ML030140081

Environmental Report Information for R. E. Ginna Nuclear Power Plant, Attachments 12 and 13

ML030140081
Person / Time
Site:	Ginna
Issue date:	12/23/2002
From:	Mecredy R Rochester Gas & Electric Corp
To:	Robert Schaaf Document Control Desk, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
References
Download: ML030140081 (197)

Text

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH AND SPECIAL PROGRAMS ADMINISTRATION j' HAZARDOUS MATERIALS CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION FOR REGISTRATION YEAR(S) 2002-2003 Registrant: ROCHESTER GAS AND ELECTRIC CORPORATION ATTN: KAREN SAHLER 89 EAST AVENUE ROCHESTER, NY 14649-0000 This certifies that the registrant is registered with the U.S. Department of Transportation as required by 49 CFR Part 107, Subpart G.

This certificate is issued under the authority of 49 U.S.C. 5108. It is unlawful to alter or falsify this document.

r Reg. No: 062002550003K Issued: 06/20102 Expires: 06/30/03 Record Keeping Requirements for the Registration Program The following must be maintained at the principal place of business for a period three years from the date of issuance of this Certificate of Registration:

(1) A copy of the registration statement filed with RSPA; and (2) This Certificate of Registration Each person subject to the registration requirement must furnish that person's Certificate of Registration (or a copy) and all other records and information pertaining to the information contained in the registration statement to an authorized representative or special agent of the U.S. Department of Transportation upon request.

Each motor carrier (private or for-hire) and each vessel operator subject to the registration requirement must keep a copy of the current Certificate of Registration or another document bearing the registration number identified as the "U.S. DOT Hazmat Reg. No." in each truck and truck tractor or vessel (trailers and semi-trailers not included) used to transport hazardous materials subject to the registration requirement. The Certificate of Registration or document bearing the registration number must be made available, upon request, to enforcement personnel.

For information, contact the Hazardous Materials Registration Manager, DHM-60 Research and Special Programs Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, 400 Seventh Street, SW, Washington, DC 20590, telephone (202) 366-4109.

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&TALT ROCHESTER GAS AND ELECTRIC CORPORATION

• 89 EAST AVENUE, ROCHESTER, N.Y. 14649 T LE 5-ONE 0 mtARAcoal ~' 546.2700 April 1, 1977 Dr. Richard A. Baker, Chief CONTROLLED Status of Cpmpliance Branch DCGU AENT U. S. Environmental Protection Agency

'Region II - Room 908 26 Federal ýlaza New York, New York 10077 NUMBER

Subject:

Ginna Nuclear Power Plant 316(a) Demonstration Supplement NPDES Permit No. NY 0000493 Federal Docket No. II-WP-75-58 File: 0278

Dear Dr. Baker:

Please find enclosed herewith the Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation supplement to the data and information submitted to your office on July 30, 1974 (as further supplemented on August 23, 1974) in support of a Section 316(a) application for the Ginna Nuclear Power slant.

This document has been prepared to resolve certain thermal contentions raised in our adjudicatoryhearing-requests for the above-referenced facility, subject to the reservation of RG&E's rights in connection with such contentions pending the putcome of your agency's review of this document and determinations re lated thereto. This supplement was-prepared in accordance with guidelines provided by staff members of your agency.

As pointed out in the introductory material, we are expecting a "no action" letter relative to the"-above-referenced facility containing an agreement on the part of Region II to exercise its prosecutorial discretion to refrain .from enforcement of any thermal limitations pending completion of the decisiommaking related to the enclosed document.

.The cooperation of your agency with regard to the prepara tion and submission of this supplement* has been apprecilted*

If you have any questions on this submission, please contact me or, in my absence, Wendel L. Knoll at 7M6-546-2700# extension 2561.

Very truly yoUXti Rogr W. )(0ber Manager, Environmental Engineering xc: (see page 2)

ROCHESTER GAS AND ELECTRIC CORP. SHEET NO.

DATE April 1, 1977 TO Dr. Richard A. Baker, Chief 2 xc: Mr. Joel Golumbek - EPA Region II Mr. Thomas E. Quinn - DEC Albany Mr. Dennis J. Sugumele - DEC Avon Region 8

GINNA NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ROCHESTER GAS AND ELECTRIC CORPORATION 316(a) DEMONSTRATION SUPPLEMENT NPDES PERMIT NO.070 OX2 2 000079 (NY 0000493)

MARCH 1977

TABLE OF CONTENTS GINNA 316(a) DEMONSTRATION SUPPLEMENT INTRODUCTION

SUMMARY

AND CONCLUSIONS

1. THERMAL PLUME CHARACTERISTICS 1.1 Plant Description 1.2 Heat Dissipation System Description 1.3 System Operation 1.4 Thermal Plume Model and Characteristics 1.5 Definition of Discharge Zone and Mixing Zone

2. REPRESENTATIVE IMPORTANT SPECIES DETERMINATIONS

3. DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCES, AND YEARLY FLUCTUATIONS OF RIS

3.1 Macroflora

Cladophora

3.2 Macroinvertebrates

Gammarus 3.3 Fish

4. TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE INFORMATION AND AREAS OF EXCLUSION 4.1 Discharge Considerations 4.2 Thermals Effects Upon RIS

5. ASSESSMENT OF ADDITIONAL PLUME EFFECTS 5.1 Plume Entrainment 5.2 Effects on Migration of Fish 5.3 Potential for Gas Bubble Disease APPENDICES 2A i

INTRODUCTION This document (Supplement) supplements the-data and information submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protec tion Agency (EPA), Region II, on July 30, 1974, in support of a Section 316(a) application for the Ginna Nuclear Power Plant (Application No. 070 0X2 2 000079; NY 0000493) for alternate effluent limitations pursuant to Section 316(a) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (FWPCA).

The July 30, 1974 Ginna 316(a) application con taining a Demonstration Type I (absence of prior harm) was prepared and submitted to EPA, Region II in a 30-day period required by the draft Section 402 permit dated May 22, 1974 for the Ginna Nuclear Power Plant issued by EPA in accord ance with proposed effluent limitations and standards of performance for steam electric generating facilities (Proposed 40 CFR Part 423, 39 Fed. Reg. 8293, March 4, 1974). This submission was further supplemented on August 23, 1974 by a Demonstration Type II (protection of representative important species). Those proposed regu lations required closed cycle cooling for existing power plants of the Ginna Power Plant size category or, alter natively, an exemption authorizing once-through cooling system related discharge limitations under criteria estab lished under Section 316(a) of the FWPCA. That Ginna 316(a) ii

application was filed but not formally processed by EPA since in November of 1974 final regulations for the-steam electric generating plant source category eliminated the requirement for closed-cycle cooling for existing facilities below 500 MW, which excluded the Ginna Plant.

A final permit was issued by EPA for the Ginna Nuclear Power Plant on February 24, 1975, and portions of this permit were contested in an adjudicatory hearing request submitted pursuant to the requirements of 40 CFR Part 125. The issues subject to adjudicatory hearing pro ceedings, including numerous thermal issues, are specified in a letter from Meyer Scolnick of EPA dated May 15, 1975, to Robert R. Koprowski of RG&E. With regard to the thermal issues, the final permit required closed cycle cooling in the absence of a demonstration that the facility was not required to meet the 3 0 F discharge limitation on discharges to lakes contained in New York State thermal water quality standards and criteria. (6 NYCRR Part 704.) The contention related to the thermal provisions involved, first, the authority of EPA to disapprove (or "exempt from considera tion") certain portions of 6 NYCRR Part 704 which would have clearly exempted the Ginna Plant from the 3 0 F limitation and, second, the authority of EPA, Region II (as opposed to the State of New York) to establish a mixing zone for the 3'F isotherm.

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EPA, RG&E and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) have participated in efforts to reach a resolution of the thermal and othnr permit issues prior to the opening of adjudicatory hearings.

Several conferences have taken place among EPA, RG&E and DEC representatives and numerous telephone conferences and correspondence have been exchanged between the parties.

An agreement in principle has been reached with EPA with regard to the settlement of issues raised in the adjudicatory hearing request, although the settlement has not been finalized in formal stipulation documents. The settlement agreement includes resolution of the thermal issues described above. Without conceding the validity of their respective legal positions, RG&E, EPA, Region II and the DEC determined that adjudication of legal questions on the State's thermal standard and criteria and the role of EPA in the implementation of them would not be necessary if it could be shown with reasonably available information that the Ginna Plant is entitled to operate with the once-through cooling system now utilized at that facility. Assuming EPA and DEC agreement on the feasibility of the existing system, the avoidance of potentially lengthy adjudication and the expectation of a State desire to review reasonably available information on the effect of the Ginna Plant in any event, a settlement seemed particularly appropriate.

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Among the provisions of the settlement reached on the thermal contentions described above was an agreement by EPA to issue a "no-action"letter , that is a letter-by which EPA agrees to exercise its prosecutorial discretion to refrain from enforcement action against RG&E for failure to achieve any of the thermal limitations in the Section 402 permit while further resolution of the thermal issues is pending before the agency. As a condition of EPA's agree ment not to initiate enforcement action in this regard, RG&E agreed to submit this Supplement on or before March 31, 1977. RG&E has chosen not to withhold submission of this Supplement even though the promised "no-action" letter is not in hand. However, this Supplement is submitted con tingent on receipt by RG&E of the above mentioned "no action" letter containing provisions which do not differ significantly from those discussed orally between the parties during settlement conferences. In the event either that the "no-action" letter is not issued or that, when issued, its contents do not comport with prior understand ings, this Supplement is subject to withdrawal by RG&E.

Further, RG&E reserves the right to contest by 40 CFR Part 125 procedures the Section 316(a) determinations ultimately rendered on the Applicant's Section 316(a) submittals, including the right to raise any of the thermal contentions V

now pending in the adjudicatory hearing proceedings for the Ginna Nuclear Power Station. It should be noted that this right is specifically recognized in stipulations to be signed in settlement of the Section 402 permit issues.

In the course of conferences convened to resolve the thermal issues raised in the adjudicatory hearing request, EPA requested additional information from RG&E with regard to its 31 6 (a) showing, since, subsequent to sub mission of RG&E's 316(a) report on July 30, 1974, as supple mented on August 23, 1974, EPA has published additional information on the subject of 316(a) demonstration evidence.

RG&E agreed to submit the requested additional information in this Supplement in accordance with guidelines set forth in a letter dated November 9, 1976 from Harvey Lunenfeld of EPA Region II to Roger W. Kober of RG&E. In addition to the specifications provided in this letter, this Supplement has been prepared on the basis of agreement between RG&E and the EPA Staff with regard to the definition of the scope of information to be provided in this Supple ment as well as the appropriate format for its presentation.

In some instances, RG&E has incorporated by reference dis cussions from its Section 316(a) and Section 316(b) demon stration for the Sterling Nuclear Power Plant. This document is entitled "The Sterling Power Project -

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Nuclear Unit No. 1, Volume 4 - Water Permits" and copies thereof have been provided to EPA, Region II. This-proce dure is used with the expressed approval of EPA.

Finally, it is recognized that there may be some inconsistency between this Supplement and the Section 316(a) document submitted on July 30, 1974. Wherever this Supple ment is inconsistent with the previous document, the state ments in this Supplement shall supersede those in the 1974 document: This Supplement references two additional years (1974 and 1975) of ecological studies at the Ginna site and summarizes effects of Ginna operations upon the Representa tive Important Species over the period 1969 to 1975. Data used for verification of thermal plume modelling includes 1976 lake triaxial studies.

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SUMMARY

AND CONCLUSIONS Ginna Nucteat Power Ptant 316(a) Demonztration SuppZement The following statements are summaries and conclusions of the data and material contained in this document. Section numbers, which present complete discussions of the bases or reasons for each state ment, are included in parenthesis.

1. The water quality related discharges from the Ginna Plant are governed by a final National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit issued for this facility in February, 1975. The Ginna Plant discharges are in compliance with all chemical limitations specified in that permit. The purpose of this report is to provide supplemental information necessary for the determination of the thermal limitations for the existing discharge. (Introduction)

2. The Ginna Nuclear Power Plant is licensed to permit operations at power levels up to 1520 MWt. A pressurized-water reactor (PWR) is used to produce thermal energy. A steam turbine generator uses this heat to provide 490 MWe (net) of electri cal power output. (1.1)

3. Heat-removal facilities for normal operation consists of a con ventional once-through system with cooling water being withdrawn from and returned to Lake Ontario. The total circulating water flow of 400,000 GPM is withdrawn through a submerged octagonal intake structure that lies some 3100 ft offshore in about 35 ft of water and is returned to the lake via a canal as a shoreline surface discharge. Retention time of condenser cooling water in the plant system is about eight minutes. (1.2)

4. The waste heat released to Lake Ontario by the plant is about 4.0 x 109 BTU/HR at 490 MWe of rated output. The 400,000 GPM flow is normally maintained at all power levels. A temperature increase of 20F° has been assumed across the condenser cooling and service water systems for calculations of waste heat rejec tion, (1.3.1)

5. A dimensionless empirical model of a heated surface discharge into shallow water was derived. Five years of thermal survey data at the Ginna site were used to determine the model con stants. Both surface and six foot depth thermal distributions were simulated. (1.4.1.1) viii

6. The model was compared with both the five years of thermal survey data used to determine the model constants plus eight independent surveys not used in the model development. Good agreement was found. (1.4.1.2)

7. Bottom temperatures (1.4.2.2) and velocities (1.4.3.1.2), based on field measurements, were also simulated. 3*F bottom contact occurs within approximately 1000 feet of shore (1.4.2.2). Lake bottom scour areas are less than 5 acres (1.4.3.1.2).

8. Seasonal expected and extreme ambient conditions were found (1.4.2.1). The thermal effects of the Ginna discharge during each seasonal condition were simulated. The largest thermal effects, exclusive of winter conditions, were generally found in the spring (1.4.2.5). The expected 31F spring isotherm has areas 6n the lake surface, 6 foot depth, and bottom of 86, 32, and 5.6 acres, respectively. (1.4.3.5.1.2)

9. Winter effects, although not explicitly modelled were estimated based on mechanistic considerations (1.4.2.4). The winter plume was found to be of the same general size as the other seasonal plumes (1.4.2.5.1.1, 1.4.2.5.2.1).

10. Segmental impact zones to the 30 F isotherm are utilized as a basis for the areal assessment of any thermal impacts upon the aauatic ecosystem. Zones of impact are classified as a DISCHARGE ZONE and and MIXING ZONE. The DISCHARGE ZONE is evaluated quantitatively due to the high frequency of plume occurrence. The MIXING ZONE is addressed on a qualitative basis due to its low probability of occurrence. The area of the DISCHARGE ZONE at the surface, 6 foot depth, and bottom is 176, 65 and 11 acres, respectively. The zones of impact defined herein conservatively exceed the areal dimensions of the expected and extreme thermal plumes of the Ginna discharge.

(1.5)

11. Representative Important Species (RIS) designated for the aquatic ecosystem at the Ginna site are Cladophora, Gammarus, Alewife, Smelt, Spottail Shiner, Smallmouth Bass, White Perch, Coho Salmon and Brown Trout. Rationale for selection of these species is pro vided in discussions contained in the Sterling 316(a) Demonstration and 4ncorporated herein by reference (2.0).

12. The macroflora community at rinna Station is composed entirely of Cladophora glomerata, the abundance of which decreases lakeward and is essentially absent by six meters of water depth., Cladophora demonstrates random yearly abundances, with the variance among years at each transect greater than the variance among transects for each year. A lasting effect of the discharge cannot be detected (3.1).

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13. The macroinvertebrate community, represented by Gammarus, shows typically greater concentrations at the two and five meter depths, diminishing lakeward from the five meter depth. No significant differences in abundance have been found between the transects even though the distribution of Gammarus appears to be patchy. Annually, abundances of Gammarus are relatively stable. The discharge does not seem to have an adverse impact on this community (3.2).

14. The fish net studies conducted at the Ginna site from 1969 through 1975 have supplied information upon which the RIS fish have been chosen. These species, listed in order of decreasing Catch per Unit Effort (CUE), are: Alewife, White Perch, Spottail Shiner, Rainbow Smelt, Smallmouth Bass, Brown Trout and Coho Salmon.

Each RIS fish population at the Ginna Site has been analyzed with respect to general distribution and abundance, relationship to the thermal plume based on perference temperatures and swimming abilities, attraction to or avoidance of the plume based on collected data, use of the site as a spawning or nursery area, and yearly fluctuations in abundance. A final section deals with all of the above areas on a total RIS-fish community basis. (3.3)

15. Seasonal preference temperatures and swimming capabilities for each RIS fish are discussed relative to acclimation temperature and other modifying factors. These data are variously utilized in other sections to both predict and verify actual responses of fish to the Ginna discharge, and to determine their potential for plume penetration and possible impact (3.3.3.2, 3.3.4.2, 3.3.5.2, 3.3.6.2, 3.3.7.2, 3.3.8.2,3.3.9.2).

16. RIS fish show varying degrees of attraction to and avoidance of the thermal plume during the course of the year based upon an Attraction Index. All species appear to behave generally in good agreement with their thermal preferenda and migratory instincts. This results in apparently minor effects upon the RIS fish community, in that these species fluctuate seasonally, showing that natural behavior patterns are dominant over influences of the thermal plume (3.3.10.2).

17. Fish egg and larvae studies have identified the following RIS-fish larvae at the Ginna site: alewife, smelt, white perch and shiners.

Utilization of the site as a spawning or nursery area is assumed to be predoninated by alewives, while other species may use it spora dically. Some species (coho salmon and brown trout) are not assumed to be able to naturally reproduce in Lake Ontario or its tributaries.

Spawning intensity seems normal for each RIS in accordance with their species-specific habitat requirements. The area does not appear to be a preferred or unique spawning or nursery area for any RIS fish. (3.3)

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18. A quantitative assessment of theoretical thermal impact, expressed in terms of time and areas within the discharge zone from which organisms might be excluded, is provided for each RIS. Exclusion areas occur either at the surface, six-foot depth, or region of plume bottom-contact, depending upon the behavior and habitat of each species; they represent portions of the discharge zone where upper thermal tolerances are exceeded for various life activities such as parent survival, summer survival, growth (optimal and acceptable), reproduction, and development (4.1, 4.2).

Species - specific conclusions derived from this theoretical approach are as follows:

Macroflora (Cladophora) - Considering the extremely small areas of bottom contact (less than six acres) and time in summer when parent stock may be excluded, and considering the absence of potential thermal impact on all remaining life activities outside from the scour zone, it is reasonable to expect the Ginna plume to have a negligible adverse impact on Cladophora (4.2.1).

Macroinvertebrates (Gammarus) - Given the absence of potential thermal impact on survival of adult gammarids, the extremely small areas of plume bottom - contact and brief periods of impact on eggs, immatures, and reproduction, and lastly the predicted suboptimal growth within a small area during summer, it appears unlikely that the Ginna discharge could-have a significant, much less a measureable, adverse thermal impact on Gammarus, hence the macroinvertebrate community (4.2.2).

Fish (Alewife)-- To summarize potential thermal effects of the Ginna discharge upon alewives, the applicant anticipates a small area of possible exclusion for mature fish in July, very small areas consistently or larger areas for brief tire periods excluding juveniles in summer, suboptimal growth in various portions of the discharge zone mostly in summer (assuming alewives remain there for weeks or months), and finally negligible thermal impact on their development and reproduction activities. On this basis the applicant concludes no appreciable adverse thermal impact on the alewife population (4.2.3.1).

(Smelt) - Due to smelt's preference for cold water, and it-snormal distribution in deep. offshore waters in the summer, the potential for thermal impact on this species is expected to be minimal. Reproduction and development activities would not be thermally impacted apart from the maximum scour zone (4.2.3.2).

(Spottail Shiner) - The applicant anticipates no consequential thermal effects on either reproduction, development, or parent survival of spottail shiners within the Ginna discharge zone.

The potential for direct impact on spottails, and suboptimal growth within various sized areas in summer, is minimized by their general avoidance of the nearshore area at this time (4.2.3.3).

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(White Perch) - The applicant finds no potential thermal impact on reproduction, development, and parent survival with in the Ginna discharge zone. There is a potential for some exclusion of white perch from small areas during the warmest part of summer, and a potential for suboptimal growth in areas of various dimensions during the summer months. Enhancement of food reserves in and about the discharge may compensate for thermally induced suboptimal growth, and serve to minimize the extent of potential impact (4.2.3.4).

(Smallmouth Bass) - To summarize the findings of a theoretical thermal impact assessment on various life activities of small mouth bass, one could safely conclude that the Ginna discharge has a negligible impact on development, reproduction, and parent survival, and would exclude individuals from inhabiting very small areas (less than 3.5 percent of the discharge zone) during the summer. Growth could be suboptimal within reason ably small subsurface areas, however enhanced availability of food resources may compensate for such potential effects (4.2.3.5).

(Coho Salmon) - The applicant's evaluation of theoretical thermal impact on coho salmon of Lake Ontario, has demonstrated a low potential for impact on mature forms migrating through the region beneath the discharge zone in late summer and October, and a minimum potential impact on acceptable growth of individuals occupying the discharge zone in spring and fall (4.2.3.6).

(Brown Trout) - The results of a theoretical impact assessment on brown trout at Ginna suggest no impact on mature specimens occupying nearshore waters in the fall, though there is a possible exclusion from a small area of the discharge zone should some individuals migrate shoreward earlier (September).

The potential for impact on growth (optimal and acceptable) should be greatly minimized in summer since brown trout occupy waters somewhat offshore within their preferred temperature range. No significant impact is predicted on growth in late spring. Successful reproduction and development of this stocked species is questionable in Lake Ontario; there fore the applicant anticipates no potential for thermal im pact on these activities (4.2.3.7).

19. A species-specific evaluation of cold-shock effects, stemming from a reactor shutdown (rapid or scheduled), indicates a potential for low impact and a confinement of possible effects to specific colder months. Minimal concentrations of rainbow smelt, coho salmon, and brown trout might experience cold-shock during winter; spottail shiners and white perch could be stressed and/or cold shocked only in February; alewives are prone to impact mainly in April; and smallmouth bass are never expected to experience cold-shock.

In general, the extent of potential impact would be slight based on the few individuals inhabiting discharge waters during cold months, and is not expected to adversely affect protection and propagation of RIS fish at Ginna (4.2.3.1-7).

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20. The plume entrains local lake water and transports it out into the lake. This offshore transport of lake water is replaced by an equal onshore movement of water. Such a countercurrent is usually found beneath the plume and has its origins offshore of the plume area.

The flow rate of water entrained into the plume was calculated as a function of temperature and plume location. The maximum flow of 0

entraining water exposed to 3 F temperatures or higher with expected spring conditions is approximately 2700 cfs (5.1.1).

21. Numbers of organisms which may be entrained into the plume have been estimated based upon: (1) the concentrations of fish eggs and larvae and the RIS-Gammarus found at the Ginna site, and

.(2) calculations of the volume of water entrained. These esti mates are presented for the period of May through September which would be the period of highest concentrations for such organisms.

