ML17174A648

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Tornado & Straight Wind Hazard Probability for Dresden Nuclear Power Reactor Site,Il
ML17174A648
Person / Time
Site: Dresden  
Issue date: 05/31/1980
From: Mcdonald J
TEXAS TECH UNIV., LUBBOCK, TX
To:
Shared Package
ML17174A647 List:
References
CON-NRC-04-76-345, CON-NRC-4-76-345, TASK-02-02.A, TASK-2-2.A, TASK-RR NUDOCS 8101070608
Download: ML17174A648 (27)
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Text

...

--.. e

.

  • TORNADO AND STRA-IGHT WIND HAZARD _**. *.. *.

PROBABILITY..

for**

. DRESDEN. NUCLEAR POWER REACTOR SITE, IWNOIS..

I

~.

by.

Jome~ R. McDonald, P.E.

Jns,tituteJor Drso.ster Research * *

.* -**.TEXAS. TECH*. UNIVERSITY * **.*.

. ~

...

    • .*.. _** 8101010 ***co.. v-.*

~.

TORNADO AND STRAIGHT WIND HAZARD PROBABILITY for

. DRESDEN NUCLEAR-POWER *REACTO~ SITE, ILLINOIS by James R:. McDonald, P.E.

  • Prepared. for.:* *
  • U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.*..... '.*

. Site Safety Research* Branch..

/.......

Otvision of ~e~ctor Saf~ty Research May, l980 Instiiuie fo;bi~aster Research Texas TecJr ynive~sity.. *

~--*--- ~; : :

FOREWQRD Hazard 'probability assessment* for tornadoes and other extreme winds

    • . *at th.e Dr.esden nu~lear p~wer reactor site ~re presented herein at the **

request of Robert F.. Abbey, Jr., Site S~fety Research Branch:, Divisi.bn of Reactor Safety Research, U.S. Nuclea_r Regulatory Corrimission.

The work is supported under NRC Contract NRC-04.;.76-345.* Principal Investi-

  • gator and* Project Manager for the Institute* for Disaster Research is

.James R; McDonal,d, P. E.

  • I.

INTRODUCTION The objecttve of this report is to assess tornado and straight wind probability hazards at tha Dresden nuclear_ power reactor s~te (See Figure 1). The hatard probability an~lyses are developed using

  • .storm records fro111 the geographical.region surrounding the site. Ninety-fiVe percent confidence 1 imits on the probabilities are presented to give an ind.ication of the accuracy-of t'he expected hazard probabilities.

The final hazard probability model is :presented graphically in Figure 6.

Windspeeds correspo~ding to-selected probability values are summarized i~ Table -a.

The basic data Dsed in the calculations are presented in this report.

Derivationof.the tornado hazard assessment.

_methodology, the rationale and assumptions ~re given in McDonald (1980).

Use of the Type I. extreme value distribution function for straight wind

.hazardasses.smeht is wel.l doc_umented,in.:Simiu and Scanlan(l978).

. q) r---:-------~~~--------.;__ ___.;.,;; 44*.* *

... *.. Gt.CeAL.

REGION

~

  • -*---*------..:....*.. ~*'

iWNOS 1

DR

'~.*
  • .*. *1 ***..

. PEORIA.

'LOCAL.

I REGION

'i

.. *. i.....

I I i

.. I..

i i.

r'

.

  • GLCeAL
    • REGION*..

INCIANA.

... I CHo

.. r. -

I

---~------~.....;:."----.;.;.....---~.:.-----.;_~*~*

,..L_"'-_./'\\_

...* *......... J9*

'FIGURE 1..

LOCAL AND GLOBAL REGIONS FOR DRESDEN

-.* -.** -*:2--* -~*

.***** ~.

IT. *.TORNADO HAZARD. PROBABILITY ASSESSMENT..

. A.

METHODOLOGY

  • The tornado hazard nx:idel. developed by the Institute for Disaster

... *.Research. ( IDR) accounts. for gradati ans. of damage across. the tornado path width and along its length (McDonald; 1980).

