/ .= w ,h qY q[j, l x

p c.n; 8 E?C XN

,s. .g L < d\\', 'l' j. "' y + r#c1 j %4.r,' 5:h,n'lj'.f'; j'il}

')

g o n k& ' II -0 ' f

l l l,1,l.

1 N)! J- ~_ n.sg x Nfd 2 ? QJg&1[% c e nm 34

\\'#' - iH ? >/0, h 'l% 1 ) ,/ ,. :. m /' s 4 F d5 nr w A q t 1 ~ ' U-y o. " 5 ; z y _ ., ay, y g ( 9 ~',[ q [ 97g;- ~ g f* Y ~ ..sf y ,/ [ D. 3 ' car \\ ' % 1 hh> ' " k ph, ' U M ( M,!... M M ] [ y ((kg i .,. g; .~ t* " ' / ,A ( 4 T* / g g

y. +

4o nhy y-* A W s %W e 4 e .} .") ) 'e [ '].4 j ) [ /oY [ Y -^ d} $N

• l E

!) \\ / 'R ? ,, / y 7, .g \\ ~ / c. ) 'y yl s ~ hw ..h .U.d. y,Q ,Jl/- d[' ' O ~' ~ i L,, (ytgo \\'

• ^

X m,y'/ '; I 7 ,G ~,, N,N sg t c t', ~, O d .f }) .~ g ['.r 'g. f -. i, l g ,y/ 3 p' j

M do

?\\ / w .h /7 f ' f~ nX*}' (,, ',/ ~ UW (' \\ *. y \\ i W, ' f() i,s* ()tW - /. / y 'l - ([;< Q.,(<M,y.by }y O. \\ s ', y' ', ( Y '1 \\ W \\y it ; \\L' p y' 4.-. p #z,)- j ,,t ~> . >i p ( s s ( J. j 1 / .,,A #s,' ) ,/ o. - y / ,=,(u A * '~ c,/ ' ;,./* ) gy ( ,( Q , Qt909 y 4-o,, o-3 \\ s, y L- \\ \\,,*..\\ n e :: -'v ) -f/* q), N,' h(4o-v n - / h I / ;.' y c'h ) /, N /, t / .c .\\ (. E.'?f* ? - .J 1 0' '*\\-_ i[Q .J. ch f y Ih\\f W

• ~

- { 2 ;.... Iy, _ .(. L,. w,s., (g%s -. ~. - e .y p u==*r** r 6 d.Np .,,..m,._ r. A 'h*. -f.' j - l'P/. qW,- s p- '.(N \\ 4 d ( % (t- ):'33 N /*= C e [ '*~,/ )n'li g ~ 3 s.q _ ~.~}E / lf cl - q ** t , \\> ' ( ? l { g v 2 s'p. 5 '.yp A, _,e., Q ' ~} 7 ~ .e t ...o ,) \\f '.. fx 's w t - s.. ,a" R 4. [', j* N. 4.s 3s y=a LEGEND C 98-192 PHOTOGRAPH FRAME 20,00 0 2000 40,00 6000 FEET NUMBER AND CENTER N POINT LOCAT.ONS FOR INFRARED PHOTOS FIGURE 2 4 INDEx TO PHOTOGRAPHY THREE MILE ISLAND AND VICINITY N AUGUST 23,1978

f -m s v -; i ?y-, f 1 3 d ~

o. g' a.s. y 4 '. h 'i~.'

N.y,'/. ,5-g n g j q s. s_'_ _, E' - 4 ) t s ( s% f l %==,,,,. 1"t k w ,/ r' I - (. Y \\ .td' } /" 1 e. g } \\ \\,' /

• ' ~

l N r"? ,\\ l,.,. / .[* 4 s i \\ 'b \\, ./ 4? f \\ ? //;. ,b : ,- s. y + / 4 - p ',,. J.' l h, ' / ) '. l.- L. ,,/ f 1i; s e _ \\ 7 3 i zu t ,{ 4- .1 r 1 t / s f,I s .' ~, c. \\

- ~

~ \\ 43' ,' r /( f .x / 's s. -i,. .1 s;' s /. / ~ 9 +,,,, y'

++A

/ \\ I, 4 f/", - N N' i h4 .Mia,v% ['Q.le' e s 7. n '.~.J 'c m i r l '6' s , s.v s s / t SN ~ r, c' - g > \\ a' { 3 3 Y A s y gY{W^, ' ..--- ~ - e f 2, A n.

j...

