ML20126F151
| ML20126F151 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Issue date: | 10/30/1976 |
| From: | NRC OFFICE OF STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT |
| To: | |
| References | |
| NUREG-0041, NUREG-41, PB-258-052, PB-258-52, NUDOCS 8103090353 | |
| Download: ML20126F151 (145) | |
Text
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5 1 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Technical lsformation smice O
PB 258 052
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'i i1 Manual of Respiratory ,
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1 n' v FROM NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE 2 Product WeblHty insurance: Assessment of Related for the Assessment of Ocean Outfalle Problems and lasues. Staff Study ADA 023 514/ PAT 34 p PC',4.00/MF$3.00 PB-252 204/ PAT 181 p FC39 60/MFS3.00 Evaluation of Home Solar Heating System * * * " ' " "
UCRL 51711/ PAT 154 p PC$6.75/MF33 00 grcrns and Automated Data Systems PB-250 667/ PAT 54 p PC$4.50/MF$3.00 Developing Noise Exposve Contours for General ,
Avlation Airports HDs Abatant for SteHonary Sources in .lapan ADA 023 329/ PAT 235 p PCS7.75/MFS3.00 PB-250 566/ PAT 116 p PC$5.50/M FS3.00 Cooling Tower Environment,1974. Proceedings of U.S. Coal Rasources and Reservee a Sympoalum Hold at the Unirersity of Maryland PB-252 752/ PAT 16 p PC$3.50/MFS3.00 Adult Education Center on Mat. 44. 7374 CONF.74 0302/ PAT 648 p PC$13.63/MF$3 00 Structured programming Series. Vol. XI. Estimating Biological Services Program. Fiscal Year 1975 oc*tware Project Resource Requirements PB-251738/ PAT 52 p PC$4.50/MFS3 00 ADA416 416/ PAT 70 p PC$4.50/MF$3.00 An Atlas of Radiation Histopathology Assessment of a 3 lag!e Family Residence Solar TID-26-676/ PAT 234 p PC$7.60/MFS3.00 aung 4sha M a SuMan DeveWnt Mag ,
PD-246141/ PAT 2G p PC$3.00/MFS3.00 Federal Funding rif Civillan Research a.vl Develop-ment. Vol.1. Summary Technical and Economic Study of an Underground PB-251266/ PAT 61 p PC$4.50/MF53.00 Mining. Rubblization, and in Situ Retorting Eystem Federal Funding o' Cli!Ilan riesearch and Develop. for Deep Oil Shale Droosits. Phase i Report ment. Vol. 2. Case Studies PB-249 344/ PAT 22 p PC17.75/MF$3.00 PB-251 C83/ PAT 336 p PC$10.00/MF53.00 A Preliminary Forecast of E..ergy Consuenption Handbook on Aerosole Through 1985 TID-26-008/ PAT 141 p PC$S 00/MFS300 PB-251445/ PAT 69 p PC$4.50/MFS3 00 w-i n.u ,mam.uw.uam --m- =.-- -- a.=p.--
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Manual of Respiratory' Protection Against Airborne Septe:nber 1976 1
Radioactive Materials ;' !
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- 1. Antbor(s)
J.L. Caplin, B.J. Held, and R.J. Catlin ' 8. Performent Organisanon Rep.
? Performirts Orgasusmon Name soJ Addie.s N ** 3 I
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Laboratory i Comission and Los Alamos Scientific 10, Psosces/Tsak/t erk Unit fie.
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- 12. Sponsorieg Organisaseon Name and Address T.S. Nuclear Regulatory Coenission 13. Type of heport a Pesse.d Covered Office of Standards Development Washington, D.C. 20555 Final Manual 14
- 15. Supplemce ary Note:
This manual supplenents Regulatory Guide 8.15.
- 4. A bstracis This canual supple:ents Regulatory Guide 8.15. " Acceptable gra:s for Pro Respiratory Pr6tection " which stipulates the use of respirat ory protective equipment in est.cating exposures of individuals to airborne r.sterials. radioactiv e
Fegulatory Guide Manual 8.15. sections are referenced in appropriate portions of of acceptable respiratory protection prol,racs. hazard evaluationThe canua and licitations of respirators, protectica factors, wearer requirecents classifications and licitations, and training, special probicss. caintenance, quality assurance, bioassay ,
assessing the adequacy of respiratery protection guidance provided in Eegulatory Guide 8.15. to the programs pursuantTh
- 17. a,ey e erc s a r J Pecure ra A r asyn es , lle. Lesergeors f-A
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Against j Airborne Radioactive Materials [i i
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Jerrold L.Caplin,NRC Bruce J. Held, LASL Robert J. Cattin, E RDA - I AEA .
l From Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory:
i Darell A. Bevis Evan Campbell Harry J. Ettinger Louis A.Geoffrion Alan L. Htek Edwin C. Hyatt John A. Pritchard
'j Charles P. Richards George L. Voelz
, Date Published: October 1976 ,
Of fice of Standards Development U.S. fluelear Regulatory Commusion Washingtory, D.C.,20555 l,U
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! s TABLE OF CONTENTS i=
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Chapter Page l
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- 1. INTR 0D'JCTION.................................................... 1-1 'i 4 i 1.1 PURP0SE................................................... 1-1 : , j ,
1.2 .SC0PE..................................................... 1-1 l j
1.3 BACKGROUND
................................................ 1-2 :)
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- 2. BASIC POLICY RECARDING USE OF RESPIRATCRS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 i
1 i
2.1 USE CONDITIONS............................................ 2-1 ,
2-1 l, "
2.1.1 Routine Operations.................'................ c 2.1.2 Nonroutine Operations.............................. 2-2 2.1.3 Er.ergencies........................................ 2-2 ;
2.1.4 Other Considerations............................... 2-L 4 2-3 1 2.2 WORK PERIODS.............................................. ;
i
- 3. ELEMENTS OF AN ACCEPTABLE PR0 CRAM.............................. 3-1 )
3.1 REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO RESI'IRATOR USACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3.1.1 Cencral Respirator Program Regulations and
- Recommendations.................................... 3-1 3.1.2 Breathing Air Specifications....................... 3-2 3.1.3 Bureau of Mines /NIOSH.............................. 3-3 3.1.4 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (10 CFR Part 20). 3-5 3.1.5 Minimum Acceptable Program Requirements Summary.... 3-5 3.2 P O L I CY STATD 1ENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3- 6 -
i
- 4. EVALUATION OF RESPIRATORY HAZARDS.............................. 4-1 4.1 CLASSIFICATION OF liAZARDS................................. 4-1 4.1.1 0xygen Deficiency.................................. 4-2
[- 4.1.2 Toxic and Nulsance Atacspheres..................... 4-2 4.2 AIR-SAMPLING PR0 GRAM...................................... 4-10 4.2.1 Considerations in Air Sa:pling..................... 4-11
- 4.2.2 Sampler Location................................... 4-12 4.2.3 Saepling Procedures................................ 4-14
- 5. CLASSIFICATION, DESCRIPTION, AND LIMITATIONS OF RESPIRATORS.. . . 5-1 s
5.1 FACEP IECES , 11000S , AND SU1TS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 ib
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l TAELE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Chapter Pm ,
5.1.1 Facepieces.......................................... 5-2 5.1.2 Ho od s and H elme t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5 5.1.3 Suits...............................................5-8 5.2 RESP 1FATOR TYPES , DESCRIPTIONS , AND I IMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10 5.2.1 Ai r-Pu rif ying R e s p1ra to rs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10 5.2.2 Filters and Sorbents (Air-Purifyin g Media) . . . . . . . . . . 5-12 5.2.3 Limitations on Air-Purifying Respirators . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 -13 5.2.4 Atcosphere-Supplying Respirators, Descriptions, and Limitations......................................... 5-17 5.3 COMBINATION RESPIRAT0RS.................................... 5-26 5.3.1 Air-Line Respirator - Air-Purifying R:spirator...... 5-28 5.3.2 Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus - Air-Purifying Respirator.......................................... 5-28 5.3.3 Self-Contained 3reathing Apparatus - Air-Lins Respirator.......................................... 5-28 5.4 EO S E MAS KS WITH AND VITHOUT BL0WR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 8 5.5 EMERG ENCY USE, ESCAPE, /JD RESCUE DEVICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ~4 9 5.5.1 Self-Contained Brea thing Appara tus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-29 5.5.2 Air-Furifying Respirators........................... 5-29 5.5.3 conbination Respirators............................. 5-31 5.6 SELECTION OF APPROVED OR ACCEPTED EQU1FMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-32 5.6.1 Subpart K, 30 CFR Part 11, and Bureau of Mines Schedule 213........................................ 5-32
- 5.6.2 Other Subparts and Schedules......................... 5-33 glh- 5.6.3 NRC Testing Progra:s.. .............................5-33 5.6.4 Selection Guidance Tren Other Fesources.............. 5-33 5.6.5 "Accepte " Devices................... .............. 5-34 5.6.6 Serbent Cartridges and Canisters.................... 5-30
- 6. SELECTICS CUIDES (TROTELTICS FACT 0RS)........................... 6-1
- 7. WEAPIR REQUI RE".72.'T S AND LIM ITAT10N S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 7-1 7.2 TIT.................... ... ..... ....... .... ............ 7-2 7.3 AMTH7CPCME!RIC CRITERICS..................... .. .......7-3 11
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7.2.1 Facia 1 Measurements.....................~............ 7-5 i 7.3.2 Facial Abnorr.alities................................ 7-9 )}
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- i 7.4 MEDICAL LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11 4
7.4.1. Physiological Fa c t or s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11 i 7.4.2 Psychologica1 Factors............................... 7-13 l i*
7.4.3 Periodic Medical Examinations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14 !
7.4.4 Medical Approval Forms.............................. 7-14 7.5 WEARER COMF0RT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-15 }
8 I I,
- 8. TRAINING........................................................
i' 8-1 8.1 QUALI FICATIONS OF TF.AINING PERSONNEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 8- 1 8.2 EXT ENT O F TRAI N I NG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3 CONTENTS OF TRA1HING PR0 GRAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1 8-3 !
8.4 DRILLS..................................................... 8- 3 8.5 FITTING O F RES PIRAT0 KS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8-3 8.5.1 Quan ti t a t iv e Ma n-Te s t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8- 14 8.5.2 Qu alit a tiv e T e s t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-1
- 9. MAINTENANCE.....................................................
9-1 9.1 MINIMAL ACCEPTAELE MAINTE'IANCE PR0 GRAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2 INSPECTION , TESTING , A'O REPAIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9.3 ST0 RAGE....................................................
9-3 9-3
'9.4 INVENTORY AND CONTR0L......................................
9-4 9.5 I S SUANCE OF RESPIRAT0RS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9-4 9.6 CONTAMINATION SURVEYS / DECONTAMINATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.7 CLEM11 NG AND D I S I NF ECT I ON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 5 9.8 MAINTENM;CE OF AIR OR OXYGC1 SUPPLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7 10- 1
- 10. QU ALI TY AS SUR L'iC E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10- 1 10 .1 N Eu Em PxENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1.1 Air-Pur i f y ing D evi c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1 f
10.1. ' Air-Line Respirators...............................
10-4 10.1.3 Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus................. 10-5 10-8 j 10.2 INSPECTIONS AND TESTS AFTER CLEANING AND MAINTENASCE.......
- 10. 3 PERICDIC CHECKS OF ITEMS IN STORA0E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9 111 l
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TABLE OF CCNTENTS (Continued)
Chapter P3 j
- 11. B I0 AS SAY PR0 GRAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1 .
11.1 BICA0 SAY TECHN1 QUES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1 11.1.1 Sampling.......................................... 11-1 11.1. 2 Analysis.......................................... . 11-3 -
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- 11. 2 B 10 ASS AY S AMPLING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3 '
12.
ADMINISTRATION.................................................. 12-1 .!
i 12.1 QUALIFICATIONS OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON IN CEARCE............. 12-1 }'
12.2 PROCEDURES AND STANDARDS................................... 12-1 12.3 EVALUATION OF PROGRAM EFFECTIVENES S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
- 12.3.1 We a re r Ac ce p t ance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2 l 12.3.2 Evaluation of Protection........................... 12-2 '
12.4 REC 0RDS.................................................... 12-3 12.4.1 Analysis of Adequacy of Respirator Program. . .. .... . 12-3 12.4.2 Procurement Information............................ 12-3 12.4.3 Main tenance In f orma tion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3 12.4.4 Training and Fitting Records....................... 12-3 12.5 METHODS OF STAYING ABREAST OF NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD.... ................................................. 12-4
- 13. SPECIAL PR0BLEMS................................................ 13-1 13.1 COMMUNICATIONS.............................................
