ML18023A339
| ML18023A339 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Clinch River |
| Issue date: | 01/23/2018 |
| From: | US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4 |
| To: | Office of New Reactors |
| Fetter A | |
| References | |
| Download: ML18023A339 (1) | |
Text
91° 90° 89° 88° 87° 86° 85° 84° 83° 82° 81° 80° 79° 78° 77° 76° 75° 92° 91° 90° 89° 88° 87° 86° 85° 84° 83° 82° 81° 80° 79° 26° 27° 28° 29° 30° 31° 32° 33° 34° 35° 36° 37° 38° 39° 24° 25° 26° 27° 28° 29° 30° 31° 32° 33° 34° 35° 36° 37° 65 45 64 67 66 69 70 55 55 71 71 71 66 66 63 63 72 72 54 39 73 73 73 73 35 65 74 75 40 37 75k 65e 68b 68c 68d 68a 71g 71h 71f 67f 68d 71j 67f 68d 68e 67g 65i 67f 67h 45d 68f 67g 67h 67h 45a 67h 45b 65p 65a 65a 65i 65b 65b 65a 65b 65b 65a 65b 65f 65f 45b 45i 45a 45c 65c 65l 45c 65p 65l 63h 45c 63n 63h 65p 63n 65c 63h 65l 65l 45b 63n 65l 63h 65p 63h 63n 65l 67g 67g 67f 45a 67h 67h 45b 67f 67g 45c 45c 65p 65p 75f 65p 45d 75i 75i 65k 65p 65h 75h 75i 75f 66e 66f 67g 67f 67g 67f 67h 67h 67h 68a 66d 68c 71g 71e 71h 67i 71f 66d 74b 74b 65e 71i 74a 73a 66g 66g 66g 66e 67i 74a 66e 67g 74a 75j 75j 75j 75j 65h 75d 75d 65f 75c 75c 75c 75c 75c 75b 75c 76a 76c 65p 66f 63b 63c 63d 63e 63n 65m 63d 63e 45f 63g 65p 45c 45e 45b 45g 63c 63b 63n 65p 63e 66d 66d 66c 45g 66m 66d 66k 66d 63n 63e 66l 45g 65p 66i 66i 63b 66e 63c 63n 66g 63h 63c 65p 66j 66l 65c 63b 63c 63c 66g 63c 65l 63g 63g 66j 66j 45g 45a 45c 63h 65p 66i 66i 66i 66i 63c 65p 63c 65l 63n 63c 66j 63n 63n 63c 63g 45f 63g 63g 63g 70b 65b 65b 65d 65p 65p 75i 75i 65f 75a 75i 75k 75k 75k 71d 71k 70d 70h 70f 71d 70g 69d 71l 71c 71b 71a 71a 72a 72c 72h 68c 71g 69e 71e 72a 74b 73a 45f 65c 65c 65j 65a 65b 45b 73d 73b 74a 65k 65d 65l 63h 73b 73d 45h 65k 73b 73d 65l 74a 73d 73d 65d 65l 65d 65b 65k 65r 65g 65g 65q 75f 65d 73a 74c 74a 65q 75e 65q 65f 75g 65o 73m 74a 75i 75i 65p 65p 65p 65p 65p 75a 75a 75i 75a 75a 75i 75a 75l 75l 75k 76b 76d 73k 73k 73b Baton Rouge Charleston Columbia Frankfort Jackson Montgomery Nashville Raleigh Richmond Tallahassee Aiken Albany Asheville Athens Atlanta Augusta Birmingham Boone Bowling Green Camden Charleston Charlotte Chattanooga Cincinnati Clarksville Crossville Dothan Durham Fayetteville Wilmington Gainesville Georgetown Greensboro Greenville Greenville Greenville Hattiesburg Hopkinsville Huntsville Jacksonville Knoxville Lancaster Lawrenceburg Lexington Louisville Macon McMinnville Memphis Miami Mobile Orangeburg Orlando Rome Saluda Savannah Spartanburg Tampa Tupelo Tuscaloosa West Point Winston-Salem Norfolk G u l f o f M e x i c o A t l a n t i c O c e a n 20 20 10 0
0 40 40 40 80 80 120 SCALE 1:2 000 000 Albers Equal Area Projection Level III Boundary Level IV Boundary State Boundary County Boundary 45 Piedmont 45a Southern Inner Piedmont
45b Southern Outer Piedmont 45c Carolina Slate Belt 45d Talladega Upland 45e Northern Inner Piedmont 45f
Northern Outer Piedmont 45g Triassic Basins 45h Pine Mountain Ridges 45i