\\ g 7 ?,. . no

,. 1 6 p.,

pl 'x, <r f, (_ a' y g *,. h' e .a ,-'~ ..f,, A 4 , 4.4 N,C 6

R l'*l Q

~. ' i t I. ,4 ? M:i,1.Q,N,<.: 3, .NLJ-T -, 9.7. f,. .- i; l -).

1. [ @g.',...< ec, g g.,d;'.

,j R q ', Of

(

y - ;q > J% .O a., e .i . V,$,'f'WU ".u d3 ~ in

1. j 9 i

B ',>../ s I'l 'P j >l CL - y- , ', ~ g- - - - & x _ -[. Nb.,L \\ h , '< l w ., ~ > ~.. J. ,"rf ,9;. g .t..- 3

• r
• y 8

l e <m l l} l _r ,) l. / f, 8 g g / "[ l [* t ./

=

s a ? l ~ / \\ \\ i \\ s is 6 { .A m ' - t ') g 4 A, x. e f / /,' \\ s s a 8, s s./, 'l / .x i s 4 (. 7 '1 /.l* ( . ~ ^ .. /.,, 4 h i 4 3 f*~ /. 7x~ / r

• 1 l

T, / .'9}, j,.*. fD$$ '-[/ / I c, o f .( s i g n\\.a. 1.m,. e t . \\. , ~, i T ') U 'C L) 35

) ~ i I C

h Y

>3 .\\ /2 h' i Y L~) &,. R q,7 v! w ff , %:q ~> G' ~ \\,

s. '

- K di m, x2.'d...- '.., _,.. _ _ _ ~ i-4 ; .i s si r i . q cs .y A .1 .q ~ s 2 i 1 t: :. f > e i i / v 'y \\ l t \\\\ N 1q7 ^; 1 , ~ ", -n N + . ~ a s g w ..e f a i f i ,! r -[ g ' P " r?> f / s. s g ~ ' 37 ', -,j., ;. m G_ ., (<- (. - / /. / ) s., i, j I. .s.- [. p f.p;,'? ~i r 3 ,, -, ). X;3 i 3 e.,. 3 x q ' g s v. -t y. N. o s 4.

• e.

k. 3' }[ c" g j g\\ j p- %.s g' i s' 1 .g.

g;;

'/ i ' F' \\ '\\ q m--- s . - \\ ;s '~13, 1 ,t L s.: i t,a r; s 1 $. p+.\\. s.. '. s s t. m i / s. ) s i . 4 w_. a. 5 . t

• j'

\\ i,, 6 ~ x ' i s qs - g \\ .\\ 4 \\ i q. s /f' s^ e N i

g s

" )\\ ~' '~ n y ~ ( y 'q., s. f ~;* i s s s (} '. J ( \\;, w (s, t i i a v s ,1 /4' ,/ .s 3 e ) s i ~.~(< s ' i s' \\s j of ) ~~;\\ o ,. \\c^c. _ / y.