Considerations and findings of this plume entrainment assessment include: (1) evidence of a limnetic countercurrent which flows shoreward beneath the thermal plume which may significantly reduce entrained organisms, (2) an insignificant thermal stress imposed upon Gammarus and a slight displacement of some of these organisms, (3) minor entrainment of fish eggs since most found near the Ginna site are dimersal, and (4) indications that larvae entrained into the plume would not reach detrimental temperatures. Overall, en trainment into the thermal plume has not be determined to result in adverse impact upon the RIS (5.1.2).

22. Fish tagging studies conducted from 1973 through 1976 support evidence that little, if any, interference to fish movements along shore may be attributed to the Ginna thermal discharge into Lake Ontario (5.2).

23. Gas bubble disease (GBD), a condition which may develop in fish subjected for a critical species-specific period of time to dis charge waters supersaturated with a critical concentration of total gases and/or threshold ratio of dissolved oxygen to nitrogen, has neither been, nor is expected to be, a problem at the Ginna discharge. Support for this conclusion is derived from studies on L. Michigan where it was demonstrated that sensitive species such as brown trout, coho salmon, spottail shiners and others, captured from supersaturated discharge waters, did not exhibit symptoms of GBD. The author attributes these findings to short residence times of fish in critical areas of potential impact.

This behavior, coupled with a paucity of fish observed occupying discharge waters at Ginna during critical periods (mainly winter months), greatly minimizes potential impact. Actual observed occurrences of GBD at the Ginna site have been rare (5.3).

This supplement demons5t, ata that the 6horLe2ne 6uw4ace discharge oJ the Ginna Nuctear Power Ptant azWur. the protection and propagation oJ a batanced in digenous aquatic community as exemptified by the Reprzentative Important Speciez at the Ginna Site.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: THERMAL PLUME CHARACTERISTICS Section Page 1.1 PLANT DESCRIPTION. .................................... 1.1 1.2 HEAT DISSIPATION SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ................ 1.1 1.3 SYSTEM OPERATION ..................................... 1.2 1.3.1 Circulating Water System ..................... 1.2 1.3.2 Recirculation .............................. 1.2 1.3.3 Biocide Treatment ............................ 1.3 1.3.4 Reactor Shutdown ............................. 1.3 1.4 THERMAL PLUME MODEL AND CHARACTERISTICS .............. 1.4-1 1.4.1 Mathematical Model Used ........ ... .......... 1.4-1 1.4.1.1i Discussion of Model ............. 1.4-1 1.4.1.1.1 Introduction ................... 1.4-1 1.4.1.1.1.1 Problem Description ............. 1.4-1 1.4.1.1.1.2 Possible Solution Methods .... 1..1.4-1 1.4.1.1.1.3 Other Empirical Models ........... 1.4-2 1.4.1.1.2 Analytical Discussion ........... 1.4-5 1.4.1.1.2.1 Describing Parameters ........... 1.4-5 1.4.1.1.2.2 Centerline Temperature Excess.. .1.4-6 1.4.1.1.2.3 Plume Half Width ................ 1.4-12 1.4.1.1.2.4 Lateral Distribution ............l1.4-14 1.4.1.1.3 Data Description ................ 1.4-16 1.4.1.1.3.1 Data Collection ................ 1.4-16 1.4.1.1.3.2 Data Range ...................... 1.4-16 1.4.1.1.3.3 Surface Data Reduction.......... 1.4-17 1.4.1.1.3.4 Subsurface Data-Reduction...... _1.4-17 1.4.1.1.4 Statistical Methods and Resulting Equations ............. 1.4-18 1.4.1.1.4.1 Statistical Methods ............. 1.4-18 1.4.1.1.4.2 Centerline Temperature Excess...l.4-19 1.4 .1.1.4 .3 Plume Half-Width ................ 1.4-22 1.4.1.1.4.4 Lateral Distribution ............

1.4 .1.1.4.5 1.4-24 Possible Sources of Data Scatterl.4-25 1.4.1.1.5 Model Application ............... 1.4-26 1.4.1.1.5.1 Isotherm Construction ........... 1.4-26 1.4 .1.1.5.2 Worst Case Isotherms ............ 1.4-26 1.4 .1.2 Comparison of Model With Data...1.4-28 1-i

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 (Continued)

Section Page 1.4.2 Thermal Effects of Discharge ................. 1.4-30 1.4.2.1 Ambient Conditions .............. 1.4-30 1.4.2.2 Lake Bottom Temperature Rise .... 1.4-30 1.4.2.3 Velocity Decay .................. 1.4-31 1.4.2.3.1 Exposure Time ................... 1.4-31 1.4.2.3.2 Plume Trajectory ................ 1.4-32 1.4.2.4 Winter Recirculation ............ 1.4-33 1.4.2.5 Seasonal Thermal Effects ........ 1.4-35 1.4.2.5.1 Expected Seasonal Conditions .... 1.4-35 1.4.2.5.1.1 Expected Winter Plume ........... 1.4-35 1.4.2.5.1.2 Expected Spring Plume ........... 1.4-35 1.4.2.5.1.3 Expected Summer Plume ........... 1.4-36 1.4.2.5.1.4 Expected Fall Plume ............. 1.4-36 1.4.2.5.2 Extreme Seasonal Conditions ..... 1.4-37 1.4.2.5.2.1 Extreme Winter Plume ............ 1.4-37 1.4.2.5.2.2 Extreme Spring Plume ............ 1.4-37 1.4.2.5.2.3 Extreme Summer Plume ............ 1.4-37 1.4.2.5.2.4 Extreme FallPlume ............. 1.4-38 1.4.2.6 Parametric Plume Analysis ....... 1.4-38 1.4.3 Physical Effects of Discharge ................ 1.4-41 1.4.3.1 Velocity Effects ................ 1.4-41 1.4.3.1.1 Surface Velocities ............ 1.4-41 1.4.3.1.2 Bottom Velocities ............... 1.4-41 1.4.3.2 Concentrations ................ 1.4-42 1.4.3.3 Shoreline Erosion ............... 1.4-43 References .T. ................. 1.4-44 1,5 DE.FINITTON OF DISCHARGE ZONE AND MIXING ZONE..,.,*,,I,5-1 1-ii

LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title 1.4-1 List of Variables Used in Discussion of Mathematical Model 1.4-2 Basic Parameters of Surveys Used to Develop Model 1.4-3 Ginna Surface Isotherm Data 1.4-4 Ginna Six Foot Depth Isotherm Data 1.4-5 Correlation Constants and Statistical Results for the Ginna Data Representation 1.4-6 Ginna Lateral Distribution and Normalized Gaussian Distribution 1.4-7 Monthly Difference in Ambient Temperature between the Shoreline and 5000 Feet Offshore in the Ginna 20 )

Vicinity as Given by Chermack and Galletta(

1.4-8 Seasonal Discharge and Ambient Conditions 1.4-9 Surface Centerline Excess Velocity Decay for Seasonal Conditions 1~4l Ginna Triaxial Surveys 1.5-1 Ginna Discharge Zones 1.5-2 Ginna Mixing Zones 1.5-3 Ratios of Seasonal Thermal Plumes to the Ginna Zones of Impact l-iii

LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Title 1.4-1 Design Curves Describing the Ginna Thermal Discharge Plume 1.4-2 Comparison of Possible Froude Number Functional Forms 1.4-3 Comparison of Hypothesized Relation Between T and X with Values Determined at Ginna 1.4-4 Triaxial Survey Map

1. 4-5 Range of Ginna Thermal Survey Densimetric Froude Numbers and Lake Elevations 1.4-6 Dimensionless Centerline Temperature Excess and Half Width Measured on 9/25/70 at the Lake Surface 1.4-7 Dimensionless Centerline Temperature Excess and Half Width Measured on 10/27/71 at the Lake Surface 1.4-8 Dimensionless Centerline Temperature Excess and Half Width Measured on 5/1/70 at Six Foot Depth 1.4-9 Dimensionless Centerline Temperature Excess and Half Width Measured on 10/1/73 at Six Foot Depth 1.4-10 Dimensionless Centerline Temperature Excess-Surface 1.4-11 Dimensionless Centerline Temperature Excess-Six Foot Depth 1.4-12 Dimensionless Plume Half Width-Surface 1.4-13 Dimensionless Plume Half Width-Six Foot Depth 1-iv

LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

Figure No. Title 1.4-14 Lateral Temperature Distribution 1.4-15 Variation of Densimetric Froude Number (F) with Lake Conditions for the Ginna Discharge 1.4-16 Linear Scale Factor vs. Lake Elevation 1.4-17 Dimensionless Centerline Temperature Excess and Half Width Measured on 9/11/75 at the Lake Surface 1.4-18 Dimensionless Centerline Temperature Excess and Half Width Measured on 9/11/75 at Six Foot Depth 1.4-19 Dimensionless Centerline Temperature Excess and Half Width Measured on 10/21/75 at the Lake Surface 1.4-20 Dimensionless Centerline Temperature Excess and Half Width Measured on 10/21/75 at Six Foot Depth 1.4-21 Dimensionless Centerline Temperature Excess and Half Width Measured on 5/24/76 at the Lake Surface 1.4-22 Dimensionless Centerline Temperature Excess and Half Width Measured on 6/10/76 at the Lake Surface 1.4-23 Dimensionless Centerline Temperature Excess and Half Width Measured on 7/6/76 at the Lake Surface 1.4-24 Dimensionless Centerline Temperature Excess and Half Width Measured on 9/13/76 at the Lake Surface 1.4-25 Dimensionless Centerline Temperature Excess and Half Width Measured on 9/29/76 at the Lake Surface 1.4-26 Dimensionless Centerline Temperature Excess and Half Width Measured on 11/5/76 at the Lake Surface 1-v

LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

Figure No. Title 1.4-46 Expected and Extreme Seasonal Isotherm Volumes 1.4-47 Time - Temperature Decay, Expected Spring Conditions 1.4-48 Time - Temperature Decay, Expected Summer Conditions 1.4-49 Time - Temperature Decay, Expected Fall Conditions 1.4-50 Time - Temperature Decay, Extreme Spring Conditions 1.4-51 Time - Temperature Decay, Extreme Summer Conditions 1.4-52 Time - Temperature Decay, Extreme Fall Conditions 1.4-53 Expected Spring Plume Trajectories 1.4-54 Expected Summer Plume Trajectories 1.4-55 Expected Fall Plume Trajectories 1.4-56 Extreme Spring Plume Trajectories 1.4-57 Extreme Summer Plume Trajectories 1.4-58 Extreme Fall Plume Trajectories 1.4-59 Expected 20 F Surface Isotherm Areas 1.4-60 Expected 3*F Surface Isotherm Areas 1.4-61 Expected 5*F Surface Isotherm Areas 1.4-62 Expected 10*F Surface Isotherm Areas 1.4-63 Expected 21F Six Foot Depth Isotherm Areas 1.4-64 Expected 30 F Six Foot Depth Isotherm Areas 1.4-65 Expected 5OF Six Foot Depth Isotherm Areas 1.4-66 Expected 10*F Six Foot Depth Isotherm Areas 1-vi

LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

Figure No. Title 1.4-27 Discharge Velocity vs. Lake Elevation 1.4-28 Discharge Flow Rates During Recirculation Mode 1.4-29 Lake Surface Isotherms - E xpected Spring Conditions 1.4-30 Six Foot Depth Isotherms Expected Spring Conditions 1.4-31 Lake Surface Isotherms - E xpected Summer Conditions 1.4-32 Six Foot Depth Isotherms Expected Summer Conditions 1.4-33 Lake Surface Isotherms - E xpected Fall Conditions 1.4-34 Six Foot Depth Isotherms Fxpected Fall Conditions 1.4-35 Lake Surface Isotherms - E xtreme Spring Conditions 1.4-36 Six Foot Depth Isotherms Extreme Spring Conditions 1.4-37 Lake Surface Isotherms - E xtreme Summer Conditions 1.4-38 Six Foot Depth Isotherms Extreme Summer Conditions 1.4-39 Lake Surface Isotherms - E:xtreme Fall Conditions 1.4-40 Six Foot Depth Isotherms - Extreme Fall Conditions 1.4-41 Isotherm Areas along Lake Surface - Expected Seasonal Conditions 1.4-42 Isotherm Areas at Six Foot Depth - Expected Seasonal Conditions 1.4-43 Isotherm Areas along Lake Surface - Extreme Seasonal Conditions 1.4-44 Isotherm Areas at Six Foot Depth - Extreme Seasonal Conditions 1.4-45 Isothermal Lake Bottom Areas Expected and Extreme Seasonal Conditions 1-vii

LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

Figure No. Title 1.4-67 Average and Maximum Isothermal Lake Bottom Areas - Ta = 40°F 1.4-68 Average and Maximum Isothermal Lake Bottom Areas - Ta = 60OF 1.4-69 Average and Maximum Isothermal Lake Bottom Areas - Ta = 80OF 1.4-70 Worst Case 2 0 F Surface Isotherm Areas 1.4-71 Worst Case 30 F Surface Isotherm Areas 1.4-72 Worst Case 50 F Surface Isotherm Areas 1.4-73 Worst Case 10OF Surface Isotherm Areas 1.4-74 Worst Case 20 F Six Foot Depth Isotherm Areas 1.4-75 Worst Case 30 F Six Foot Depth Isotherm Areas 1.4-76 Worst Case 5*F Six Foot Depth Isotherm Areas 1.4-77 Worst Case 10OF Six Foot Depth Isotherm Areas 1.4-78 Time - Temperature Decay, E = 244 Ft. USGS 1.4-79 Time - Temperature Decay, E = 246 Ft. USGS 1.4-80 Time - Temperature Decay, E = 248 Ft. USGS 1.4-81 Time - Temperature Decay, E = 250 Ft. USGS 1.4-82 Average and Maximum Lake Bottom Scour Areas (Bottom Velocity >1 FPS) 1-viii

LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

Figure No. Title 1.5-1 3*F Discharge Zone Development - Lake Surface 1.5-2 30 F Mixing Zone Development - Lake Surface 1.5-3 Isothermal Discharge Zones - Lake Surface 1.5-4 Isothermal Discharge Zones - Six Foot Depth 1.5-5 Isothermal Discharge Zones - Lake Bottom 1.5-6 Isothermal Mixing Zones - Lake Surface 1.5-7 Isothermal Mixing Zones - Six Foot Depth 1.5-8 30 F Lake Surface Impact Zones with Expected 30 F Spring Isotherm 1.5-9 30 F Six Foot Depth Impact Zones with Expected 30 F Spring Isotherm 1 -ix

CHAPTER 1.0 THERMAL PLUME CHARACTERISTICS 1.1 PLA'T DESCRIPTION The Ginna Nuclear Power Plant is located on Lake Ontario in the northwest corner of Wayne County, N.Y. This location, on the south shore of Lake Ontario, is about 20 miles ENE of Rochester, N.Y. and 45 miles WSW of Oswego, N.Y. Figure 1.1-1 shows the counties and the larger cities and towns within 50 miles of the site. The nearest planned and exis ting nuclear facilities are located at the Sterling site (about 34 miles away) and Nine Mile Point Units (about 49 miles away), respectively.

Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation (RG&E) obtained its provisional license on September 19, 1969 to operate Ginna at 1300 megawatts thermal (MWt). The AEC Directorate of Licensing amended this provisional operating license to RG&E on March 1, 1972 to allow operation at power levels up to 1520 MWt. A pressurized-water reactor (PWR) is used to pro duce this thermal power level. A steam turbine-generator uses this heat to provide 490 MWe (net) of electrical power capacity.

The plant consists of a closed-cycle, pressurized, light water-moderated nuclear steam-supply system, a turbine condenser system, and auxiliary equipment. Figure 1.1-2 is a simplified flow diagram of the steam-electric system.

After passing through the turbines, spent steam is condensed by once-through cooling with water from Lake Ontario. At

,--full design power, the plant removes water from Lake Ontario at the rate of 400,000 GPM and heats it to a temperature 20F° above ambient lake temperature before returning it to the lake.as a shoreline surface discharge.

1.2 HEAT DISSIPATION SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Heat-removal facilities for normal operations Consists of a conventional once-through system with cooling water being withdrawn from and returned to the same waterbody. The intake-discharge facilities are designed to provide the water requirements for the circulating water system and the house service water system. The total flow of circulating water through these systems under normal operating conditions is about 400,000 GPM (891.2 CFS). Figure 1.2-1 is a flow dia gram of these once-through systems. Lake Ontario is the 1.1

source and recipient of the circulating water which is withdrawn through a submerged octagonal intake structure that lies some 3100 ft offshore in about 35 ft of water.

Figure 1.2-2 is a perspective drawing of the intake struc ture, screenhouse and discharge canal. Intake water flows by gravity through a 10 ft diameter concrete-lined tunnel into the screenhouse, where it passes through a coarse screen and fine-mesh traveling screens before being pumped to the condenser or service water system. The water from these two systems is combined and released to the discharge canal which opens into Lake Ontario at the shoreline. The discharge canal is an open structure approximately 20 ft wide at the base with side slopes of 1:1 at lake entrv.

Average water depth in the canal is about 8 ft and a dis charge velocity of 3.7 fps is typical. The 400,000 GPM flow is normally maintained at all power levels and its discharge velocity, which depends upon on lake elevation, is presented in Figure 1.4-27.

1.3 SYSTEM OPERATION 1.3.1 Circulating Water System The waste heat released to Lake Ontario by the plant is about 4.0 x 109 BTU/HR at the 490 MWe rated output. The water used to remove heat from the main condensers is pro vided by a once-through circulating system designed to limit the temperature rise through the main condensers to a maximum of approximately 20F0 at 100 percent of rated ca pacity. As presented in Figure 1.2-1, 381,000 GPM of the measured 400,000 GPM total circulating water flow passes through the condensers and 19,000 GPM flow through the ser vice water system. A temperature increase of 20F° has been assumed across the service water system for calculations of waste heat rejection.

The 400,000 GPM circulating flow is normally maintained at all power levels except during periods of recirculation to prevent the accumulation of frazil ice on the intake struc tures. Retention time of condenser cooling water in the plant system is approximately eight minutes and no consump tion or process contact of the water occurs.

1.3;2 Recirculation During normal operating conditions, at rated thermal power, the temperature of the water that leaves the discharge canal is increased about 20F° above the temperature of withdrawal from Lake Ontario. During the period from mid-December through mid-April, a portion of the condenser discharge water 1.2

is recirculated to the forebay to prevent any ice accumula tion on the screenhouse facilities. Ginna operating pro cedures state that condenser water inlet temperature should be maintained at no more than 40*F maximum by use of the re circulation gate during the winter months. Discharge flow rates versus temperature excess during the recirculation mode are presented in Figure 1.4-28. Under such conditions of maximum recirculation, the temperature of the discharge water to Lake Ontario would be increased 28F° above inlet water tem peratures. Recirculation has the effect of lowering the flow rate while raising the discharge excess temperature.

Plume development with reference to winter recirculation is discussed in section 1.4.2.4.

1.3.3 Biocide Treatment Sodium hypochlorite is intermittently added to the intake water at the forebay to inhibit biological growths and main tain heat transfer efficiency in the main condenser and house service water systems. Total residual chlorine is con tinuously monitored during chlorination periods.

In January 1977, chlorination procedures at Ginna have been reduced to one 30 minute period per day five times per week in an effort to keep chlorine discharges as low as practicable.

The facility is operating in compliance with its NPDES ef fluent limitation of 0.5 mg/l free available chlorine and maximum value of 45.4 kg/day (100 lbs/day).

1.3.4 Reactor Shutdown Scheduled shutdowns for refueling and maintenance generally occur once a year for about a six week period. It is ex pected that the refueling outage would normally occur during the Spring or Fall when electrical system demands are at a minimum and not during the period December through March, except as required by New York Power Pool Planning (NYPP).

Coordination of planned shutdowns with NYPP is required so that an acceptable state power reserve is maintained.

Any changes in reactor power during operation will cause time

--arying temperature behavior in the thermal plume. A normal startup or shutdown would typically result in finer incremental temperature changes in the circulating water discharge than an emergency shutdown. The severest impact would result from the simultaneous occurrence of the following conditions:

(1) full-power operation in winter, (2) maximum recirculation, (3) instantaneous decrease from full-power operation to zero-power, and (4) continued operation of the main circulating water pumps.

1.3

The temperature drop of the discharge water associated with rapid outage would be most severe during the first minute (about 171F). The average number of unscheduled shutdowns per year for the Ginna unit is 10 based upon a-5 year opera tion period.

1.4

LOCATION OF THE GINNA NUCLEAR POWER PLANT Fi Figure 1.1-1

SIMPLIFIED FLOW DIAGRAM OF THE CONDENSER AND SERVICE WATER SYSTEMS OF THE GINNA NUCLEAR POWER PLANT.

figocfh~~f.lSR@SANDLECTRIC Figure 1.2-1

-PRIMARY-COOLANT WATER

-SECONDARY-COOLANT WATER STEAM

= LAXEONTARIOCO*LINGWATER SIMPLIFIED FLOW DIAGRAM OF THE STEAM-ELECTRIC SYSTEM OF THE GINNA NUCLEAR POWER PLANT I rral Figure 1.1-2

N I " EL

• It/ 23701

? ItRECIIRCULATIC'N R-TRAVELING SCREENS WEIR SCREENHOUJSE TO

" "EL 25311 ELECTRIC CONDOENSERS LAKE ONTARIO 244 7fttCIGLD 1955) PO

- CONDENSERS DISCHARGE O -SE -DIAMN DISCHARGE CANALONW TUNNEL I3.100 fr I

-INTAKE

~LINTAKE Sr TRILE4EIGHT 17.3-t -WIDE By 10-11-HIGH INTAKEPORTS

_< EL 211It SMOKYPOINT DRAWING OF THE INTAKE STRUCTURE, SCREEN HOUSE, AND DISCHARGE CANAL OF THE GINNA NUCLEAR POWER PLANT rOCNTrES AS AS CTRSIC ELE1 Figure 1.2-2

1.4 THERMAL PLUME MODEL AND CHARACTERISTICS 1.4.1 MATHEMATICAL MODEL USED 1.4.1.1 Discussion of Model 1.4.1.1.1 Introduction 1.4.1.1.1.1 Problem Description When a stream of warm water is released from an open channel into a large body of water, the warmer effluent mixes with the cooler ambient watrr, resulting in spreading and cooling of the discharge. The area in the receiving body where the discharge can be sensed is referred to as the thermal plume. The plume can be thought of as being comprised of four basic regions: the core region, in which the initial jet effect of the discharge results in a mixing of the plume with the ambient water but in which the temperature and velocity of the plume centerline remain essentially constant; the entrainment region, in which the turbulent shear forces caused by the velocity difference between the plume and ambient result in the mixing of cooler water with the discharge plume while the buoyancy of the warmer water tends to cause the plume to rise; the stable region, in which the plume continues to spread due to the buoyant rising of the warm water but in which the rate of entrainment is inhibited by the low plume velocity and the high density stratification between the plume and ambient; and the far field, in which the plume surface area is large enough to allow significant heat transfer from the lake to the atmosphere.