Kings Mountain 63 Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain 63b Chesapeake-Pamlico Lowlands and Tidal Marshes 63c Swamps and Peatlands 63d Virginian Barrier Islands and Coastal Marshes 63e Mid-Atlantic Flatwoods 63g Carolinian Barrier Islands and Coastal Marshes 63h Carolina Flatwoods 63n Mid-Atlantic Floodplains and Low Terraces 65 Southeastern Plains 65a Blackland Prairie 65b Flatwoods/Blackland Prairie Margins 65c Sand Hills 65d Southern Hilly Gulf Coastal Plain 65e Northern Hilly Gulf Coastal Plain 65f
Southern Pine Plains and Hills 65g Dougherty Plain 65h Tifton Upland 65i
Fall Line Hills 65j
Transition Hills 65k Coastal Plain Red Uplands 65l
Atlantic Southern Loam Plains 65m Rolling Coastal Plain 65o Tallahassee Hills/Valdosta Limesink 65p Southeastern Floodplains and Low Terraces 65q Buhrstone/Lime Hills 65r
Jackson Prairie 66 Blue Ridge 66c New River Plateau 66d Southern Crystalline Ridges and Mountains 66e Southern Sedimentary Ridges 66f
Limestone Valleys and Coves 66g Southern Metasedimentary Mountains 66i
High Mountains 66j
Broad Basins 66k Amphibolite Mountains 66l
Eastern Blue Ridge Foothills 66m Sauratown Mountains 67 Ridge and Valley 67f
Southern Limestone/Dolomite Valleys and Low Rolling Hills 67g Southern Shale Valleys 67h Southern Sandstone Ridges 67i
Southern Dissected Ridges and Knobs 68 Southwestern Appalachians 68a Cumberland Plateau 68b Sequatchie Valley 68c Plateau Escarpment 68d Southern Table Plateaus 68e Dissected Plateau 68f
Shale Hills 69 Central Appalachians 69d Dissected Appalachian Plateau 69e Cumberland Mountain Thrust Block 70 Western Allegheny Plateau 70b Monongahela Transition Zone 70d Knobs-Lower Scioto Dissected Plateau 70f
Ohio/Kentucky Carboniferous Plateau 70g Northern Forested Plateau Escarpment 70h Carter Hills 71 Interior Plateau 71a Crawford-Mammoth Cave Uplands 71b Mitchell Plain 71c Knobs-Norman Upland 71d Outer Bluegrass 71e Western Pennyroyal Karst Plain 71f
Western Highland Rim 71g Eastern Highland Rim 71h Outer Nashville Basin 71i
Inner Nashville Basin 71j
Little Mountain 71k Hills of the Bluegrass 71l
Inner Bluegrass 72 Interior River Lowland 72a Wabash-Ohio Bottomlands 72c Green River-Southern Wabash Lowlands 72h Caseyville Hills 73 Mississippi Alluvial Plain 73a Northern Holocene Meander Belts 73b Northern Pleistocene Valley Trains 73d Northern Backswamps 73k Southern Holocene Meander Belts 73m Southern Backswamps 74 Mississippi Valley Loess Plains 74a Bluff Hills 74b Loess Plains 74c Southern Rolling Plains 75 Southern Coastal Plain 75a Gulf Coast Flatwoods 75b Southwestern Florida Flatwoods 75c Central Florida Ridges and Uplands 75d Eastern Florida Flatwoods 75e Okefenokee Plains 75f
Sea Island Flatwoods 75g Okefenokee Swamps 75h Bacon Terraces 75i
Floodplains and Low Terraces 75j
Sea Islands/Coastal Marsh 75k Gulf Barrier Islands and Coastal Marshes 75l
