ML15299A116
| ML15299A116 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Turkey Point  |
| Issue date: | 10/03/2015 |
| From: | Citizens Allied for Safe Energy (CASE) |
| To: | Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel |
| SECY RAS | |
| References | |
| RAS 28434, ASLBP 15-935-02-LA-BD01, 50-250-LA, 50-251-LA | |
| Download: ML15299A116 (10) | |
Text
Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami l RSMAS Blog 10/26/15, 11:20 AM Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami Posted on October 3, 2014 by Brian McNoldy Tweet 278 16 Like many low-lying coastal cities around the world, Miami is threatened by rising seas. Whether the majority of the cause is anthropogenic or natural, the end result is indisputable: sea level is rising and it is due to climate change. It is not a political issue, nor does it matter if someone believes in it or not.
Tidal flooding on the corner of Dade Blvd and Purdy Ave in Miami Beach in 2010. (Steve Rothaus, Miami Herald)
The mean sea level has risen noticeably in the Miami and Miami Beach areas just in the past decade. Flooding events are getting more frequent, and some areas flood during particularly high tides now: no rain or storm surge necessary. Perhaps most alarming is that the rate of sea level rise is accelerating.
Diving Into Data Certified measurements of sea level have been taken at the University of Miamis Rosenstiel School on Virginia Key since 1996 (Virginia Key is a small island just south of Miami Beach and east of downtown Miami)[1]. Simple linear trends drawn through annual averages of all high tides, low tides, and the mean sea level are shown below, and all three lines are about 3.7 higher in 2014 than they were in 1996.
file:///Users/Ronniebarry/Downloads/INT-013%20CASE%20OCT%0Sea%20Level%20Rise%20in%20Miami%20_%20RSMAS%20Blog.html Page 1 of 10
Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami l RSMAS Blog 10/26/15, 11:20 AM
[This graph was updated in Feb 2015 to include verified data through the end of 2014.]
Zooming in to daily data, lets look at two representative months (nothing unique about them): May 1996 and May 2014. Tidal predictions are calculated to high accuracy using dozens of known astronomical factors, but do not account for non-astronomical factors such as weather or sea level rise. In 1996, the observed water levels were typically close to the predicted values sometimes slightly higher, sometimes slightly lower due to meteorological influences. In May 2014, however, there was still variability, but the tides were always higher than predicted.
file:///Users/Ronniebarry/Downloads/INT-013%20CASE%20OCT%0Sea%20Level%20Rise%20in%20Miami%20_%20RSMAS%20Blog.html Page 2 of 10
Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami l RSMAS Blog 10/26/15, 11:20 AM Predicted (blue) and observed (green) high/low water heights at Virginia Key, May1-May 31. (NOAA/NOS)
As eluded to in the introduction, sea level is not just rising here, the rate of the rise is accelerating. For the following chart, only the daily high water mark (highest of the two high tides) for every day for 19 years is plotted. The water levels at high tides are the most relevant because that is when flooding events are more prone to occur. The data are color-coded by arbitrary 5-year periods (pink is 2010-2014, green is 2005-2009, blue is 2000-2004, and purple is the remainder: 1996-1999). For reference, the average seasonal cycle is shown by the thin black line and is calculated using a 31-day running mean of all 19 years of daily data. There is plenty of daily and intra-annual variability of course, but what stands out is the increasing slopes of the linear trends. Over the past 15 years, the average high tide has increased by 0.30/year, but over just the past 5 years, the high tide has increased at an average rate of 1.27/year.
file:///Users/Ronniebarry/Downloads/INT-013%20CASE%20OCT%0Sea%20Level%20Rise%20in%20Miami%20_%20RSMAS%20Blog.html Page 3 of 10
Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami l RSMAS Blog 10/26/15, 11:20 AM
[This chart was updated in Feb 2015 to include verified data through the end of 2014.]
If the seasonal cycle (black line in the figure above) is subtracted from the data, as well as the mean of all of the data, a revised series of trendlines can be generated (see figure below). Removing the dominant annual and semi-annual cycles from the time series leaves only daily variability, miscellaneous cycles, and trends. The results are qualitatively similar (upward and accelerating trends), but the rates are slightly reduced. For example, over the past 15 years, the average annual increase is roughly 0.27/year, but over just the past 5 years, its about 0.97/year. Be advised that simple linear trends of complex data are not necessarily reliable for extrapolating very far into the future.
file:///Users/Ronniebarry/Downloads/INT-013%20CASE%20OCT%0Sea%20Level%20Rise%20in%20Miami%20_%20RSMAS%20Blog.html Page 4 of 10
Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami l RSMAS Blog 10/26/15, 11:20 AM
[This chart was added in Feb 2015 and includes verified data through the end of 2014.]