- 13. 2 P RES CRIPTION G LAS SES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1 13.3 FACIAL 13.4 RA1R....................................... 13-2 DENTURES................................................... .......
- 13. 5 P ROTECTIVE HEADCEAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .13-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-3
- 13. 6 USE IN EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-5 g REFERENCES............................................................ Ref.-l iv J
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4-1 STMPIOMS OF OXTCEN DEFICIENCY vs OXYCEN CONTENT AND ALTITUDE.... 4-3~
4-2 CEILING LIMIT TEST CRITERIA.....................................- 4-6
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, 4-3 FARTICULATES IN RESPIRATORY TRACT OF THE STANDARD MAN. . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 5-1 SERVICE LIFE OF T111RTY HI:N?tE SELF-CONTAINED COMPRESSED AIR BREATHING APPARATUS.............................................
5-27
- l 6-1 PROTECTION FACIORS FOR RESPIRAT0RS..............................
6-3 7-1 95% LIMITS CT FACIAL MEASUREMENT (in mm)........................ 7-4 l
l 6 1 11-1 SELECTION OF TYPE OF BI0 ASSAY SAMFLES FOR EV.'.LUATION OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PR0 GRAMS................................ 11-4 s
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LIST OF TICURES Page i
j 5-1 HALF MASK....................................................... 5-.3 i-5-2 FULL FACEPIECE.................................................. 5-4 t
5-3 S UP PL I ED A I R H ')0D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6 )
5-4 ON E- P I EC E SU F PL I ED- A I R 5 U 1 T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9 1
5-5 EMERGENCY ESCAPE & RESCUE....................................... 5-30 7-1 ANTHRDP0 METRIC LANDMARKS........................................ 7-6 7-2 MEASUREMENT GF FACIAL LENGM{.................................... 7-7 7-3 MEAS UREMDiT O F FAC I AL VIDTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8 7-4 MEA S UR Df ENT O F L I P W IDTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-10 8-1 RESPIRATOR FITTING TEST E0CM.................................... B-5 8-2 POLYDIS?ERSE 00P MAN-TEST SYSTDi*'ITH SMALL E00D................ 8-6 8-3 LARCE HOOD FOR RESPIRATOR FITTINO TESTS......................... 8-7 B-4 RESPIRATOR FITTING TEST SYSTDi.................................. 8-10 8-5 SODIUM CHLORIDE AEROSOL MAN- AND FILTIR-TEST SYSTEM............. 8-12
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- ACKN0k" EDCMENT_S_ i 1
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I Many academic, industrial, and governmental experto r. ave liberally of [
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their time and assistance in the preparation of this manual. A particuler ,
debt of gratitude is owed the late Dr. Leslie Silverman of the Harvard ,
University School of Public Health who o s instrumental in organizing the )
i 4 first Respiratory Protective Equipment Conference in 1963 at the Harvard School of Public Health. IIis extensive knowledge and his amiable and generous support contributed significantly to the development of background information.
Dr. William Burgess of the Harvard staff was especially helpful in preparing early draf ts which were reviewed and co::cented on extenuively by f conference attendees and also by staf f members of the Atomic Energy Coc: min-sion (now Nuclear Regulatory Co::: mission) and AEC contractors' staf fs, all of whose constructisc reviews and co-ments are gratefully acknowledged.
I e
Particular thanks are catended to the Joint Res,irator Co=mittee of the American Industtial Hygiene Association-American Conference of Govern = ental Industrial Hygienists for their reviews and com=ents which have proved so k I
valttable in the preparation of this manual. {
- t The editors would apprecinte any comments thst you m y have for use in
, the preparation of future editions, v11
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CHAPTER 1-
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l INTRODUdrION s
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! 5 1.1 PURPOSE' ;
This manual has been prepared to supplecent Regulatory Guide 8.15,
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" Acceptable Programs for Respiratory Protection," and to provide technical l
information to licensees of'the Nucle.nr Regulatory Commission (NRC) on the I application of respirstory protective devices for protection cgainst f-
't' ,
airborne radioactive c.aterials, as pravided in i 20.103, "E;:posure of individuals to concentrations of radioactive material in air in restricted s
areas" of 10 CFR Part 20 (Ref.1). '1he various elements of a respirator i 4
program, including selection and mair.tenance of equipmtat and training of personnel, are described in this manual to assist licensees in establishing 'l adequate programs.
1.2 SCOPE This manual provides bro,d guidance for the planned use of respirators I to protect individuals from ait*aornia radioactive materials that might be encountered durin; certain operations, Ine guidance is intended for use by e management it. estabit@ing and supervising programs and by operating per-sonnel in S.ple .vnting prestams.
- Guidance ia cr imarily directed to the ise of respirators to prevent the Mak
- ti,n of airborne re.dioactive teaterick. Protection against other udes of intake (e.g., absorptia, swallowing, vonnd injection) is, in general. not covered here 1.or is the use of pcotective equip aent for head, j
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1-2 4 eye, or sk.in protectica. When such additional modes of intake or comeurrent haaards are present, they nust also be cet.sidered, and equipent cac a tie of '
. providing protectien against the evebination of hazarda eneA:stered aust be chosen. For exantle, if a high concentratice of airborne radioactive mate. rial is present in an crygen-deficient stacspbere, it is necessary to select equipsent that both protects against the' radioactive material and furnishes an adequate airpply of oxygen or breathing quality air.
Subsequent chapters frequently refer to requirements specified in IEC or other Federal regulctions; these requirements are generally differen-tiated frco other technical it.for=atics by the use of the words "shall" and "cust" instead of "should". "S; uld" is used .o refer to other acceptable practices within the provisions of Eegulatory wide 8.15. " Acceptable Pregrans for Respiratcry Protection."
1.3 BAC :C *ET "Ancrican National Standard Practices for Reapiratory Protection,"
ANSI 253.2-1969, (Ref. 2) was develeted ard issued by the American National Standards Institute. Inc. (A551) in 1969 u:: der the spo:uorship of 4 the 11.5. Departzent of Interior, In can of Mines. This standard has been adopted by refere=ce in the l'.f. repartzent of Labor's Ocet.pational Safety and Health Standards (29 CTR Part 11, 1 1910.134, " Respiratory Prote: tion").
ANSI Z38.2-1969 cevers the general use of reapiratory protective equir_ent against industrial hazards and ir.cludes sect guidance on the use cf su:h devices against airboree radiesetive cateria*s. ~he U.S. Yureau of hises
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Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, use schedules and certifica- j_
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tion requirements (discussed further in Chapter 3) for testing and approving ;
specific types of respiratory protective evices. Until the issuance of [
Schedule 21B (Ref. 3) by the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1965, the previously } ,
.I effective schedules did not include any provision for approval schedules ( ,
-and tests applicable to the use of respiraters for airborne radioactive j I ,
materials. However, since the 1940s, both the U.S. Bureau of Mines and the ;
i nuclear industry, in particular the contractors of the AEC (now the Energy i Research and Development Administration, ERDA), have devoleped considerable guidance in the form of manuals, guides, and other data regarding such use.
In May 1963, the AEC Division of Licensing and Regulation sponsored a j ,
Rerpiratory Protective Equipment Conference a' ..e Harvard School of Public !
i' Health to examine and evaluate practices and other information on the use of respirators for protection againt airborne radioactive hazards. After the i
i' conference, the AEC decided to prepare a guide covering the aspects of ,
t respiratory protection peculiar to the needs of its licensees. A draft was '
a rrepered with the assistance of the Harvard Unwercity Craduate School of i
Public Health and a review conference, cponsored by the AEC Division of
. 1 Safety Standards, was held in April of 1965 at AEC Headquarters.
Also in 1963, the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) and the A::.orican Conference of Covernmental Irdustrial Hygienists (ACCIH) 4 l
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e-1-4 s-6 published a Respiratory Protective Devices Manual (Ref. 4) as a guide for health physicists, industrial hygienists, and other health and safety specialists.-
The results of the conferences, together with information from the AIHA-ACCIH manual, inst nation from the AEC's Division of Operational
-Safety regarding the practices of AEC prime contractors, and information from a draft of a United States of Anerica Standards Institute (now ANSI) code of recommended practice for respiratory protection then being prepared were used extensively in a second draft of this guide, dated October 1967.
The second draft of the guide was made availabic for review and co= cent in connection with an AEC Notice of Proposed Rulemaking concerning use of respiratory protective equipment (32 FR 15432). Commenta received on the proposed rule and draft guide demonstrated a need for development of addi-tional technical infurcation on the use of respirators.
Since 1969, the NI:C Office of Standards Development has sponsored a respiratory protection studies project in the Respirator Research and Development Section, Industrial Hygiene Group, at Los Alamos Scientific
, Laboratory to develop necessary information for final preparation of this manual. As additional significant information is developed, it will also be ,
- made available for the guidance of licensees.
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l CHAPTER 2 I
a BASIC POLICY RECARDING USE OF RESPIRATORS -
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2.1 USE CONDITIONS
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The primary objective of respirator programs considered in this nanual is to limit the inhalation of airborne radioactive materials. This objec-tive is nor:sily accomplished by the application of engineering controls, including process, containment, and ventilation equipment. When cuch con-trols are not feasible or cannot be applied, the use of respiratory pro-tective devices nay be appropriate. In general, the use of respiratori is less desirable in providing respiratory protection than is the use of pro-cess, contain:ent, and ventilation techniques. The use of respirators as a substitute entails both greater likelihood of accidental exposures and greater likelihood that such exposures may go undetected. It night also subject the wearer to additional stress and increase his risk of injury by interfering with his vision, freedom of motion, and ability to consunicate.
The provision and use of respiratory protective devices are subject to the following considerations regarding circunstances under which respiratory protection cay be needed.
2.1.1 .Routino operatienn Routine operations are planned activitics that are gancrally repeti-tive and occur with various f requencies. For such cperations, potential sources of airborne radioactive materials should be identified so that respiratory protection may be acce p113 bed by the use of process, containment,
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. as a substitute for practicable en aineering controls in routine operations is inappropriate. Respirators may be conside.?cd for use, however, while engineering controls are being instituted or evaluated.
2.1.2 Nonroutine Operations Norroutine operations are activities that are either nonrepetitive or else occur so infrequently that adequate limitation of exposures by engineering controls is impractical. To the extent that process, contain-ment, and ventilation controls are not reasonably feasible in nonroutine operations, the use of respirators to avoid excccsive exposure to airborne radioactive materials is appropriate.
2.1.3 Erergencies Ecergencies are unplanncd events characterized by risks sufficient to require inmediate action to avoid or mitigate an abrupt or rapidly deterio-rating situation. Although emergencies are, of course, unplanned, prepara-tions must be cade for coping with potential c=crgencies. Such preparations properly include a program for providing necessary and sufficient respira-tory protection for use in potential emergencies that are likely to entail d
respiratory hazards. The advance preparations appropriate to a particular potential c:ergency will depend on both its possible consequences and the probability of its occurrence.
Plans for dealing with c=ergencics should include consideration of postulated durations; quantities nd kinds of caterials against which
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protection must be provided; sizes and other php ical characteristics of the
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A needed; amounts, types, and locations of equipment necessary; and need for '
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,, and availability of backup and replenishment supplies for use in emergencies. 2 .
l 2.1.4 other considerations j !
Hnst operations can be readily categorized as " routine," "nonroutine." l) or " emergency." However, a few activities might be difficult to assign to i, ,
i one category or another. Persons who are responsible for establishing and
~
1 maintaining respiratory protection programs must exercise sound judgment by providing and using engineering controls where feasible and by avoiding l
unwarranted use of respirators.
2.2 WORK PERIJDS The periods of time respirators are worn continuously and 'he overall durations of use should each be kept to a minimum. It is necescery to allow respirator users adequate relief from wearing respiratore at reasonable intervals and to limit total time of use. However, it is difficult to realistically assign specific time li Jts en respirator use because of wide variations in job requirements and in ths physical capacities and psychologi-cal attitudee of individuals. Such factorc must be taken into account in establishing a respirator program. Provision is to be made for the respira-tor users to leave areas where respirator use is required for relief in case of equipment malfunction, undue physical or psychological distress, pro-cedural or communication failure, significant deterioratiot. of operational conditions, or any other condition that might require Fuch relief.