There are four basic steps

. ~.

  • . involved. in the. methodology:.**

B.

(1)

  • Detenninatfori of an area--interisity relationship in a. global region**surrounding the site of interest.*

. (2)

Detennination of an occurrence*intensity *relationship in a local region surrounding the site.'

(3-) *Calculation of the probabilities of a point wtthin.the local region experi end ng windspeeds in. some wi ndspeed i nterva 1.

(4). Determination of the ~probability.. of windspeeds in the local region exceeding the: i nterv~ l-va 1 ues ~

CALCULATIONS. *..

'l. Site.

Dresden Nuclear< Power Generating Station

  • . 2.

Coordinates*

La~it~de 41° 23 1

23~ N.

Lon 9 ftud~ a8° :16

  • 17" w

. 3 *. Area.:. Intensity Relationship*

Gl oba 1

  • Region
  • Latitude : 39° to '.44° N '*
  • . *.Langi t.ude. 84° to
  • 90° * *i.I * *
  • Data l

. *DAPPLE Tornado Data Tape UTl 6/8 (Fuji ta, et al., 197.9)

Period cif Record*

.. 197{ -~*.* 1978

. ' ~.

.~--**.

'*--.--3 *.

.. I

See Figure* 1 for definition of the global *region *. The region is selected to be as large as possible and still give reasonably hom0ge-nous conditions for tornado formation.

The relatively short period of record is used bec~use the data are more comolete and accurate than th~t colle~ted prior to 1971, especially w~tW regard* to tornada damage path characteristics.

The area-intensity matrix is shown in Table 1.

It gives the number of tornadoes in each corresponding.

area-intensity classification.

Frqm this. information, the mean damage path, area per~ F.;.sca 1 e can b.e.obtained. * * *

.Area

  • Interva 1
  • 0 1

2 3

4 5.

6 7

FO 91 32 16 TABLE l **

AREA-INTENSITY MATRIX

  • Number of Tornadoes*

F}

F2 F3 28 6'.

. 0.

51 17

  • ,o.

.61 19

. 4'-.

F4 FS 0

0 0

0 0

.0 12

.,0 33 31 6

0 6

28 17 5

  • ,*~**

0

.. o'- -.

11 1.5 2 *.

  • 1.. **. ~

0..,2 7

8..

6

  • 1

.0.

~.*

4 4

0 0 '

0 Mean. Area**

{sg mi}

0.316E-02 O.lOOE-01

0. 316E-01 O.lOOE-00 0.316E-OO
  • O.lOOE 01
  • o.3i6E 01
0.100E 02 8

g*

0 0., 0 1.

0

0. 316E 02***

l 10 Totals 0

0 157 0

0,.

0 0

214 112 0

2 0

0.100E 03 o*

0 0

0.316E 03 30

  • . 14 1
  • *Tho~e torn~~des *outside th~ dashed lines are considered outliers

~*and_ nave been eliminated from the da~a set:

Mean *oamage* Path Area. Per. F~Sca le.*

.** FO.

Fl F2.

F3' F4 FS

  • Mean Area,.*

sq mi.*

"*.o.0268

  • 0.1495.. 0.4141 ** 3.3729:.**. 20.826 3.160 **

Medi an 1..Ji ndspeed, mph 56

. 92.5 135.

18 2... 2 3 3. 5 ':.. 28 9.* s

Area-Intensity Function Linear regression analysi~ of the above area-intensity data, bas*ed on* a long-log plot, yields the following functional relationship:**

Log (Area)= 3.744Log V -8.173 The coefficient of.determination is.

r2:= 0.974

. Area~Intensity Relationship

( 1 )

The expected mean *area. is obtained from Equation (1) above..

Upper and lower bound confidence limits are calculated at

  • the. 95 percent 1 eve l.

These va 1 ues a re shown in Tab 1 e 2.