Big Bend Coastal Marsh 76 Southern Florida Coastal Plain 76a Everglades 76b Big Cypress 76c Miami Ridge/Atlantic Coastal Strip 76d Southern Coast and Islands Map Source: USEPA, 2002 2
77 1
1 4
9 3
11 17 78 50 18 47 53 52 17 57 56 62 13 67 67 19 6
5 25 62 44 21 57 54 7
64 55 70 69 63 27 27 72 20 40 40 1
45 26 71 65 28 22 39 66 68 8
73 73 74 63 29 6
38 25 37 36 35 23 32 75 30 75 34 76 49 46 48 50 51 23 24 79 33 31 10 15 41 58 42 43 59 83 58 60 42 17 82 58 84 65 66 61 16 81 12 14 80 1 Coast Range 2 Puget Lowland 3 Willamette Valley 4 Cascades 5 Sierra Nevada 6 Southern and Central California Chaparral and Oak Woodlands 7 Central California Valley 8 Southern California Mountains 9 Eastern Cascades Slopes and Foothills 10 Columbia Plateau 11 Blue Mountains 12 Snake River Plain 13 Central Basin and Range 14 Mojave Basin and Range 15 Northern Rockies 16 Idaho Batholith 17 Middle Rockies 18 Wyoming Basin 19 Wasatch and Uinta Mountains 20 Colorado Plateaus 21 Southern Rockies 22 Arizona/New Mexico Plateau 23 Arizona/New Mexico Mountains 24 Chihuahuan Deserts 25 High Plains 26 Southwestern Tablelands 27 Central Great Plains 28 Flint Hills 29 Central Oklahoma/Texas Plains 30 Edwards Plateau 31 Southern Texas Plains 32 Texas Blackland Prairies 33 East Central Texas Plains 34 Western Gulf Coastal Plain 35 South Central Plains 36 Ouachita Mountains 37 Arkansas Valley 38 Boston Mountains 39 Ozark Highlands 40 Central Irregular Plains 41 Canadian Rockies 42 Northwestern Glaciated Plains 43 Northwestern Great Plains 44 Nebraska Sand Hills 45 Piedmont 46 Northern Glaciated Plains 47 Western Corn Belt Plains 48 Lake Agassiz Plain 49 Northern Minnesota Wetlands 50 Northern Lakes and Forests 51 North Central Hardwood Forests 52 Driftless Area 53 Southeastern Wisconsin Till Plains 54 Central Corn Belt Plains 55 Eastern Corn Belt Plains 56 Southern Michigan/Northern Indiana Drift Plains 57 Huron/Erie Lake Plains 58 Northeastern Highlands 59 Northeastern Coastal Zone 60 Northern Appalachian Plateau and Uplands 61 Erie Drift Plain 62 North Central Appalachians 63 Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain 64 Northern Piedmont 65 Southeastern Plains 66 Blue Ridge 67 Ridge and Valley 68 Southwestern Appalachians 69 Central Appalachians 70 Western Allegheny Plateau 71 Interior Plateau 72 Interior River Valleys and Hills 73 Mississippi Alluvial Plain 74 Mississippi Valley Loess Plains 75 Southern Coastal Plain 76 Southern Florida Coastal Plain 77 North Cascades 78 Klamath Mountains 79 Madrean Archipelago 80 Northern Basin and Range 81 Sonoran Basin and Range 82 Laurentian Plains and Hills 83 Eastern Great Lakes and Hudson Lowlands 84 Atlantic Coastal Pine Barrens Level III Ecoregions of the Conterminous United States Status of Ecoregion Revision and Subdivision Projects as of December 2004 Complete Draft In progress Planned LEVEL II 6.1 6.1 7.1 LEVEL I ECOLOGICAL REGIONS OF NORTH AMERICA 6
6 2
The names and identification numbers for level I and II ecological regions are given in CEC 1997.