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CHAPTER 3 . l 1 i ELEMENTS OF AN ACCEPTABLE PROGRAM q , l
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Respiratory protection programs of NRC licensees are primarily reg-ulated by the NRC " Standards for Protection Against Radiation," 10 CFR ,
8- -
l Part 20, which includes provisions for respiratory protection against radio-active materals, and by the Department of Labor's occupational Safety and [
e i
Health Administration's (OSHA) Standards, 29 CFR Part 1910, which includes i '
1<
requirements for respiratory protection against other hazards. Omission' t from this manual of.any specific requirements of OSHA standards or any ,
other Federal or State regulations governing use of respiratore for pro- i tection against catetials or situations other than those licensed by the Commission does not constitute permission for the licensee to neglect such ,
require =ents. Each licensee is obligated to know and follow all such reg-ulatic,ns that may govern his operations. ,
Federal regulations currently in effect are listed in this chapter.
(See Section 1.2 for use of "shall" and "should".) No attempt has been made to investigate or to incorporate in this chapter State requirements that [
might be in effect.
3.1 RECULATIONS PERTAINING TO RESPIRATOR US/.CE
- 3.1.1 Ceneral Respirator Program Regulations and Reco:cendations 6
3.1.1.1 Occupational Safety and Health Ad=inistration l;
Occupational Safety and Health Administration Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910 (29 CFR Part 1910) sets forth respiratory :
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prottetion requirements in Subpart I, " Personal Protective Equipment," of .j 5 1910.134, " Respiratory protection." Requirements are set forth covering j t
" Permissible practice.. Requirements for a minimal acceptable program, Selee- i tion of respirators Air quality, Use of respirators, Kaintenance and care-
. l of respirators, and Identification of gas mask canistars."
Contained in i 1910.134 are references to certain consensus standa.ds. The referenced recommendations contained in these standards are considered to be part of the rule. The following standards are referenced.
3.1.1.2 A=erican National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z88.2-1969,
" Practices for Respiratory Protection" This standard covers all major aspects of a minimum respirator program. Complete familiarity with this standard is essential to anyone supervising a respirator program.
3.1.2 Breathing Air Specifications 3.1.2.1 ANSI Z48.1-1954, " Method of Marking Portable Compressed Gas Containers to Identify the Material Contained" This standard is referenced in 29 CFR Part 1910, i 1910.134(d),
which concerns air qualiry. Cocpressed air cylinders for breathing must be
. narked in accordance with
- a. ANSI Z48.1-1954, or
. b. Federal Specification BB-A-1034a, June 21, 1968, " Air, Compressed for 3reathing Purp>ses," or
- c. Interim Federal Specification GG-B-00675b, April 27, 1965,
" Breathing Apparatus, Self-Contained." The applicable standard
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3.1.2.2 Compressed Cas Association Commodity Specification G-7.1-1966, 1 j
" Commodity Specification for Air" (Also designated ANSI Z86.1-1972) i k
- Breathing air in gas cylinders must meet the requirement, as a 5 minimum, of Grade D as given in C-7.1 (see Section 5.2.4.1). i 3.1.7.3 Degartment of Transportation, 49 CFR Part 178. " Shipping Con-f, taller Specification Regulations" ,
l~-
These regulations specify the testing and maintenance require- I :.
cents for compressed breathing air cylinders.
3.1.3 Bureau of Mines / National Institute for occupational Safety and Health Title 30, CFR, Part 11 (30 CFR Part 11), " Respiratory Protective
.l Devices; Tests for Permissibility; Fees," Federa; Register Volume 37, i
No. 59, March 23, 1972, replaced Parts 11, 12, 13, 14 and 14a, Subehapter B, i
Chapter 1, Title 30, CFR (Burea.u of Mines Schedules 13E,14F,19B, 21B, and 23B). The ncv 30 CF.R Part 11 prescribes the approval procedures, establishes the fees, and consolidates and extends the requirements for getting joint approval of respirators by the Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior, and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH),
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Only those respirators approved under the requirements of 30 CFR Part 11 nay now be sold as approved devices. However, respirators manu-s factured under'the old bureau of Mines approvals may be used until the .
4 follcwing dates:
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3-4 Bureau of Mines Terminal Date Type of Respirator Approval Schedule For Approved Use Self-contained 13 - 13E March 31, 1979 g
Cas mask 14F March 31, 1977 Supplied-air 19B March 31, 1980 i
Dust, fume, mist 21B March 31, 1976 l
Chemical-cartridge 23B March 31, 1976 l Respirators approved under the former Eureau of Mines schedules have l
approval numbers preceded by the letters "EM". Respirators approved (tested and certified) under 30 CFR Part 11 have numbers preceded by the letters "TC". Those respirators with approval numbers that bear the prefix "TC" may be used for their normal lifetimes; respirators with approval numbers that bear the prefix "EM" are approved for use only until the dates listed above.
While 30 CFR Part 11 is not directly applicable to a licensee's respirrtor program, it is necessary for him to conduct his program in such a way that the respirator approvals are not voided. The approval for a respirator is automatically voided if:
. a. The respirator is not the sa=e in all respects as the respirators that have been approved by meeting the minicus requirements for
, performance and respiratory protection prescribed in 30 CFR Part 11, and
- b. The respirator is not maintained in an approved condition.
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.l 3.1.4 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (10 CFR Part 20)
Where respiratory protection is used to control individual exposures .
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to radioactive materials, all provisions in 10 CPR Part 20, 5 20.103 must be !
followed by the licensee. j i
. I 3.1.5 Minimum Acceptable' Program Requirements Summary I The following are minimum general requirements for any respirator i
program (details are given in subsequent chaptero of this manual and in the j ,
f' f i I
regulations previously cited)- ; ;
. . . 1 4
- a. Written standard operating procedures and a policy statement (see j i ;
Sections 3.2 and Chapter 12); ;
- b. Proper selection of equipment, based or,the hazard (see Sections 4 .
and 5);
- c. Proper training and instruction of users (see Section 8); I
- d. Proper fitting, use, cleaning, stcrage, inspection, quality :
assurance, and maintenance of equipment (see Chapter 9);
i
- e. Appropriate surveillance'of work area conditions, degree of {
empicyee exposure to stress (see Sections 2.2, 4.2, and 3.4.2);
. f. Regular inspection and evaluation to determine the continued program effectiveness (see Section 12.3);
- g. Program responsibility shall be vestod in one qualified individual
- o (see Section 12.1); f'
- h. An adequate cedical surveillance progra= for respirato users (see l Section 7.4); ;
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Use of only Bureau of Mines /NIO511-certified or NRC-authorized
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J. Maintenance of a biorssay program (see Chapter 11). j ,
3.2 POLICY STATDENT l
-[ ,
3 i 5 No respiratory protection program is considered adequate without a , }
i written policy statenent on respirator usage issued from a sufficiently high ,
management level to ensure t'. sat its provisions may be adequately enforced.
Items in Chapter 2 are to be covered in the stctement. Strong management backing is essential to an adequate respiratory protection program.
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. EVALUATION OF RESPIRATORY HAZARDS
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4 In general, the degree of protection against specific respiratory j
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hazards varies with the design of the respirator. Some respirators provide f,
a higher degree of protection than others. Some designs protect only against a single respiratory hazard or i limited nuc:ber of hazards; others - 'j
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1 provide protection against a broad class of hazards. Thus, proper selection 1 .
of respirators requires adequate identification of all respiratory hazards j
(
present. l t
4.1 CLASSIFICATION OF HAZAFl)S Respiratory hazards may be classified as fo11cvs:
i
- e. Oxygen Deficiency
- b. Texic and Nuisance Atmospherer (1) Gaseous Contaminants (gases and vapors)
(2) Particulate Contaninants (dusts, fogs, fumes, crists, scoke, and sprays) <
(Cochinations of these hazards are, of courst, possible.)
- Radioactive air contar.inants cay be present either as gases or par-ticulates. Concurrent hazards, such as oxygen deficiency or the presence of nonradioactive toxic airborne concamicants, may also exist. Although this guide deale nainly with airborne radioactive hazards, the use of respiraters f I
cay involve protection against concurrent chemical and physical hazsrds. l
)
Censequently, it appears apprcpriate to ext.mine the various types of respira-tory hazards in more detail.
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Normal air contains about 21% oxygen (02 ) by volume. An atmosphere 2 l-with an oxygen content less than chout 16% by velume (at sea level) is j i
insuf ficient for huuan needs. /.: accreased ..tcospheric p essures or i ;
increased altitudes, greater per;entages of 0 2are required for hur.an needs. j ;
For example, at an altitude of 7000 feet, a ninicum of 1.8% 0 e atent is '
i 2
required. DreathAng gas used to supply approved supplied-air respirators is- ,
required to contain not less than 19.5 volume percent of oxygen (see Sec-tien 5.2.4.1).
Sufficient oxygen or breathing-quality air must be repplied to avoid the adverse physiological effects of oxygen deficiency. Oxygen deficiency raay result from (1) depletion of oxyren by conbustion, chenical reaction, or absorption, (2) displacement of air by other gases or vapors, or (3) use of inert atmospheres. It may also result from the failure of t
breathing air or oxygen supplies or from rebreathing air in a confined space. particular care east be taken to avvid the use of air-purifying l respirators (e.g., filter types) in exygen-deficient acciospheres.
Table 4-1 gives the symptoms of 30 feficiency es a function of oxygen content and altitude.
[ 4.1.2 Toxic and Nuisance Arnospheres The harards in toxic and nuisence atmospheres may consist of rtdio-
- i 4 active centanimants, nonradioactive contaninants, or both. Standards for !
protection against radioactivity ha:*arde and those for nonradioactivity hazards diifer in several icportz.nt aspects: ;
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. SYMPTOMS OF OXYCEN DEFICIENCY vs OXYCEN CONTENT AND ALTITUDE f.
g Sea Level" 5000 ft D
700 ft D'* -)
. Symptoms Vol. % Vol. % Vol. % i Breathing and pulse rate increased 12-16 15-19.5 16-21 i
Abnormal fatigue upon exertion, 10-14 12.5-17.5 13.5-18.5 disturbed respiration, conscionsness continues Nausea and vomiting, 6-10 7.5-12.5 8-13.5 inability to move freely, loss of consciousness may occur Convulsive movements, Below 6 Below 7.5 Below 8 gasping respiration, respiration stops, death "from F. A. Patty, " Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology," 2nd Ed., interscience Publishers, Inc., N.Y. (Interscience Publishers, Ltd., London), 1958.
b Calculated. Based on data from " Physiology of )bn in Space," J. H. U. Brown, Ed., Academic Press, N.Y. ,1963.
- Does not take into account acclimatization, which occurs in 4 to 6 weeks.
- a. They are based on different dosc-effect relationships.
a
- b. They involve different types or degrees of risk.
- c. They are expressed in different and unrelated units.
4.1.2.1 Dose-Effect Pelationships Standards for protec6'on against nonradioactiva chemical e
hazards in industrial atmospheres are generally based on a threshold concept postulating that, although all substances may be toxic or irritant at sufficiently high concentrations, there is soce limiting " threshold" l
. sw - 2.
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l 4-4
- 4 concentration (the " threshold limit value" or "TLV") below vhich an indi- i a
i vidual cay be exposed repeatedly without any resultant injury (Ref. 5).
In contrast to standards for protection against chemical hazards, where the ;
n I
ecphasis is on a threshold limit, standards for radiation protection take into consideratica a "no-:hreshold" concept, i.e., it is assumed that every i
increcent of radiation dose, hosever s=all, contributes to risk. ?
Concentration li=1ts for airborne radioactive =aterials are ,
designed to keep cuculative radiation doses sufficiently lov to prevent 9
immediate ef fects and to take the risk of delayed ef fects so small as *.o be acceptable to the exposed individual and to co:petent =edical authorities (Refs. 6-S). " Acceptable" is used in the sense that the risks involved are no greater thcn those connonly accepted in ordinary activities. This concept has been tore fully exa=ined by the ::ational Council en Radiation Prctection and Measuresents and others (Ref. 9).
4.1.2.2 Differences in Risk Associated with Exposures Over Litits Generally, the tanner in which concentration licits for radioactive and contadioactive conta=inants in air are deter:Ined results in Icvels of risk that differ greatly when ladividuals are exposed to concentratiens substantially in excess of the limits. Concentration li Its
, for hazards cther than radioactivity are usually r.ot more than an order of tagnitude below these levels cf exposure that predace adverse effects e
(ranging videly f a e: tere dis:c: fort to severe irritation or rapid death)
On the other hand, cencentratica litits fer radioactivity hazards relate to Icvels cf expesure that are far belcv those ct which any observable 1
4
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h effect would be expected. Thus, exposure for an hour to airborne radioactive j
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materials at levels two or three orders of magnitude above the maximum permissible concentration would not be expected to result in any acute i) .