Figure. 2 shows a plot of the area-intens_ity relationship.

. TABLE 2 AREA-I NT ENS ITY REUHIONSHIP 1..iITH 95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE LIMITS FO Fl

. Expected. Mean.

area, *a1, sq mi

. 0236*

. 1546 Lower Li.mi t ai, sq mi

  • . 0119

. 0783.

Upper limit a.,

sq mi 1

.04T

.305 Median F-scale Winds peed, mph

. 56

92. 5.
4.

Occurrence-Intensity Relationship, Local Region Lattttide 4o0* to ~2°

. Lon~itude 87° to 9b0

  • Area=.21,645 *~ _650

= 20', 995 sq mi F2 F3

..

  • 6367 1.9486

. 3221 *. ;, 984.6 1.258.*. 3.856 135 182 F4 FS 4.9535 '11. 0788".

2.4990

  • 5.5789 9.819

.22. 001 233. 5.

  • 289. 5 An ~rea of 650 sq mi is d~dticted*from the. local region because of Lake Michigan.

There are, of course; no tornadoes recorded over water.

See Figure 1 for deffnition of local region and its relation-**

ship to the site.

  • 100.---------,---------.----.,...--......... --,
    • -~.

0

(/)

I

<t

.w.*

,"a::..

  • w.

(!)' *.

10 1.0 c:t '.

. :E*

<t:.

.o*

/

.* /'

  • /.*
  • /

95°/o CONFIDENCE *

  • INTERVAL.*

~01 '--4 5-6 -.-----.....;.92..i...~---~,3~~-s--1*a2---2-3-3~-**--2a-9-.s--

  • WINDSPEED.
  • MPH*

FIGURE 2*.

AREA-INTENSITY. RELATIONSHIP FOR DRESDEN.

.. 6-**-* <*

  • Data DAPPLE Tornado Data Tape UTl 678 (Fuji ta, et a 1., 1979)

Period of Record

  • . 1950 to 1 978*

The records used do. not necessarily include every tornado that has occurred in th~ local region.

For one rea~on"or another, some

. *tor.nadoes go unreported.

Because the. population density of the

  • ]~cal region is high (greater than 800 persons per Square mile) and because the terrain is such that identifiable paths can be seen should a. tornado touch.down (damage to structures, trees, fences, or power lines), the.number of unreported tornadoes in the: region is likely to: be less than five percent.

The number 6f reported tornadoes i.n the local region is shown: in Table 3.

  • TABLE 3 NUMB ER OF TORNADOES IN T.HE LOCAL REG ION FO Fl F2
  • F3.

F4.

F5 Number of Tornadoes*

  • 86 122 79 24,

7 0.

  • Cu~ulative N~~ber
  • 318 * ** 232 11 o 31**

, 7

. 0 LowerBound F-Scale Windspeed,niph 40 73 113' 158 207 261 Occurrence-Intensity Function.**

  • The function used 'is obtained by perfo_rming a li_near regression
    • . ahalysis ~sing the FO ~nd Fl tornadoe~*~hd anoth~r linear regression analysis using the F2 to FS tornadoes.

. pl at Linear.regression analysis of the data* inTable 3 on.a serrii-log

  • gives the fo.llowing functional relationships:

.. *. y = (466.02)10-o.6o4isx (x.< 96 mph) y = {3077.02)10-0.~0l 273x.

(x *~ 96.mph).*

wher*e y is the cumulative number of tornadoes with windspeeds greater than or ~qua 1. to x.

,.-]:--***

O~curren~e~Intensity Relationship The expected* number of tornadoes in the 29 year period is obtained from the occurrence-intensity function (Equation 2).

Upper and lower

  • bourid confidence limits are also obtained ~t the 95 percent level.

These _values are then divided by the period of record (29 years) to

- obtain the number* of tornadoes per year for each F-scale-classifica-tion Ai, which is_ the needed occurrence-intensity relationship required for the hazard probability assessment.