This discussion is intended to concentrate on the near field por tion of the plume, which essentially encompasses the first three regions.

The temperature distribution within these regions are influenced by many variables such as location within the plume, discharge channel geometry, discharge water temperature and flow rate, ambient water temperature, elevation, turbulence level, and velocity, lake shore and bottom configuration, and atmospheric conditions.

1.4.1.1.1.2 Possible Solution Methods A number of theoretical models exist to describe a surface jet discharge. For example, Motz and Benedict(1)formulated a two dimensional model. However, the two dimensionality of the model results in neglect of jet spreading duS to buoyancy. Stolzenbach and Harleman(2) and Shirazi and Davis( have formulated three dimensional models for deep receiving waters. However, these 1.4-1

formulations cannot be used past the entrainment region due to their underlying assumption that jet momentum is much greater than ambient momentum. Also, their predictions are not accurate for shallow receiving waters. When one considers the-complexity of the thermal plume and the many variables which affect it, it is not surprising that a general theoretical model does not exist which will give acceptable predictions of the thermal distribution in a shallow receiving basin, such as the nearshore region of Lake Ontario, due to a surface jet discharge of heated water.

An alternative to the use of a theoretical model as the chief predictive tool in determining the effects of the Ginna discharge is an empirici, model. Examples oi empirical modeigare those of Pritchard,k; Asbury and Frigor 5 and Shirazi. Such models have the advantage of being based upon actual field measurements of surface jet discharges, thereby implicitly accounting for all of the governing mechanisms. However, their disadvantage is related to their advantage. That is, since all of the mechanisms governing plume behavior are implicitly accounted for, extrapolation of these formulations to sites not similar to those used to derive the formulations is not good practice. This is because the relative magnitude of the various mechanisms may be entirely different at different sites.

It should be clear from the above that the best method of predicting the effects of a discharge is to use a formulation based upon direct field measurements. In this light, extensive data are available for the R.E.Ginna Nuclear Power Plant surface jet discharge. Therefore, an empirical model based upon these extensive field measurements will be developed. This model will then be used to assess the effects of the Ginna discharge.

1.4.1.1.1.3 Other Empirical Models A number of empirical studies of surfac 74et discharges are available in the literature. Pritchard used data from a number of sites along the Great Lakes to arrive at an algorithm for drawing surface isotherms. This model, however, is quite arbitrary in that the chief dependent variables are channel width and discharge temperature. No functional dependence is included for such basic factors as discharge flow, discharge Froude number, etc. The model is applicable to the original data base because the governing factors vary over a fairly narrow range. The plants studied were relatively low capacity fossil fired units with low velocity discharges. The use of this model for the Ginna plant would be inappropriate.

Asbury and Frigo(5) also studied various Great Lakes sites to arrive at a relation between dimensionless excess centerline 1.4-2

temperature, and the ratio of isotherm area to discharge flow, I/00 . It is obvious, however, that the latter parameter has the dimensions of inverse velocity. If two data sources have different length scales, the same temperature rise, and equivalent Froude numbers, the latter being required if the near field jet behavior is going to be the same at the two sites, then the ratio of their isotherm areas would be proportional to the square of the ratio of their length scales while the ratio of their flows must be proportional to the 2.5 power of the length scale ratio. Therefore, it would be incorrect to use the parameter I/Qo for data sources other than those from which the relationship was derived.

Shirazi(6)

Shirazi( investigated the centerline temperature excess and plume half width of a number of data sources. He took a purely statistical approach and assumed that AT r rah o b c 'Ade' and Ro = a'(h R A a f' R (1) 03T 0ý 0R/ c where: ATc = centerline temperature excess, 0F ATo = discharge temperature excess, OF rh = plume half width, ft h0 = discharge depth, ft s = distance along plume trajectory, ft R? = ambient velocity/discharge velocity = Ua/U0 F = densimetric Froude number = UO O (!a-0 a

A = aspect ratio = W/h 0 ac = angle between discharge and ambient velocities, radians Ua = ambient velocity, ft/sec U0 = discharge velocity, ft/sec g = gravitational acceleration, ft/sec2 1.4-3

W = discharge channel width, ft 3

Pa = ambient density, lb/ft Po = discharge density, lb/ft 3 and a',b',c',d',e',f' = correlation constants which are different for - and 0

Stefan, et al (7) investigated plume effects within the core region and slightly beyond and found that 77 sc'(a'-b'T) d'-e'T ex exp (-f'R) xg'F'h A' + g'F-h (2) where: T = AT/AT = dimensionless centerline temperature excess c 0 and g',h',i' = correlation constants resulted in a good fit to the data for 1.0*5A

• 9.6, 0: R'* 0.41, 2.0 :F 515, and 0.85 T*0.98.

1.4.1.1.2 Analytical Discussion 1.4.1.1.2.1 Describing Parameters The effects of a surface jet discharge are influenced by many variables. In the near field these variables can be reduced to the dimensionless parameters F,A,R',K (where K = k/paC U where k = surface heat transfer coefficient, Btu/ft 2 - OF a Ps~c and C specific heat of water, Btu/lb- F), and a for a deep receiving water body. For a shallow receiving water body, the effect of lateral and bottom boundaries must also be considered.

Ambient turbulence is considered to have secondary importance within the near field.(2)

The heat loss parameter, K, can always be neglected in the near field for practical purposes.(8) This can best be illustrated by a sample calculation. Using Figure 1.4-29 which shows the expected spring surface isotherms, and taking a value of k = 92 Btu/ft 2 - OF - day, an average value for Lake Ontario,(9) the heat lost through the surface of the plume to the atmosphere was calculated. It was found that less than 3 percent of the heat rejected to the lake by the plant was lost to the atmosphere within the 2 0 F isotherm.

R' and its associated parameter a have not been measured at Ginna.

This is not considered to be a sehious deficiency in this case.

A surface jet in the presence of a crossflowing ambient will exhibit a distortion of the lateral temperature profiles.

However, if R' is much less than one, the effects of the cross flow on the plume temperature distribution will be small. The major effect of the crossflow will be a gradual bending of the jet trajectory.(8) At Ginna the discharge velocities are in the range of 3-5 ft/sec., an order of magnitude larger than the currents normally occurring on Lake Ontario. Therefore, the effects of lake currents are expected to be small. It is important to realize that if lake velocities larger than normally expected were to occur, the plume would exhibit greatly increased entrainment rates and, therefore, a much greater rate of temperature decay.(8,10) Hence, at large lake velocities where the crossflow becomes important, its effect is to significantly decrease the size of the thermal plume. On these bases, the parameters R' and ac are not considered further.

A linear scaling factor must be defined so that the plume parameters s,rh,ancJ ,the isotherm area,qýi be described in dimensionless form.

Shirazi and Stefan, et al I used the discharge depth, h .

Inspection of their general functional forms, equations 1 anR 2, shows that the discharge flow, Q0 = U0 a, where a = cross section 1.4-5

area of discharge flow, is accounted for through the use of the variables F,A, and the scale factor h0 . However, a better choice of length scale would be V'a/-2 Use of this factor in the formula tion will reduce the dependence of plume behavior on the aspect ratio,(2) the aspect ratio no longer being necessary to define the size of the discharge.

1.4.1.1.2.2 Centerline Temperature Excess As described in Section 1.4.1.1.1.3, Shirazi (6) described the dimensionless centerline temperature excess, T, as the product of the describing parameters raised to constant powers, as shown in equation 1. For a specific set of lake and discharqe conditions, this equation form reduces to a straight line when log T is plotted against log(s/ho) . Figure 1.4-1, which describes the centerline temperature decay at Ginna based on some early field measurements, is such a plot. Note that the curves defining centerline temperature decay are not straight lines.

Rather than h , 4'a72 has been used as the scale factor. For a specific set 8f conditions, use of ho would result in a translation of the curves without changing their shape or slope. As is obvious, the functional form used by Shirazi to describe the dependence of T on the distance along the plume trajectory, X, is not appropriate for Ginna.

The form used by Stefan, et al(7) was also considered. Although this formulation was derived only for 0.8*ST*O0.98, it was thought that the same functional representation, equation 2, might be applicable to the entire range of temperature excess. As discussed previously, the value of R'can be considered to be essentially zero for this study. Therefore, equation 2 becomes:

- (a'-b'T)c' Ad'-eT + exp(iIF (3) 0 L1 Using a instead of h as the linear scale factor, equation 3 becomes

= (a-b'T)c Ad -eT[+ P IF-h' exp (i'F*l (

(4)

=

a'-'T)

ýa-/ A 1.4-6

where: X= dimensionless distance along jet trajectory and a',b',c',d',e',g',h', and V' may have different values than in equation 3.

The function describing the effects of Froude number, the term in brackets in equation 4, was investigated. The values of g',h', and i' found by Stefan, et al 7) were 0.5, 1.5, and 0.4 respectively. However, this Froude number function is very difficult to work with statistically in that it cannot be linearized.

Therefore, a new function is sought which would reproduce the basic characteristics of Stefan's function but would be easier to manipulate. The first attempt would obviously be Shirazi's

function, f(F) = a'Fb' (5) where: f(F) = functional dependence of T on F.

However, as is quickly obvious, equation 5 is a monotonic function, whereas Stefan's function, f(F) 1 + 9'F-h' exp (iF) (6) has an extremum located at, 1'h1+g'I Li'g9 (7)

The required functional form of f(F) must, therefore, also have an extremum. A possible function can be deduced from Shirazi.

If equation 5 is expressed in a slightly different form, f(F) = exp (a"+b'Iln F) (8) where: a" is a new correlation constant, then an extension of this can be postulated as, f(F) = exp al'+O'in F+Y' (in F) 2] (9) 1.4-7

where: a', 6', and Y' are new correlation constants.

Using the values of g', h', and i' 4 found by Stefan, the method of least squares, which will be explained in Section 1.4.1.1.4, was used to find the best fit of equations 5 and 9 wi:th equation 6 for the range of Froude numbers spanned by the Ginna data.

As will be shown in Section 1.4.1.1.3, this range of F is from approximately 3 to 13. Figure 1.4-2 graphically shows the compari son between these functions. As expected, equation 5 is a poor substitute for equation 6, whereas equation 9 mimics the charac teristics of equation 6 quite well.

If equation 9 is substituted for equation 6 in equation 4 then the equation describing the centerline temperature excess becomes, S=aI-bIT)c Ad'-e'T exp a'+ lnF+yl (in F)2j (10)

The use of aspect ratio as one of the describing parameters in equation 10 must be examined further in light of the present study. The aspect ratio is defined as, A =W/h 0 (11)

However, the Ginna data is derived from a single discharge with a constant channel width, W. On the other hand, the discharge depth, h , varies directly with the lake elevation. Therefore, any chan~es in aspect ratio are directly related only to changes in lake elevation, or lake depth. If A were used to describe the thermal distribution at Ginna, it would not be known whether plume charges were due to variation in lake elevation or aspect ratio. In a shallow body of water, changes in lake water depth may result in changes in thermal plume behavior due to a variation in the characteristics of plume interference with the lake bottom.

The phenomenon of plume interference with the lake bottom does not occur in deep water bodies. The latter case was the one investigated by Stefan, et al,(7) and therefore the use of A as a describing parameter did not lead to any uncertainty in model interpretation. In this case, however, model interpretation will be aided by determining whether the variation in lake water depth or aspect ratio is the controlling mechanism. Model results, of course, depend only on knowing the effect of lake elevation on the plume and not on knowing which mechanism iscon-trolling.

As described previously in this section, the use of V as the scale factor for length, rather than ho , as used by Stefan, reduces the dependence of the plume description on the aspect ratio. Stolzenbach, et al(1 2 ) found that the governing equations 1.4-8

outside of the core region in a deep receiving water body are only dependent upon a modified densimetric Froude number, F',

where, 4 (12)

F'= FA This indicates that plume characteristics are insensitive to changes in aspect ratio as compared with changes in Froude number. Since the effects of aspect ratio variations are known to be small, a significant effect of lake elevation on the plume can only be interpreted as signifying that lake depth varia tions are the controlling mechanism.

The parameter describing lake water depth can be taken as lake surface elevation minus an effective lake bottom elevation which would result in a similar thermal distribution as the sloping bottom at Ginna. In order to reduce this arameter to dimensionless form, the length scale factor, Wa/2 , might be considered.

However, since changes in channel cross section area, a, are due solely to changes in lake water depth, the use of ja/2 as a scale factor would effectively be the same thing as considering the square root of the lake depth as the dimensionless parameter.

This,!of course, is no longer dimensionless, having the dimension of ft2 . A better choice as scale factor would be the average lake depth. This value is independent of the instantaneous lake depth. Therefore, in place of aspect ratio, a dimensionless lake depth is used, which is defined as, E-b D - (13)

'f-b where: E = lake surface elevation, ft b = effective lake bottom elevation, ft average lake surface elevation , ft D = dimensionless lake depth The use of D rather than A as a describing parameter leaves in question the appropriate functional form to be used in describing the centerline excess temperature of the lume. The functional form of the aspect ratio used by Shirazi(6) was, f(A) = Ae (14) where f(A) = functional dependence of T on A. Stefan, et al(7)used, 1.4-9

f(A) = Ad'-e'T (15)

The lake depth, or plume bottom interference, will have a varying effect along the length of a thermal plume. Initially, the plume would not interact significantly with the bottom. As the water is transported further from the discharge, turbulent shears induced by the discharge jet momentum would tend to deepen the plume, thereby resulting in greater bottom interference. As the discharge momentum was dissipated, buoyant forces would cause the plume bottom to rise off the lake bottom. Therefore, the functional form describing the dependence of T on D must possess the charac teristic of an extremum at some value of T between 0 and 1. An extension of equations 14 and 15 leads to the form, n1 +n2 (T-1) +n3 (T-l) 2 f (D) =D (16) where: f(D) = functional dependence of T on D n 1 ,n ,

2 n3 = correlation constants and T-1 is used in place of T so that the value at the end of the core region, T=I, is readily apparent. The use of T-1 rather than T does not change the function but does change the correla tion constants.

Substituting equation 16 for 15 in equation 10 results in,

= ' 12 +n 3 (T-l)2 exp [a+ l'in F+ YI in F)2 (17)

Equation 17 was investigated with respect to the major temperature dependence, f(T) = (a'-b'T)C' (18) where: f(T) describes the major interdependence of T and X .

This functional form, although adequately describing the shape of the Ginna data found in Figure 1.4-1, is statistically very difficult to work with due to the impossibility of expressing it in linear form. Also, as described in Section 1.4.1.1.3, less than 1% of the Ginna data has dimensionless excess centerline temperatures greater than 0.8, the lower limit of the range of Stefan's data. Equation 18 was used to fit sample data for T<0.8.

It was found that b'> a'. Therefore, f(T) in equation 18 is negative for T=l. This, of course, is physically unrealistic.

The dual problems of physical realism and difficulty of manipu lation required a different function than that given in equation 18.

1.4-10

In earlier parts of this section, the inadequacy of Shirazi's functional form, which can be derived from equation 1 as, f(T) = a'Tb' (19) where a' and b' are the inverses of the correlation constants indicated in equation 1, was discussed. Equation 18, on the other hand, does provide a clue to a convenient and realistic function. Rather than using a'-b'T as the base for an exponent C1, c' was used as a base for the exponent a'-b'T. This can be expressed as, f(T) =ca'-b'T (20)

Equation 20 can be transformed to, w' () = exp [951l+ (T-1)

Of (21) where: O' = (a-b')ln c'= new correlation constant Of' = -b' ln c' = new correlation constant and a',b' and c' are the values appropriate for equation 20. Note that one less correlation constant is necessary for the description f(T) in the form of equation 21 than is required in the form of equation 20. As in equation 16, T-1 is used rather than T so that the value of f(T) at the end of the core region is readily calcul able.

Unlike equation 18, equation 21 has the advantage of always being positive at the end of the core region . This is readily apparent by substituting T=l, the definition of the end of the core region, into equation 21. The result is f(T) = e at T=l (21a)

This function is greater than zero for any value of f'.

Equation 21 has the additional advantage of being readily expanded to include higher powers of T-1. For example, f(T) = exp '+ 0(T-1) + 0(T-1) (22) where: 95", V/, andO are correlation constants, might be used to improve the fit of equation 21 to the data.

For illustration purposes, the method of least squares, which will be explained in Section 1.4.1.1.3, was used to determine 1.4-11

the constants of equations 21 and 22 so as to provide the best fit to the worst case, surface curve of Figure 1.4-1, which shows the actual trend of the Ginna data. Figure 1.4-3, is a graphical depiction of the results. It is seen that both equations 21 and 22 are good representations of the data, but, as expected, equation 22 is a slightly better fit.

Replacing equation 18 with equation 22 in equation 17 results in, Xf Dn +n 2 (T-l)+n3 (T-l) 2 X = exp ["+a(T-l)+ '(T-l) (23) x exp '+,'in F+Y' (n F)

Equation 23 can also be expressed as, y= exp -[S+= +6(TT-I)+D (2-3 2] Dn1 +n2 (T-l)+n3 (T- 1)2

-~ (24) x exp [,3'n F+ ' (ln F)2]

where O= 0"+ a' of equation 23 = new correlation constant.

Equation 24 represents the general form used in this study to determine the dependence of temperature excess along the plume centerline on lake elevation and Froude number. The latter depends on discharge velocity, which, for a constant discharge flow rate and channel width such as exists at Ginna, depends only upon lake elevation, discharge flow depth, which also depends only on lake elevation at Ginna, and (pa- I)/p , which, for a constant excess discharge temperature, depenas oRly on lake temperature. Therefore, for a constant discharge excess temperature, equation 24 actually shows the effects of varying lake elevation and lake temperature on the centerline excess temperature of the plume.

1.4.1.1.2.3 Plume Half Width The plvue half width, rh, is a convenient parameter for describing the manner in which the plume spreads. Shirazi( 6 ) assumed that the same functional form describes plume half width and centerline temperature excess. However, Figure 1.4-1 indicates that the functional form describing the dependence of r on s is quite different than the form of T versus s indicateP in equation 21 or 22.

Engelund and Pederson(13) developed a semi-empirical model to describe the temperature distribution near the discharge point 1.4-12

of a high Froude number surface jet discharging into a deep, stagnant water body. Edinger, et al (14) reduced the work of Engelund and Pederson into two possible surface distributions of excess temperature, AT ATC exp 2 r X-14/3

- 1x 25) and 2 AT ATc 1i+ 14F 2 X -14/3 (26) where: r = plume width at excess temperature ATand dimensionless longitudinal distance X, ft and AT= excess temperature at location (Xr), OF If AT is taken as one half AT , then r=rh in equation 25 and 26 by definition. ce If equations 25 and 26 are then solved for rh the results are, r 0. 5 = 0.67 -X7/3 F-1 (27) and r0. 5 = 0.80 X7/ 3 F-1 (28) where r1S=rh/ a/2 = dimensionless plume half width. Equations 27 and 9' correspond to equations 25 and 26 respectively.

Equations 27 and 28 can be seen to be similar in form to Shirazi's function; that is, r 0 . 5 = a'X*b' Fd' (29) where a',b' and d' are correlation constants different than those of equation 1.

Equation 29 differs from equation 1 in that no functional dependence is present for R, a', and A. R and a' are not included because Engelund and Pederson considered a stagnant receiving water. As discussed near the beginning of this section, r 0 . may be taken as independent of R and a' for the present study: That is, from 1.4-13

the standpoint of plume dilution at Ginna, Lake Ontario may be considered as a stagnant body.of water.

The aspect ratio, A, was thoroughly discussed in Section 1.4.1.1.2.2.

It was shown that D, the dimensionless lake depth, was a better variable to consider than A for a shallow receiving water body such as Lake Ontario at the Ginna site. However, experimental data( 2 , 8 ) has shown that the plume half width does not depend upon the receiving water depth. Therefore, it is expected that r0.5 will depend only onX and F in a manner similar to equation 29.

Note that the plume half width curves of Figure 1.4-1 would be straight lines if equation 29 were a proper description of the Ginna data. Since they are not, the functional form of equation 29 is extended in a similar manner to the extension of equation 8 into equation 9. The resulting equation, which includes a possible lake depth dependence is, r 0 . 5=exp [a+olnX+ y(lnX) 2 +8lnF +,(lnF) 2 +ClDn (30)

Note that the functional form of D is not as complicated as the form for X and F. This is because, as explained previously, r R5 is not expected to depend on D. If the data verifies this, the last term in equation 30 will be dropped. If the analysis of the Ginna data shows otherwise, the functional form of D can easily be expanded into a form similar to either equation 9 or equation 16.

1.4.1.1.2.4 Lateral Distribution The lateral excess temperature distribution in a surface jet discharge plume is usually assumed to be Gaussian in form.

(3,6,8,11,14) In those cases where other forms are used,(2,13) the resulting distribution does not vary greatly from that which would be given by a Gaussian relationship.

The lateral temperature distribution at Ginna will therefore be expressed as, Tm= n exp [P(r/rh) 2]

(31) where: Tm = AT/ ATc = dimensionless lateral temperature at r n and p = constants and r and rh are as defined previously. Outside of the core 1.4-14

region, r must be 0when T = 1. Also, by definition, r must equal rh when T =0.5. Sub'tituting these conditions into equation 31, and solving for n and p results in, n = (32) p = In 2 = 0.693 The use of equations 31 and 32 does not allow for any variation of the postulated distribution which may be inherent in the Ginna data. However, data variations can be accounted for by assuming that separate distributions be calculated for the ranges 0.5-5T -< 1 and T - 0.5. If equation 31 is used for both ranges, then iA has beenmshown previously that equations 32 must hold for 0.5:5 T < 1. However, the distribution for Tm <0.5 requires only that P=rh when Ti=0.5. Substituting this criterion into equation 31 and solving for n in terms of p results in, n = 0.5 exp(p) (33)

If p=ln 2 then equation 33 is equivalent to equation 32.

The lateral distribution for this study is therefore taken as equations 31 and 33. The equation set 32 is noted as a special case of equation 33.

1.4-15

1.4.1.1.3 Data Description 1.4.1.1.3.1 Data Collection Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation has an extensive field survey program for collecting lake temperature data in the vicinity of the Ginna discharge. During surveys, temperatures are continuously recorded from thermistors at four different depths along a grid pattern which is traversed by boat. Figure 1.4-4 shows the survey transect locations, bearing lines, and nine site-alignment target locations, The boat follows the bearing lines, its passing a transect intersection being noted on a multichannel strip-chart recorder. A pass is also made between intersections 14 and 20 to determine the fine structure of the plume in the region near the discharge. Ambient tempera tures are determined from offshore thermal measurements outside of the plume area. When no horizontal thermal qradient is measured, ambient temperature is considered to have been sampled. The measured data are converted into isotherm plots at each depth.

The surveys are performed approximately monthly, except during winter months and periods of plant shutdown. See Table 1.4-10.

1.4.1.1.3.2 Data Range The above described isotherm plots for the period from the of 1970 to the middle of 1975 served as the data source for middle this analysis. As described in Section 1.4.1.1.2, the temperature excess at various locations within the plume will be functions of F, the densimetric Froude number, and D, the dimensionless lake depth. The latter variable, however, depends only upon the lake elevation, E.