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effects; whereas similar exposure in excess of the threshold limit value -
1 for many nonradioactive contaminants would be likely to result in severe a
\
irritation, injury to health, or death. Note that these examples are used M
only to compare the differences in risk represented by the different types i of limits. They do not imply that exposure to either hazard would be j acceptable, even though acute effects would not be expected from exposures to the radioactive concentrations discussed. Within the recoecended limits, actual exposures to radioactive contaminants must be kept as low as is reasonably achievabic (Ref. 10).
4.1.2.3 Litits of Airborne Concentrations and Their Related Units 4.1.2.3.1 Threshold Limit Values. These are limits on airborne con-centrations of a number of chemical and physical agents. Threehold limit values (TLVs) are developed by the Threshold Limits Co=mittee of the
, Accrican Conference of Covernrental Industrial Hygienists (ACG1H) and are published (r.cf.11) with yearly revisions by the ACCIH. Respective limits for gases and vapors are listed in parts per ctillion by volu=e of the substance in air (ppa at 25'c and 760 c=i Eg); limits for liquids and solids
, as tilligrans per cubic meter of air (r.;;/n ); and litits for mineral dusts as millions of particles per c dic fcet of air (rppef) ae, determined by mieresecpic light field count techniquas. The TLVs t.re published along with
m m
- . . ~ .
4-6 precautionary notes and explanations that are iz:portant to their proper use
. and that must be taken into account.
Before 1963, all TLVs were defined as time-veighted average
, concentration limits; i.e., the concentrations night vary above and belev the ILY over a working day if the average value did not -:ceed the TLV.
Ecvever, in 1963, the ACCIE ch nged certain of the TLVs to upper "ccillag" li=1ts, i.e., an absob :e limit belcr.t stich concentration night fluctuate if the " ceiling" itself vere not exceeded. So so=e TLVs are given in ter=s of tine-wighted average value and others are ceiling licits (listed with a "C" before then in the ACCIH tables). As shcr.a in Table 4-2. TLVs are given "C" rating if exposure for 15 cinutes in excess of the TLV vould result in certain 1:=ediate adverse ef fects, such as intolerable irritation, enrenic or irreversible tissue change, or narcosis sufficient to inpair self rescue, increase accident-preceness, or caterially reduce work efficiency. If the
" test factor" nultiplied by the TLV vocid produce these effects in 15 ein-utes, the TLV is given a ceiling rating.
3 TAELE 4-2 CEILIZ LIF.IT TEST CRITERIA TLY h nre (pps or er/n )
. H V Tert Tar:or 0-1 3
>l - 10 2 e
>10 - 103 1.5
>1C3 - 2003 1.25 5cc 7.cference 5.
. r .,
W 4-7 4.1.2.3.2 Maximum Acceptable Concentrations. These are ceiling limits on airborne concentrations of a nusher of chemical and physical agents.
They are developed by the Aasrican National Standards Institute (ANSI).
. The chief distinction between the TLV and the maximus acceptable concentrations (MAC) is that the MAC is always a ceiling litit" belov which concentrations may fluctuate whereas the TLv may be either a ceiling value or an averaged value. MACS and TLVs are expressed in the same units; and the types of risk to which they pertain are almost always toxic or irritant effects. Even for TLVs that are not "C" listings, exposure to concentrations somewhat in excess of the TLV for a working day night result in i==ediately observed effects.
Since the TLVs and the MACS pertain to such a vide range of eff ects (f rom mere disconfort to rapid death), they do not represent uniform degrees of risk. For exa=ple, the TLV nu=ber may represent for one sub-stance a risk of death if the TLV is exceeded by a factor of ten for a short tite.
For another substance, the sa e numerical value for its TLV cay sicply represent a risk of skin irritation if the nu ber is exceeded by a considerably higher factor for a cuch longer period of tice. i 4.1.2.3.3 Maxieun Permissible Concentrations. For occupational expo-
- sure, these are recen: ended limits en concentrations of radionuclides to l
l
- ANSI has been censidering other linits that are net ceiling valaes. These i
' include concepts such as " acceptable eight-hour tire-veighted average,"
" acceptable caxinus for ';eaks' abcve acceptable base line for continuous exposure," "acceptchle concentration to avoid disconfort," and "ninicum level icr sensory respense."
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k which workers may be exposed. They are issued by groups such as the Inter-national Commission on Radiological Protection (Ref. 6) and the National' i.
Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (Ref. 12). Such
. recommendations may be used as the basis for limits in the regulations of i
agencies such as the NRC. Maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs) established for air and water are designated as MFC, or MPC y , respectively.
In this manual the term MPC is used 'instead of MPC, for simplicity. MPCs are generc11y expressed in microcuries per cubic centireter or microcuries per milliliter (pCi/cm or pCi/ml). They are generally used as averaged values, although they may sometimes be used as "cciling," " peak,',' or "instan-taneous" values. For example, in NRC licensing programs:
- a. Averaged values over a cdlendar quarter are specified for reporting individual exposures in excess of limits.
- b. Averaged values over not more than 7 consecutive days are used precautionarily to control airborno concentrations and individual exposures.
5
- c. Peak values are specified for selection of respirators.
F In contrast to TLVs and MACS, the FTCs are intended to represent a uniform degree of risk for any airborne radioactive material, to
, the extent that present knowledge permits. It is intended that control to ,
the IcVel of the MPC will limit annual radiation doses to maximum permissible
. i levels, even after exposure to airborne radioactive r.aterials throughout a working lifetime. Such exposures would not be expected to result in any s,.
k
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) i observable effect on the exposed individual. Further discussion of TLVs and 1 MPCs may be found in Reference 5.
One note of caution to be observed in using !!PC. and TLVs is that I i
they are intended for use by people experienced in the field who .are fully ,i aware of the range of use, developmental background, and technical implica- (
s' tions and limitations inherent in the concepts. Further discussion of I respiratory hazards other than radiation is beyond the scope of this manual f
f
( Re f . 4,5) . ;
4.1.2.4 Relation of MPC to Mode of Exposure !
In nost cases, the airborne concentration limits are based on internal dose from the amount of a radionuclide retained in the body (or critical organ) following inhalation, llowever, airborne concentration 11=1tc for large clouds of ncbic gases or other relatively inert gases are bascd on the external dose an individual would receive if he were surrounded by a semispherical infinite cloud of radioactive gas. Under these circum- '
stances, the dose to the whole bcdy or to the skin from the radioactive cloud would be higher than that f rom gas within the lungs or other body organs. The radioactive gases of najor significance that have MPCs based on submersion dose to the whole body are argon-41, the kryptons, the xenons, l I
e and carbon-14 as CO . L ver-energy particle emitters such as argon-37 and 2
hydrogen-3 (as tritium gas) have HPCs based on sub=ersion dose to the skin.
Tritium in the nxide form as HIO vapor (less co=monly as UTO vapor) in air presents an additional problen since ang oxi ately as exc5 1
l s
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tritium enters the body by absorption through the skin as enters by inhala- i l
tion. The airborne concentration limits for tritium oxide vapor are there- j j
fore based on this dual mode of entry into the body. I i
. 4.2 AIR-SAMPLING PROGRAM !.
A comprehensive air-sampling program is essential to evaluate the hazards associated with work situations involving potentially toxic materials. .{
In many instances, air-sampling data can also provide the baris for develop- +
ment and evaluation of control procedures and can indicate whether oor not i i
operational changes are necessary to provide adequate protection for the ,
worker. In conjunction with a respiratory protection program, air-sampling data are necessary to define the air concentration levels so that the proper respiratory protective equipment can be selected. ,
Since respirator protection factors vary over several orders of magni-tede, it is very important that an initial estimate be made of the air concentration icvels, relative to specified regulatory limits. Thus, ade-quate protection can he provided while necessary inconvenience to the worker wearing a respirator is minimized. Air-sampling programs may also be '
designed to estimate the release of contaminants to the general work area _
and to the outside environment.
e a An air-sampling program directly related to respiratory protection would:
e
- a. Provido an estimate of the potential intake of airborno radio- .
active materials and resulting exposure of the individual worker.
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Provide data to assist in the selection of respiratcry protective equipnent that would provide adequate protection u. der exposure conditions.
c.
. Provide data for control of long-tern exposures to verkers.
d.
Provide docu=entation of persocnel exposures for legal cr regula-tory purposes.
e.
Identify and characterize the centtninants and their sources.
f.
Provide data for deter =ining the requirenents for engineering er ad:sinistrative centrols.
g.
Indicate the centinuing effectiveness of existing controls, ar.d warn of the deterioratien cf centrol equip ent or cperating procedures.
- h. Provide a record of Icng-ter: t rends sheving variatiosi in c.~a-tasiaant levels.
i.
Continutusly ceasure the level of airborne e ntaninants in and 1
about work areas and warn of releases of airborne centa=inants to the curside envirce.nent.
4.2.1 Considerations in Air Sa:plir.;
/a air-sanpling crogram =ast be designed and c;erated so that the
. data citained are directly and neaningfully reisted to the probles of concern.
As part of a respiratcry protectir.n progrc::, air-sa=pling pro-cedures cus t take into account (a) the physic,21 and che:Ical state of the ecntaminant, (h) serc<iynarie size characteristics of airberne pa.ticulates, L______.____
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- > ~ ~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ . . . . . _ _ . _ _
l 4-12 !
(c) range of contaminant concentration, (d) environmental conditions ruch as temperature, (c) sampler location relative to the worker and the source of contamination, (f) instrument operating and response characteristics, (g) instrument portability, (b) sensitivity of the associated analytical j procedures relative to the specified concentration limits and quantity of i f i material sampled, (1) implications of short-term exposures, and (j) chemical }
reactiveness of the contaminants with sampling system materials. j l
! f For radioactive particulates, it is important to consider particle solubility, chemical composition, and aerodynamic size since these, along with metabolic parameters, determine final deposition sites within the hody.
These factors were emphasized by the 1959 report of Committee II of the International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) (Ref. 6) and by the 1966 report of ICRP Task Group on Lung Dynamics (Kef.13). Concentration limits for radioactive particulates such as those specified in 10 CFR Part 20 are based on the 1959 ICRP assumptions as to fractions of inhal*d airborne material that will deposit in the lungs. These assumptions are set out in Tabic 4-3. When aerosols are present for which the deposited fraction retained in the lung is greater than that assumed by ICRP, account
, should be taken of this increased retention in liciting an individual's intake of radioactive materials.
, 4.2.2 Sa pler Location In some work situations, properly located fixed air samplers may be used to approximate exposure to the individual worker. However, since air
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TABLE 4-3 PARTICULATES ',N RESPIRATORY TRACT OF THE STANDARD MAN (Based on ICRP Assumptions) '
Retention of particulate matter in the lungs der ads (n many factors, such j '
as the size, shape, and density of the particles; the chemical form; and 1 whether or not the person is a mouth breather. When specific data are lacking, it is assumed the distribution is as shown below. f I f I
Readily Solubic Other Distribution Compounds Compounds i i
(%) (%) j .;
Exhaled 25 25 I I i Deposited in upper respiratory passages and subsequently swallowed .
50 50 , j 1
Deposited in the lungs (lower respirstory passages) ,
25 25" (this is taken up into the bcdy)
"Of this, half is eliminated from the lungs and swallowed in the first 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br />, making a total r'f 62-1/2% swallowed. The remaining 12-1/2% is retained in tha lung;s wit i a half-life of 120 days, it being assumed that this portion is taken up anto body fluids.
concentration varies as a function of tine and sampler location, this pro-cedure can be considered to provide only an estimate of actual exposure.
Breathing zone samples, which provide a note acceptable estimate of worker exposure, can be obtained by providing the worker vith a small battery-operated sampler, ueing a pump and battery mounted on the worker's belt, and a sampler attached close to the worker's breathing zone. This tech-nique provides the best er,timate of individual worker exposure; but the
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1 equipment may create additional in:onvenience, and the low ' sampling flow '
~
rate might limit analytical sensitivity. .llowever, these personal samplers 5 detect contaminant concentrations considerably better than do well-located !
fixed area sanplers.
Potential errors of 2- to 30-fold have bee 7 measured between per-
.))
sonal and fixed air samplers; the fixed samplers tend to read lower. These. I errors may be even greater for a contaminar.t released from a point source.
Fixed air samplers indicate general area contamination levels or changes in - ;
i these Icvels provided that careful attention is directed to'their location and mounting relative to the contaminant sources and the working area. >
4.2.3 Sampling Procedures Considerabic information is available regarding air-sampling pro-cedures, th?ory, equipment characteristics and limitations, measurcoent ,
techniques, and dcta interpretation. .Ln.., general, high-efficiency filter media (glass, cellulose, asbestos, and membrane) are rsed to provide an estimate of gross particulate concentrations. Considerable attention should be directed to the limitations inherent in this type of cample
. relative to the previously described concept of lung deposition as a fune-tion of particle size. Respirable fraction can be estimated by use of pre-samplers that have been calibrated to separate respirable from non-e respirable particles. Detailed particle size information can be obtained by e
using impactor samplers. Parcicle size information can then be compared with the more recent lung deposition model proposed by the ICRP in 1966.