Table 4 lists *the. values used in.the probability calculation..

Figure 3 shows a plot of the occurrence-*

intensity relationship.

  • TABLE {

OCCURRENCE-INTENSITY RELATIONSHIP WITH 95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE LIMITS FO Fl Expected number of tornadoes in inter-val _, n 86.0b-119.99

  • _ Lower -1 i mi t n

-_70.43 103. 05.

Upper_ 1 imi t ~n.

101.-53. 136; 93 *'.

Expected number of*_

tornado.es_ per year Ai-. 2;97 4.14 ___ -*

_ Lower 1 imi t -.\\'i -

- Upper limit.\\i 2.-43 3.55 3.50 4.72 To~nado Haz~rd Probability F2 F3 82.07

  • 22.82 66';]8.

13.80

~7 ;*36 31 :a4.

2.83 0.79.

2.30 0.48_

3.36

. '1. 1 0 F4

  • s. 66 J.04 10.28 0.20 0.04 0.35 F5 1.46 3.83,.
o. 05.
c. 13.

The tornado hazard probabi 1 i ty _calcul ati ons'_are* ~erformed by computer, a 1 though. they can _eas i1 y be done by ha*nd.

The exo_ectsd hazard"prob~biliti~l ~re obtained by usihg the expecte~ area-intensity

- relationship (af) and. the:. expected.. occ.urrence-jntensity re1ations'hi p _ *

(A-1). -__ Upper and l.ower 1 imits> of hazard probability are cbtai ned by

  • using th_e 1Jpper and lower limit.>.;

1 s anda;'s respectively.

The

  • co~out:r orintouts for these calculations ara conta.ined in.4oceridix :...
  • Tab,le 5 summarizes the tornado hazard probabi)iti'es, and includes*

the 95 perc'ent *confidence 1 '.mi ts. - The tornado hazard probabi 1 ity

  • _. *. iilcdel is _plotted i.n Figure 4~.* Fi,nal hazard probability results are summariz~d in Sectidn IV of :.this report...

~~.. *-

.8...

Fo Fl F2 F3 F4.

  • FS 10000 -------.-...*---*.,.__*__.*--,..;--* ----~----* --~..,....----...,..._,.--------------t CJ)

. 0' L&J L&J.

a.

<n 0

~. l.LJ 1000

~ ::::J

...I ':i

. :c:.

1-

. i 0

. '..J.. 100 1-----+-------;:::;~_..:illloic--+--.,----+----+--'"--'---+-----t 0 :c:

  • CJ)

CJ)

L&J

  • *o w.

.. o* a::

c:

. <t I-

~ '

.10 0

I- ~

LL. a 0

L&J, L&J.

d ~ 1.0 ZL&J
  • O.
  • 50.-

. 100 150.. *.

200.

250 300.

350

. *.* W_INDSPEED*** ***. MPH.. *

  • FIGURE *3.

OCCURRENCE~INTENS!TY RELATIONSHIP rJITH 9S.

. *. PER~ENT CONFIDENCE LIMITS

  • Mean

.Recurrence Interval*

10,000 100,00C

  • . > 1 '000 '000.

1 0 '000, 000 *.

e..

TABLE 5 TORNADO HAZARD.PROBABILITIES

  • . WITH 95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE L WITS Hazard
  • Tornado Windsoeeds, Prcbabi 1 i ty Expected Lower Per Year.
  • Value
  • Limit

. l. 0 x 1 a~ 4 102 56

1. a x 1 o-5 195 138
1. 0 x 1 o-6

.. 261

  • 200

-7.

1. a x 10.

337 259 TO moh Upper Limit 162 242 321.

417 I

(..'.

~ '

  • ,I

. 100.*.

150 200

. 250.. 300.350

... **.. FIGURE 4;.*.TORNADO.HAZARD PROBABILITY-MODEL.WITH ;.

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE LIMITS '

~.

~ *..

I

Ill *. STRAIGHT WINO HAZARD ASSESSMENT..