Exposure The Miami metropolitan region has the greatest amount of exposed financial assets and 4th-largest population vulnerable to sea level rise in the world. The only other cities with a higher combined (financial assets and population) risk are Hong Kong and Calcutta [2].
Using a sea level rise projection of 3 feet by 2100 from the 5th IPCC Report [3] and elevation/inundation data, a map showing the resulting inundation is shown below. The areas shaded in blue would be flooded during routine high tides, and very easily flooded by rain during lower tides. Perhaps the forecast is too aggressive, but maybe not we simply do not know with high confidence what sea level will do in the coming century. But we do know that it is rising and showing no sign of slowing down.
file:///Users/Ronniebarry/Downloads/INT-013%20CASE%20OCT%0Sea%20Level%20Rise%20in%20Miami%20_%20RSMAS%20Blog.html Page 5 of 10
Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami l RSMAS Blog 10/26/15, 11:20 AM Map showing areas of inundation by three feet of sea level rise, which is projected to occur by 2100. (NOAA)
An Attack from Below In addition to surface flooding, there is trouble brewing below the surface too. That trouble is called saltwater intrusion, and it is already taking place along coastal communities in south Florida. Saltwater intrusion occurs when saltwater from the ocean or bay advances further into the porous limestone aquifer. That aquifer also happens to supply about 90% of south Floridas drinking water. Municipal wells pump fresh water up from the aquifer for residential and agricultural use, but some cities have already had to shut down some wells because the water being pumped up was brackish (for example, Hallandale Beach has already closed 6 of its 8 wells due to saltwater contamination).
file:///Users/Ronniebarry/Downloads/INT-013%20CASE%20OCT%0Sea%20Level%20Rise%20in%20Miami%20_%20RSMAS%20Blog.html Page 6 of 10
Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami l RSMAS Blog 10/26/15, 11:20 AM Schematic drawing of saltwater intrusion. Sea level rise, water use, and rainfall all control the severity of the intrusion. (floridaswater.com)
The wedge of salt water advances and retreats naturally during the dry and rainy seasons, but the combination of fresh water extraction and sea level rise is drawing that wedge closer to land laterally and vertically.
In other words, the water table rises as sea level rises, so with higher sea level, the saltwater exerts more pressure on the fresh water in the aquifer, shoving the fresh water further away from the coast and upward toward the surface.
file:///Users/Ronniebarry/Downloads/INT-013%20CASE%20OCT%0Sea%20Level%20Rise%20in%20Miami%20_%20RSMAS%20Blog.html Page 7 of 10
Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami l RSMAS Blog 10/26/15, 11:20 AM Map of the Miami area, where colors indicate the depth to the water table. A lot of area is covered by 0-4 feet, including all of Miami Beach. (Keren Bolter, FAU)
An Ever-Changing Climate To gain perspective on the distant future, we should examine the distant past. Sea level has been rising for about 20,000 years, since the last glacial maximum. There were periods of gradual rise, and periods of rapid rise (likely due to catastrophic collapse of ice sheets and massive interior lakes emptying into the ocean). During a brief period about 14,000 years ago, Meltwater Pulse 1A, sea level rose over 20 times faster than the present rate. Globally, sea level has already risen about 400 feet, and is still rising.
file:///Users/Ronniebarry/Downloads/INT-013%20CASE%20OCT%0Sea%20Level%20Rise%20in%20Miami%20_%20RSMAS%20Blog.html Page 8 of 10
Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami l RSMAS Blog 10/26/15, 11:20 AM Observed global sea level over the past 20,000 years since the last glacial maximum.
(Robert Rohde, Berkeley Earth).
With that sea level rise came drastically-changing coastlines. Coastlines advance and retreat by dozens and even hundreds of miles as ice ages come and go (think of it like really slow, extreme tides). If history is a guide, we could still have up to 100 feet of sea level rise to go eventually. During interglacial eras, the ocean has covered areas that are quite far from the coastline today.
file:///Users/Ronniebarry/Downloads/INT-013%20CASE%20OCT%0Sea%20Level%20Rise%20in%20Miami%20_%20RSMAS%20Blog.html Page 9 of 10
Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami l RSMAS Blog 10/26/15, 11:20 AM Floridas coastline through the ages. (Florida Geological Survey)
As environmental author Rachel Carson stated, to understand the living present, and promise of the future, it is necessary to remember the past.