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Samples of gases can be obtained by using charcoal or other solid (
sorbents followed by either (1) radiometric counting or.(2) desorption and '
the appropriate analytical chemistry techniques. In some procedures such as
, the sampling of noble gases, charcoal may be used under low-temperature i conditions provided tl.at sampling effiriency for each noble gas has been established (since adsorption of such gasats on charcoal is highly variable).
Direct-readout instruments have been developed for some contaminants of concern (e.g., carbon monox19., ozone, nitrogen oxides), but f.equently j
these instruments are nonspecific and respond also to other materials present.
For so:e work situativ ., measurement of the oxygen concentration is of major importance. Several portable direct-reading instruments are availabic that indicate an abnormal oxygen concentration. Monitoring of tbis situation is espect 'S
- critical since air-purifying respirators provide no protection ar,m..st oxyger, deficiency and since a lack of oxygen h e adverse effects very rapidly that are, of course, extremely dangerot.s. .
When possible, the use of rapid-response instruments is desirable in
~
work situations that night result in a highly va-iable Icvel of contamica-tion and where short duration exposures constitute a significant risk. In ?
all cases, the ef ficiency of air ss=pling and th.: associated analytical pro- ,
cedures cust be evaluated. Eigh-ef ficiency filter redia are extremely reli-able for the neasurement of airborne particulate concentrations. The collec-tien efficiency c f sorbents such as activated charcoal ray vary, depending f
f 1
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4-16 >
1 on the chemical state of the tontasinant and environmental conditions. ]
However, the ef ficiency of charcoal used in air saepling need not be as high }
J as it nuet be when charcoal is used for air purification. !
o
/.ir-sampling data should be related to actual exposures by other l techniques, including bioassay prcgrams, and correlation of fixed or port- ,!
able general air samplers ;ad breathing zone samplers. When sampling results ,
f are interpreted, it is most important that consid ration be given to (1) the j variations inherent in ais-sampling data due to changes in airborne contami- i, nant concentration as a fur.ction of sampler location, (2) apparent losses due to burial of alpha-emitting particulates in the filter matrix, and (3) the variation inherent when sampling a relatively small number of particles.
Irstrumentation techniques and other specifics related to air sam-pling and data interpretation constitute a separate topic cnd are not detailed in this canual.
4 4
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1 CHAPTER S - i CLASSIFICATION, DESCRIPTION, AND LIMITATIONS OF RESPIRATORS ir : The degree of protection afforded against radioactive asterials by a i, i respirator that is properly fitted and worn depends chiefly on its design i ! I and mode of operation. , It should be kept in mind th'at there are limitations as well as , advantages in the use of each of the various types of equipment. The ; g advantages and limitations are sunearized in At:SI Z88.2-1969 (Ref. 2). j More detailed descriptions of equipment are given in the " Respiratory i Protective Devices Manual" (Ref. 4). 5.1 FACEPIECES, HOODS, AND SUITS 2 Most respirators have an enclosure such as a facepiece, hood, or. suit to ensure that the respirable atmosphere furnished by the respirator is conducted to the nostrils and mouth of the user and that the irrespirable , atmosphere is excluded. These enclosures are sometimes referred to as
" respiratory inlet coverings."
Soc:e respirators utilize a clip to close of f the nostrils and a mouthpiece or bit, through which the wearer breathes, connected to a , cartridge, canister, or bottled air supply. These devices are intended to A be worn where quick exits in emergency-escape situations might be necessary; t they are considered unsuitable for any other use against radioactive materials. All other respiratcrs considered here arc designed to Ie used i with one or core of the enclosures described in sections 5.1.1 through 5.1.3. i h i t w..r:,-.r-.-e., -.r-,--rm..--aru-in,,n.w w , a, en. --v eo ev,7 n , , , ,.%%w , , -www,,e wwe e--+, w- .m4 e. y r,,w -er, e,-,y r-v , .-w p yv , e y , em e y y m. --
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GP 3 5-2 5.1.1' Facepieceo A facepiece is a tight-fitting enclosure over all or a portion of the face. Two types of facepieces are commonly used: the half mask and the full facepiece mask. (Note: Quarter masks that fit on rather than . under the chin are commercially available. However, they are not asceptable B for protection against radioactive materials.) The half maak that fits under the chin and encloses the wearer's nose and mouth (Figure 5-1)'is the only respirator that is not a full-face type and that is acceptable for protection against radior:tive particulates. The f acepiece is supported by twc . headbands with an adjustable four-point i suspension. (Note: Two-point suspension is not acceptable because it does not provide a stable and reliable method of maintaining an adequate seal against the face.) Woven clar. tic headbands are generally more desirable for Falf masks than rubber because of case in adjustment and l 1ess rapia deterioration. The full faccpicce nask completely encloses the wearer's eyes, i
- nose, mouth, and chin (Figure 5-2). This facepiece is supported by a head l harness.
Facepleces are generally conctructed of rubber or flexible plastic, and full facepieces have one or two transparent lenses for viewing. A f full facepiece has a head harness that is attached to the facepiece at five or six points or has an adjustable semirigid " welder's type" suspension attached at tl.e te ples at two points. 4 c =m e w + gte ww -r-v w -e , r y ++m=y---w ve- m m +++ re m=-r ' rt--g - t
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) :l In an air-purifying f acepiece, 'tha airflow is inward through a a 1
. -3 cartridge or canister and through an inhalation valve that preventa back- j -
flow of air through the cartridge during exhalation. An exhalation valve f 1 allows release of the exhaled breath to the atmosphere and prevents flow I' 1 4 of contaminated ambient air into'the facepiece during inhalation.. j l Additionally, there is usually an exhalation valve cover that traps a ; t s=all amount of clean exhaled air. This trapped clean air serves as a ; 1 reservoir and is drawn into the f acepiece as the exhalation valve closes .l ( at the very beginning of the inhalation cycle. At=csphere-supplying devices generally have only an exhalation valve. 5.1.2 Hoods and Helmets A hood is a loose-fitting enclosure over the head, neck, and the i entire shoulders, gathered around the neck or below the shoulders to ensure a snug fit (Figure 5-3). The hood is generally constructed of ( . light nonrigid plastic or coated or i=pregnated fabric and has a large j transparent viewing vindow. A helnet is a similar device of core rigid construction providing soce icpact protection to the eyes, face, and other parts of the head. Not all hel ets are approved as hard hats. j Air to a hood at helnet is introduced into the head enclosure. The air flows past the breathing zone and escapes around the gathering perimeter. This design -alMtes the need for an exhalacira valve. i
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- O- N % 'yi I~ PRESSURE RELIEF EROM AIR
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PRESSURE GAUGE 6. REGULATOR FIGURE 5 3
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; .1 5-7 - The hood or helmet acts as a positive pressu.e chamber that is continuously purged with respirable air at low velacity. There must be 1
enough airflow to prevent contaminants from being aspirated into the hood l by a " bellows ef fect" f rom the wearer's movements. T.en eame 'aoods or helects, this effect may be lessened by placia 'ncide an co*er gatment hood material reaching below the shoulders (Eef. ', Bureau of Mines /NIOSH regulations for approved Sa c , ..; *elmets in 30 CFR Part 11 require a minimum air supply of 6 cubic feet per ainute (cfm) and a maximum not to cxceed 15 cfm. Flow rates of 8-10 c~n cay well be required to provide reasonable thermal comfort depending on cmbient temperatures, circulation of air inside the hood or helmet, and work rate. Ilowever, it should be noted that air icpact on the face at theEe higher flow rates is frequcntly uncomfortabic. tioise from the airflow within a hood or helmet may be a hazard, lloods must be designed to reduce the noise to acceptable Icvels (less than 60 dbA) while caintaining thc airflow rates required for adequate protection, respiration, and thermal comfort (References 3, 15). An air-control valve, if provided, is generally located on the wearer's belt in a position where the user nsy regulate his own supply. i !!cwever, each air-control valve cust be tested to ensure that a minio'te flow rate of 6 cfm is provided irrespective of the wearer's setting of the ! valve's cont rol in actual use. (
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' 5.1.3 Suits ,
a ,
.An air-line' suit (supplied-airsuit)consistsofasuitofplastib -f; ;I ,
1, - i-or of coated or impregnated fabric that is maintained under positive !
. pressure by an air-line, supply (Figure 5-4). In general, the air le .
l P distributed within the suit by a system of ducts to the head, trunk, and ; extremities, exiting either through the suit closures or through special I exhaust valves. Sufficient air'must be provided both for breathing and ; cooling to avoid heat exhaustion. . Cooling equipment, such as a vortex ;
' i i '
' tube or a refrigerated air supply may also be required at high ambient
; i temperatures.
The need for an adequate continuous supply of respirable air to such suits is more important than with other air-lina respirators. Such a need stems from the potential lack of adequate warning in case of loss of air supply and the dif ficulties that would be encountered by the wearer in extricating himself from the suit while carbon dioxide, moisture, and heat build up, and oxygen be.omes deffeisnt inside the suit. A loss of a continuous air supply and a consequent deficiency of cxygen as a result of , rebreathing can cause rapid onset of unconsciousness and death (Ref. 16).
- Fcr this reccon, cr.1 be :uce circuma car.ccc in chich reacue ic required night includa ertre e respiratcry hazards, a cecond ir.lividuat l equipped vith ccif-cantair.cd breathir.g apparatus chait be stationed in rcepirable air cutcide the conta-inated area. Thic ir.dividual chall le prepared and trair.cl to ver.dcr c"crgency accistan:e to the individual in the suit in cacc of failurg cf the air supp:y. lic chall be in vicua.',
voi:c, cr signal linc c7nunicaticn at all times. 1 I p
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i 5-10 l 1 It should also be reco;;nized that suit materials may have some i t permeability to chemicals and an associated retention of toxic materials.
.]
i Such permeability may ultimately result in the exposure of the wearer to a j . I contaminant, even though the suit is continuously maintained at positive. pressure (Refs. 17-25). ; 5.2 RESPIRATOR TYPES, DESCRIPTIONS, A*;D 1. IMITATIONS j 5.2,1 Air-Purifying Rerpirators l An air-purifying respirator is one that removes contaminants from the a= blent air. The purification of the air is accomplished by mechanically filtering out particulate contaminants with fibrous media or by removing , conta=inating gases and vapors by chemical means. Cartridges and canisters are available that are capabic of removing both types of contaminants. Throughout this manual, " cartridges" refers to the smaller types of air-purifying filters used generally on half-cask respirators, " canisters" refers to the larger capacity devices used on full-facepiece respirators, either attached to the respirator facepiece (chin style) or carried on the chest or back and attached to the facepiece with a flexible hose (Type N or industrial size). The word " filter" generally re.fers to a cechanical device used to remove particulate contaminants. Air-purifying respirators generally operate in the negative pressure (NP) = ode; that is, a negative pressure is created ir the facepiece during inhalation. An execptiun is a special type of p xered air-purifying
i IP .
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5-11 respirator that operates continuously in the positive pressure (PP) mode by using a motor-driven blover to drive the contaminated air through an . I air-purifying filter and/or aorbent cartridge. 5.2.1.1 Air-Purifying Respi. g - Negative Pressure Mode 1 [ This co= mon type of air-purifying respirator is used with a l 5 tight-fitting facepiece. The motive force for passage of contaminated air
- 4 i thrcugh the air-purifying media is provided by the wearer's breathing. I i t :
During inhalation, the facepiece is under negative pressure. This negative pressure results in various degrees of penetration cf conta:inants by , inward leakage through the seal area berveen the facepiece and the wearer's ' f ace (assuming there are no other potential soutces of leakage). Full facepieces generally have less penetration through the seal area than half-cask f acepieces, ruring exhalation, the cask interior is at positive ' pressure. Since the leakage through the filters is generally cuch less than the potential leakage around the facial seal, the limitations placed upon tae several types of air-purliying respirators are based prl:arily upon the ability to obtain an initial fit of the f acepiece and to caintain the quality of the fit during wearing. 5.2.1.2 Air-Purifying Respirator - Fcsitive Pressure Mode This special type of air-purifying respirator =ay be used either with a tight-fitting facepiece or with a hoed or hel et. The totive force for passage of the contaninated air through air-purifying cedia is provided by a b.'over. The blower nay be driven by a battery or by a lir e-powered notor. The interior of the face;!ece or heed is
^
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l*}' 1 5-12 5 k, maintained at pressures positive with respect to the a=hient atmosphere at ; j i all ti=es during blower operation. Thus, inward leakaEe around the facial j seal area is minimized. Respirators of this type, furnished with a tight-fitting facepiece, cay be designed to be operated in the negative pressure ;
; I mode in the event of a power f ailure. !