A.. METHODOLOGY A set of annua 1 extr'eme fastest-m*ll e ~i ndspeeds are u'sed* to fit a ct1mula~ive proba.bility*distribution functfonin order to obtain the straightwind hazard probabilities:

The Type *r extreme value function.

generally fits *the data I/Jell.

In vie~ of the studies.. bY Simi*u* and.

Filliben (1975),' the Type I distdbution function is used.in lieu of the Type Il that was used previously C~NSI, 1972).

A detailed *descri pti.on of the methodology.is' given in Simiu and Scanlan (1978).

B~

  • CALCULAiIONS
  • *,A.nnua 1 extreme f~stest-:mil e wi nd~peed data are. not available* at the power reactor s;te. ~.. Although. the clo~est weather station withtheneeded.
  • data *is Mi9w~Y:.Afrpo.rt (located approxim*ately 49 rni-nor:thwest of the site),..
  • .it is felt that. the. data at.. Peori~, lliinois (located 83 mi southwest of*

the. site} is a better representative for" windcondi.tions at the site..

The. data< are ta ken from Simi u, Changery and. Fi 11 iben (1979) and covers

  • the.35-year period 1943 to.1977;.*Statistical tests performed by Simiu *
    • . (1979) i.ndicate thatthe Type J extreme v*al~e di~tribution does not' fit the Peoria* data. quite as well. as some.'*other locations wi~hin the* United.

States (the tan length parameter: 'f. is 35ci.. rather than infinity as requifed.

r for a *true Type i dJstri butjon ).'. However*~ because* the. Type. Ir di stri bu ti on.

..

  • predict_s* wind speed values at low probabi Hty.1 eveJ s tha:t* exceed.the..
  • physi ca 1 *Cha ~acteri stl cs of the wind,: the: Type I di stributj on function is.*

,recommended for.straightwind hazard probability assessment at this site.

  • ~*
    • The *Type. I distribution* as* found.inSimiu,:changer.Y.and Fillfoen (1979)
  • .I*;,

for Peoria.. is.used. fqr the straight wind mqdel~ at the*: Dresden reactor site..

. *-l2*... ___,

  • ..* ~ "

. The set of annual extreme fastest-mile windspeeds for Peoria, Illinois

  • are given in Table 6, along with the date and direction. *The windspeeds.

have been adjusted* to a standard anemometer height of.1 O m.

The straight

  • wind hazard probabilities for va*rious mean**recurrence* intervals, along
  • with 95 ~ercent confidence li~its, are shown in Table 7.

The same data are plotted in Fi~ure s:

  • .*TABLE 6 ANNUAL EXTREME ~ASTEST~MlLE WINDSPEEDS AT ALBANY, NEW.YORK Windspeed*

Year n1Qh

  • Direction Date 1943 63 NW 07/28 1944 52 E

04/11 1945 52 SW ll /08 1946 52 w

06/12

'1947 69 SW 04/05 1948 54 SW**...

  • l 2/05 1949' 49 w

.01 /27 1950' 57.*

SW.*

05/05

. 1951 4.7, w

  • . 09/26

.. 1952 47;'

. S\\{.

' 11/26 1953 70 NW 07/05

. 1954.

Sl SW 05/31.

1955 4T NW

. 03/22

. 1956 61 w

. 08/13 1957.

49*

SW 03/14 1958 56 SW

.l 0/09 1959 56.

w 09/26 1960...

51 NW*

.05f24.

. 1961..

47.

SW 03/27 19.62 44 w:.*

04/30 1963.

45 NW

,07/19 1964',

.*. 61 w

11 /20' 1965...

56; - '

w.

09/14-1966

.. 44 NW 03/31

.1967.

so*.

NW

. 02/23:

1968 43 NW

. 12/04 1969 47 w

06/25 *..

1970 48,*

NE 05/13

.1971 50 SW 12/15 1972

.41

  • w 01 /24 1973.