In order to determine the Froude number, the discharge temperature, ambient temperature, and lake level, or discharge depth, must known. be The former two variables are measured by RG&E. Lake levels were obtained from NOAA(1 5 ) records for the Rochester gaging station. The levels used were the daily means reported by NOAA for the dates of the thermal surveys. For consistency, Froude numbers were calculated using the ambient temperature the lake surface. at Table 1.4-2 lists the survey dates and their associated values of F and E. Figure 1.4-5 is a graphical interpretation of Table 1.4-2, each point representing one survey. The figure shows that, although F ranges from 2.87 to 12.88, most of the data lie between 3.5 and 10. The elevation data, in feet USGS, range from 244.90 to 249.25, with the major cluster lying between 245 and 247.

Two survey dates, 3/19/70 and 3/30/72, were available but not used. were The ambient water temperatures in these two cases were 33 0 F and 34 0 F, respectively. Due to the fact that water density reaches a maximum at 39.2 0 F, the thermal plume will below the lake surface rather than remain at the surface for sink low 1.4-16

excess temperatures. This plume behavior can not be described in the same way as buoyant plume behavior. Therefore, these two dates were not used as part of the data base for this study.

1.4.1.1.3.3 Surface Data Reduction Once the describing parameters F and E were found for each date, the thermal plume behavior for the corresponding survey was characterized. This was done by examining the appropriate surface isotherm plot (the surface data were actually taken at a depth of 0.5 feet) and determining the plume centerline by drawing a smooth curve through the vertices of the isotherms. The plume centerline in the plane of the isotherms defined the s coordinate.

Centerline temperatures were read at values of s corresponding to isotherm vertices. Centerline excess temperatures were determined by subtracting the field measured lake ambient temperature. Plume half widths were found corresponding to the s coordinates of isotherm vertices whose excess temperatures were multiples of 2.

In this way, actual isotherm boundaries could be measured, thereby eliminating any need for determining half widths from interpolated values. The centerline temperature excesses were then scaled to the discharge excess temperature, while s andrrh were normalized to-'Va2. The resulting dimensionless values defined the temperature decay and spreading characteristics of the plume.

Table 1.4-3 is a reproduction of the computer printout giving the data obtained by the methods described above. In this table, DT=date, FR=densimetric Froude number, ELEV=lake elevation in ft USGS, NO.PTS(CL)=number of centerline excess temperature data points for that date, NO.PTS(RHALF)=number of half width data points for that date, X=dimensionless longitudinal distance, T=dimension less centerline excess temperature, and RHALF=dimensionless plume half width. A value of RHALF=-0.O indicates that the plume half width at the corresponding longitudinal distance was not reduced.

The bottom of the table shows that 425 centerline excess tempe rature data points and 197 half width data points were reduced at the surface. Figures 1.4-6 and 1.4-7 show typical data for the dates 9/25/70 and 10/27/71 in the same graphical form as Figure 1.4-1.

1.4.1.1.3.4 Subsurface Data Reduction Temperature surveys at Ginna show that the thermal plume rarely goes below 9 or 10 feet. Therefore, the temperature distribution at a depth of 6 feet was used to describe the subsurface thermal effects. The surface and 6 foot isotherms describe the three dimensional aspects of the thermal distribution at Ginna.

1.4-17

Subsurface temperatures over the 5 years of data were sampled at various depths. Therefore, lake depths of 6 feet +/-13 inches were nominally identified as 6 foot data.

Some of the survey dates did not include subsurface isotherms within the indicated depth range. Others had to be neglected due to anomalies in the isotherm patterns. This left 32 of the 43 surveys to form the subsurface data base for this study. Table 1.4-2 shows the dates and depths of those surveys that were used to indicate the subsurface behavior of the plume. A dash in the Subsurface Isotherm Depth column indicates a survey that was not used as input to the model.

The subsurface isotherms were measured and reduced in exactly the same manner as the surface isotherms, except for the determination of ambient temperature. In order to achieve the most realistic analysis of the Ginna data, any vertical lake temperature stratifi cation was accounted for by taking the ambient temperature as that indicated in the appropriate isotherm plot rather than that measured at the lake surface. Table 1.4-4 gives the data reduced in the manner described above. The headings for this table are the same as those given for Table 1.4-3, the surface data listing.

259 centerline excess temperature data points and 111 half width data points were reduced. Figures 1.4-8 and 1.4-9 show typical plots of the data for 5/1/70 and 10/1/73.

1.4.1.1.4 Statistical Methods and Resulting Equations 1.4.1.1.4.1 Statistical Methods In order to mathematically describe the Ginna data, a relation must be established between the data and the describing mathe matical expressions. An often used method is the method of least squares.

The criterion describing the relationship between the data and the describing mathematical expression is, m 2

= must be a minimum, (34) i=l where m = number of data points e = difference between the ith data point and the value of the mathematical expression at that point; that is, the error of the mathematical expression at data point i and S = sum of the squares of the errors.

1.4-18

This method determines the coefficients of the mathematical expression such that the sum of the squares of the errors are minimized. A necessary and sufficient condition for equation 34 is,(16) 0 (35) where: a. = the correlation constants which define the 3 describing mathematical expression.

Equations 35 describe one equation for each correlation constant that is to be determined, thereby uniquely defining the solution.

If the describing mathematical expression is linear in the correlation constants, equations 35 define a system of simulta neous linear equations. The solution to such a system is always obtainable. On the other hand, if the mathematical expression is nonlinear in the correlation constants, equations 35 must be solved by numerical iterative techniques. If the number of equations are large and the form of the equation is complicated, the numerical iterative techniques will not always converge to the solution.(17) It is for this reason that equation 9 is preferred to equation 6 in describing the Froude number effect on centerline temperature excess, as described in Section 1.4.1.1.2.

1.4.1.1.4.2 Centerline Temperature Excess As shown in Section 1.4.1.1.2, equation 24, which is repeated below, represents the expected form of the relationship among the dimensionless centerline distance,x, the dimensionless centerline excess temperature, T, the dimensionless lake depth, D, and the densimetric Froude number, F.

r* 2 Dnl 1 2(Tl+ 3 T-)

X = exp + Vi(T-1)+ 0(T-l) 2 J ex+flnF+y' (in F)2j (24)

As described in the discussion of statistical methods, it is advantageous to express equation 24 in such a way that the resulting equation is linear in the correlation constants5 &, 6, nl,n 2 n 3 , P', and Y'. Such a transformation may be accomplished by taking the natural logarithm of both sides of equation 24.

The result is, in=+Vi (T-1) + 0(T-1)2+nllnD+n2 (T-l)In D+n 3 (T-l) 2n D+)'ln F+Y' (In F) 2(36 1.4-19

The final determination of the equation describing the Ginna data proceeded in steps. The first step involved determining how well the basic x, T relationship fit the data. The goodness of fit of the mathematical formula to the data was determined by,(18) m 2 m A 2 i=3 i-a

)

-Y F yi-yi i-U A)

R= i (37) r~m( yi-Y where:

m = number of data points Yi = the data point In Xi y = average value of in x for the m data points A

= pr edicted value of xi and R = correlation coefficient.

As can be seen from examining equation 37, R represents the success of the mathematical formulation to predict the data as measured against how well the average of the data describes individual data points. If the mathematical formula is an exact description of the data, R=l. If the formula is no better than using the average of the data, R=O. Therefore, the better the description of the mathematical formula to the data, the greater will be the value of R.

After the correlation coefficient was determined for the basic x ,T relationship, In X = 6+ V (T-l) (38) additional terms in equation 38 were investigated. For example, in X= 95+ 0 (T-1) + 0 (T-1) 2 (39) was next investigated. It was found that this additional term resulted in an insignificant improvement in the data fit. The functional dependence of F on the centerline excess temperature was next investigated by first considering, in X= #+ VV (T-1)+B'ln F+Y' (in F) 2 (40) 1.4-20

and then considering, in X= + V/(T-l)+03'In F. (41)

It was found that the addition of the Froude number dependence to equation 38 resulted in an insignificant statistical advantage for the surface isotherms. However, equation 41 was seen to provide an improvement in the correlation coefficient for the 6 foot depth isotherms, although equation 40 was no improvement over equation 41.

The effect of dimensionless lake depth, D, on the excess centerline temperature was investigated in a manner similar to the investi gation of the densimetric Froude number. It was found that the effect of D on the Ginna isotherms was small. After determining in this way that equations 38 and 41 represented the centerline temperature excess at the surface and 6 feet, respectively, the complete form of equation 36 was checked to see if any synergistic effects existed. The correlation coefficient was found to be substantially unchanged. The final equations, therefore, that were used to describe the centerline temperature excess at Ginna were in X= 9+ 0(T-1), at the surface (38) and in X='0+ (T-1)+g'lnF, at 6 foot depth (41)

The constants Oand Oare, of course, different for the two depths.

The values of R for the surface and 6 feet are, 0.784 and 0.746, respectively. The standard deviations, o., of the independent variable, in x, at the two depths are, 0.351 and 0.374, respectively.

Table 1.4-5 summarizes the correlation constants and associated statistical data for the surface and 6 feet.

The form of equation 38 shows that the excess centerline temperature at the surface of the Ginna thermal plume is unaffected by the Froude number and dimensionless lake depth over the range of the Ginna data. This typlqof behavior was observed by Jen, et al, 1 9 )

and Engelund and Pederson,~1 3 both of whom found that the excess centerline temperature at the surface was dependent only upon the distance from the discharge for large Froude numbers. Shirazi 6) on the other hand, reports a Froude number dependence, although it is not known whether he investigated the statistical signifi cance of this dependence.

The six foot depth excess centerline temperatures were found to to be affected by the Froude number, although not affected by the dimensionless lake depth except as that variable affects the Froude number. As the Froude number increases, the subsurface centerline 1.4-21

temperature excess increases. This is expected because an increase in Froude number indicates that the inertial forces increase relative to the buoyant forces. This implies that the plume bottom does not rise until later in its development. The higher the Froude number, the longer the plume remains in contact with the six foot depth ambient water. As the Froude number decreases, the longitudinal distance at which the thermal plume separates from the six foot contour decreases. This heat rises to the surface, causing plume spreading to increase, as will be shown in Section 1.4.1.1.4.3.

The statistical results given in Table 1.4-5 show that the mathematical model is a better representation of the surface data than of the six foot data. This reflects the fact that the six foot data actually represents lake depths between 4 ' 11 " and 7'1",

whereas the surface data were always at a depth of 0'6".

Figure 1.4-10 shows xvs T for the lake surface. Figure 1.4-11 gives the same information for six foot depth.

1.4.1.1.4.3 Plume Half-Width The expected form of the plume half width relationship is, r 0 . 5=exp[a+,ln x+ Y(In x)2+ In F+(In F) 2 ] (30) as shown in Section 1.4.1.1.2.3. As described in Section 1.4.1.1.4.1, a form of this equation which is linear in the correlation constants, a , /3, y, , t , and 46, is preferred. Such a form can be obtained by taking the natural logarithm of each side of equation 30. The resulting equation is, 2 81n F+C(In F) *2 in r 0. 5 =a+,ln X+ Y (ln x)2+ 2+eln D. (31)

As in the case of the centerline temperature excess determination, the basic ro. 5 , xrelationship was determined from in r 0 . 5 = a +.ln X. (42)

The effect of adding the term in (In x)2 was then studied. It was found that this effect was significant. The addition of the terms describing F were investigated by studying first, in r 0 5 = a+,in X+ Y(ln x )2+ Sln F (43) 2 2 and then, in r 0 . 5 =a+In X+ y (in x) +Sln F +f(in F) . (44) 1.4-22

It was found, for both the surface and subsurface data, that equation 43 resulted in a definite improvement in the fit to the data, but no further 2 improvement was gained through the addition of the term in (in F) , equation 44. The term in in D was then considered and found to be statistically unjustifiable. The complete equation 31 was then tried and the correlation coeffi cient was found to be essentially the same as for equation 43.

Therefore, the final form of the plume half width equation was taken as, 1n r 0 . 5 =a+1n x+ Y(ln X) 2+ 81n F, (43) for both surface and six foot depth isotherms.

The correlation constants a, * , y, and Bare different at the two depths and are given in Table 1.4-5. The correlation coefficients, R, for the surface and six foot depth equations are, 0.647 and 0.600. The standard deviations, a, of the independent variable,ln r 0 . 5 , at the two depths are, 0.481 and 0.570 respectively.

The form of equation 43 indicates that the dimensionless lake depth does not affect the plume half width, except through its effect on the densimetric Froude number. This characteristic was hypothesized in Section 1.4.1.1.2.3 and confirmed by the statistical study. The Froude number behavior, in which t

• less than zero, agrees with that of Shirazii6) Jen, et al1T and Engelund and Pederson. (13) In fact, Jen found the dependence of the half width on the densimetric Froude number at the water surface o be as F 2 5 . The Ginna data shows this dependence as F-0" 2 The fact that the surface plume widths increase with decreasing Froude number was discussed in Section 1.4.1.1.4.2. As the Froude number decreases, the effect of buoyancy increases. Therefore, the plume rises from the six foot contour more quickly, resulting in greater spreading on the surface. This is exactly the behavior predicted by the centerline temperature excess and plume half width relations.

Figure 1.4-12 and 1.4-13 show the plume half widths as a function of centerline distance and densimetric Froude number. The surface isotherms are seen to have half widths always greater than those at six foot depth, illustrating the effect of buoyancy on plume behavior.

1.4-23

1.4.1.1.4.4 Lateral Distribution As shown in Section 1.4.1.1.2.4, the lateral distribution is expected to have the form, Tm=fn exp I-p(r/rh)2] (31)

The Ginna lateral distribution can be determined by measuring the r values corresponding to the various isotherms at each centerline point where rh has been determined. Such an under taking, however, would be impossible to complete within any reasonable time constraint due to the large number of r values which could be measured (from 3-15 points must be measured for each rh). Instead of considering all 43 surveys, five surveys were chosen for the lateral distribution analysis. The survey dates were 5/1/70, 12/1/71, 5/14/73, ll/13/73,and 8/4/75. They were chosen so as to represent the range of lake elevations and Froude numbers experienced by the Ginna discherge.

For each centerline point at which the plume half width was measured, values of n and p were determined for 0.5!9Tmýl and Tm *0.5 in accordance with equations 31 and 33, the latter m being, n = 0.5 exp (p) (33)

Equation 33 results from the fact that r = rh at Tm=T/AT c=0.5, as shown in Section 1.4.1.1.2.4.

The values of n and p were determined from a least squares fit of the studied lateral distributions, of which there were 23 in the five surveys. It was found that p=0.661 described the distributions for 0.5 <T < 1 and p=0.663 described the distribu tions for Tm <0.5. As d*scribed in the analytical discussion, the fact that T = 1 when r = 0 and T =0.5 when r=rh implies that P =ln 2 = 0.693. Table 1.4-6 compares the lateral distributions found from the Ginna data with that of a normalized Gaussian (n=l, p=ln 2). It is seen that, except for values of T near one, the normalized Gaussian is virtually the same as t~e Ginna distribution. Since it was shown that the normalized Gaussian must apply for the region 0.5 *T

• 1, and since the two distribu tions are almost identical excepT for the small region where Tm= 1, the normalized Gaussian is taken as the appropriate distribution. That is Tm= exp I[ln 2(r/rh)2] (45) 1.4-24

describes the lateral temperature distribution. This distribution is the one most frequently used by investigators of thermal plumes.

(3,6,8,11,14) Figure 1.4-14 is a graphical depiction of the lateral distribution, equation 45.

1.4.1.1.4.5 Possible Sources of Data Scatter Scatter in the correlation model may result from either inadequacies in the model or inaccuracies in the data. Inadequacies in the model would stem from neglecting important mechanisms which affect the thermal distribution. The major model assumption was that Lake Ontario currents do not affect the thermal plume except for a gradual bending of its trajectory. Such an-assumption was shown to be valid for current velocities much less than the discharge velocity, a condition normally expected at Ginna.

Greater current velocities result in increased mixing with the ambient in addition to the bending of the jet trajectory. Any increase in ambient entrainment was not accounted for by the correlation model. Section 1.4.1.1.2 discusses the other mechanisms which affect the Ginna thermal plume.

Data inaccuracies are inherent in any sampling program. The inaccuracies of the temperature measuring devices, inaccuracies in boat position and speed determinations, and inaccuracies in the determination of sampling depth due to the presence of waves cannot be eliminated.

A perhaps more important data error source lies in the determina tion of ambient temperatures and therefore the determination of excess temperatures. The ambient temperature for each survey was obtained by sampliz0 offshore of the thermal plume. However, Chermack and Galletta t2) fduid that the undisturbed ambient at Ginna always exhibits a horizontal thermal gradient between the shoreline and 5000 feet offshore. When this gradient is positive, as it is from March until August, the Ginna data excess temperatures are overstatements of their actual value. When the gradient is negative, as it is from September until February, the Ginna data excess temperatures are understatements of their true value. Table 1.4-7 shows the monthly temperature difference found by Chermack and Galletta between the shoreline and 5000 feet offshore in the vicinity of the Ginna site for the years 1969-1972. It is seen that the yearly average gradient is +0.6 F between these points. Of the Ginna thermal surveys, 60% were sampled during positive gradient months and 40% during negative gradient months. The average gradient between the shoreline and 5000 feet offshore for all of the thermal surveys was +0.7 0 F, thereby indicating that the overall effect of the horizontal 1.4-25

temperature gradient is to make the excess temperature data conservatively high, although the opposite will be true for thermal surveys taken between September and February. In practice, no surveys are taken in January and February.

1.4.1.1.5 Model Application 1.4.1.1.5.1 Isotherm Construction The first step in constructing isotherm maps from the mathematical model is a specification of the ambient conditions. Lake eleva tion and ambient temperature uniquely determine, for a constant temperature rise the densimetric Froude number, F, and linear scale factor, la/2, for a given discharge. The values at Ginna of the latter two parameters may be found from Figures 1.4-15 and 1.4-16 or calculated directly from their definitions. Note that the densimetric Froude numbers given in Figure 1.4-15 assume the Ginna design discharge excess temperature of 20 0 F. Dimensionless temperature excesses, T, along the plume trajectory, x , are then found from either Figure 1.4-10 or equation 38 for surface isotherms and either Figure 1.4-11 or equation 41 for six foot depth isotherms.

At each location along the plume centerline, dimensionless half widths, r0 , are calculated from equation 43 or Figures 1.4-12 (surface) &Rd 1.4-13 (six foot depth). Multiplication of the dimensionless half widths and centerline distances by the linear scale factor and of the dimensionless centerline temperature excess by the discharge temperature excessAT° , results in the corresponding dimensioned variables, rh, s, andATc. Use of Figure 1.4-14 or equation 45 then allows the calculation of the temperature excess at various distances normal to the centerline for each value of s and the corresponding value of rh and ATC.

Within the core region, T=l, the lateral temperature profile changes from a constant to Gaussian. No data are available within this region. It can be assumed that the isotherms spread linearly between the discharge and the end of the core region.

1.4.1.1.5.2 Worst Case Isotherms The surface and subsurface isotherms described in Section 1.4.1.1.5.1 are derived from expected values of the dimensionless centerline temperature excess and half width. However, due to data scatter, any single measurement will normally not conform to its expected value. This data behavior can be described by considering confidence limits around the expected value. That is, any single measurement may not conform to its expected value but it will have a certain probability, the confidence limit, of being within a specified range. The probability chosen for the confidence limit is frequently 0.95, or 95%. This confidence limit allows one to state with reasonable certainty that a single 1.4-26

measurement will lie within a physically meaningful data range.

If two variables were directly proportional, the probability that both would exceed their 95% upper confidence limit would be the same as the probability that one would exceed its 95% upper confidence limit. If two variables were totally independent, then the probability that either will exceed its 77.6% upper confidence limit is 0.224, but the probability that both will exceed their 77.6% upper confidence limit is 0.95. Expressed another way, if two variables are directly proportional, their combined 95%

upper confidence limit is the 95% upper confidence limit of each; whereas, if two variables are independent, their combined 95%

upper confidence limit is the 77.6% upper confidence limit of each. Next, consider the case of two inversely proportional variables. The probability that both will exceed their 95% upper confidence limit is virtually zero since as one increases from its expected value toward its 95% upper confidence limit the other will decrease.

In this analysis we are dealing with a case which is intermediate of the latter two cases described in the previous paragraph. As found by all investigators of the thermal plume phenomenon, for a given set of discharge conditions, half widths will always decrease with increasing isotherm lengths. Indeed, this must be true because a constant heat rejection rate implies a constant plume heat flux. Due to the many factors which affect thermal plumes,it is not possible to quantify this inverse relationship.

The joint 95% upper confidence limit of centerline temperature excess and half width, therefore, cannot be quantified. However, an upper confidence limit can be ascribed to these variables.

If the centerline temperature excess or plume half width were at its 95% upper confidence limit, the other variable should be less than its expected value due to the inverse relationship described above. A 95+% upper confidence limit (the exact confidence value is not determinable) can therefore be taken as either variable at the upper range of its 95% confidence limit with the other variable at its expected value. The resulting isotherms can be labelled "worst case."

Isotherm areas were calculated for the 95% confidence limit of centerline temperature excess with the expected plume half width and vice versa. Results from the former case indicated 30 F surface isotherm areas approximately 10% larger than the latter.

Therefore, the former case is used to quantify "worst case" isotherm effects.

1.4-27

1.4.1.2 Comparison of Model With Data As explained in Section 1.4.1.1.5.2, an individual measurement may not be equal to its expected value. The measurement must, therefore, be compared with some confidence range, 95% being chosen. Figures 1.4-6 through 1.4-9 show typical surface and six foot centerline temperature excess and plume half width data.

Also shown are the 95% confidence limits corresponding to the ambient conditions prevalent on each date. Note that all of the data lies within the chosen confidence limits. Figure 1.4-8, surface data on 5/1/70, was specifically chosen in order to illustrate a case where centerline temperature excess data may be near their upper confidence limit. Note, however that the half width data are near their expected values. Most of the other data points are near their expected values, except for a few surface half width points on 10/27/71. Here again the center line temperature excess data are near their expected values.

Section 1.4 .2.6 qives the plume size for a wide range of ambient conditions. As will be shown there, the worst case plume will have a 30 F surface area ranging up to agproximately 470 acres.

This can be compared with the largest 3uF area ever noted during the Ginna thermal surveys of 235.2 acres. The worst case plume will have a 30 F area at six foot depth ranging up to approximately 160 acres. This can be compared with the maximum value actually observed at Ginna of 120.4 acres. This illustrates the fact that the worst case plume is actually a 95+% confidence limit, as explained in Section 1.4.1.1.5.2. The above figures are exclusive of winter, when ambient conditions are such that the plume will sink. As explained in Section 1.4.1.1.3.2, the model has not been derived for these conditions. However, winter plume effects are addressed in Section 1.4.2.