What Comes Next?
In the next 20 years, what should we reasonably expect in southeast Florida? The median value of sea level from various observed trends in 2034 is around 6, with a realistic range of 3-12.
Year by year, flooding due to heavy rain, storm surge, and high tides will become more frequent and more severe. Water tables will continue to rise, and saltwater intrusion will continue to contaminate fresh water supplies.
This is not an issue that will simply go away. Even without any anthropogenic contributions, sea level will continue to rise, perhaps for thousands of years. But anthropogenic contributions are speeding up the process, giving us less time to react and plan.
The entire region is already considered high-risk by insurance companies because of the hurricane threat, so at some point, this additional gradual threat will likely lead to extreme-risk properties being uninsurable.
Coastal cities were built relatively recently, without any knowledge of or regard for rising seas and evolving coastlines. As sea level rises, coastlines will retreat inward. Sea level rise is a very serious issue for civilization, but getting everyone to take it seriously is a challenge. As Dutch urban planner Steven Slabbers said, Sea level rise is a storm surge in slow motion that never creates a sense of crisis. It will take some creative, expensive, and aggressive planning to be able to adapt in the coming decades and centuries.
Special thanks to Keren Bolter at Florida Atlantic University and Dr. Shimon Wdowinski at University of Miami for their inspiration and assistance.
- 3. http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_Chapter13_FINAL.pdf Tweet 278 16 This entry was posted in Climate Science, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Meteorology & Physical Oceanography and tagged Brian McNoldy, Climate change, Florida, Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, sea level rise, University of Miami by Brian McNoldy. Bookmark the permalink [./INT-013 CASE OCT 9 2015 Water, Water, Everywhere_ Sea Level Rise in Miami _ RSMAS Blog_files/INT-013 CASE OCT 9 2015 Water, Water, Everywhere_ Sea Level Rise in Miami _ RSMAS Blog.html] .
About Brian McNoldy Brian McNoldy is a Senior Research Associate in the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at RSMAS.
View all posts by Brian McNoldy file:///Users/Ronniebarry/Downloads/INT-013%20CASE%20OCT0Sea%20Level%20Rise%20in%20Miami%20_%20RSMAS%20Blog.html Page 10 of 10
Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami l RSMAS Blog 10/26/15, 11:20 AM Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami Posted on October 3, 2014 by Brian McNoldy Tweet 278 16 Like many low-lying coastal cities around the world, Miami is threatened by rising seas. Whether the majority of the cause is anthropogenic or natural, the end result is indisputable: sea level is rising and it is due to climate change. It is not a political issue, nor does it matter if someone believes in it or not.
Tidal flooding on the corner of Dade Blvd and Purdy Ave in Miami Beach in 2010. (Steve Rothaus, Miami Herald)
The mean sea level has risen noticeably in the Miami and Miami Beach areas just in the past decade. Flooding events are getting more frequent, and some areas flood during particularly high tides now: no rain or storm surge necessary. Perhaps most alarming is that the rate of sea level rise is accelerating.
Diving Into Data Certified measurements of sea level have been taken at the University of Miamis Rosenstiel School on Virginia Key since 1996 (Virginia Key is a small island just south of Miami Beach and east of downtown Miami)[1]. Simple linear trends drawn through annual averages of all high tides, low tides, and the mean sea level are shown below, and all three lines are about 3.7 higher in 2014 than they were in 1996.
file:///Users/Ronniebarry/Downloads/INT-013%20CASE%20OCT%0Sea%20Level%20Rise%20in%20Miami%20_%20RSMAS%20Blog.html Page 1 of 10
Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami l RSMAS Blog 10/26/15, 11:20 AM
[This graph was updated in Feb 2015 to include verified data through the end of 2014.]