59

...'NW

'06/16 1974.

54 w

07 /14.

1975..

  • ' 55 W*

07/23

. 1976 47 W-03/04.

1977 48 SW

. 03/30 l3....... -...

/

~

"~... *

  • I TABLE' 7 *

. STRAIGHT WIND HAZARD PROBABILITIES WITH 95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE ~IMITS Mean Recurrence Interva 1. *

  • 1 a Hazard*

Probabi1 i ty *

  • .* 1. a x T6-l.

. 20

... 5.0 x 10-2 50 1 oo**

200 500 1,000 10, 000 l00,000 2'.0 x 10~ 2

      • . -2. *.

-1. o x 1 o.

5.0 x 10-:3

-3

.2.0 x 10*

. -3 LO x 10

r. o. x *10-4. *
  • 1.o*x 10.;.5

-6

. 1, 000 ~ 009 *,

L 0 x 10

~ -

Expected

. Fastest-Mi 1 e Windspeed, moh

  • Upper Limit.

mph

  • .. Lower L imi.t
    • moh 62
66.

. 7t*

75

. 79 *.

84 *.

88

    • .** 102
115

.128.**

67 12 79 84.

. 90 96

... l 02 57 6d 63 66

59.

72

  • 75 119..

137 84

... : '. 93.

154

.102

0

...J 0 :e..

en.

LIJ a:

c:.
  • Ix 10

,\\*

\\

. *z(!) a:

c:t 0 UJ

-2

\\

.. h 10

. 1-------l~4-~,

...... ----+---+--+--~--t UJ >-

UJ

(.).

\\

\\

x UJ.

1.1 z I x I0-3 *"------'---~~-..;....,..--+--_.;...-+---+--+-~

... 0

.\\.

u. Oz

\\

. \\.*

... 0

-4

... :j LIJ..

  • I x 10

"---_.;.....;...........;_.__._..j.\\-._+-'----+----+---+--.....-t---1

      • ~*-~*.*

.. \\*,.*

  • m"'
  • .\\*

. 0 ~

. \\

\\

a:-

\\

0.. ~-*

5 Ix 10-.*.._ _____...,,_...._......L_..a.......,;._.._--._.....,i._...... ___.

~* *.

50 100

.. 200

. 250 300 350.

  • WIND SPEED.

..* MP Hr

  • F.IGURE -S.
  • STRAIGHT WIND HAZARD PROBABILITIES WITH 95 PERCENT CONFIOENCE~LIMITS

IV *. WINDSPEED HAZARD PROBABILITY MODEL Winds peed. hazard probability, which includes. both tornadoes and straight wirids,. is the probability of ~ point within some defined* geog~aphical region experiencing windspeeds.greater<than or equal to some threshold value in o_ne year~ Tornado hazard probabi li ti es are the same_ at any point within the. defined local region; The Type I extreme. value distribution function

. obtained from data. colle,cted. at Peoria, Illinois. is used* for the straight w.ind probability hazard. _assessment at the Dresden reactor site.

Thus, in effect, Peoria and the reactor site are contained in a common local
  • region.

Tornado wi ndspeeds are referenced to 30 ft above ground 1 eve l (approx- -

~

  • . imately 10* m). and are the maximum horizontal windspeeds~ *.According to Fuji ta ( 1971), F-sca 1 e* wind speeds are fastest-one-quarter. mile winds.

However, because *of the. t~anslational speed of a:tornado, winds acting on

- a-s~ruciure ~ay be*oi considerably shor~er d~ration.'.

Beca~se to~nado *

  • **. _windspeeds are based onappearance of damage, they are considered to be effe~t~~e velocities; which include effects a~ g~st, stru~ture size and
    • structure frequency.* -* For -~esi gn purposes, the gust respo~se factor for tornado 11Jinds may be-taken as* unity.
  • .*The straight winds are fastest-mile windspeeds which have a variable tirne dur-ati an, dependfog on. the magnitude of the_ wind~peeds; Val u~s 'are

~

normalized to a* ro m ane1T1omete'rheight. **For design purposes, gust response factors greater than unity are _appropriate (See: ANSI A58.1., 1972).