5.2.2 Filters and Sorbents (Air-Purifying Media) l
. , 5 Air-9urifying media consist of fiber filters or sorbents used individually or in combination and contained in a suitable protective e casing that is desir.ned for attach =ent to the respirator facepiece or breathing tube. Since the efficicnoies of ccrbenta are gcr.erally not L;c;l catchliched, no credit ruy be taken for the uce of sorbent canisters or cartrid 3es for protecticn againct radioactive gasce cr vapora. (See Sections 5.2.2.2 and 5.6.6.)
5.2.2.1 Filters , A filter is a fibrous tedium used for the removal of l l airborne solid or liquid particulates from the airstream entering the respirator enclosure. It cay be designed for a single type of particulate or for various cc binations of parti ulates such as dust, fuses, and i cists. Filter cedia used fcr protection against radioactive particulate contc inants shall te of the high-ef ficiency type (greater than 99.97% effective by ther: ally generated 0.3 cicreceter die:tyi phthalate (DOP) test). They are ns effective against gases and vapors.
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t; j i i Sorbents are used for chemically removing toxic gases and j'
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vapers from the airstream entering the rertirator enclosure. . They' consist j '
.3
[ of chemicals that attract and hold the gas ~ molecules. ;-
. t Sorbents may be used singly or in mixture and multiple !
layers to give protection against a single gaseous contaminant, a class of } I contaminants (e.g., organic vapors or acid gases), or cembinations of gases and vapors. They are not, of themselves, effective against particulates. ; s , They are not approved for use for protection against radioactive gases or -j ; vapors unicas their efficiency against the gas or vapor of interest has been well catablished. Note: If the. odor or other warning threshold'is above the MFC, as is generally the case for radioactive materials, corhent cartridges or canisters may r.ot be used. 5.2.2.3 Combination Filter - Sorbent Canisters , s Canisters used for protection against particulates as well as gases and vapors consist of various combir.ations of filters and sorbents , appropriate to the hazards for which protection is desired.. For radioactive particulate contaminants, the filter media shall be of the high-efficiency I type. , 5.2.3 Limitations on Air-Purifying Respirators i The ar;3.ication of air-purifying respirators for protection e;ainst airborne radioactive contamination is subject to the following additional f limitations: f
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'i 5.2.3.1 0xygen Deficiency Air-purifying respirators remove a specified contaminant ;
from the inhaled air. These devices do not supply oxygen; therefore, they may not be used in atmospheres deficient in oxygen. 4 5.2.3.2 Nature of Cottaminant Air-purifying respirators offer protection to the wearer by removing a specific contaminant from the inhaled air by means of a particulate filter or sorbent, or both, contained in a canister. The k canister me lia are designed for removal of specified vapor (s) or gas (es), j, i and the co=ponents of the canister are chosen to fulfill this purpose. : f The canister media are, therefore, not universal sorbents and it is vital j I to er.sure that the canister selected is appropriate to the hazard. t Unless a particulate filter cicecnt is added, as in the i case of the combination filter-sorbent canister, protection against , particulat.:s is not provided by a canister designed for gases and vapors. - Only a high-efficiency-type canister shall be used for protection against airborne radioactive particulates. i ( When air-purifying respirators are vern in atmospherea containing subatances such as hydrocyanic acid that e.ny be absorbed through the unbroken .1 kin, adequate skin protection cust be provided. i 5.2.3.3 Physical and Chemical State of Centaminant The chemical and physical state of the contardnant 1 must be considered in the selection of an air-purifying respirator canister (see Chapter 6 for details on selection). For exa=ple, the radionuclide f I j
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I- a. 5-15 . chlorine-36 may be present as airborne radioactivity in any of the following
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forms: gaseous (as chlorine gas), vapor (as a chlorinated hydrocarbon'
- vapor), or particulate (as a hydrochloric acid mist or fume or as a dust of a chlorine salt).
A canister containing only a particulate filter may be inappropriate for use with radionuclides that decay from a particulate to a ' gaseous state or from a gaseous to a particulate state. For example, a filter used to protect against fresh fission products might allow the decay product iodine-131 to pass as a gas through the filter into the lungs. 5.2.3.4 concentration of contaminant Experience has shown that there are maximum concentrations above which a person may not be safely exposed while wearing an air-purifying respirator. Air-purifying respirators chall not be uced in atn:cpherca innediately hacardous to life or health. As defined in American National Standards Institute recommendations, conditions "icmediately dangerous to lif e and health" include "... conditions that pose an immediate threat to life or health and conditions that pose an immediate threat of severe exposure to contaminants such as radioactive materials which are likely to have adverse delayed effects on health." This limitation on the use of air-purifying respirators is effectively provided for radioactive materials by limiting the use of such respirators to within peak concentra-tions that do not exceed specified multiples of the KPC (see Chapter 6 and footnote f to Table 6-1). O
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5-16 :1 0 e , The limiting concentration for many particulates would be j the one that causes rapid plugging of filter media with resultant increase 1 4
- 1 in breathing registance. Ilowever, for airborne radioactivity, rapid plugging };
1s not generally a problem unless other hazards (e.g., chemicals,' dust) j are also present. jI i ) 5.2.3.5 Service Life j Service lives of the filter media of air-purifying respirators i are directly related to the capacity of the filt er for the contaminant, J the concentration of the contaminant in.the air, and the respiratory a minute volume (amount of air breathed in per minute) of the wearer, as determined by his work rate.
?
The service life of a particulate filter is limited by the amount of material that can be retained before the resistance to inhalation increases significantly. A second limitation results from the radiation and potential contamination hazard due to the material deposited on the filter. s Sorbent cartridges and canisters may be used only for
, nonradioactive gases and vapors and should always be kept scaled until installed on the respirator because exposure to high humidities might ohorten their useful lifetimes. Unscaled, unused cartridges and canisters may be kept for use for 1 year if attached to a respirator and sealed in a plastic bag. Unsealed cartridges or canisters not so stored shall be i
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[ 4 A 5-17
, j discarded even though unused. The date of removal of the seal should be
] 4, cicarly mrked on the cartridge or canister. j Particulate filters used for protection against radioactive f.
particulates may be reused if a quality assurance program (see Chapter 10) 1
. is in effect to ens.sre that the filters meet the requirements for efficiency j and resistance to breathing spe.:ified for unused filters and that a means i j
is available to determine the extent of radioactive contamination of the J l filters. If thcoc criteria are not ret, particulate fittcra chall not bc l s I reuced. ; i Sorbent cartridgcc and canioters that might have been used for nonradioactive g::co and vapore in circumtances in uhich the corbcnt capacity m*ght be dim'nished chall never bc rc:.ccd, since there is no way of determining the useful service life remaining after use. 5.2.3.6 Knitted cloth Covers (Facelets) t Knitted cloth covers (f acclets) have been used on half-t mask respirators for sanitary purposes. They shaEZ not be used cince they cause cignificant leakap eith cu kicron acrocolo. 5.2.4 Mmosphere-Supplying Respiraters, Descriptions, and Limitations An atmosphere-supplying respirator is one that furnishes respirabic air or oxygen to the wearer from an uncontaminated r.upply such as a compressed-breathing air or oxygen cylinder, an oxygen-generating canister, et a breathing-air compressor that draws its supply from an uncontacinated I ( ambient atoonphere. This type inclu:!cs air-line respirators and scif- { contained breathing apparatus.
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5.2.4.1 Hair-Line Respirstorst' Continuous Flow. Demand. Pressure , Demand An air-line respirator'provides protection ag'ainst' contaminants
. 1 by providing an adequate supply. of respirable air by any of 'the following
. three modes of operation:
- a. Continuous flow
- b. Demand I
- c. Pressure demand.
Air is supplied in an air-line respirator through a hose to a facepiece, hood, helmet, or suit. The source of respirable air may be either a cylinder of compressed pure breathing air, or a breathing-air compressor located so that the air supplied is uncontaminated and respirable. If the air-supply system pressure for demand-type air-line respirators at the hose connection exceeds 125 psig, a prassure-reduction stage must be used with a pressure-relief device' in case of valve f 411ure.
'For continuous-flow ve h additional pressure reduction under the wearer's control may be provided with an air-regulating valve-worn at some conveniently reached position. Under current Bureau of Mines /
NIOSH approvals, such an air-regulating valve, at any setting, must not reduce the flow of air to less than 4 cfm for tight-fitting facepieces or to less than 6 cfm for loose-fitting hoods or helmets with the maximum L specified length of hose and the minimum specified air-supply pressure. l l t
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i Detailed requirements on air-supply lines, lengths of hose, airflows, and other components may be found in Table 8 of 30 CFR.
- Part 11, Subpart J..- $11.124-7.
While the American !!ational Standards Institute's " Standard Practices for Respiratory Protection" (Ref. 2) recommeads that breathing 1 air meet at least the requirements for.the specification for Grade D air as described in Compressed Gas Association (CCA) " Commodity Specification-for Air," G-7.1-1966, (Ref. 25), it is good practice to supply breathing i quality air : hat meets the requirements for Grade E air in the CCA specifica-- tion. Grada D specifications should be considered as the limits for air of deteriorating quality. The following are the limiting characteristics for . Osade E and Crade D air: Crade E Crade D
- 02 (v/v) (balance mainly Ny ) Atmospheric (s21%) Atmospheric Oy limits for synthesized air 19-23%" 19-23%" ,
3 Condensed hydrocarbons in og/m of gas 5 5
@NTP (Max.)
Carbon monoxide, ppm (v/v) (Max.), 10 20 Carbon dioxide, ppm (v/v) (Max.) 500 1000 The CCA specifies that breathing air cust have no pronounced odor. Comprecocd oxggen chalt never be used in supplied-air or open-circuit cetf-contained brcaihing a;:paratua in uhich coqresecd air has previou0Zy i.>cen used. Oxygen shall never be used with air-line j t reppirators.
# I tureau of Mines /NIOS11 approvals require a minicum of 19.5: oxygen by volume.
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J. 5.2.4.1.1 Continuous Flow Type. ~ The continuous-flow air-line' respirator- I may be used witn a half-mask facepiece. full facepiece, hood, helmet, . or suit. The minimum airflow for a perso1 doing moderate work is 4 cfm i for tight-fitting facepieces,_such as the half niasks and full-face masks, [ and 6 cfm for a person wearing a hood as specified in the Bureau of Mines / NIOSil approvals. A suit requires a flow of 6 cfs, or more, cepending on ; the suit design.
.[
5.2.4.1.2 Demand Types. The demand regulator is usually located ! i between the breathing tubes leading.to the facepiece and the small-diameter '! I pressure line from a high-pressure air source, such as a compressor (*100 psi) or a breathing-air cylinder '(*2400 psi). So=etimes this regulator is ;
- mounted directly on the mask. The regulator has a diaphragm-actuated valve that opens on inhalation and permits air to flow into the facepiece only as long as a negative pressure exists. The negative pressure can cause leakage of contaminants into the facepitce where it seals to the face. Therefore,.a demand-type device provides no higher degree of protection against contaminants than does an air-purifying respirator with the same facepiece.
- During exhalation, the regulator valve shuts off the air 1
supply and the pressure in the facepiece returns to that present in an air-purifyi g respirator facepiece during exhalation. This pressure condition creates the added hazard of possibic inward leakage during inhala61on that is not present in the pres 9ure-dccand types. k
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5.2.4.1.3 Pressure-Demand Types. In a pressure-demand a'ir-line -[ f respirator, a spring-loaded regulator and exhalation valve c mbinatiJn ., i.-l* Provides a flow of air.into the facepiecc which maintains a slight positive' j'
. 3 pressure at all times. Any outward leakage around the facepiece seal j.-
results in a greater air consumption than for the demand types. However, l
~
if the facepiece fits properly, there is no increase in air consumption, j. 1 Some pressure-demand regulators are supplied with a j j' control so that the respirator may be operated in either the pressure- 4
-p-demand or demand mode. Where such a control is provided, care must he l
.j exercised to ensure that the regulator is operating in the appropriate ]
1, mode. -i A pressure-demand device requires a special exhalation !' valve that is available only on full facepieces. A facepiece fitted with s
~i a demand-type exhalation valve cannot be used with a pressure-demand regulator.
l 5.2.4.1.4 Limitations on Air-Line Respirators. Although crost 4 atmosphere-supplying respirators are capable of providing protection against high concentrations of many to:cicants, no device is 100% efficient.