Zooming in to daily data, lets look at two representative months (nothing unique about them): May 1996 and May 2014. Tidal predictions are calculated to high accuracy using dozens of known astronomical factors, but do not account for non-astronomical factors such as weather or sea level rise. In 1996, the observed water levels were typically close to the predicted values sometimes slightly higher, sometimes slightly lower due to meteorological influences. In May 2014, however, there was still variability, but the tides were always higher than predicted.
file:///Users/Ronniebarry/Downloads/INT-013%20CASE%20OCT%0Sea%20Level%20Rise%20in%20Miami%20_%20RSMAS%20Blog.html Page 2 of 10
Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami l RSMAS Blog 10/26/15, 11:20 AM Predicted (blue) and observed (green) high/low water heights at Virginia Key, May1-May 31. (NOAA/NOS)
As eluded to in the introduction, sea level is not just rising here, the rate of the rise is accelerating. For the following chart, only the daily high water mark (highest of the two high tides) for every day for 19 years is plotted. The water levels at high tides are the most relevant because that is when flooding events are more prone to occur. The data are color-coded by arbitrary 5-year periods (pink is 2010-2014, green is 2005-2009, blue is 2000-2004, and purple is the remainder: 1996-1999). For reference, the average seasonal cycle is shown by the thin black line and is calculated using a 31-day running mean of all 19 years of daily data. There is plenty of daily and intra-annual variability of course, but what stands out is the increasing slopes of the linear trends. Over the past 15 years, the average high tide has increased by 0.30/year, but over just the past 5 years, the high tide has increased at an average rate of 1.27/year.
file:///Users/Ronniebarry/Downloads/INT-013%20CASE%20OCT%0Sea%20Level%20Rise%20in%20Miami%20_%20RSMAS%20Blog.html Page 3 of 10
Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami l RSMAS Blog 10/26/15, 11:20 AM
[This chart was updated in Feb 2015 to include verified data through the end of 2014.]
If the seasonal cycle (black line in the figure above) is subtracted from the data, as well as the mean of all of the data, a revised series of trendlines can be generated (see figure below). Removing the dominant annual and semi-annual cycles from the time series leaves only daily variability, miscellaneous cycles, and trends. The results are qualitatively similar (upward and accelerating trends), but the rates are slightly reduced. For example, over the past 15 years, the average annual increase is roughly 0.27/year, but over just the past 5 years, its about 0.97/year. Be advised that simple linear trends of complex data are not necessarily reliable for extrapolating very far into the future.
file:///Users/Ronniebarry/Downloads/INT-013%20CASE%20OCT%0Sea%20Level%20Rise%20in%20Miami%20_%20RSMAS%20Blog.html Page 4 of 10
Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami l RSMAS Blog 10/26/15, 11:20 AM
[This chart was added in Feb 2015 and includes verified data through the end of 2014.]
Exposure The Miami metropolitan region has the greatest amount of exposed financial assets and 4th-largest population vulnerable to sea level rise in the world. The only other cities with a higher combined (financial assets and population) risk are Hong Kong and Calcutta [2].
Using a sea level rise projection of 3 feet by 2100 from the 5th IPCC Report [3] and elevation/inundation data, a map showing the resulting inundation is shown below. The areas shaded in blue would be flooded during routine high tides, and very easily flooded by rain during lower tides. Perhaps the forecast is too aggressive, but maybe not we simply do not know with high confidence what sea level will do in the coming century. But we do know that it is rising and showing no sign of slowing down.
file:///Users/Ronniebarry/Downloads/INT-013%20CASE%20OCT%0Sea%20Level%20Rise%20in%20Miami%20_%20RSMAS%20Blog.html Page 5 of 10
Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami l RSMAS Blog 10/26/15, 11:20 AM Map showing areas of inundation by three feet of sea level rise, which is projected to occur by 2100. (NOAA)
An Attack from Below In addition to surface flooding, there is trouble brewing below the surface too. That trouble is called saltwater intrusion, and it is already taking place along coastal communities in south Florida. Saltwater intrusion occurs when saltwater from the ocean or bay advances further into the porous limestone aquifer. That aquifer also happens to supply about 90% of south Floridas drinking water. Municipal wells pump fresh water up from the aquifer for residential and agricultural use, but some cities have already had to shut down some wells because the water being pumped up was brackish (for example, Hallandale Beach has already closed 6 of its 8 wells due to saltwater contamination).
file:///Users/Ronniebarry/Downloads/INT-013%20CASE%20OCT%0Sea%20Level%20Rise%20in%20Miami%20_%20RSMAS%20Blog.html Page 6 of 10
Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami l RSMAS Blog 10/26/15, 11:20 AM Schematic drawing of saltwater intrusion. Sea level rise, water use, and rainfall all control the severity of the intrusion. (floridaswater.com)
The wedge of salt water advances and retreats naturally during the dry and rainy seasons, but the combination of fresh water extraction and sea level rise is drawing that wedge closer to land laterally and vertically.