{

y p f k s \\' - / g '^ F.-. v s x s s l. l \\ . ' n N,, u

<ywr 3

s. - \\[ Q \\' 1 t 3 ~ \\ / ,l' ( \\ I \\ / ,">g ..s l _ /? " ^ "nA l \\ r g. ~ LEGEND y m L sj URBAN AND BUILT-UP L AND L wy CROPLAND 2000 0 .5 00 4000 6000 FEET ~ m e i i e i N FASTURE AND ABANDONED CROPL AND FIGURE 3 g SHRUB L AND VE G E T ATIO N MAP OF THREE MILE ISLAND Ja d FOREST LAND AND VICINITY 1977. -E=4 WATER

p. 7 J.. .{ 't I l= x ',(. 4.- +~~, ' w x ? i. -( ~ 1. 'Z f s. K I ,\\ T& ls 3 's n',,4 ,,. l 4 s ~~,;- w/ i ({ / ' s, 4s, I / p (,n ,f I ) n. (,s ~h / j f \\f I / \\ T] /# i .} N# / ./ / \\i '\\ g Y* v / L Y - ( s s ! >/ r s L (. 't

• ~

J %f' a, /, .t ,1 g w q, ~ j ~ 4,o ,l. a + ' e-A \\ l O i w-s ' / P*w I. j, / gj N J l w nw l f 4 N k ea s s I ~.-

• \\

~ c n 2 s' lf.,:3 ~,, > g w

• ]L y

.i ' f 7 i %, g. (. - {< r j 3 W

• p..

w .n, y, w2'e. a ?c. y t ,.!P s, g p ', a f, ,gm k N S \\ N g% % H w -k m' g j' g 1

• O

=~~~~~~#a G an - / ,a g H f 1 .t ,s/ ,, ~ 'V i-.. o o -e a L g' e, fq'+_f + I e* f i

k

% i l c ,i N N N i c. er / S p ./s .] e,4l t t [ 1. + j )

• -,7 llf

/ \\ \\ /_ ff a::. \\ t, \\,. \\ ) l ,/ i :] p 'f. \\ .l, ?,,:41 >y l .~,r / '^ x i., ~ t ~ s. ,.- t ,..a \\, ( /,' E

$$.)l

.',4 ' ( t- , s [,, ~,y ' / \\.g ( 4 -.1 k, g'....',- y- -m 1-g \\< 25 i n1 5 36

,--'./ \\ - \\. t. I f - s ~8 i e \\ g' l Elk + f _. ' s-. 4-- ** ! - I I,,5 ; I 3\\ Og k ll >/ l gd(i , g 0, / , a i Pih v, 3 v g f', - h w5 g ,a- --(( , { 15j \\ / EIO / s

,I t.

s. Q: ~> ,,..g .'h g (% -'y N Eli 4*- ' '[g~#,l, i

• ' [

b PBS i U, l .g E r--- g \\ 3 l g l s [.. \\ w6 \\. 7 y, g ,a I II6 i g i ( ' h 1, g i + Ns N d s I s i 8

• P,2n 9 I

g p3 " ~ '. - s\\.'. -/ s .t-z u,,.. s i ~'K S E t2 ~.

y. y i

[ \\. Vgg\\ A. E13 1 .,P-1 - N %.. t - Wic i s ) y N N. ~ s e s \\ i s s s i. Eld 1 4 i s s W8 s i X s s / Eic e >g,,.. - --s _.1 y ~ l 't 3 s g N \\ 's N y,, - -,- 1 N , y* N = s\\ y - s s \\ ~, \\ ,p ' (~ x w 6 ~ .t .:Q s M, Y N t f \\ t s 5, 3 , 3 / I' \\ \\. ,\\ m., A E 4 y 7 - ' \\ x,- ( r s. s r , s i s ,i ) s 9 s, 1 ( -x t. ~./ s s y N u U LEGEND A ' h' -u, + l.- 7 M AINL AND TRANSECTS 2000 0, 2000 40,00 60,00 FEET l l4 a s

---

ISLAND TRANSECTS M

1 Il -I 7 FIGURE 4 9 POINT OBSERVATIONS LOCATION OF 1977 FIELD STUOY PI-P12 TRANSECTS AND GROUND OBSERVATIONS THREE MILE ISLAND AND VICINITY