- Some Icakage into the facepiece cuy occur, particularly with apparatus operated in the demand mode where there is t.igative pressure in the mask l '~ during part of the breathing cycle. Many of the air-line devices employing j a richt-t'itting f acepiece use the saec facepieces as cany of the air-purifying half-mask and full f acepiece respirators. Limitations on their l
l l __ . _ , . - ~ _ , . m , , - - - , - - - . ~ _ , . . . - . . , ,,-.~,-,,..,.,,_,-.,_.,,,-,,,,m..,.__,.....,__,_,,_..,,_,,-..-_,..m.,,,,.,,,,,. ,J
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t 5-22 1 use by persons with beards, eyeglasses, etc., are identica1'to the i > 4 3 limitatisns on similar use of air-purifying facepieces of the same design - (see' Chapter 13). Also, respiratory protection' fails if the oxygen or air .
, 4
]
supply f ails, unless an' auxiliary supply is available. [ 1 Air-line respirators generally furnish no protection, other j t l than to the face, against contaminants irritating to the skin or mucous
'j membranes, nor any protection against materials such as tritium oxide vapor "
or hydrocyanic acid gas that can be absorbed through the unbroken skin. L'ven supplied-air suits, which may afford more protection against the latter hazards, are permeable to varying degrees, depending on factors such as concentration of contaminant, time of exposure, and the properties of ; the suit macerial. i.
-Air-line respirators that rely on an external air source t
connected by a length of hose or similar device to the facepiece, hood, or ' suit shall not be used for eme.rgency rescue er escape.. The restriction to movement imposed by the hose and the possibility of physical damage to the hoee if used in-an area where there miEht be sharp objects (for example, after an explosion or fire) would make the use of an air-line respirator a dangerous procedure. A positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus !
. shall be used instead. ,
The wearer's travel is limited ly the length of the air- . supply hos-* cod he cust retrace his route in the contaminated atmosphere h to return to fresh air while wearing the respitator unless an auxiliary air I [ i
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2 l 5-23 t i i tank is provided for escape. Air-line respirators must be used within the i limits set by the manufacturer and approved in 30 CFR Part 11 for air- ; J supply hose length, type, and range for pressure applied. Air-line respirators provide no protection if the air I , 1 supply f ails; therefore, they shall not be used in atnospheres immediately dangerous to life or health. This limitation precludes their use as ; emergency escape and rescue devices. > j 5.2.4.2 Self-contained Breathing Appata*us Description and Limitations A self-contained breathing apparatus (SCEA) consists of a respirator with the supply of air, otygen, or oxygen-generating caterial carried by the wearer. Thece devices e,an be either open circuit, such that the eyhaled breath passea to the ambient atmosphere through the facepiece exhaust valve, or closed circuit (re-breathing), wherein the carbon dioxide is re=oved from the exhaled air, orygen is added, and the recycled air is rebreathed. An open-circuit SCHA operates on co= pressed air, compressed oxygen, liquid air, or liquid crygen. A closed-circuit SCEA uses co: pressed, liquid, or chemically generated oxygen. Cocpressed air and oxygen nay not be used interchangeably
- in the same apparatus. Ceepressed air might centain slight amounts of oil that might coat orifice housings; oxygen passing through such an orifice under high pressure could cause an explosion or fire (Ref. 2).
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? .f 5.2.4.2.1 Demand Type. Open circuit. The demand-type, open-circuit. l self-contained breathing apparatus is similar to the demand-type air-line } l
? j
~ respirator, except that the source of respirable air is a cylinder of l . j
} }
compressed air or oxygen carried by the wearer. This apparatus usuall, a 1 l' . consists of a full facepiece equipped with a demand valve and a prescure- j reducing valve connected by a cylinder of compressed air, compressed i l
\ l oxygen, or liquid oxyEen. A pressure gauge is located near the demand '
1 valve to indicate the pressure in the gas cylinder. An alarm device ' I indicates when the reservoir pressure has dropped below a predetermined , point, allowing enough reserve time for the wearer to exit from a contaminated area. A demand-type SCPA does not provide any higher degree of protection against airborne contaminants than an air-purifying respirator with the same facepiece, but it does provide protection against oxygen deficiency. A denar.d type SCBA rust r.cuer Lc used ca a otamEy energency reccuc device because the possibility of facepiece seal leakage does not warrant its use where contaminant concentration is unknown, but potentially hieh. 5.2.4.2.2 Pressure-Demand Type, Open circuit. A pressure-decand self-contained breathing apparatus is an open-circuit apparatus similar to the pressure-demand air-line respirator, except that the supply of respirable air is a cylinder of compressed air carried by the wearer.
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A loaded regulator and exhalation valve conbination maintains t o a positive pressure in the facepiece slightly above atmospheric pressure at all ttmes. Therefore, any leakage in outward. -j 3 , Becauce of the high degree of protection provided by the }; , preocure-demnd SCBA, thic type of unit is recomended for emergency use, I cecape, and rascue. f l 5.2.4.2.3 Recirculating, Closed Circuit. In the recirculating or j ; closed-circuit r. elf-contained breathing apparatus, conservation of oxygen d 4 i or air supply is obtained by recirculation between the facepicce and a j 1 li breathing bag or reservoir. Carbon dioxide in the exhaled breath is ' removed by an absorber. Oxygen is added to the closed circuit as needed ; . from a cylindcr of compressed or liquid oxygen. Units of this type can be obtained that have useful lifetimes up to 4 hours. , 5.2.4.2.4 1, imitations of Self-Contained Urcathing Apparatus. The lengths of time that these devices may be used are limited by the air or y oxygen cupply that the wearer can carry. Units are given nominal ratings for the length of time they vould protect an average person doing moderately heavy work. However, these ratings arc only a guide; and oxygen or air may be used 6are rapidly than a rating indicates, particularly under the stress of an energency. Thus, these units must be provided with a warning cevice that indicates to the wearer when the re=aining service life has been reduced to the point that he should Icave the area or replace the cupply. r
5-26 The Bureau of Mines has published information (Table 5-1) on factors affceting the service life of a 30-minute self-contained compressed- , L air breathing apparatus approved under its schedules. 1 1 The demand typ s of scif-contsined breathing apparatus rely '
. on a negative pressure being created in the facepie:c to ace. ate the air or oxygen supply. Although these types of apparatus de supply respirable l air to the facepiece, thereby protecting against oxygen deficicucy, they )
are no more officient than an air-purifying respirster e~ ploying the same facepiece. Therefore, th'y should not be used as emergency device,. Concentrations of airborne .ontaminants can become unpredictably high in an emergency situation. Further limitations on the use of these devices may result from their size and weight when work is to be done in a very confluad space. 3.3 COMBINATION RESPIRATORS A combination respirator is any respirator that affords the wearer the option of changing from cne basic type of respitstor operation to another, either by operation of a selector valve or by disconnecting a a source of respirable air supply. The dcgree of protection afforded by the cocaination respirator is determined by its operating characteristics for the mode being used and the type of facepiece being used. Cotbination respirators tay be categorized in one of the following three classes described in Sections 5.3.1 through 5.3.3.
-p a
1 i , 5-27 , i i 1 I k TAELE 5-1 j j SERVICE LIFE OF TilIRTY-MINUTE SELF-CONTAINED COMPFJ SSED-AIR EREATHING APPARATUS
- This equipment is approved by the U.S. Bureau of Mines as a "1/2-hour duration" unit, based on the fact that the equipser.t, when tested by the Bureau on men performing noderate-to-heavy work, was found to last .*O minutes or more in each of the different types of work tests.
The user should not expect to cbtain exactly 33 minutes service life from this apparatus oa each use. Tr e work bei.1g perforced may be more or less strenuous than that used in the Eureau o' !!ines tests. Where work is more strenucus, the duration may be shorter, possibly as short as 15 minutes. The duration of the unit will depend on factoru such as: (a) the degree of physical activity of the user; (b) the physical condition of the uscr; (c) the degree to which the user's breathing is increased by excitement, fear, or other emotional factors; (d) the degree of training or experience that the user has had with this or similar egoipment; (e) whether or not the cylinder is fully charged at the start of the work period; (f) the possible presence in the compressed air of carbon dioxide concent rations greater than the .04% normally found in j attespheric ai ; j (g) the atmospheric pressure; if ustd in a pressurized tunnel l or caisson at 2 atmospheres (15 psi gace), the duration will be one-half as long am wnen used at I atmosphere; ; and at 3 atcospheres will be one-third as long. ' (h) the condition of the apparatus. '
"Fren the U.S. Sureau of Mines.
A
1 5-28
~
5.5.1 Air-Line Respirator - Air-Purifying Respirator This type of combination respirctor is designed to be operated either (1) as a continuous-flow or as a demand air-line respirator, or (2) as an air-putifying respirator, negative pressure (SP). The selector switch may be manually operated or may operate automatically if there is a failure of the air-line supply. 5.3.2 j[ elf-Contained Breathing Apparatus - Air-purifying Respirator ; This type of combination respirator utilizes a full facepiece and g
+
consists of a self-contained breathing apparatus of the demand or pressure- {
\
dem nd type with appropriate valving so that the respirator may be operated j in the air-purifying (NP) raode. The operation of the selector cwitch may be manual or automatic.
+
5.3.3 Self-Contained Ereathing Apgaratus - Air-Line Respirator
~
This type of combination respirator uses a full or half-mask facepiece. It generally consists of a demand- or constant-flow air-line respirator with additional valving so that a small cylinder of compressed air, attached to the unit, may be used to supply respirable air if the air-line supply is interrupted. Generally, the reall cylinder (5 to 7 f t3) is suitabic only for escape purposes. 5.4 !!OSE MASKS VIG AND WMHOUT BLOWER This type of ask censists of a full facepiece connected by one or more flexible breatning tubes to a large-diameter hose (approximately 1 inch inside diameter). In a hose mask with blever, the large-diameter hose is connected to a bIcser aperated in respirable air; in the hese mask vithn"- 51ccec t , the inlet end of the large dianeter hose has a filter screen ar.
!s L.chercd in territable air. !ose nasis are generally unsuitabic for
4
~ m. ~ _
. = -m w*m _
h b 1 1' 11 y 5-29 : k protection against radicactive materials owing to the difficulty of keeping i the inlet ends of the short hoses in uncontaminated air. 3 1 5.5 EMERGENCY USE, ESCAPE, AND RESCUE DEVICES f
* }
Because an emergency is an unplanr.ed event (see Section 2.1.3), it j i must be assumed when contaminant air concentrations can not be evaluated ' that they nay be "immediately dangerous to life" (ANSI Z88.2-1969, Section , 4 Table I). Therefore, devices for use during escape, firefighting, i i rescue, and emergency re-entry should provide a high level of protection l (Figure 5-5). I 5.5.1 Self-Contained Breathing Apr;;ntus, Generally, only the prer.ure-deli d type SCBA should be selected t for emergency use, rescue, and re -eer: into a contaminated area to perform emergency shutdown or maintenance of equipment. The pressure-demand type with a positive pressure in the facepiece provides a cuch higher level of protection (protection f actor = 10,000+) than the der.and type with a negative pressure in the facepiece during inhalation. The Bureau of Mines /NIOSH approves a 5- or 10-minute SCBA for j cmergency escape only. These devices are lighter and may be donned rapidly I l . with proper training. t l 5.5.2 Air-purifying Respirator ( A Type N gas mask is approved for emergency use; however, the protection factor (sea Chapter 6) for radioactive particula ss is no greater than the protection factor of a full facepiece equipped with a high-efficiency filter. Comparison of the half-rask with the full-facepiece l
- - . , ~
- 7. ..
- - --,-c- . . . _ . . . . _ - . _ . . , _ . , , _ ., . , _ . ,, , ,,,
? %
5-30 , j 9 EMERGENCY ESCAPE & RESCUE: rs h .bf l* we'- k N ( Es'c Cntv) Wovt> Pit et AIR PURIFYING i N %m '* Y ' x v' 'j,):/ . l. N
.C
. D, I ^:-
N/ \ U'.i ') OPE N CIRCUIT .' \ , .' - -- -- --<he.' \ eatssent CEWAND ONLY ,e' W itscarc w a g' euci. j CLOSED AN
-({Q/y,, d CIRCULT :.s Ar. cue w o, erneirur atuosentats ouvi ;
g\ o I * & e if
) C '
Ip
@ O
, i (tj Q tiy
-Qy '. / ('-T y L AV- v . . , ,c,,, o c,
/ w r? H HALFWA$KAW
- SELF CONTAINED ^ " ' ' ' * * ' "
Jb s sw = tscare cevict Q FIGURE 5-5 0 m -,w %,.- e v--w- e y .my , e ----myw,*sw w.--r- y y e w ve'reir----,--- tre w-t -w *--sw--' e
~ . _ _ _ . _ _ _ . .