Ecoregions denote areas of general similarity in ecosystems and in the type, quality, and quantity of environmental resources. They are designed to serve as a spatial framework for environmental resource management. Ecoregions are directly applicable to the immediate needs of state agencies, including the selection of regional stream reference sites, the development of biological criteria and water quality standards, and the establishment of management goals for nonpoint-source pollution. They are also relevant to integrated ecosystem management, an ultimate goal of many federal and state resource management agencies. This map depicts revisions and subdivisions of ecoregions, compiled originally at a relatively small scale (USEPA 2003, Omernik 1987). Compilation of this map, performed at the larger 1:250,000-scale, is part of several collaborative projects primarily between the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), the U.S.
Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), U.S. EPA Region IV, and state environmental resource agencies (Chapman et al. 2004, Griffith et al. 1994, 1998, 2001, 2002, Woods et al. 2002). Collaboration and consultation also occurred with other state and federal agencies, including the U.S. Forest Service and U.S. Geological Survey, in an effort to obtain consensus regarding alignments of ecological regions.
The approach used to compile this map is based on the premise that ecological regions can be identified through the analysis of the patterns and the composition of biotic and abiotic phenomena that affect or reflect differences in ecosystem quality and integrity.
These phenomena include geology, physiography, vegetation, climate, soils, land use, wildlife, and hydrology. The relative importance of each characteristic varies from one ecological region to another regardless of the hierarchical level. A Roman numeral hierarchical scheme has been adopted for different levels of ecological regions. Level I and Level II divide the North American continent into 15 and 52 regions, respectively (Commission for Environmental Cooperation 1997). At Level III, the continental United States contains 104 regions and the conterminous U.S. has 84 ecoregions (U.S. EPA 2003). Level IV is a further subdivision of the Level III ecoregions. Explanation of the methods used to define the ecoregions are given in Griffith et al. (1994, 1997, 2001),
Omernik (1995, 2000), and Gallant et al. (1989).
Regional collaborative projects such as these state efforts, where the goal is to reach consensus among resource management agencies, comprise a step in the direction of reaching the objectives of the Memorandum of Understanding for developing a common framework of ecological regions (McMahon et al. 2001). A common spatial framework would allow integrated ecosystem-type resource management across agencies having different responsibilities and interests for the same geographic areas. Reaching that objective requires recognition of the differences in the conceptual approaches and mapping methodologies that have been used to develop the most commonly used existing ecoregion-type frameworks, including those developed by the U.S. Forest Service (Bailey and others 1994), the U.S. EPA (Omernik 1987, 1995), and the NRCS (U.S. Department of Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service 1981). As each of these frameworks is further developed, the differences between them are becoming less. Collaborative projects at the state and regional level, where some agreement has been reached among multiple resource management agencies, are a step toward attaining consensus and consistency in ecoregion frameworks for the entire nation.
The purpose of this map of Level III and IV Ecoregions of EPA Region 4 is to: 1) highlight the current status and progress of ecoregion projects in the Southeast; 2) illustrate the hierarchical nature of the ecoregions; and 3) promote discussion and debate about the location of boundaries, level of consistency from state to state, and areas in need of revision. Some states, such as Florida, that had ecoregions delineated many years ago, are in need of further revisions to be consistent with more recent state projects in Region 4 and other parts of the U.S. Comments and suggestions should be addressed to Glenn Griffith, Dynamac Inc., c/o U.S. EPA, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, (541) 754-4465, email: griffith.glenn@epa.gov., or to James Omernik, USGS, c/o U.S. EPA - NHEERL, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, (541) 754-4458, email: omernik.james@epa.gov.