7 7 ppy r y g 9 &, hi ') fl \\ g, ~- a l%. i r- '~,( k \\ f- ?, }:" 1 [ ( 7 r \\ n \\ /a,. r, f t o: ,l / j' a y / \\a, i '.. / r?, 'q f ~ ~-r' rf y... - .r-z ,, l'. $N_, I,' ,g~g N

1. 84 I,

O k. '*

• 1 1

~ 7N= J. i N I \\ {, f [ N ./ \\ . T. \\k 1 \\ 'k ..s ' ,q p, s n) s y v, t o.., / 4 -< + =. \\l /b, '. ss s, t 's ,p-O / C]- ,v 1 h N D O, (\\ l -- y. ,L7 s, // 1 ? g is I l D s.: ~s s ~ O u

_.= a-== m t

D jr

}

Q f ., a r f$,1 e,, e

== L 9 i. [' r* ,y . - F . i c. s % 1 s ~r $~

o3 dd vp go

,f _Y , = =

• O

}pe

==dr**-' duk --y' .0 ', y [f fa } oQ ,\\. I } . f /,: v .e a x

o v n,x c

3 V c',,' / .I y , ~. -. ' s' s :'," ? ~ ~',- .s %g, 1 j. 1 e -Q i 9 ' p 's }. ..( p

1.

a o .* 4. % 4 / L, % g ~3;- j' ,q F(, ') ', s o 9 p b 1 ,1 h d ..,4,f.. [ l W ( A ,,j'j '/ y f'_* \\ .,), p-l -r y'< y ; )':, t! >? k,.. \\. J'yf \\ ,,\\ j,Ay, ) 3,'e ; - m of._ j y _f - r l \\. \\ vl,1 ' s 6 ma.s, a /./ i + s 23 132 37

o '\\ g,. ,y ' ' v \\ f* J. Y 0 -I 1 S $' m!*y L., ).,. s + ?,, dn ,,g \\g p., - %,<',V ( .G s ,(%x } *9, y, }: vr 'g r / \\ r; - c ,. %* /-N. '- g + ~ ,k .l 0 \\, / f,.yf ^ hp e'* 'O r , I;'% ,7 .,-/F < ': :. S= O f[ \\ ';9, D. 1 s'., u,_ I f-$ -'~ f ".F ./ i t u- = o y, + --./ n; .w s1 /. x .s 'q, -. pe o _.sf.. w ~,< y.- ) / t / 6g s Qt 4 ~. f i. e, - .,p f': f 1, g;W - /. -ri / e g p. . g,. - o %,.C ,3 1 [ l 'y -s.\\' %I, &. %l*l/ - < q, ' f~.Q -f h,' K 'L , y' ' Q t.,4 - x, A.i ) ~ \\ f~ V'_ _\\. ,g, ;;_ 4x (,,. 9 gi-' ,gs 38% g .. ~ i s <., w.. Nw -* q,..-, s 4 f s s - s '-t o -( x cp o t- _i t -.,- / . }~ s. ~ .2 'N 2 : ~N.._ 4 (s s .\\, f. ,a g. g s

g

,4 4 j u xc o i-yg g. I "i * \\ / A; r y [) g p .. :, -O g ^ A. _. + 'y g = \\;- 4 . v 3- \\ x ".=, n ' s (,,.u., s- \\ .,~ \\'.. ]- ',\\ f ' A., gf s-1 s j x,. - i \\ p s i e \\ T s t , n x,, N 3 Y, \\. wg s f 'A s i l 3 y / 9,, / e t y i )] ( e ^ %g, ~ /,* 'f ~ q_' \\%r t- ' v. N. y, ' \\ h - } a - 2 7-i - ~ .,f 4 ^ 'T }, ^', N I'Y? ~ t N c o y o 1 e s r v. x. s sh.. f i e f s Y) ?.(/ I * / ,7 ' N _ p-x-s g s VI V4 i l .] LOCO T LEAF MINER 2000 0 2000 4000 6000 FEET J FIGURE 5 DISTRIBUTION OF VEGETATION STRESS THREE MILE ISLAND AND VICINITY AU GUST,1978}}