As described in Section 1.4.1.1.3,Ginna thermal survey data taken from 5/1/70 through 8/4/75 were used to develop the mathematical model. Eight surveys were performed during the period from 9/11/75 through 11/5/76. These surveys were used as an independent check of the model. Three of the eight surveys had no 30 F isotherm existing at the six foot level. Three others had six foot thermal distributions which did not emanate from the discharge, an under lying assumption of the model. It is of interest to note, however, that these latter three had 30 F six foot depth areas 31, 33 and 92% of that given by worst case plume predictions corresponding to their ambient and discharge conditions.

The remaining two six foot depth temperature distributions along with the eight surface distributions were reduced to dimensionless form in the manner described in Section 1.4.1.1.3. Figures 1.4-17 through 26 show this data along with their associated 95%

confidence limits. Two half width data points at the six foot depth and one point at the surface lie slightly outside the 95%

confidence range on 10/21/75. Note that the corresponding 1.4-28

centerline temperature excesses are near their expected value.

These large half widths can be attributed to uncertainty in determining the plume trajectory. A different plume trajectory would result in different values of the dimensionless variables.

A number of centerline temperature excess data points at high excess temperatures are less than the low end of the 95% confidence range. These, together with the three surveys which showed no 30 F excess temperatures at six foot depth, is evidence suggesting that the model may be somewhat of an overstatement of the thermal plume size at Ginna. If the surveys performed subsequent to 8/4/75 were integrated into the model, predicted isothermal areas would probably be somewhat smaller than those given in this study.

1.4-29

1.4.2 THERMAL EFFECTS OF DISCHARGE 1.4.2.1 Ambient Conditions As explained in Section 1.4.1, the temperature distribution resulting from the Ginna discharge will depend upon the lake elevation and lake temperature. Lake elevations were obtained from the daily records of NOAA's Rochester gaging station for the period from January 1953 through December 1976.(15) Lake temperatures were determined from the daily records of the Ginna intake water temperature for the period from January 1970 through November 1976.

Seasonal elevations and temperatures were determined from the daily records. The winter,spring, summer, and fall seasons were taken as consecutive three month periods beginning with January.

Table 1.4-8 gives the seasonal lake temperatures and elevations.

1.4.2.2 Lake Bottom Temperature Rise In May 1974, RG&E sponsored 3 field surveys to determine discharge induced lake bottom temperatures and velocities at the Ginna site. (See Section 1.4.3.1.2 for a discussion of bottom velocities).

Excess temperatures and associated areas from these surveys were nondimensionalized in a manner similar to that described in Section 1.4.1.1. The relationship between excess temperatures and areas, for the conditions existing while the measurements were being performed, was found to be, A = -18.86 AT + 9.49 (46) a AT° and A = -20.22 AT +13.35, (47) m AT0 where A a = area of isotherm whose excess temperature is AT, average of field measurements (acres)

Am = area of isotherm whose excess temperature is AT, maximum of field measurements (acres)

AT = excess temperature and AT = discharge excess temperature.

0 Equations 46 and 47 were determined for values of AT/ATO between approximately 0.17 and 0.37. This corresponds to temperature excesses from approximately 3 to 70 F for a discharge excess temperature of 20 0 F.

1.4-30

The conditions existing during the field measurements were equivalent,for a discharge excess temperature of 20 0 F,to a lake elevation of 248.7 feet USGS and a lake temperature of 40 0 F.

It can be assumed that the area-temperature behavior along the lake bottom follows the subsurface, six foot depth plume behavior determined in Section 1.4.1.1.4. In this manner, equations 46 and 47 will be extended to ambient conditions other than those existing during the measurements.

Although not enough information is available to define lake bottom isotherm shapes, two items of interest were noted.

Firstly, the extent of the isotherms will range from approximately 700 feet for the 70 F isotherm to approximately 1000 feet for the 30 F isotherm. Secondly, the maximum widths of the isotherms occur at approximately 0.75 of the total distance along the centerline.

1.4.2.3 Velocity Decay The decay of velocity along the path of the plume can be estimated from the temperature decay. In the near field, plume temperatures are decreased chiefly by mixing with the cooler ambient water.

Some heat is also lost to the atmosphere, but, as shown in Section 1.4.1.1.2.1, this contribution is small. The decrease in plume velocity arises,as does the decrease in temperature, chiefly from mixing with the lower momentum ambient water. Therefore, it can be postulated that, in the near field, the dimensionless velocity decays in the same way as the dimensionless temperatureS 1 4 )

This can be expressed as, u AT (48) where U = plume excess velocity and Uo= discharge velocity.

Given the temperature decay and the discharge velocity, it is therefore possible to calculate the velocity at any point in the plume. Figure 1.4-27 shows the discharge velocity, which depends only on the lake elevation, for the range of conditions encountered at the site.

1.4.2.3.1 Exposure Time The use of equation 48 in conjunction with the temperature decay determined in Section 1.4.1.1.4 allows determination of the time it takes for a parcel of water to cool to a given temperature.

If this calculation is performed along the plume's surface centeiline during still water conditions, maximum exposure times 1.4-31

result. The relationship between time, distance, and velocity is, t S at = -ids, (49) t 00 where to = travel time from condenser entry to lake discharge t = travel time from condenser entry to s s = distance along path of plume measured from lake discharge.

If equation 48 is substituted into 49, the result is, s

0 UO° to 0+1- f AT ds (50) 0 where AT is a function of s. Note that- ATat the centerline is given in Table 1.4-5.

1.4.2.3.2 Plume Trajectory It is explained in Section 1.4.1.1.2.1"that the effect of the ambient currents, for the normally occurring current range at Ginna, is a gradual bending of the plume's trajectory. Since the model described in Section 1.4.1.1 is derived in terms of center line distances along the path of the plume, the temperature distri bution in the presence of an ambient current can be estimated from knowledge of the plume's trajectory.

The absolute velocity along the centerline of plume is the resultant of the plume and ambient velocity components. For an ambient velocity perpendicular to the discharge velocity, this leads to the expressions, U

sin 0- c (51) ao2a+U2

-c a and Cos - a (52)

Q2+U2 c a 1.4-32

where Uc = plume centerline excess velocity Ua = ambient velocity 0 = angle between the ambient velocity component and

ý

• 2 the resultant velocity and Uc +U = resultant velocity.

If xis taken as the direction of the discharge and y as the direction of the ambient current, then dx = sin 6 (53) ds and dy -cos e (54) ds Substituting equations 51 and 52 into 53 and 54, respectively, and integrating both sides yields, s

(55) c ds and y = - a ds,(56) where x,y , and s are measured from the center of the discharge plane. Note that Uc can be calculated as a function of s by use of equation 48 and the information in Table 1.4-5.

1:4.2.4 Winter Recirculation When intake temperatures drop below 40 0 F, such as occurs during the winter, discharge water is recirculated so that the condenser inlet water temperature is 40 0 F. This has the effect of lowering the flow rate of the discharge to the lake while raising the discharge excess temperature. Figure 1.4-28 shows the discharge flow rate and excess temperature as a function of ambient (intake) temperature.

Although the model developed in Section 1.4.1.1 is not directly applicable to ambient temperatures much below 40°F, it can be used as an indicator of the size of the winter plume. This is because 1.4-33

the basic mechanisms which govern plume dilution are similar whether the plume is buoyant or not. That is, dilution is governed by the mixing properties of the plume with the ambient.

The major differences between the buoyant and non-buoyant cases are the buoyant plume will lose heat to the atmosphere while the non-buoyant plume will exhibit more complete vertical mixing.

As shown in Section 1.4.1.1.2.1, the former difference is unimportant. The latter difference will cause a deepening of the thermal field. However, the increased vertical mixing will also result in more rapid decay of the discharge temperatures.

In the sections which follow, plume areas along the surface and six foot depth are presented for the winter season. The calculations are based on the model of Section 1.4.1.1 and are intended only as general guides to the overall extent of the thermal field. They are, accordingly, indicated as dashed lines in the appropriate figures. Volumes have also been calculated.

These are shown as solid lines in order to demonstrate that, although the vertical trajectory of the winter plume makes the surface and six foot depth areas only general indications of plume extent, the volumes, or overall plume size, will be better approximations.

1.4-34

1.4.2.5 Seasonal Thermal Effects Thermal effects of the Ginna discharge during normal (expected) and extreme (worst case) seasonal conditions follow. Figures describing the seasonal thermal effects are arranged by type rather than season. Figures 1.4-29 through 40 illustrate surface and six foot depth isotherm maps for the seasonal cases. Figures 1.4-41 through 44 give the corresponding isotherm areas, while Figure 1.4-45 relates lake bottom isotherm areas. Figure 1.4-46 shows isotherm volumes, 1.4-47 through 52 gives exposure times, and 1.4-53 through 58 illustrates plume trajectories.

All plume calculations assume a vertically uniform ambient temperature. If the ambient temperatures are not vertically uniform, such as occurs in the summer, the plant will take in colder water than will be seen by the discharge. This means that the discharge excess temperature will be decreased by the amount of stratification between the intake and discharge levels. This will reduce the thermal effects of the discharge for two reasons.

First, the lower discharge excess temperature means lower excess temperatures throughout the plume's development.

Second, the lower discharge excess temperature lowers the buoyancy of the plume, thus resulting in greater discharge diluting capabilities. Neglect of ambient stratification, there fore, results in conservatively large summer plume predictions.

1.4.2.5.1 Expected Seasonal Conditions Expected seasonal conditions, given in Table 1.4-8, are defined as the expected plume under average ambient conditions.

1.4.2.5.1.1 Expected Winter Plume As explained in Section 1.4.2.4, the mathematical model was not derived for winter conditions. Because of the uncertainty in plume configuration, no isotherm maps were drawn. Figures 1.4-41 and 42 show surface and six foot depth areas calculated.

from the model. These areas are presented to give a general idea as to plume extent and are indicated as dashed lines, as described in Section 1.4.2.4. Figure 1.4-46 gives the expected winter volumes, as calculated from the model. As noted in Section 1.4.2.4,these values are larger than those which will occur, due to the increased vertical mixing caused by the decreased buoyancy effects.

1.4.2.5.1.2 Expected Spring Plume Figures 1.4-29 and 30 show the expected surface and six foot depth isotherms. Figures 1.4-41 and 42 give the corresponding areas. Figure 1.4-45 gives the area along the lake bottom, 1.4-35

while volumes can be found from Figure 1.4-46. The 30F isotherm has areas on the surface, six foot depth and bottom of 86, 32, and 5.6 acres, with a volume of 460 acre-feet. Figure 1.4-47 shows that the maximum time a parcel of water will be at 30 F or higher is 42 minutes.

Figure 1.4-53 shows the plume trajectory for alongshore currents of 0.17, 0.33, and 0.50 fps. Note that these trajectories do not take into account the presence of Smoky Point. Alongshore ambient currents will be deflected into the body of the lake due to the existence of Smoky Point. This phenomenon is not accounted for here. The trajectory curves assume an undeflected ambient current direction.

1.4.2.5.1.3 Expected Summer Plume Figures 1.4-31 and 32 show the surface and six foot depth isotherms.

3 F areas along the surface, six foot depth, and bottom, as found in Figures 1.4-41, 42, and 45, are 87, 27, and 4.6 acres, respec tively. The 0 30 F volume, as found in Figure 1.4-46, is 420 acre feet. The 3 F exposure time, found in Figure 1.4-48, is 39 minutes. Figure 1.4-54 shows the plume trajectories for currents up to 0.5 fps. As noted in Section 1.4.2.5, these thermal effects are conservatively large in that ambient vertical temperature stratification is not considered.

1.4.2.5.1.4 Expected Fall Plume Table 1.4-8 shows the expected fall lake elevation to be over one foot lower than the spring and summer elevations. The re sulting larger discharge velocity, in conjunction with the low ambient temperature, can be expected to cause a decrease in the plume size. This decrease should be most pronounced at the surface, as the increase in Froude number will increase plume mixing.

Subsurface areas, however, will also be affected by the decrease in buoyant plume rise.

Egpected fall isotherms can be found on Figures 1.4-33 and 34.

3 F areas, found on the same figures as the other expected seasonal conditions, are 63, 30, and 5.1 acres, corresponding t8 the surface, six foot depth, and bottom, respectively. The 3 F volume is 380 acre-feet. Note that, as expected, the overall plume size has decreased from the spring and summer, although the subsurface areas have not.

The maximum 30F exposure time is 30 minutes, as seen in Figure 1.4-49. Figure 1.4-55 shows the plume trajectories.

1.4-36

1.4.2.5.2 Extreme Seasonal Conditions Extreme seasonal conditions were defined as high lake elevations and high lake temperatures, both conditions being conducive-to low rates of plume thermal decay. For the winter, when discharge intake recirculation occurs, the lowest ambient temperature results in the largest thermal field due to the increase in excess temperature and decrease in discharge velocity. Seasonal extreme elevations and temperatures were taken as the daily extreme found in the entire record described in Section 1.4.2.1.

These ambient conditions were combined with the "worst case" plume predictions described in Section 1.4.1.1.5.2 and the maxi mum bottom areas described in Section 1.4.2.2. The result can be considered ani upper limit to the size of the Ginna plume.

It should be noted that most plumes will exhibit behavior similar to the expected plumes, with the frequency of occurrence sharply decreasing as extreme plume behavior is approached. Table 1.4-8 shows the extreme seasonal conditions.

1.4.2.5.2.1 Extreme Winter Plume As explained-in Section 1.4.2.4, the mathematical model was derived for buoyant plume behavior. During the winter, the negative buoyancy of the plume makes its configuration uncertain.

Figures 1.4-43, 44 and 46 show the surface and six foot depth isothermal areas along with the volumes. As noted in Section 1.4.2.4, these values are conservatively large.

1.4.2.5.2.2 Extreme Spring Plume Figures 1.4-35 and 36 show the surface and six foot depth isotherm maps. Figures 1.4-43 and 44 give the corresponding areas for each season. Figures 1.4-45 and 46 give the seasonal lake bottom areas and volumes, respectively, for all geasonal conditions.

The surface, six foot depth, and bottom 3 F areas are 463, 133 and 9.5 acres 6 respectively. The 3 F volume is 2100 acre-feet.

The maximum 3 F exposure time, shown in Figure 1.4-50, is 155 minutes. Plume trajectories are given in Figure 1.4-56.

1.4.2.5.2.3 Extreme Summer Plume Figur..s 1.4-37 and 38 shoe the extreme summer plant induced thermal distributions. 3 F areas are 396, 119, and 8.5 acres, foot depth, and bottom, respectkvely. The f 8 r the surface, six Figure 1.4-51 gives the 3 F exposure 3 F volume is 1800 acres.

time as 126 minutes. Figure 1.4-57 gives plume trajectories.

As noted in Section 1.4.2.5, these thermal effects do not account for vertical temperature stratification in the ambient.

Consideration of this phenomenon would lower the predicted effects of the summer plume.

1.4-37

1.4.2.5.2.4 Extreme Fall Plume As in the case of the expected conditions, extreme fall con ditions have lake elevations much less, more than two feet less in this case, than the extreme spring and summer con ditions. In addition, the extreme fall lake temperature is much less than that of the extreme spring and summer. The result will be a decrease in plume size, chiefly reflected in near surface areas. 3 F surface, six foot depth, and b ttom areas are 257, 111, and 7.9 Scres, respectively. The 3 F volume is 1400 acres. The 3 F exposure time, as found from Figure 1.4-52 is 84 minutes, reflecting the relatively large discharge velocity and the rapid temperature decay. Extreme fall plume trajectories are given in Figure 1.4-58.

1.4.2.6 Parametric Thermal Plume Analysis As shown in Section 1.4.1.1, of the factors which might affect the Ginna plume, only variations in lake elevations and temperatures will cause major variations in the size of the discharge plume. As the lake elevation increases, the discharge velocity decreases. This results in a decrease of the mixing capabilities of the plume. As the lake temperature increases, the nonlinear temperature-density relationship of water causes an increase in plume buoyancy. This behavior inhibits plume mixing and causes the plume to spread on the lake surface.

Surface and six foot depth isothermal areas were calculated for lake elevatio8 s of 244 to 250 feet USGS and lake temperatures of 40 through 80 F. Results for lake temperatures below 40 F, which include discharge-intake recirculation effects, are also shown for completeness. As indicatedoin Section 1.4.2.4, areas for ambient temperatures less than 40 F should be interpreted as indications of overall plume size. These areas are also useful in determining isothermal volumes, which will give a better, but still conservatively large, idea of the overall plume size for lake temperatures less than 40GF. It is of interst to note that surface isotherm areas decrease with decreasing lake temperature. However, below 40 0 F, surface isotherm areas will increase with decreasing lake temperatures due to winter recircu lation (see Section 1.4.2.4).' This behavior is noted on the figures discussed below.

Figures 1.4-59 through 62 show expected 2,3,5 and 100F surface areas. For the range of conditions considered, other than winter, these values range from 56 to 225 acres, 41 to 167 acres, 24 to 97 acres, and 6.7 to 27 acres, respectively. As explained above, the isothermal areas increase with increasing lake temperatures and elSvations. Figures 1.4-63 through 66 show expected 2,3,5 and 10 F six foot depth areas. For the non-winter conditions, these areas range from 31 to 57 acres, 22 to 40 acres, 12 to 20 acres, and 2.7 to 4.0 acres, respectively. Six foot depth areas increase with increasing lake elevation but decrease with in creasing lake temperature. The former shows the effect of the 1.4-38

decreased mixing caused by the decrease in discharge velocity.

The latter is caused by an increase in plume buoyancy, causing the plume to rise from the six foot level earlier in its development. This increase in buoyant rise causes an increase in surface areas but a decrease in subsurface areas.

Figures 1.4-67 through 69 show isothermal area8 along the lake bottom for lake temperatures between 40 and 80 F and lake elevations between 244 and 250 feet USGS. 30F expected bottom areas range from 3.8 to 6.9 acres. The behavior of the lake bottom isotherms with varying temperatures and elevations is the same as the behavior of the six foot depth isotherms.

Figures 1.4-70 through 73 show worst case 2,3,5, and 100F excess temperature areas along the surface. For the same range of lake elevations and lake temperatures considered for the expected plume discussion, these areas range, in acres, from 150 to 606, 116 to 471, 74 to 298, and 25 to 100, respectively.

Six foot depth areas, shown in Figures 1.4-74 through 77, range from 100 to 216 acres, 75 to 159 acres, 45 to 90 acres, and 13 to 23 acres, respectively. Maximum 30F lake bottom areas range from 5.4 to 11.3 acres.

Parametric isothermal volumes can be estimated from the surface and six foot depth isothermal area information. Note that lake bottom areas are always much less than six foot depth areas.

Using the trapezoidal integration rule and assuming zero areas at 10 foot depth yields, V= 3A 0 + 5A6 (57) where V = volume (acre-feet)

A0 = surface area (acres) and A6 = six foot depth area (acres).

The use of equation 57 gives approximate 30F expected volumes0 from 260 to 630 acre-feet for lake temperatu6es from 40 to 80 F and elevations from 244 to 250 feet USGS. 3 F worst case volumes range from 760 to 2000 acre-feet.

The centerline time-temperature decay of expected and worst case plumes were calculated for lake elevations of 244 through 250 feet USGS. As shown in Table 1.4-5, the surface centerline temperature decay is independent of Froude number, and, therefore, ambient temperature. Since it was assumed that the excess velocity decays in the same way as excess temperature, the 1.4-39

calculated centerline surface exposure times are independent of ambient temperature. As shown in Figures 1.4-78 through 81, 3 F exposure times range from 21 to 76 minutes for the expected plume and 40 to 149 minutes for the worst case plume.

The larger elevations result in longer exposure times because the discharge velocities are lower.

1.4-40

1.4.3 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF DISCHARGE 1.4.3.1 Velocity Effects 1.4.3.1.1 Surface Velocities As explained in Section 1.4.2.3, plume surface velocities can be assumed to decay in the same manner as plume surface tempesatures. Discharge excess temperature has been taken as 20 F for all conditions except lake temperatures less than 40 F. Discharge velocity, on the other hand, varies with lake elevation, as shown in Figure 1.4-27.

Table 1.4-9 shows the surface excess velocity decay for seasonal conditions, as a function of distance along the plume trajectory. It is of interest to note that higher discharge velocities result in greater mixing of the discharge and ambient cooling water. This results in a greater velocity decay rate. Expected seasonal conditions show excess velocities of the same magnitude as the lake approximately 4000 feet from the discharge. This distance is approximately 8000 to 9000 feet for the extreme conditions.

1.4.3.1.2 Bottom Velocities In May 1974, RG&E sponsored 3 field surveys to determine discharge induced lake bottom temperatures and velocities at the Ginna site. (See Section 1.4.2.2 for a discussion of bottom temperatures.) Velocities and areas were reduced to dimensionless form and the relationship between them determined.

The result was, Aa = -20.84- + 9.20, .36>U/U 0 >.18 (58) aU 0

and A = -39.62 (59) m U0 +17.30, .36>U/U 0 >.18 where U = bottom velocity U° = discharge velocity Aa = area of isopleth of velocity U, average of field measurements (acres) and A = area of isopleth of velocity U, maximum of field measurements (acres).

1.4-41

The areas determined from equations 58 and 59 were applied to conditions other than those existing during the field measure ments by multiplying by appropriate scale factor ratios.

Figure 1.4-82 shows average and maximum lake bottom scour areas, defined as areas along the lake bottom where the velocity is greater than 1 fps, for lake elevations from 244 to 250 feet USGS. Average scour areas range from 0.4 to 2.8 acres; maxi mum areas range from 0.5 to 5.2 acres. Spring, summer, and fall expected seasonal conditions correspond to average areas of 2.6, 2.6 and 2.8 acres, respectively. The higher area for fall reflects the lower lake elevation. Spring, summer, and fall extreme seasonal conditions correspond to maximum areas of 0.1, 2.4, and 4.7 acres, respectively. The low value for spring results from the high lake elevation, 250.19 feet USGS.

1.4.3.2 Concentrations It is possible to determine the characteristics of chemical dilution in the Ginna discharge by drawing the analogy between temperature and chemical dilution. Both are chiefly products of mixing of discharge and ambient water. Temperature decay also occurs by atmospheric cooling but, as shown in Section 1.4.1.1.2.1, this is unimportant in the near field.

The characteristics (isopleth shape, area, and volume) of the chemical dilution will be the same as the characteristics of the thermal dilution if the dimensionless excess concentration is equal to the dimensionless excess temperature. That is, C -Ca AT (60) c0 -ca ATo where C = concentration Ca = ambient concentration Co = discharge concentration AT = excess temperature and AT = discharge excess temperature.

0 Equation 60 can be used to relate concentration characteristics with the thermal characteristics developed in Section 1.4.2.

If equation 60 is satisfied, then the isopleth of concentration C will have the same shape, area, and volume as the isotherm of excess temperature AT.

1.4-42

1.4.3.3 Shoreline Erosion The major erosion effect of the Ginna discharge is bottom scouring in the vicinity of the discharge. This has been discussed in Section 1.4.3.1.2, where it was shown that scoured areas may range from 0.4 to 5.2 acres, depending on lake and discharge conditions. It should be noted that the scour areas exhibit shapes similar to isotherm shapes, their major influence being directed offshore.