Literature Cited:
Bailey, R.G., P.E. Avers, T. King, and W.H. McNab (eds.). 1994. Ecoregions and subregions of the United States (map) (supplementary table of map unit descriptions compiled and edited by W.H. McNab, and R.G. Bailey). U.S. Department of Agriculture-Forest Service, Washington, D.C., scale 1:7,500,000.
Chapman, S.S., G.E. Griffith, J.M. Omernik, J.A. Comstock, M.C. Beiser, and D. Johnson. 2004. Ecoregions of Mississippi. (2 sided color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs). U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. Scale 1:1,000,000.
Commission for Environmental Cooperation. 1997. Ecological regions of North America: toward a common perspective. Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 71p.
Gallant, A.L., T.R. Whittier, D.P. Larsen, J.M. Omernik, and R.M. Hughes. 1989. Regionalization as a tool for managing environmental resources.
EPA/600/3-89/060. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 152p.
Griffith, G.E., J.M. Omernik, C.M. Rohm, and S.M. Pierson. 1994. Florida regionalization project. EPA/600/Q-95-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 83p.
Griffith, G.E, J.M. Omernik, T.F. Wilton, and S.M. Pierson. 1994. Ecoregions and subregions of Iowa: A framework for water quality assessment and management. The Journal of the Iowa Academy of Sciences 101(1):5-13.
Griffith, G.E., J.M. Omernik, and S.H. Azevedo. 1997. Ecoregions of Tennessee. EPA/600/R-97/022. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 51p.
Griffith, G.E., J.M. Omernik, and S.H. Azevedo. 1998. Ecoregions of Tennessee. (2 sided color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs). U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. Scale 1:940,000.
Griffith, G.E., J.M. Omernik, J.A. Comstock, and T. Foster. 2001. Ecoregions Georgia. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 48p.
Griffith, G.E., J.M. Omernik, J.A. Comstock, S. Lawrence, G. Martin, A. Goddard, V.J. Hulcher, and T. Foster. 2001. Ecoregions of Alabama and Georgia. (2 sided color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs). U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. Scale 1:1,700,000.
Griffith, G.E., J.M. Omernik, J.A. Comstock, M.P. Shafale, W.H. McNab, D.R. Lenat, J.B. Glover, and V.B. Shelburne. 2002.
Ecoregions of North Carolina and South Carolina. (2 sided color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs). U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. Scale 1:1,500,000.
McMahon, G., S.M. Gregonis, S.W. Waltman, J.M. Omernik, T.D. Thorson, J.A. Freeouf, A.H. Rorick, and J.E. Keys. 2001.
Developing a spatial framework of common ecological regions for the conterminous United States. Environmental Management 28(3):293-316.
Omernik, J.M. 1987. Ecoregions of the conterminous United States. Map Supplement (scale 1:7,500,000). Annals of the Association of American Geographers 77(1):118-125.
Omernik, J.M. 1995. Ecoregions: A spatial framework for environmental management. In: Biological Assessment and Criteria:
Tools for Water Resource Planning and Decision Making. W.S. Davis and T.P. Simon (eds.). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
pp. 49-62.
Omernik, J.M., S.S. Chapman, R.A. Lillie, and R.T. Dumke. 2000. Ecoregions of Wisconsin. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 88(2000):77-103.
U.S. Department of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service. 1981. Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States. Agriculture Handbook 296, 156 p.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003. Level III Ecoregions of the Continental United States, Map M-1 (revision of Omernik, 1987). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR Woods, A.J., J.M. Omernik, W.H. Martin, G.J. Pond, W.M. Andrews, S.M. Call, J.A. Comstock, and D.D. Taylor. 2002.
Ecoregions of Kentucky. (2 sided color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs). U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. Scale 1:1,000,000.
reg4_eco_ggDec04.ai 12/15/2004 Level III and IV Ecoregions of EPA Region 4