In other words, the water table rises as sea level rises, so with higher sea level, the saltwater exerts more pressure on the fresh water in the aquifer, shoving the fresh water further away from the coast and upward toward the surface.
file:///Users/Ronniebarry/Downloads/INT-013%20CASE%20OCT%0Sea%20Level%20Rise%20in%20Miami%20_%20RSMAS%20Blog.html Page 7 of 10
Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami l RSMAS Blog 10/26/15, 11:20 AM Map of the Miami area, where colors indicate the depth to the water table. A lot of area is covered by 0-4 feet, including all of Miami Beach. (Keren Bolter, FAU)
An Ever-Changing Climate To gain perspective on the distant future, we should examine the distant past. Sea level has been rising for about 20,000 years, since the last glacial maximum. There were periods of gradual rise, and periods of rapid rise (likely due to catastrophic collapse of ice sheets and massive interior lakes emptying into the ocean). During a brief period about 14,000 years ago, Meltwater Pulse 1A, sea level rose over 20 times faster than the present rate. Globally, sea level has already risen about 400 feet, and is still rising.
file:///Users/Ronniebarry/Downloads/INT-013%20CASE%20OCT%0Sea%20Level%20Rise%20in%20Miami%20_%20RSMAS%20Blog.html Page 8 of 10
Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami l RSMAS Blog 10/26/15, 11:20 AM Observed global sea level over the past 20,000 years since the last glacial maximum.
(Robert Rohde, Berkeley Earth).
With that sea level rise came drastically-changing coastlines. Coastlines advance and retreat by dozens and even hundreds of miles as ice ages come and go (think of it like really slow, extreme tides). If history is a guide, we could still have up to 100 feet of sea level rise to go eventually. During interglacial eras, the ocean has covered areas that are quite far from the coastline today.
file:///Users/Ronniebarry/Downloads/INT-013%20CASE%20OCT%0Sea%20Level%20Rise%20in%20Miami%20_%20RSMAS%20Blog.html Page 9 of 10
Water, Water, Everywhere: Sea Level Rise in Miami l RSMAS Blog 10/26/15, 11:20 AM Floridas coastline through the ages. (Florida Geological Survey)
As environmental author Rachel Carson stated, to understand the living present, and promise of the future, it is necessary to remember the past.
What Comes Next?
In the next 20 years, what should we reasonably expect in southeast Florida? The median value of sea level from various observed trends in 2034 is around 6, with a realistic range of 3-12.
Year by year, flooding due to heavy rain, storm surge, and high tides will become more frequent and more severe. Water tables will continue to rise, and saltwater intrusion will continue to contaminate fresh water supplies.
This is not an issue that will simply go away. Even without any anthropogenic contributions, sea level will continue to rise, perhaps for thousands of years. But anthropogenic contributions are speeding up the process, giving us less time to react and plan.
The entire region is already considered high-risk by insurance companies because of the hurricane threat, so at some point, this additional gradual threat will likely lead to extreme-risk properties being uninsurable.
Coastal cities were built relatively recently, without any knowledge of or regard for rising seas and evolving coastlines. As sea level rises, coastlines will retreat inward. Sea level rise is a very serious issue for civilization, but getting everyone to take it seriously is a challenge. As Dutch urban planner Steven Slabbers said, Sea level rise is a storm surge in slow motion that never creates a sense of crisis. It will take some creative, expensive, and aggressive planning to be able to adapt in the coming decades and centuries.
Special thanks to Keren Bolter at Florida Atlantic University and Dr. Shimon Wdowinski at University of Miami for their inspiration and assistance.
- 3. http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_Chapter13_FINAL.pdf Tweet 278 16 This entry was posted in Climate Science, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Meteorology & Physical Oceanography and tagged Brian McNoldy, Climate change, Florida, Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, sea level rise, University of Miami by Brian McNoldy. Bookmark the permalink [./INT-013 CASE OCT 9 2015 Water, Water, Everywhere_ Sea Level Rise in Miami _ RSMAS Blog_files/INT-013 CASE OCT 9 2015 Water, Water, Everywhere_ Sea Level Rise in Miami _ RSMAS Blog.html] .
About Brian McNoldy Brian McNoldy is a Senior Research Associate in the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at RSMAS.
View all posts by Brian McNoldy file:///Users/Ronniebarry/Downloads/INT-013%20CASE%20OCT0Sea%20Level%20Rise%20in%20Miami%20_%20RSMAS%20Blog.html Page 10 of 10