It is also possible to postulate that a shoreline discharge of water, such as exists at Ginna, can act as a barrier to movement of lake sediments. If the discharge were to give the same effects as a solid barrier, deposition would occur upstream of the discharge and erosion would occur downstream of the discharge. However, a number of factors mitigate this behavior.

Currents at the site are alternately in both alongshore directions with a predominance of west to east currents. This would cause alternate erosion and deposition on either side of the discharge, with a small net effect. Furthermore, the plume completely blocks the normal alongshore flow for a distance of approximately 1000 feet offshore. After this point, the along shore flow can pass under the plume.

No shoreline erosion due to discharge operation has been noticed since Ginna began operating in 1969.

1.4-43

REFERENCES

1. Motz, L.H. and B.A. Benedict, Heated Surface Jet Discharged Into A Flowing Ambient Stream, Water Pollution Control Research Series, Environmental Protection Agency, 16130FDQ, 1971.

2. Stolzenbach, K.D. and D.R.F. Harleman, An Analytical and Experimental Investigation of Surface Discharges of Heated Water, School of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report No. 135, 1971.

3. Shirazi, M.A. and L.R. Davis, Workbook of Thermal Plume Prediction - Vol.2 - Surface Discharges, Environmental Protection Technology Series, EPA-R2-72-005b, Environmental Protection Agency, 1974.

4. Pritchard, D.W., "Design and Siting Criteria for Once Through Cooling Systems," presented at American Institute of Chemical Engineers,. 68th Annual Meeting, Houston, Texas, 1971.

5. Asbury, J.G. and Frigo, A.A., A Phenomenological Relation ship for Predicting the Surface Areas of Thermal Plumes in Lakes, Argonne National Laboratory, ANL/ES-5, 1971.

6. Shirazi, M.A.., "Some Results From Experimental Data On Sur face Jet Discharge of Heated Water," Proceedings of the International Water Resources Association, Chicago, Illinois, 1973.

7. Stefan, H., L. Bergstedt, and E. Mrosla, Flow Establishment and Initial Entrainment of Heated Water Surface Jets, Ecolo gical Research Series, United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-660/3-75-014, 1975.

8. Jirka, G.H., G. Abraham, and D'.R.F.Harleman, An Assessment of Techniques for Hydrothermal Prediction, Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report No. 203, 1975.

9. Asbury, J.G., Effects of Thermal Discharges on the Mass/

Energy Balance of Lake Michigan, Argonne National Laboratory, ANL/ES-1, 1970.

10. Fan, L.N., Turbulent Buoyant Jets Into Stratified or Flowing Ambient Fluids, W.M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources, California Institute of Technology, KH-R-15, 1967.

1.4-44

11. "Analytical Assessment of Thermal Plumes for Surface Discharges From One or Two 600 MWe Fossil-Fueled Power Plants," Appendix 5A of Sterling Power Project Nuclear Unit Number 1 Environmental Report, Revised 1974.

12. Stolzenbach, F.D., E.E. Adams, and D.R.F. Harleman, A User's Manual for Three Dimensional Heated Surface Discharge Conditions, Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report No.156, 1972.

13. Engelund, F. and F.B. Pederson, "Surface Jet at Small Richardson Numbers," Journal of Hydraulics Division, A.S.C.E., 99(HY3), 1973.

14. Edinger, J.E., D.K. Brady, and J.C. Geyer, Heat Exchange and Transport in the Environment, Electric Power Research Institute, Report No.14, 1974.

15. NOAA - National Ocean Survey, Lake Survey Center, Detroit, Michigan.

16. Singer, J., Elements of Numerical Analysis, Academic Press, New York, N.Y. 1964.

17. Conte, S.D., Elementary Numerical Analysis, An Algorithmic Approach, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, N.Y., 1965.

18. Bryant, P.A., Applied Probability and Statistics for Chemical EnQineers. Louisiana State University, 1970.

19. Jen, Y., R.L. Wiegel, and I. Mobarek, "Surface Discharges of Horizontal Warm Water Jet," Journal of Power Division, ASCE. 92(PO2), 1966.

20. Chermack, E.E., and T.A. Galletta, "Power Plant Thermal Effluents in Southeastern Lake Ontario," Proceedings 16th Conference On Great Lakes Research, 1973.

1.4-45

TABLE 1.4-1 LIST OF VARIABLES USED IN DISCUSSION OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL Variable Definition A aspect ratio, W/h 0 Cp specific heat of water, Btu/lb-°F D

dimensionless lake depth, (E-b)/(E-b)

DT date (Tables 1.4-3 and 1.4-4 only)

E lake surface elevation, feet USGS average lake surface elevation, feet USGS ELEV lake surface elevation, feet USGS (Tables 1.4-3 and 1.4-4 only)

F (densimetric) Froude number, U gh 0 Pa- o) ho(

F' modified densimetric Froude number, FA- 1 /4 FR densixnetric Froude number (Tables 1.4-3 and 1.4-4 only) 2 I isotherm area, ft NO. PTS (CL) number of centerline temperature excess data points (Tables 1.4-3 and 1.4-4 only)

NO.PTS(RHALF) number of half width data points (Tables 1.4-3 and 1.4-4 only)

K heat loss parameter, k/P C UO ft3/sec 00 discharge flow, R correlation coefficient R' cross flow parameter, Ua/U0 RHALF dimensionless plume half width, rh/ f (Tables 1.4-3 and 1.4-4 only) sum of the squares of the difference between predicted and measured data T dimensionless centerline temperature excess, ATC /AT 0 Tm dimensionless lateral temperature, AT/ATC Sheet 1

TABLE 1. 4-1 (CONT'D)

Variable Definition U ambient velocity, ft/sec a

Uo discharge velocity, ft/sec w discharge channel width, feet x dimensionless distance along plume trajectory, s/ a/2 (Tables 1.4-3 and 1.4-4 only) a 2 discharge cross section area, ft a'

correlation constant a"

correlation constant

a. vector of correlation constants b

effective lake bottom elevation, feet USGS b

correlation constant c correlation constant d correlation constant e correlation constant 1 difference between the ith data point and its predicted value f' correlation constant f (A) function describing the effect of aspect ratio on dimensionless centerline excess temperature f(D) function describing the effect of dimensionless lake depth on dimensionless centerline temperature excess f(F) function describing the effect of densimetric Froude number on dimensionless centerline temperature excess f (T) function describing the relation between dimen sionless plume centerline distance and dimensionless centerline temperature excess g gravitational acceleration, ft/sec 2 correlation constant ho0 discharge depth, feet h' correlation constant Sheet 2

TABLE 1.4-1 (CONT'D)

Variable Definition i index describing the data point order it correlation constant k surface heat transfer coefficient, Btu/ft 2 -oF-sec m number of data points n constant used in describing lateral temperature distribution n1 correlation constant n2 correlation constant n3 correlation constant p constant used in describing lateral temperature distribution r horizontal coordinate normal to plume centerline, feet rh plume half width, feet ro. 5 dimensionless plume half width, rh/

s distance along plume trajectory, feet average value of the independent variable over yi the m data points Yi the ith data point value of the independent variable A

yi the ith predicted value of the independent variable temperaturg excess (temperature above ambient) at (s,r), F ATTc centerline temperature excess, 0F AT 0 discharge temperature excess, 0F correlation constant at angle between discharge and ambient velocities, radians a'

correlation constant correlation constant

), correlation constant correlation constant Sheet 3

TABLE 1.4-1 (CONT'D)

Variable Definition correlation constant correlation constant 6' correlation constant correlation constant C correlation constant a ambient density, lb/ft 3

discharge density, lb/ft3 a standard deviation of independent dimensionless variable 0 correlation constant correlation constant correlation constant x dimensionless distance along plume trajectory, correlation constant Vi correlation constant Sheet 4

TABLE 1.4-2 BASIC PAPAMETERS OF SURVEYS USED TO DEVELOP MODEL Survey Date Subsurface Isotherm Depth Densimetric Froude Lake (Feet-Inches) Number Elevation (Feet USGS) 1970 5/1 5-0 9.05 246.23 6/23 6-5 6.29 246.62 7/14 6-5 5.37 246.71 8/20 6-8 4.91 246.38 9/25 6-8 6.87 245.80 10/21 5-0 6.87 245.48 11/6 5-0 7.73 245.40 11/17 5-0 8.06 245.35 12/5 5-0 8.90 245.36 1971 5/21 5-11 6.50 246.90 5/28 5-11 6.75 246.89 6/28 6.74 246.72 7/15 5-11 4.76 246.63 7/28 4.65 246.55 8/31 5-6 5.55 246.23 9/30 5-6 9.21 245.66 10/27 5-8 9.99 245.27 11/11 5-8 8.40 245.06 12/1 6-0 10.48 244.90 Sheet 1

TABLE 1.4-2 (CONT'D)

BASIC PARAMETERS OF SURVEYS USED TO DEVELOP MODEL Survey Date Subsurface Isotherm Depth Densimetric Froude Lake (Feet-Inches) Number Elevation (Feet USGS) 1972 4/13 6-0 8.89 246.49 7/19 6-0 3.78 248.02 8/30 6-0 4.25 247.39 11/22 6-0 9.83 245.89 1973 4/16 6-8 4.77 249.06 5/14 4.24 249.25 6/20 5-1 5.07 249.19 7/10 5-4 2.87 248.75 7/18 2.98 248.46 8/16 5-1 3.63 247.74 9/10 5.11 246.98 9/13 4.19 246.91 10/1 4-11 5.40 246.48 11/13 7.75 245.60 12/5 8.19 245.58 1974 5/21 5-2 8.57 248.67 6/4 4.30 248.83 6/28 4-11 4.51 248.63 7/30 3.74 248.13 9/26 5-8 5.08 246.35 10/23 5-4 8.11 245.58 Sheet 2

TABLE 1.4-2 (CONT'D)

BASIC PARAMETERS OF SURVEYS USED TO DEVELOP MODEL Survey Date Subsurface Isotherm Depth Densimetric Froude Lake (Feet-Inches) Number Elevation (Feet USGS) 1975 6/10 5-6 4.56 247.08 7/1 12.88 246.97 8/4 7-1 4.01 246.47 Average 5-8 6.37 246.81 Total Number of Surveys at Surface = 43 Subsurface= 32 Note: - indicates survey date not used for subsurface model development (see Section 1.4.1.1.3.4).

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II ~ i aIl a is ' 0 m i a ~ N .

In In-. D Ii j5 j U1 0 Ia~~~T I A0. a 0 .' x' . . .2 xIa S~~I aS 4 of If N N Nf I II N N N Iof t 0 I a3 0 Ian 0.SNSI

.5 S.5 o,"s 0MP5 .S .5 0. aSS C;

• C I

.5 A . 0.,eS I 05 0 L S Z5 N S SNI W zN W ko j Z N N Z W Z N Z I N N N N N' aU Z W Ns e HnI~n h~na. 5155Z s inini.

N 8~ n~.5.. in kink.

so lot. his Xs.IinIDn i n I -..

' if of ft If be If is 1110 a04 U%N- 14f5o."'

5- 0 1 P-s 1w 11 1. I11. d a - . . 0 5 x I I s-' I- l=, ;In inl~ SacC; a, Wa1 hVIa.i , hiJ S

.. NCN J)I 'Tok

~ N 5.55-5-5 5- ~~~N 5 13J ..

~

'1 5 in.JN N InW IJN SIN 5 5 5 ~ W5 ~

pS 11 5 S5 J5- - ~ 5 1 - -

N

~ ..

W - 5 ~ S11W1 1 4 - - - ~ ~

.Jy W - - ~

51-

.5

~

55 - I5. In5 5 5 T5 5 I55

.N

.5 Ih5 5 5 NNTi 5 5 i

N E-4 ~e It ~ G'N 50 N55 O O0 5-1 5-5 a4. a'N*510M 0G3 C; u

I.,014 GSS *PIDt LSA4S *M *5'L0 IL . *MN .L a

• IA u *G95-I14 *PL IN,'I, *M *J.e.

%O5A 0 0' a4.C., aS S N a4 N n ~cc .1 -1 $ a. ~N EA~~~~~~~~

a ri r yI raa a a r cr 0 IY W0..w / ~@

a,0o 0.

N" W4 .400 M.5b '.OOC -4 .5. -1 D45. W%0 -1' .1.0 JP) " . NO N '.450.

S. P) 5.

'a 4 No N0 NN N N mey No N,N INr3 N 1I Nt a Ny C~~~. a aa C C4 N.

_j-1. N isAt J t i ft N N5. ANP 5 It1414of .514 SAMk Ifq~ It~live INQ ifN .4 -A 5. SA N. 5-C JN 0 A IiIIN w 4 MCCr ftSC.

In we Ie lf T c .4 C . m. N '; '

• a, ".a.*

' NS -' f4 N~t neaN CNCC.8fa C 4.4 .4 "- I N41 N -Cy.5 aM W4 o4 I 4 wl  ; .54 .44 .54 .4.4 a,.

NNt Nf Nl NW Nt N Nt N N1 NS N Nv  : W N N N SN N N N I 3551. I.;~l3155 3 5--1 4 a "x 3(15 5-3' A1x- J-155 of1 X53 34. 5-5 XN 12" a a a I of

TABLE 1.4- 5 CORRELATION CONSTANTS AND STATISTICAL RESULTS FOP THE GINNA DATA REPRESENTATION Mathematical Representation Dimensionless Centerline Temperature Excess; In X =9+ Oý(T-J) +1' In F Dimensionless Plume Half Width; Inr0.5 = a+01n X+ y(In X) + 8In F Surface 6 Foot Centerline Temperature Excess S3.921 2.388 S-2.098 -2.288 08'0 0.598 R 0.784 0.746 a, 0.351 0.374 Plume Half Width a -8.027 -8.376 S4.247 4.495 y -0.352 -0.371 8 -0.264 -0.664 R 0.647 0.600 a 0.481 0.570

TABLE 1.4-6 GINNA LATERAL DISTRIBUTION AND NORMALIZED GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION Distribution;T M= AVT/ T = n exp [-p (r/rh)2 ]

m c Tm= .95 .8 .6 .4 .2 .05 r/rh for Ginna Data, I>T > 0.5 .170 .538 .851

<m 1.

r/rh for Ginna Data, Tm < 0.5 - 1.156 1.543 2.115

-4.

r/rh for Normalized Gaussian .272 .567 .858 1.150 1.524 2.079 1.

TABLE 1. 4-7 MONTHLY DIFFERENCE IN AMBIENT TEMPERATURE BETWEEN THE SHORELINE AND 5000 FEET OFFSHORE IN THE GINNA VICINITY AS GIVEN BY CHER4ACK AND GALLETTA(20)

Month Offshore Temperature Minus Shoreline Temperature (0F)

January -0.6 February -0.4 March +0.5 April* +4.8 May +4.9 June +1.2 July +1.2 August +0.3 September -0.2 October -0.4 November -2.9 December -1.7 Yearly Average +0.6

TABLE 1.4-8 SEASONAL DISCHARGE AND AMBIENT CONDITIONS Season Conditions Discharge Discharge Discharge Lake Lake Flow Rate Velocity Temperature Temperature Elevation (cfs) (fps).

.(OF) (°F) (f t. USGS) 0 F) (ft. USGS)

WINTER Expected 696.3 3.43 60.0 34.4 245.46 SPRING Expected 891.2 3.52 66.5 46.5 246.85 SUMMER Expected 891.2 3.68 85.8 65.8 246.55 FALL Expected 891.2 4.42 66.8 46.8 245.41 WINTER Extreme 636.6 2.02 60.0 32.0 248.45 SPRING Extreme 891.2 2.30 82.0 62.0 250.19 SUMMER Extreme 891.2 2.64 94.6 74.6 249.00 FALL Extreme 891.2 3.49 77.1 57.1 246.91

TABLE 1.4-9 SURFACE CENTERLINE EXCESS VELOCITY DECAY FOR SEASONAL CONDITIONS DISTANCE EXCESS VELOCITY - FPS ALONG CENTERLINE SPRING SUMMER FALL SPRING SUMMER FALL (FEET) EXPECTED EXPECTED EXPECTED EXTREME EXTREME EXTREME I I 4 4. 4 4 0 3.52 3.68 4.42 2.30 "2.64 3.49 1000 2.57 2.65 2.99 2.30 2.64 3.49 2000 1.41 1.43 1.53 1.90 2.10 2.55 3000 0.73 0.72 0.67 1.46 1.59 1.87 4000 0.24 0.21 0.06 1.15 1.23 1.39 5000 0 0 0 0.90 0.95 1.02 6000 0.70 0.72 0.72 7000 0.53 0.53 0.46 8000 0.39 0.36 0.24 9000 0.26 0.21 0.04 10,000 0.14 0.08 0 11,000 0.04 0 12,000 0

Table 1.4-10 Ginna Station Triaxial Surveys GENJERAI. DATA METEOROLOGICAL DATA SURVEY DAIA Sky Conditions W,,d Lake Conditions Ten peratures Ii, .. Data .3ni & r) mog. I ake Water l.evel I I ev..l Z 'e,. 3 evel 4 NYS go2 N 0 U > ~

01 D 78 8 z0 ou U-n m 0U - _ V4 6 77 6 A. , 10 ,

4, 4,U .,

1 MWt - O..

~ M OF. Ft Ft Ace Ft.0F M r  % rnph De... ___ t. OF toF Ft. Ace7.F . res Ft. Aces Ft. rce 3A9g *i4/7 NYS thude "1'TMr200 RGE 300 Yes D.E. 245.29 158 clear 0 22 smooth 0-5 3317 5Z '2900 ,5Q 26.5 _5.5 5-,6 = 2.7.4. 9,5 0. Q "51 NYS small 1200 RGE 1118 NA Do.lH24L .2 S8 hazy 10 5.2 14 swells .5-2 42 ,42 7 3 00 1 1& 14.45 5.0 17 7.5 5.

0 1200 RGE 1079 NA D.E.C745 73 45 clear 2 15 312 smooth 0 65 57 75 20 1 .522 .5 6. 5.0 4 0. 1.5..Q,.

/70.1 1200 RGE 1_7NA0_C,25._7_7_ea_ thunder 14/ !1 sel _-_45_7_50. 4 . i .!409, ..

I70( RGE 1300 NA D.E.C. 246.6 78 84 hazy 10 0 64 6 77 160 .519.2 .1 .7 0 11200 RGE 1274 NA D.E.C. 2446 I*

. 612-clearh 7 0MI 15 choptiv 2-5 7..615 72 . 2.00 .5 63 3.3 19.6 5,0 10.2 97 9 calm 120 RU L- 1ý NA D.E.C. 245.2 68 78 fog1 10 5.31 145 swells 2: 56~. 55.z 2800 .5.~ 4u.8 9 9 54- G -77. G. 5.3 calm 71 10IRGF 1300,, NA ,C. 245.3 44 74 clear a 9 323h4 -Z-h.2- 50 501 67 1660 2000 21.2 =

.11* G-4 4, L7lear Q.0 5.6 J, 3.1

/70 I=9 RGE 1300 NA Q., 5.3 30 7aj overcast, 8L calm 0 45 45 62 2200 .5- 45.9 12.51 52.3 5.0 14.6 7.5, 2.2

ý7] _*Z*7_110 12001 RG:30 RG.10 NA

+/-A. D.E.C.245.7 246 7 77 67 40 clear

_rpn .. Afl 355.. 1 cho w3i

_?

2410chpe

-3*4

51. 36 4~7. _90 2500 3700 ..5. 101.2 7283 4.1 89.9 5.9 . 54811. 9.7 17.3 .2-7 28 thunder 1 20 NA D.E.C 246 so 61 storm 8 5 88 chODOV 1-3 5 48 65. 13500  %.5 1229.1 3.8 149.319.61 0 _

171 =A RU 246- 81 5a r 4L -L G9i iL 84 12. )& 12. 19.8A i

&, 20 mi.

./711130dj RGE 1300 _UA 2M 7 j, visibilityit 4 1 6 65 swells 2-3. 70?.. 67 83 3300 1 0.3 3. 35. 5+/-.5, 332

_Q2 LI30 La6 4412ml.

J71 a=Q 5..E NA; Z=Q ~7.. v isibility 0Q 1 _~.M chog .1-3 63 161.5 77.5 'A2400 1 5 63 2.5 76.0 1.0i 54.01 7.5 1 .. L5_9; hl RGE 1300 NA 2 5.6E jJ Li Q 45 43 6020 L 57 . 30 15.7 25.4 8.1114.0 I"1110RE10 NA 4936 52 clear - hpy _ 05 7160L . B 5.61 12.08.I

-Z

-hp 2 -3_ 50__50__7 1' -

Table 1.4-10 (continued)

Ginna Station Triaxial IS Surveys U RV FY D)A': A G L N'ERA LDA TA M E T E O R O L O G IC A L DA T A k Condtions Wi,,d uir Conditions Ten peratures . Data InI. A".)

oditiog I ake WVater

. . I.e*,el I Lev, I Z e-- ,1 3 0 evel 4 o

E 5.

r v MDt z . OF F Ft. - ft. Acres Ft. Acres Ft.

__.___mphDe Acres Vt. Acre 1100 j71 RGE 1300 NA D.E.C. 244.9 22 81 cloudy 9 7 338 chop 2-3 41 44 60 3220 .5 71.0 U 68.0 6. 47.0 jQ 10.0 1100 RGE 1290 yes OEC. 246.1 3I9 65 cloudy 9 125 %wells .5-I 34 335 54.5 3420 .5 192.0 3.2 200.0 6.C 200.0 8.8 208

%2 1200IRGE 1310 yes DE.C. 246.2 61 87 cloudy 9 15 240 choppy 1-3 38 38 56 1840 .5 47.7 3.2 67.2 6.0 59.4 8.8 52.1 j2j RGE 1260 1100 NA 0E.C. P47.9 75 63 cloudy 7 5 318 $wells .5-1 73 68 86 2710 .5 35.5 3.2 13.0 6.0 0 8.8 0 S*E.C,7, 5 45 clear 2 4 205 1-2 73 70 86 3320 .5 54.5 3.2 17.2 G.0 42.0 8.0 1.0 RE IIO N120OLE HA 4U 27 7A cloudy 9 0 n h-p- -h1 43) 42 57 -3060 .5 53.8 3.2 44.0 6.0 42.0 8.8 1.0 2L'73 R10 GEi2I .UNA US. Z48. 7ZL 21.. clear L 13 212 choppy 1-2 42 40 59 3420 _,5 73.1 .23 53.7 4.5 46.6 6.7 11.1 49!.

t, 414100 R£ N2A. 249.,r 5 1 19. oest, in 3 050 eho.. .- 4499 4i563 2350 .5 29.0 2.7 19.0 4.6 6.0 -'A 2.0

-420 visibility 77!1200 RGE, = N A DE.C. L4=. 77 42 hazy 10 3 310 chopovy -1 L -70127 88 3200 .5 107.4 13A PA 5. 23.4 8.5. 3.9 1100 RGE 1449 NA DE.C. 2485 81 88 clear 0 7 050 choppy 0-I 70 70 88 3200 .5 137.8 22903. 4 27.8 70 773 1200 RGE 1379 NA 0.E.C. 247.6 74 88 clear I 15 015 choppy .-3 74 71 89 1700 .5 30.8 2.5 3.3 5.1 4.6 8.4 0 7314 RGE 1376 A IDE.C. 246.9 68 60 clear 2 10 060 choppy 1-2 72 71 88 3200 ,5 61.8 2.41 Q1 4.81"3.0 7.9 0 T 140M!RGE 1387NA 0E.C.244.8 68 55 clear 3 8 170 choppy 1-2 56 55 73 2700 .5 36.9 2.5 19.6 4.9 13.0 8.3 0

%3 1200 RGE 1375 NA D.E.C. 24'..3 54 70 overcast 10 29 240 swells J- 45 46 .62 2500 .5 53.5 1.8 30.5 3.4 47.0 .1.§..0 1200 RGE 1375 NA 0.EC 245.5 60 88 overcast 10 16 180 choppy 1-2 44 45 62.5 3400 .5 9.1 97.7 3,81 48.7 6.1 0 c lea r - 9 L/74 000 RGE 02? NA O.E.C. .56 70 4 6 100 swells 0-I 44 43.5 51.5 4500 .5 141.2 12.6 4 5.21120.4 8.7 3.5 Sheet 2

-LJu- .L.4-+/-iv conrinuea)

Ginna Station Triaxial Surveys GEN'ERAL DATA METEOROLOGICAL DATA SURVEY DA:A Sky Conditions Wi.,d /Lake Conditions Ten peratures lu ,. Data *3nj d  :.