The tornado ~nd *straight_ wind mode.ls are combin~d in Figure 6 to obtain the final **.vindspeed model.

For *design or evaluation purposes, one needs to know the type ~f. storm that contr~ 1 s the criteria.

~or windspeeds l~ss

  • than 102 mph, the stra~ght *tJi~d model governs., For windspeeds greater *than

.. ~*.*

. -l 6-- ---

~~-*

102 mph, the tornado model governs.. In the case of* a tornado, the atmospheric pressure change and missiles must be taken into account in addition to the wi_nd effects. - Because of this, the union of the two

_events (tornado and straight winds) is not of particular interest. Table

- 8 summarizes the final windspeed hazard.probabilities._

  • .*1..

95 P~RCENT

. CONFIDENCE *

. LIMITS

. WINDSPEED.

  • MPH-*

FIGURE 6:. T.ORNAOO AND. STRAIGHT WIND HAZARD PROBABILITY MODEL FOR THE DRESDEN-POWER REACTOR SITE,.

ILL! NOi S

... :... **' __ : __..,a-*..

Mean

  • Recurrence Interval 10 100 1,000 l 0, 000
  • 100,000

. 1, 000, 000 10,000,000 TABLE 8

SUMMARY

OF WINDSPEED HAZARD

  • PROBABILITIES FOR DRESDEN.

Hazard Probabi 1 i ty.

1.o x 10-1

1. o* x 10-2* * *.
1. o x 1 o-3

' 4

l. 0 x 10- '
  • . 1.0 x 10~

5 1.0.x 10-6 *.

-T 1.0xJo.**.

Expected

. Wi ndspeed

  • mph Type of Storm.
  • 62 Straight Wind 75 Straight Wind*

88

. Straight. Wi.nd 102 Straight Wind*o~ Tornado

  • 195

. Tornado

.261

  • Tornado
  • 337
  • *.* T.ornado.

REFERENCES.

1. ANSI, 1972:

"Building Code Requirements for Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and.Other Structures," ASB.l, American National Standards Ins ti tt.ite, Inc~, New York, New York.

2.
  • Fujita, *r> T.; 1971: -"Proposed Characterization *of Tornadoes and Hurricanes by Area and Intensity," SMRP. No. 91, The. University of Chic~gb, Chicago~ Illinois.
3.

Fujita, r. T., Tecson, J. J, and Abbey, R. F., 1979:. "Statistics of U. S. Tornadoes Based an* the DAPPLE Tornado. Tape, 11 11th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Kans~s City, Missouri, October 2-5, 1979,

_**published by.American-Meteorological Society., Boston, Massachusetts.*

4. *McDonald, J. R., 1980:. "A Methodoiogy for Tornado Hazard Assessm~nt, 11 Institute for Disaster Research, Texas Tech University,. Lubbock, Texas.
5.

Simiu, E.,. Changery~ M. J. and F11liber:i, j. J., 1979:

11 Extrerne Wind-speeds at 129 Stations in 'the Contiguous United States, 11 NBS Building

.Science Service 118, Natibnal Bu~eau of StandArds, Washingtdn, o:c;.

6.. Sirniu, E. and Scanlan, R. *H., 1978:

Wind Effects on Structures, John Wiley and.Sons, New York, New.York.

7;-. Simiu, E. and Fil.liben, J, J;, *1975:

"Statistical Analysis.of.Extreme_.

Winds;" Technical Note No. 868, National Bureau'of *standards, Washington, D. c:.

8. *. U. S. Nuclea*r Regulatory Commission., 197-_9:.* Demographic Statistics:,

Pertaining to.Nuclear Power Reactor Sites, NUREG-0348~ Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation*, Washington, 0. C.

., ---.*20*--:

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