0 . 0 make Water . evel I L.evI Z e.-I 3 U N eve! 4 I ae 4 s,*4 C: '.ve

> 4) 0.

0.

""a IOU W VJ U) UW DOF ...VA K~0 0A  :

S1 1  : ~ ~~ ,~~ci

,us ..

3 1t00*RGE 1060 NA DE.C 24*60 9 usuu I I0 8Q . . . . . .

- X -

choppy I-2 48 0 6.520.5~ ~~ 8 LZ.

2. 24. 4.9z..7.0 7.9 0

• 30 strata 30 q./7 11°0 ROE: 1076 NA D.E.C. 240.3 70. 80 :umulus 7 5 240 calm 0-.5 68 67 82 2800 .5 90.2 4.1 15.3 tcirrus 8.1 0 -

/75 4ilop 1200 RGE /77 1360 NA DE.C. 247.3 ROEf1385 NA IDE.C 24~r 5060 79 88 culua cumulus 01.. 2050 cwalms 0-I-5 56

.90 G76 2800 .5 190.2 hcrrus 10 R Choppy -2 48 32500 .5- 62.6 2.8 64.0 2.8 40.2 5.5

88. 34.9 5.3 4 7.807- 00

/lio RGE 1385 NA IDE.C. 245. 52 8 8 50vsits. 10 =00 choppy 1-3 45.5 563 2500 .5 62.2 2.8 40.2 5.3 34.9 17.

20I RGE 1390 _NA IDE.C. 246.3L61 67 0 420mmiu 2 3 250 1 swell 12 62 1&. 5 63. 79 250 visibility .100. . 14.80 5.21 06 8 0

__5 1200 RGE 7 1362 NA 10E.C. 247.15 650 87 i9

-ciear 0 . 5075 choppy cirrus 0-1 59 59 76 3200 .5 116.2 2.8 64.0 5.5 69.4 8.31 0 hazy 0I RGE 11504 NA DE.C. 246D 67 69 5mi. vsib. 1 7 190 --swells 0-5 61 43.5 63.7 3900 .5 7 .0 52 vi 5mi.sibility 0 7.5 0 75 1100 RBE 1512 NA 246.5 78 100 hazy 40t 6 165

_.__C.

choppy 1-2 763 75.5 95 3500 .5 235.2 2.3 90.3 4.83 12.8 7.1 IOmi. 0

/ 100 R GE 1497 NA D.E.C 24581 74 670 vsibilty 3.95, 14.1 4 12 195 choppy 1 I1-260 62.3 824 420 160.0 12._._58 41 8(

N Ma5 2. 83.6 _= 0

__J T ,sra cumulus o- 0 1200IRG;E 1520 NA D.E.C 248.71 So 91 2 0 vl h 10 6 3 0 s el 5-1 53 4 6 ,5 4 0 .5 9 . . 1 , 4 212.4 5& 6 0

/6/6 5120 REN OE. 28. 17. 6 5.5 1 0 7S 7r 1515 00 RGE NA D.E.C. 248 , 7i8 U 6 wvkihh,.

5mi.visib.

puffs 5 1 0.27 2 0 hooy-c sool 0-1 0 60 G 52 070 72 4000 .5 09712.0 176.2 54. 4.1 370.

84.0 . 1. .

76f0 G 57IN .. 4. 3 B 1, t, 0 cl-mof 0 G 07 8 30 5 297.. 8, .

9/ .5 19 48 cirrus

,,/761 1200 RGE 784 NA 24119 73 61 v,mihi llv 4 9 245 choppy 52 2 .

5

!51'63 164 75 13200 .5 13,2.2 2.1 117.1 3.8138.9 522.

97 1100 IRGE 1447 NA ID.E. 6 156,im3.iiiy I 1 270 swells !2' 58 157 76 13100 .5 160.1 2.1 . 31..7 6.1

33. ,

L* strata cumulus Sheet 3

1.0 1000 0.8 80 0.6b 00 8~

0.6 -4 0

~-0.4\

-l V Lu A*

)0 m So.,oooo\oI loo Lu>

0.08 / 20 I

/ i. /I 0.02 .i /20 O.O0 I I I I 10 20 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 DIMENSIONLESS STREAMWISE DISTANCE, s/a/N72-LEGEND CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS

- SURFACE, WORST CASE SURFACE, AVERAGE

-- 6'-0" DEPTH, WORST CASE

-- 6'-0" DEPTH, AVERAGE PLUME HALF-WIDTH SURFACE, WORST CASE

-.- SURFACE, AVERAGE 6'-0" DEPTH, WORST CASE 6'-0" DEPTH, AVERAGE FIGURE 1.4-1 DESIGN CURVES DESCRIBING THE GINNA THERMAL DISCHARGE PLUME

1.15 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.10 2f 1.09 0

D 1.08 LL 0

z cc JLu 6 1.07 5 - SHIRAZI( )

2 0 1.06 ILl 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 DENSIMETRIC FROUDE NUMBER, F FIGURE 1.4-2 COMPARISON OF POSSIBLE FROUDE NUMBER FUNCTIONAL FORMS

1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4

,* 0.3 IC I

L) 0.2 Lu I

4 LU 1 .10.

ul z .09 w .o3 I

2 2z .064I

.03

.02 KEY APPENDIX 5A STERLING ER111)

EQUATION 21, f(T) =exp[0' + 0' (T-1)J EQUATION 22,f(T) =expk[" + i, (T-i) + B (T-1) 2 1

.01 I I I I I I I I I 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DIMENSIONLESS DISTANCE ALONG PLUME CENTERLINE, X = s/a/12 FIGURE 1.4-3 COMPARISON OF HYPOTHESIZED RELATION BETWEEN T AND X WITH VALUES DETERMINED AT GINNA

co I -1

'o 2 0-~a to 5V zi c,,, ~et, TRAIA UVE A FIGURE 1.4-4

250 I I I EACHII EACH

• REPRESENTS ONE SURVEY S

0 249 S S

0 0

S S

248 S S

I-Lu 0 ui 2 S 0 247 0 0*

u"

-A 0 0 0 0

,u S

-,I Lu 0 0 S 6*

0 S 246 0

0 0

0 0

S 0

245 S 2 3 4 5 6 illI, 7 8 ii -

9 10 11 12 13 14 DENSIMETRIC FROUDE NUMBER FIGURE 1.4-5 RANGE OF GINNA THERMAL SURVEY DENSIMETRIC FROUDE NUMBERS AND LAKE ELEVATIONS

__n 4flw IU I I - III I

r  ! I .......

• -i 6 ' '

I I I I a I I 103 N S Nh N\

• N m

\N

• N N

0 I-M 0

• CENTER LINE TEMPERATURE 4 xLu EXCESS DATA POINT

-95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF I-M *

• CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE 0 EXCESS O PLUME HALF WIDTH DATA

.j POINT Lu

-*.-95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF 0

102 Lu PLUME HALF WIDTH

// 0 0 w

I.

2 Lu k

a.,

z 2 / I 0(

I 0

2 0 I Lu1

/ .* -

E

/

//

, /

1/1-*,2 I ..

. .I/I, . .

- I I I I I I 101 I03 101 102 1

DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE DISTANCE, s/via7f-"

FIGURE 1.4-6 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS AND HALF WIDTH MEASURED ON 9/25[70 AT THE LAKE SURFACE

100 N

S N

\,* N " \ 103 x

ul 0

• CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS DATA POINT 2

-- 95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF 0 0

CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS m ca O PLUME HALF WIDTH DATA o CA V) POINT ca*_ 10 --- 95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF S00 z

PLUME HALF WIDTH 0 ro I. 0 I 4 1020 I,

In

/

/ I-

.,i z

0 /

I z

Lu /

0

//

/

10-2 , / ,

' * . * *,: I 1 1101 101 I N I I I I 03 102 1 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE DISTANCE. s/f*72 FIGURE 1.4-7 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS AND HALF WIDTH MEASURED ON 10/27171 AT THE LAKE SURFACE

100 r'-

I I I I I I I 103 N , i", Nb I I 'I I II 6 `

N N, N

0 m

0 0 CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE x EXCESS DATA POINT 2

-- 95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE 71n EXCESS I 0 PLUME HALF WIDTH DATA ioo POINT I

107 -.- 95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF PLUME HALF WIDTH V 102 w

2

/

CA

/

/ I S01 0

En /

2

/

/

I! a I g I l i a i i i 10"21 Jl 1101 103 101 102 1 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE DISTANCE, a/477 FIGURE 1.4-8 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS AND HALF WIDTH MEASURED ON 5/1/70 AT SIX FOOT DEPTH

100 v I 1k'4KjI I 5 5 I

! 10 N

N N 0 NN N 0 0

N 0

0

• CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE m EXCESS DATA POINT

- 95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF S2 0

CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE m

EXCESS O PLUME HALF WIDTH DATA 0 ca I

POINT 10-1 -.- 95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF 102 Em PLUME HALF WIDTH

-I'

/ 0

/ I I I I I

/

/o 0

/

0

/

I

/

Il I I I I I 0

I I I D

• I I I II 10-2 101 a I a I I A I I I I I I I I 101 1 0 102 03 1

DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE DISTANCE, s/1J/77 FIGURE 1.4-9 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS AND HALF WIDTH MEASURED ON 10/1173 AT SIX FOOT DEPTH

500 400 300 200 lu w

z IAJ w

1-.100 2

rU 90*

0ia 80 ca l.j zj 50-40 20 30-0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS, T = ATc/ATo FIGURE 1.4-10 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS SURFACE

500 I I I I I I I I I I 400 300 1-200 Iu z 100

'a 90 z 80 I

2 uJ ca 70 0 DENSIMETRIC 60 FROUDE

.I C., NUMBER 2 50

-I a.

C,,

40 9 7

30 1,-

5 20 1-- 3

'I It -

I I I II. I I I I I I 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS, T = ATc//ATo 1.4-11 SFIGURE EXCESS DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE SIX FOOT DEPTH

102 II I I I I I I!I I I I I I I I I K3 I5 P7 DENSIMETRIC

• - DOUDE a NUMBER

,,J Lu, 0

0.I

-J v;

z z

101 I II I I I I I I I I I I I 101 102 103 DIMENSIONLESS PLUME CENTERLINE DISTANCE, X siva-FIGURE 1.4-12 DIMENSIONLESS PLUME HALF WIDTH - SURFACE

102 I I

• I * *

• Ia I I

I I

I I

DENSIMETRIC FROUDE NUMBER 3

7 K

0 c

I-r

.J 101 I

ulJ ca

,,.1

-j z0 a-z I

100 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 101 102 103 DIMENSIONLESS PLUME CENTERLINE DISTANCE, X = s/IV FIGURE 1.4-13 DIMENSIONLESS PLUME HALF WIDTH - SIX FOOT DEPTH

1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.

1 0.1

'u

< .09

.08 Lu 2

.02J

.072

.ol 00 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 RATIO OF LATERAL DISTANCE TO PLUME HALF WIDTH, r/rh FIGURE 1.4-14 LATERAL TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION

60 S56 52 ~

48 44 40 36 32 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 L ]EIVA.TION-FT USGS FIGJRE 1.4-15 VARIAfTION OF DESDIETRIC F*"UDE NU= (F) WITH IAKE CCNDITI(DNS FOR THE GINN DISCHARGE

2 18 16 I;

0 E-4 U) 8 H

244 2 45 246 247 248 249 2, LAKE ELEVATION - FEET USGS FIGURE 1.4-16.

LINEAR SCALE FACTOR vs. LAKE ELEVATION

100 I I 0

• .CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE

• 0 E-4 EXCESS DATA POINT

• H

-95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF

• CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS

\ -

0

• 'PLUME HALF WIDTH DATAUR -0 Cn cn POINT D O E-4 S 95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF C

10 PLUME HALF WIDTH / S z

/ 10 0 a

-/

/o S

/

En4

/

z / @

/ /

/ a

/

/ /

1 I0-2 I / I I I I /. I I I I I I I I I I 1A 101 102 10 3 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE DISTANCE, s/N/a72 FIGURE 1.4-17 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS AND HALF WIDTH MEASURED ON 9/11/75 AT THE LAKE SURFACE

l0O, 0

N.

0 0 0 0.

U) 0 ~z C-) 0 x H

• CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS DATA POINT 95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF 10 CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS

° "-

o PLUME HALF WIDTH DATA H I 10-3

=POINT 0n 95%-CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF En1 PLUME HALF WIDTH rz

- /

E-1 E-1 S~/

U)

H S~/

1c A

0 H

En

/K 00 o I

1o-2 E I l

~~

1 l

• l l

.... f m m i .

I...

A1 0 101 103 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE DISTANCE, S/a72-FIGURE 1.4-18 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS AND HALF WIDTH MEASURED ON 9/11/75 AT SIX FOOT DEPTH

100 !I 1 I 4 A i-0 0 CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE* 0 EXCESS DATA POINT *

-- 95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF

• 0 U,

_ CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE 0 t.i t-q EXCESS\

PLUME HALF WIDTH DATA URE o - En cn U

E-4 I Ho POINT t-4 10 - 95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF/

10O2 0

PLUME HALF WIDTH /

W z /0

_". i/ oa S

z W /

/

0H

/

z /

to / / 7

/ / ml I,/

-2 I I I I i/a I I I a I I .01 i0 . .

I I... I . I I I I I i

01 102 10 3 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE DISTANCE, s/V*77" FIGURE 1.4-19 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS AND HALF WIDTH MEASURED ON 10/21/75 AT THE LAKE SURFACE

100 Dv 0

00

'-4 x I H

• CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE\ 0z 0

. EXCESS DATA POINT S En

-95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF rn CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE 0 t-4 EXCESS 10 2 rz PLUME HALF WIDTH DATA 0- 1 0

SPOINT//\

H S-- 95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF / S 10 1

PLUME HALF WIDTH /

S~/

• H 0

z C2: S~/ S En S~/

rz 0

H / , A (12 a

/

/ 0

/

10-1 II I I I L I

,I I,

1 I

1 - I I I I I I I *v ii 0, 10 2 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE DISTANCE, siVa7-2 FIGURE 1.4-20 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS AND HALF WIDTH MEASURED ON 10/21/75 AT SIX FOOT DEPTH

.100, Ia I i I i I , ,

0 0

I-I

• CENTERLINE ITEMPERATURE EXCESS DATA POINT H 0

- 95% CONFIDE:NCE LIMIT OF z E-4 t-l CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE- tzj x EXCESS U o PLUME HALF W1IDTH DATA POINT P4 2: 1 95% CONFIDE:NCE LIMIT OF/

/ io2 I

z PLUME HALF WIDTH H

0 E-1 z

W W10-,

z0 /

/ -4

/ /

10-2

/ /

,/

I / I I I *I /

I t 4/4 I II I I I I I f I I I I 101 I UI I1 I

3 101 102 L0 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE DISTANCE, Sl/Va7 FIGURE 1.4-21 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS AND HALF WIDTH MEASURED ON 5/24/76 AT THE LAKE SURFACE

A 1 %Uq% I I li iI ,,l,,i I I 0

" CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE 0 EXCESS DATA POINT "

z

-- 95% CONFIDE]NCE LIMIT OF t-4 CENTERLINE I'EMPE RATURE

,EXCESS 10 t-4 o PLUME HALF 9IDTH DATA cI:

POINT

-- 95% CONFIDE] NCE LIMIT OF/

10-1 PLUME HALF KJIDTH / 102 z ///

E-4 z

b / '--- a 0

z

/

/ /

7 H

/ /

/

Ii*

/ /

I I I I / i I 10-2 ,/ I l li I I I I--

101 10 2 10 3 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE DISTANCE, s/vr7-2 FIGURE 1.4-22 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS AND HALF WIDTH MEASURED ON 6/10/76 AT THE LAKE SURFACE

10 a - i i a I  !

0 E4 0

0 CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE

• SEXCESS DATA POINT

• U 95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF E-4 S 1-4 CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE 0 EXCESS

° PLUME HALF WIDTH DATA Ef) 0 io POINT 0

-- 95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF, PLUME HALF WIDTH o b E-4 10 2

- /

z

- /

E-4

- / 0 H

0 z

- /

~zl 00 lo-21 i0 / - -

z / 7 1 -3 H

/ /

/ /

/

I / I I S 5/ mel a I I I I - .

101 102 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE DISTANCE, s/v,72 FIGURE 1.4-23 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS AND HALF WIDTH MEASURED ON 7/6/76 AT THE LAKE SURFACE

100 i i 1 1 1ii i ii i I i-i----i-*** ,

m 0

m o

H

- CENTERLINE TI

• POINT EXCESS DATA EMPE RATURE \___

lo

-95% CONFIDEN CE LIMIT OF \ \ H 0

I E-1 CENTERLINE T EXCESS o PLUME HALF W

'CE LIMIT OF \\

z tI Cn x POINT 0 td r i0-I -- 95% CONFIDEN

-- PLUME HALF W 10 2 t*

z I/H H H z

In

/

/

zO:

/ / /

/ I-L01 10-2

,/ l U I I U I 1 I II I I II II II II 1 3 101 DCTu 10 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE DISTANCE, s/v'a-/-

FIGURE 1.4-24 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS AND HALF WIDTH MEASURED ON 9/13/76 AT THE LAKE SURFACE

100 I 6 I I III 0l

• CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE 0 EXCESS DATA POINT 0 0

-95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF z CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE 0 E-4 .EXCESS

- S o PLUME HALF WIDTH DATA 102!

0 POINT 0 10 1 -- 95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF /

z PLUME HALF WIDTH /

10 z

// ° 0 0-3 U) 0 /

H En

/

z /

/

a

/

L0-2 IC, I I_

I I 0

I l

I l ql l l e il 0.

101 10 2 10 3

DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE DISTANCE, s/v/a72 FIGURE 1.4-25 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS AND HALF WIDTH MEASURED ON 9/29/76 AT THE LAKE SURFACE

100 i i i I i i I i I i I

0 E--4 En 0 CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE \

0 z

w EXCESS DATA POINT

• \

CONFIDE:NeE LIMIT OF 0

-95% z CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS o PLUME HALF WIDTH DATA POINT 1 95% CONFIDE NCE LIMIT OF "

10-

/ 10 2 PLUME HALF WIDTH

/

z / 0 E-4

/ ° to z / a 0

H Ea

/

/ I/

/ /

/

I / *iI ii II.01 io-2 .

I

. I S I I I

I I I I I I I

A

)3 102 IC 101 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE DISTANCE, s/v/a2 FIGURE 1.4-26 DIMENSIONLESS CENTERLINE TEMPERATURE EXCESS AND HALF WIDTH MEASURED ON 11/5/76 AT THE LAKE SURFACE

10 9

8 7

ca C14

>4 6 H

0 5

4 U

H 3

2 0

244 245 246 247 248 249 250 LAKE ELEVATION - FT USGS FIGURE 1.4-27 DISCHARGE VELOCITY vs. LAKE ELEVATION

9501 900 856 E-800 S750 I 7001 6501 34 35 36 37 38 39 4(

Il I , AMBZENT TMPERTRE , "F I I 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE EXCESS - OF FIGURE 1.4-28 DISCHARGE FLOW-RATES DURING RECIRCULATION MODE

400 E-4 Wz 2800 50 F H2400 0

W '2000 H

S1600 z

E-41 1200 H

ED z 10 0

800 400-1F 01 80_10 1200* 800 400 0 40 FEET L:ATERAL DISTANCE FROM PLUME CEN-TERLINýE, FIGURE 1.4-29 LAKE SURFACE ISOTHERM4S - EXPECTED SPRING CONDITIONS

4001 3600 3200 E-4 S 2800 S~2°F S 2400 0

S2000 o 5OF 70 z

H/ S1600-7F S~90F H 1200 ED z

0 800

-- * "130F 150F 400 170F

- *~19OF 800 400 0 400 800 1200 1200 LATERAL DISTANCE FROM PLUME CENTERLINE, FEET FIGURE 1.4-30 SIX FOOT DEPTH ISOTHERMS - EXPECTED SPRING CONDITIONS

400(

2 0F 3601 3201 2800 0

I'2400 7\

2.1000 090 z

2000 120 H

Z40 F100U 104F z

1-44 00 800 400 1200 800 400 0 400 800 1200 LATEfRAL DIS-TANCE FROM PLUME CENTERLINE, FE-ET FIGURE 1. 4-31 LAKE SURFACE ISOTHERMS - EXPECTED SUMMER CONDITIONS

4000 3600 2800 U

S2400 0

2000 30F C-z H 5OF S1600 z

H 70F E 1200 ZOO z

0 800

- -- 130oF

-15OF 400

- 179OF 0 0 400 0 400 600 1200 1200 800 LATERAL DISTANCE FROM PLUME CENTERLINE, FEET FIGURE 1.4-32 SUMMER CONDITIONS SIX FOOT DEPTH ISOTHERMS - EXPECTED

4 20F 3200 E-1 30 F 2800 H 2400 00 S2000 C-H 9OF S1600 z Z IIOF E-4 1200 800

- -17 F 400- 190F 0 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I 1200 800 400 0 400 800 120 0 LATERAL DISTANiCE FROM PLUME C-ENTERLINE, FEE-T FIGURE 1.4-33 LAKE SURFACE ISOTHERMS - EXPECTED FALL CONDITIONS

4000 3200 E-4 S~20F

, 2800

~2400 S53*F 0

50F 2000 E-4o.o/

H7F

~:1600 z

H 1200 z0 800 400 170F

• 190F 0 1 1 - I 1  !

1200 800 400 0 400 800 1200 LATERAL DISTANCE FROM-PLUME CENTERLINE, FEET FIGURE 1.4-34 SIX FOOT DEPTH ISOTHERMS - EXPECTED FALL CONDITIONS

10000 9001

,E-4 Pz4 H 6000 S95OF L) 7z5000 H 64000 0

H 2000 E-' 3000 H

1000I 3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 L.ATERAL DISTANCE FROM PLUME CENTERLINE, FEET FIGURE 1.4-35 LAKE SURFACE ISOTHERMS - EXTREME SPRING CONDITIONS

10 900 S 8000 S7000 U

H 0 6000 U

5000_

E-4 H

0F S~2 z 4000 F

O 3000 2000- 0 717F 3

1000-3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 LATERAL DISTANCE FROM PLUME CENTERLINE, FEET FIGURE 1.4-36 SIX FOOT DEPTH ISOTHERMS - EXTREME SPRING CONDITIONS

1000 9000 8000 E-4 7000 H

6000 0

rz 4

W 5000 4000 E-i H

63 3000 z14 0

2000 1000 3000 2000 1000 0 1Q00 2000 - .3000 LATERAL DISTANCE FROM PLUME CENTERLINE, FEET FIGURE 1.4-37 LAKE SURFACE ISOTHERMS - EXTREME SUMMER CONDITIONS

1000c 9000 8000 E-4 7000 0

(4 H 6000 X

0 5000 E-4 H 20 F o4000 H

= 3000 z

0 7*

2000- 90F 11OF 1000-i --15OF

' I 3000

! I 2000 1000 0 I I 1000 I I 2000 I 1___ j 3000 LATERAL DISTANCE FROM PLUME CENTERLINE, FEET FIGURE 1.4-38 SIX FOOT DEPTH ISOTHERMS - EXTREME SUMIER CONDITIONS

8000 p 20 F 7000*

C-)

H 6000 S730F 59F 0

5000 z

70 F 4000I I 90 F I z

030000 0

z 1 0, 3F 2000 15 0 F 1000- 170 F 19 0 F 3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 LATERAL DISTANCE FROM PLUI!E CENTERLINE, FEET FIGURE 1.4-39 LAKE SURFACE ISOTHERMS - EXTREME FALL CONDITIONS

1000 900 800 E-4 S7000 L)

W H 6000 0

r&.

S5000 20 F 3 0F 4000 z 5-F 3000 -

z0 9 0F 2.0 00

- 11OF 13 0 F 1000 -15OF

' 17 0 F 19 OF 3000 2000 1000 0 10 00 2000 3000 LATERAL DISTANCE FROM PLUME CENTERLINE, FEET FIGURE 1.4-40 SIX FOOT DEPTH ISOTHERMS - EXTREME FALL CONDITIONS

p I I I I I I *

• - m II II I I

I I I I 10 U <N 101 10-*1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

.EXCESS TEMPERATURE - 0OF FIGURE 1.4-41 ISOTHERM AREAS ALONG LAKE SURFACE - EXPECTED SEASONAL CONDITIONS

104 I & I I I I I I I I I I i

- I SPRING I

S10 1 N

111 N

IN N4 N4 4

N 100 SPRING I r-i0-1 i I *I I t I I I I I I I I I I I 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 EXCESS TEMPERATURE - OF FIGURE 1.4-42 ISOTHERM AREAS AT SIX FOOT DEPTH - EXPECTED SEASONAL CONDITIONS

I- I

- I I I I I I I I I 102 N N.

Si1 S10*

10 0 10-1

• v I I I I I I I I I I 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 EXCESS TEMPERATURE OF FIGURE 1.4-43 "ISOTHERM AREAS ALONG LAKE SURFACE - EXTREME SEASONAL CONDITIONS

V2 10 0 1

0-0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 EXCESS TEMPERATURE -OF FIGURE 1.4-44 CONDITIONS ISOTHERM AREAS AT SIX FOOT DEPTH - EXTREME SEASONAL

12 11 10 9

rg 8 W4 w 6 21 5

N 734

( 2 6

5-I w

01 4 5 E-4 04 0ý0 EXCESS TEMPERATURE 0F FIGURE 1.4-45 ISOTHERMAL LAKE BOTTOM AREAS EXPECTED AND EXTREME SEASONAL CONDITIONS

E 10 100 E-1

ý/ZAI 0

E-4 x

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 EXCESS TEMPERATURE -OF FIGURE 1.4-46 EXPECTED AND EXTREME SEASONAL ISOTHERM VOLUMES

180 E- 140 Z) z H

• 120 z

• cjn 100 z

z 0

80 0

H 60 40 20 0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 EXCESS TEMPERATURE - OF FIGURE 1.4-47 TIME - TEMPERATURE DECAY, EXPECTED SPRING CONDITIONS

I' 20 LI -

i p I I I I I i I I 180 160 ul DE 140 zH

• 120 E-4 z

m 100 z

z0 z 80 0

E4 60 40 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 EXCESS TEMPERATURE - O FIGURE 1.4-48 TIME - TEMPERATURE DECAY, EXPECTED SUMMER CONDITIONS

I I I I I U I S LULl 4GUU I 180 160 E-tD 140 z

I

>4 120 z

S100 U) 8 00 80

• 60 40 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 EXCESS TEMPERATURE - OF FIGURE 1.4-49 TIME - TEMPERATURE DECAY, EXPECTED FALL CONDITIONS

2 180 U,

E140 z

H S120 z

r4 100 En z

z 0

U 80 0

Si 60 40 20 01 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 EXCESS TEMPERATURE - OF FIGURE 1.4-50 TIME - TEMPERATURE DECAY, EXTREME SPRING CONDITIONS

200 180 160 140 z

120

>4 P2

~ 100 rzi z

z 0

u 80 Pz4

• 60 E-4 40 20 0  !

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 EXCESS TEMPERATURE - OF FIGURE 1.4-51 TIME - TEMPERATURE DECAY, EXTREME SUMMER CONDITIONS

200 I I I I I I I I I I 180 160 E-4 140 z

I

> 120 IN E-4 z Si100 z

0 80 0

• E-4 60 40 20 0 1I I I I I I I I o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 EXCESS TEMPERATURE - OF FIGURE 1.4-52 TIME - TEMPERATURE DECAY, EXTREME FALL CONDITIONS

400 360 320

'q 2800 S2400 0

0ý 2000 r

I-'

1600

= 1260o En 0

800 400 0 L I I I I 400 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 ALONGSHORE DISTANCE FROM DISCHARGE - FEET FIGURE 1.4-53 EXPECTED SPRING PLUME TRAJECTORIES

4 2800 u 2400 0

ru 2000 z

cn H 1600 0

1200 0

800 400 400 0 400 800 1200 1600 ALONGSHORE DISTANCE FROM DISCHARGE - FEET FIGURE 1.4-54 EXPECTED SUMMER PLUME TRAJECTORIES

4000 3600 0

II flu S2800 S2400 H

0.

S2000 C-)

z (H 1600 0

c 1200 r34

[44 0

800

-400 0 400 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 ALONGSHORE DISTANCE FROM DISCHARGE - FEET FIGURE 1.4-55 EXPECTED FALL PLUME TRAJECTORIES

10000 0

uI

//

700(

600(

H 0

Z F14 500(

rz*

z

(-.

H 4001 0

t 3001 ro 0

1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 ALONGSHORE DISTANCE FROM DISCHARGE - FEET FIGURE 1.4-56 EXTREME SPRING PLUME TRAJECTORIES

0D II DY I° 800 P4 7000 1

U 6000 H

0O

= 5000 E., 4000 H

rI A14 r.n3000 0

2000 1000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 400(

ALONGSHORE DISTANCE FROM DISCHARGE - I FIGURE 1.4-57 EXTREME SUMMER PLUME TRAJECTORIES

1000 9000 8000 CD 447000- *,

u/1 p6000 H

0 44 5000 z

.4 4000 _

0 u 3000 P14 Uz4 0

2000 1000 0

2000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 ALONGSHORE DISTANCE FROM DISCHARGE - FEET FIGURE 1.4-58 EXTREME FALL PLUME TRAJECTORIES

280 260 LAKE ELEVATION FT. USGS 240-2 220250 200 S180

'i60 - 248 140 i20 "246 100 80 "244 60 -

40 30 40 50 60 70 80 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE -OF FIGURE 1.4-59 EXPECTED 2 0 F SURFACE ISOTHERM AREAS

260 I p

I p

I I

240 -

220%-

2001- LAKE ELEVATION FT. USGS 1801- "p 250 1601-Un 14 ý %- \

248 120 -

i001-N 246 801-6 ( - -%

244 111%

4 OF-20-I' I  ! I I I UAI I I 30 40 50 60 70 80 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE - OF FIGURE 1.4-60 EXPECTED 3 0 F SURFACE ISOTHERM AREAS

260 1 240 220 200 180 160 En S140 14 LAKE ELEVATION 120- FT. USGS 100-- 250 80 248 60-b-.

"40 246 "S 244 20 40 50 60 70 80 30 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE -OF FIGURE 1.4-61 EXPECTED 5OF SURFACE ISOTHERM AREAS

rA.n I I

• N 240 220 200 180

• 140

< 120 100 80 607 LAKE ELEVATION Z FT. USGS 0250 248 "20" 246 20-

" 244

-"---- I 0 L I _I 40 50 60 70 80 30 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE - OF FIGURE 1.4-62 EXPECTED 10OF SURFACE ISOTHERM AREAS

.1a i s 220 200 180 160 u2 140 120 100 80 LAKE ELEVATION 60 - - - *- *FT. USGS

- 250

..... --- 2 46 20 I

I II m 30 40 50 60 1u oU AMBIENT TEMPERATURE - OF FIGURE 1.4-63 EXPECTED 20 F SIX FOOT DEPTH ISOTHEP14 AREAS

240 i i I I I 220 200 180 160 140 U

120 rz 100 80 601-LAKE ELEVATION

- FT. USGS 40-248-250

--246 201- -244 I I I i I OL 30 40 50 60 70 80 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE - OF FIGURE 1.4-64 EXPECTED 3 0 F SIX FOOT DEPTH ISOTHERM AREAS

C.

I I I I 2201-2001-1801-160-U

<z:

1401--

C-120!-

10 0!-

80!-

6 o- LAKE ELEVATION FT. USGS 401-20ok1' - ý- -- 246-248-250

-244

! I I I 1 III V

II l

30 40 50 60 70 80 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE - OF FIGURE 1.4-65 EXPECTED 50 F SIX FOOT DEPTH ISOTHERM AREAS

PA I I I I I 220,-

201--

18C 1601-1401-C-)

120 -

1001-80k-60-4 1-LAKE ELEVATION FT. USGS 204-

/244-246-248-250

.T.-- ----

0 I I I I I I I 30 40 50 60 iU tsU AMBIENT TEMPERATURE - OF FIGURE 1.4-66 EXPECTED 10OF SIX FOOT DEPTH ISOTHERM AREAS

• 1 2 - -i AT=30F 11 10- 4°F 9 5°F In 8- 60 F U

I 7 70 F 4 6 S 5 I- 4 3

2 1

0T=

7 AT °0 S 6 4O0F 55 4 6OF r 3 70 F w 2 1

0 I 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 LAKE ELEVATION - FT USGS FIGURE 1.4-67 AVERAGE AND MAXIMUM ISOTHERMAL LAKE BOTTOM AREAS - T a= 40 0 F

244 245 246 247 248 249 250 LAKE ELEVATION - FT USGS FIGURE 1.4-68 AVERAGE AND MAXIMUM ISOTHERMAL LAKE BOTTOM AREAS - Ta = 60°F

12 i) 10 AT=

U2 3T=

5- 3T0 "

1 44 01 ----- 0°F 3 - 6---

0OF S2-- 7°0F 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 LAKE ELEVATION - FT USGS FIGURE 1. 4-690 AVERAGE AND MAXIMUM ISOTHERMAL LAKE BOTTOM AREAS - T a= 80OF

680 LAKE ELEVATION FT. USGS 6401- \

250 6001-

\\

560t-5201-4801-248 440k-ui U 4001-3601-

"320--

246 280 1-2401-2001-244 1601- N.

! I I I 120 I - 1 I 01) 30 40 50 bU I v AMBIENT TEMPERATURE - OF FIGURE 1.4-70 WORST CASE 2 0 F SURFACE ISOTHER14 AREAS

540 LAKE LVATION 500 - FT. USGS 40 "250 460 420 3

340- 248 300 "260

\\

• 246 220 180 140- 244 1001 40 50 60 70 80 30 AMBINT TEMPERATURE - *F FIGURE 1.4-71 WORST CASE 30F SURFACE ISOTHERM AREAS

38 360 340 \

LAKE ELEVATION 320 FT. USGS 3001 250 280 260 240 248 CD W

'4 246 101 244 6

30 40 50 60 70 80 AMBIENT TEM.PERATURE - OF FIGURE 1.4-72 WORST CASE 5 0 F SURFACE ISOTHERM AREAS

220 200 180 160 -

140 LAKE ELEVATION S120- FT. USGS

<100 \ \50 80 \ 248 60 40 246 40244 20 0 I I I I I 30 40 50 60 70 80 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE - OF FIGURE 1.4-73 WORST CASE 10OF SURFACE ISOTHERM AREAS

260 I I I I 250.

240 230 220 210 200 LAM ELNVATI FT. USGS 190 180 250 160 B 248 150 140 "130 246 N

120 N N

110 244 100 SI I ______

90 II -

30 40 50 60 70 80 AM NT TMPERATURE- OF FIGURE 1.4-74 WORST CASE 20F SIX =WT DEPTH ISOTHERM AREAS

19 I..

v I

I I I I 180L-1701-1601-

-150 "1401 12 LAKE ELEVATION FT. USGS 13 0-S- 250 120 -

'4

.248 100[--%.

246 901-

'4 80-244 701-

! I I I I 601 I I - I I 310 40 - 50 60 7u ?i AMBIENT TEMPERATURE -OF FIGURE 1.4-75 WORST CASE 3 0 F SIX FOOT DEPTH ISOTHERM AREAS

140 I I I I I 130 "120 110 100 90 801-C-,

LAKE ELEVATION FT. USGS 70 N

250 248

'4:

601-246 50-244 401-36 260-0-k 0I I I I I  !

I I I 340 40 50 60 7U aUU AMBIENT TEMPERATURE -OF FIGURE 1.4-76 WORST CASE 50 F SIX FOOT DEPTH ISOTHERM AREAS

A I I V*

I I I 60-55t-50k 45-401-\

Li 351-

\ \\

\ \\

30- '

\

\ \\

251-LAKE ELEVAT ION USGS 201-248-250 151- -246

`244 1M-5

!  !  ! I n I I I  !

30 40 50 60 70 80 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE -OF FIGURE 1.4-77 WORST CASE 10*F SIX FOOT DEPTH ISOTHERM AREAS

200 180 160 S140 I

120 cz S 100 z

z 0

L 80 0

P14 1-4

'60 40.

20- 1*ORs EXPECTED PLUME 01 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 EXCESS TEMPERATURE - OF FIGURE 1.4-78 TIME - TEMPERATURE DECAY, E= 244 FT USGS

200

• a i a a p 180 160 E- 140 zH

>4 120 z 100 z

100I z

80 H 66 40 20 " CASE 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 EXCESS TEMPERATURE - OF FIGURE 1.4-79 TIME - TEMPERATURE DECAY, E=246 FT USGS

200 180 E 140 zH S120 z

rA 100 z

z 0

U 80 60 40 20 - 2 0 t ' ' s 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 EXCESS TEMPERATURE - OF FIGURE 1.4-80

":TIME'-TEMPERATURE DECAY, E=248 FT USGS

20 18 160 E 140 z

>4 120 z

S100 D z

Cz 0

800 60 40 20 " '

0- I I I I I I I S 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18" 20 EXCESS TEMPERATURE - OF FIGURE 1.4-81 MTIME - TEMPERATURE DECAY, E=250 FT USGS

6 5

S4 3

S2 0

U3 C2 244 245 246 L 247 248 249 250 LAKE ELEVATION - FT. USGS FIGURE 1.4-82 AVERAGE AND MAXIMUM LAKE BOTTOM SCOUR AREAS (BOTTOM VELOCITY >1 FPS)

1.5 DEFINITION OF DISCHARGE ZONE AND MIXING ZONE Federal and State legislation require that thermal discharges assure the protection and propagation of a balanced indigenous population of shellfish, fish and wildlife in the receiving water 0 body. The applicant has utilized segmental impact zones to the 3 F isotherm as a basis for the areal assessment of any thermal impacts upon the aquatic ecosystem.

The zones of impact are classified as a DISCHARGE ZONE and a MIXING ZONE. The discharge zone represents a conservative description of the expected seasonal plumes and consequently warrants quantitative evaluation of aquatic ecosystem impacts due to its high frequency of occurrence. The mixing zone on the other hand will be addressed on a qualitative basis due to its low probability of occurrence.

It should be noted that the zones of impact defined herein signifi cantly exceed the areal dimensions of the expected and extreme thermal plumes of the Ginna discharge.

The DISCHARGE ZONE for an expected 3*F surface isotherm consists of a circular segment with a radius of 3374 feet which covers an included angle of 75.94 degrees at the discharge location and con tains a surface area of approximately 175.7 acres. The MIXING ZONE for an extreme 3 F surface isotherm consists of 0 a circular segment with a radius of 8316 feet which covers an included angle of 99.51 degrees at the discharge location and contains a surface area of approximately 1384.7 acres.

Thermal plumes for the Ginna discharge during normal (expected) and extreme (worst case) seasonal conditions are illustrated in Figures 1.4-29 through 40. An evaluation of these figures demon strates the spring plumes to be the largest in almost all instances with regard to lake penetration, plume width and area. No isothermal maps were drawn for the winter season as explained in section 1.4.2.5.1.1. The impact zones were developed by taking the expected (discharge zone) and extreme (mixing zone) spring plumes and enve loping their possible orientations for lake currents up to 0.5 fps in either alongshore direction. A sector of a circle was used as the impact zone shape. Plume trajectories were calculated by the methods given in Section 1.4.2.3.2. Figures 1.5-1 and 2 show the development of the 3*F lake surface discharge and mixing zone. Im pact zones were similarly developed for excess temperatures up to 19°F for the surface, six foot depth, and lake bottom (discharge zone only). These are illustrated in Figures 1.5-3 through 7.

Numerical information on the isothermal impact zones are given in Tables 1.5-1 and 2. Figures 1.5-8 and 9 illustrate the comparative sizes of the expected spring 3*F isotherm, the 3°F discharge zone, and the 30 F mixing zone for the lake surface and six foot depth, respectively. Table 1.5-3 provides a ratio of the seasonal thermal plumes to the discharge and mixing zone.

1.5-1

A current greater than 0.5 fps will occur approximately 5 percent of the time. The expected plumes are defined such that, given a set of ambient conditions, 50% of the time 0 the plume will be smaller than the expected plume. Therefore, the 3 F isotherm can be expected to lie somewhere within the discharge zone approximately 50% of the time, exclusive of winter conditions. The extreme plume is defined such that, given a set of ambient conditions, 97.5% of the time the plume will be smaller than the extreme plume. The probability of the simultaneous occurrence of the worst case plume with extreme ambient conditions is very low, probably less than 1%, exclusive of winter months.

1.5-2

TABLE 1. 5-1 GINNA njSCHARGE' ZONES 8 UIRi A C L A T 6 FOO0T D EPTIH A T T HE 60 T7 a0" AT7 TH I yt4AIP L 1'F AR I PJCI. JODE nl ENTFR4T EYCFSS AujintI n INCLU00 ANGLE AREA FYI ENT AFE A EXTF.%T AREA TPF.10 ANG1tR~S (DEGREES) CAC NE.S (pEE?) (ACRES) (UEr.REFS) (PLET) (ACRES)

COEG F1 TtP.2?

233,9 P6132 139.5 1091 12,1

-2 V471 711,9*3 57611 P357 64,9 1029 10,7 3

13.1.2 2102 u37,6 47,34 9h5 9,3 2736 101.6 167% 902 7.9 20363 77.8 44*,95 1672 26,1 838 P21 1 0~1,7h 14391 19,4 39,80 775 '341 7 set. 79 59.7 A 18,ft5 13301 14's5 5~.19 9 1186 10.9 1619 27.1 33;69 10'8 6,2 20,9 31,130 931 1 6.1 13P.15 1F).1 0112 33,6 12 III' ?7,25.

13 12.94 751 3's 9.6 25.29 670 2.1 35.72 7.,4 21.137 597 2,0 8b3 5,6 21.75 533 1's 777 4a,3 PA,12 4175 1.2 7flf 3,2 I16449 1324 .9 19 2Z,34 430 2,3 1b,as 378 .7

TABLE 1. 5-2 GINNA MIXING ZONES AT THE SURFACE AT 6 FOOT OEPTTH EXCESS INCLUUED LINI.Ati INCIUDEO LINEAR TEMp ANbLE EATLNT AREA ANbLF EXTENT AREA (LEG F) (DEGREES) (FEETi (ACRES) (OEGREES) (FEET) (ACRES) 2 105.0j 9ge3b 1801.2 100,27 4092 338.6 3 99051 831b 1384.7 91.43 3650 251.4 4 94.92 7486 1071,8 87.60 3255 188.1 a7,57 14192 5 90.86 832.7 2904 6 87.13 6071 648.1 77.87 2590 106.2 7 83.61 546o 505.0 73.47 2310 80.0 8, 80.24 492e 393.5 6Q*32 2060 60.3 9 76.96 443! 306.5 65.35 Id38 45.4 10 73.71 3990 238.6 61.56 1639 34.2 11 70s48 359J 185.4 57.91 1462 25.8 54.42 1304 19.4 12 67.22 3235 143.8 13 63.89 2911 111.2 51.07 1163 14.6 2621 85.7 47.86 1037 11.0 14 60,44 15 56*82 2362 65.7 44.80 925 8.3 21 Z7 49.9 41o89 825 6.3 16 52*94 191* 37.6 3A.88 736 4.7 17 48.67 17d? 27.7 3c,45 656 3.5 IB 43.74 155e 19.6 31.13 585 2.6 19 37o49

TABLE 1.5-3 RATIOS OF SEASONAL THERMAL PLUMES TO THE GINNA ZONES OF IMPACT GINNA IMPACT ZONES Ratio of 30 F Area to Depth Zone Area Zone Fall, Winter)

(Ft) (Spri .ng, Sunmer,

.4S .50 .36 .44 Discharge 0.5

.4S .41 .46 .57 Discharge 6.0 Bottom .5:2 .43 .49 Discharge

.3 3 .28 .19 .29 Mixing 0.5

.5: 3 .47 .44 .63 Mixing 6.0

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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 2: REPRESENTATIVE IMPORTANT SPECIES DETERMINATIONS Section Page 2.1 IDENTIFICATION, RELATED CORRESPONDENCE AND RATIONALE .......................................... 2.0-1 APPENDIX 2A 2A-1 2-i