5-31 f respirator shows that the half-cask respir-t.or (with high-efficiency filter) protection factor is only one-fif th (PF = 10) that of the full-facepiece respirator and obviously provides the least protection of any approved device for escape f rom radioactive part*culates. 5.5.2.1 Mouthpiece Respirators. A mouthpiece respirator is a compact device designed for quick application when the atmosphere unexpectedly is contaninated with a hazardous material. It normally consists of a housing with a couthpiece and a single canister or cartridge, a nose clamp, exhalation and inhalation valves, and a neckband. These devices can be carried on the belt, in a laboratory coat pocket, or around the neck. When properly used, there is little inward leakage when breathing through the mouthpiece with the nose clamp in place. These devices are available with high-efficiency filters and various types of sorbent cartridges. 1.'authpiece rcepiratora chall never be usci as a routine r cans of proicction apinst radiocative contadr.2 tion or for re-entry into a contam'r1ted area during an cncrgency. l l 5.5.3 Combinatica Respirators i There are cc=hination air-line respirators with an auxiliary self-contained air supply that are reco = ended fer atnespheres icsediately dangerous to life. The degree of protection provided depends on the code of operation. Eecause of its air-line hese, such a device is nst satisfactory for e=crgency escape. I i
c ._. _ j [ l i j- , i. e a
- )
i 5-32:
- i ^
6 1 A combination' pressure-demand,'or continuous-flow-type, air-line
~
I respirator with an auxiliary self-contained air supply provides a high t degree of protection. The combination demand-type air-line respirator . I with an auxiliary self-contained air supply provides'a much lower level of
]
protection owing to the negative pressure in the facepiece. l 5.6 SELECTION OF APPROVED OR ACCEPTED EOUIPMENT { I t 5.6.1 Subpart K, 30 CFR Part 11, and Bureau of Mines Schedule 21B .j- t Respirators that are specifically certified under Subpart K of 30 l-I CFR Part 11 for use against radioactive particulates are listed, along with devices that are certified under other Subparta of 30 CFR Part 11, in i "NIOSH Certified Personal Protective Equipment" (NIOSH) 75-119 (Ref. 26). Supplements to (NIOSH) 75-119 are issued periodically to keep the list updated. Respirators that were formerly approved under Bureau of Mines
- Schedule 21B, and other Bureau of Mines Schedules, are listed in Bureau !
i uf Mines Circular 8559 (Ref. 27). Equipment is referred to as " approved , under older Bureau of Mines regulations and as " certified" under 30 CFR .i Part 11. (See Section 3.1.3 for terminal dates of approval under the older !
. schedules.)
When a negative-pressure, air-purifying device is uscd, it shall have been certified under Subpart K specifically for radionuclides, including p the separate certifications for use against radon daughters. (A device offering a greater protection factor cay be selected; see Chapter 6.) , The air-purifyini; devices used must have a high-efficiency (99.97% ef ficient
)
?
..-...,m..a._..--_.--__..-.-.,.,_..--_..~,..a- .-_,-,-_..-. .,, , _ .-. _ -,--.-,._- .- .....-..... ..,,- . .,- .
- ~ , , . = - ==---warm
]i 1 i
7 UI l? 5-33 i J J for 0.3 micrometer DOP acrosol) per'.culate filter. Devices with a less 3 1 4 efficient filter shall never be us.d for radioactive particulates. ' ,;
. 5.6.2 Other Subparts and Schedules y Four additional Bureau of Mines Schedules (Refs. 28-31) and five 1 Bureau of Mines /NIOSH Subparts cover self-contained breathing apparatus, gas masks, supplied air respirators, chemical cartridge respirators, and f a
pesticide respirators. These additional schedules and subparts can be ; i used for guidance, provided that an evaluation has not shown that the radiological characteristics of the hazard present a circumstance for which the particular respirator is inappropriate. Such circumstances could occur, for example, where airborne radioactive concentrations present submersion or absc ption problems or where a short-lived radio-active particulate may decay into a gas. 5.6.3 NRC Testing Prorraes An extensive amount of field testing of respirators has been performed by various NRC contractor laboratories and other laboratories. Most of these testing programs, including the tests in the field, have been reported in the public literature and may be used for guidance in the selcetion of respirators (Refs. 16-23, 32-37). 5.6.4 Selection Guidance From Other Resources l The reco=nendations of competent groups such as the American l Industrial itygiene Association, the American Conference of Covernmental Industrial liygienists, the Anerican Society of Safety Engineers, and l t i I l --
L w~7.m7- -- y
- -, w -
a: t z d '. 1 4 at < 5-34 i American National Standards Institute, who have applied the use of .l 1 respirators towards protecting against* chemotoxic agents, should also be .;' . i . considered in respirator selection (Ref. 24). i 5.6.5 " Accepted" Devices , i The NRC permits use of other than hpproved or certified devices for ' 1
- l. -
use against airborne radioactive materials only in the following circum-stances (Refs.1, 38):
- a. Where no equipment of a particular type has been approved or certified or where there is no existing schedule for approval of ;ertain J. ,
equipment, and j
- b. When the licensee has demonstrated to the Commission by testing j ;
or on the basis of reliabic test information that the material and performance j 3 characteristics of the equipment are capable of providing an acceptable j , I degree of protection under proposed conditions of use. ; i 5.6.6 Sorbent Cartridges and Canisters { Sorbent cartridges and canisters shall not be used for protection , against radioactive gases or vapors for the following reasons:
- a. The efficier.cles of the various sorbents for most radioactive gases and vapors are not known.
- b. The length of ti=c that a particular sorbent cartridge or canister offers protection against.a given radioactive gas or vapor con-centration is unknown in cost instances.
L r
3 I i
- -- r - .- ! i
, _....._.__-_m -. _ *
+ i.
i' k 2 I 5-35 I a
- c. The threshold of odor for most radioactive gases and vapors is I
abov. the KPCs, often by several orders of magnitude. Thus, when a breakthrough through the sorbent occurs there is no warning. Studies are planned to test sorbent cartridge efficiencies against
- f some radioactive gases and vapors. As results become available, it may be i i
i possible to assign protection factors in some instances and to permit the use of sorbents in certain cases. Studics conducted at Lawrence Livermore i Laboratory (Ref. 39) indicate that organic cartridge breakthrough may occur in less than a minute, even at low concentrations of some non- i radioactive organics (e.g., methyl alcohol). When efficiencies and break-through times are unknown, extrece caution must be exercised when using any sorbent cartridge or canister device. 4
-- - - ,. - e., = . . . . --
m- _ .. - . _,.__. _ _- .
* *5 -
i l 1 L e a 4 A 6-1 A ! 4 i CI!AFTER 6 j , i y ; SELECTION CUIDES (PROTECTION FACTORSl .)-
.I
. The overall protection afforded by a given respirator design is defined j i in terns of its protection factor (PF). The FF is a measure of the degree ; . of protection afforded by a respirator and is defined as the ratio of the I
- concentration of contaminant in the ambient atsosphere to that inside the equipment (usually inside the facepiece) under conditions of use. Respira- -,
t tors are to be selected so that the concentration inhaled by the wearer does , not exceed the appropriate limit. Table 6-1 lists protection factors for the various classifications of respirators. The protection factors are based on laboratory leakage studies and field experience it, the use of the devices. Whea using Table 6-1, it is i=portant to keep in eind that the values given are intended for selection of respirators to protect against radio-nuclides in the absence of practicable engineering controls. The values ,. are not intended as a device to caxt:1:e the po'ential exposure of workers in areas of airborne radiomet a hy, nor are they intended for planning the use of respirators to avoid adequate contain=ent and other engineering controls in the designing of installations and process equip ent. The - indiscrisit. ate ar.d uncritical use of this table where it does not apply night result in undue hazards. Scrupulous attention crast be paid to the liniting and qualifying noten.
.}
62 l I, t The protection factors in the table may not be appropriate vbere i chemical or other respiratory hazards exist in addition to radioactive , hazards. The selection and use of respirators for such circumstances should take into account reco==endations and requirements of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the Occupational Safety and Health Adninistration. Respiratory protective equipment is to be selected to provide a pro-tection factor greater than the multiple by which pe4k concentrations of radioactive materials ar2 expected to exceed the values specified in Appen-dix B. Table I, Colu n 1 of 10 CFR Part 20. The equip =ent selected is to be used so that the average concentration of radioactive caterial inhaled during any period of uninterrupted use in an airborne radioactivity area, on any day, by any individual usir.g the equipnent, vill not exceed the values specified in Appendix B. Table I, Column 1 of 10 CFR Part 20. For the purposes of this manual the concentration of radioactive caterini that is inhaled when respirators are worn may be initially esticated by dividing the ambient concen ration in air by the protection factor specified in Table 6-1. 4
v.mwm mn ~~ ..m,e w n . ~ ,e ..,.u ,. m w .- -: _ - . - ~
, i l ,
L
- 6-3 ?
- TABLE 61 a
PROTECTION FACTORS FOR RESPIR ATOR$3 1
=
SI'l L(TION OF Tl STI.D g. PROTI CT10N rACTORsd & Cl R T11'11 D I Ol'IPMf NT ' PARTICU. PAR 110U- BL RE AU U1- WN t 5/N ail 0N AL LATIS LATI S. GA5t S INSTITUTF FOR OCCCPATION AL Df3CRililOU 640Di $' ONI.Y A V APORF S u TTY AND Hl Al111 Al'PROVAIT * I ,
- 1. AIR Pt'Ril YING R1 SPIR ATORS j i s epme. half-ma ski NP le 1-I acer ete. full NP SD M Cl R Part 11 Subpari K l l aepiece, t.all mads. full.or hond l'P 1000 j -
j I
- II. ATMosPitf RI tPPPl YING RI SPIR ATORS '
- 1. Air lane respiratur , i Ituiu j I l'aerne, half mnk Cl 1 acricer. half mek D 111 f j i aepicae, f ull Cl 2s ts u s i 8 acepeese, full D *O lit Cl R Part 1I Subpart J l aepme. f all PD 2ewse j
llood 01 finnv h l Suit Cl , 4 ;
?
2.Self <unt4:ned brcathing apparatus SCHU , i J I asepexe, full D van f l aepicsc I'all PD ler>ner tail i R Parl ll %ubpart ll I asepicse, f ull R to
!!I. CO\ttilN AlloN Pi %PIR ATOR Any svnetanatson of air purif ying Pooin th.n IJ.to# for '
ania atmosptwrcoupplung type and ps..lc ut ops ras >.n tu Cl R Part iI q 116hb) respuators n Inis d aho.c af or uw m t!.c scicstioit of respiratur) proiccine deskes ta be 2. The protecuan factors app'); used abere the contarninant has t>een identif rd and the concentrasson (or posuble concentration) u knoen. (al Only for traixd ish!naduals meanng properl) faticJ respaates usrd a..$ maintained undet supersnion m a bonty for shasen faces and o bere nothing interferes unh the seitpla nneJ roperator) protestise frogram. seal of tie:ht letting f accreeses apmst the skii (lloods and suits are curpted ) It's I or au psnip g revirators only w hen high ethcwnc) prticulait idicts lat%ne 99 9h remoul ethsiens) b) (The mude s) nteli are denned as follow s. mermati> generatcJ 0 3 n da.ct)) phthafate (DOP) toll se uwd m 4,nwh6 o not deliswnt m onren and not - CI'
- contmas us Ibw .ontammg radioastor ps or sapor s.spirator) taasards I) a dc mand SP= neptne preuurv D.e.. nepine phew Junng scr ata- ht I or auwptoc wppion; repuators un!) m ht n honi urrlwd with 4Jeigate rescuable an, PD a preuvre demand to e.. alma)s gvulne presu,rst PI
- posune picssuie 'l WJots t dua,tne . .ntammants anal reewnt an abe.rrtma R = drenand, recersulatmg (61o eJ ca.uit) or . .bn'r uon i v ed I or tonuin ouJe approumaiel, une
- t. .tr of etw mtas c o.. es t's abm>rpto+n through it c dir vs .
- 1. l he protthfi.H1 !astor Is a ineJsJfe s ( ths' lNecr el pe, des. War 44 estf all f i .* .;> n 146 0ssF of los thJn 2 is appropriat.'
non alf orded t ) 4 #nrarat ir. dch:wd as the rano .4 the
*Nn at"wiNu w. : h ve re*i'uaiors are uwd to protes t concentration s t aabene raJhiactne ma r crut ou'ude el.e 44amt an%n 's ak. la e saa ele t c .;nta l art, rrucs u.c r,; 4pment la that mwJe !!.t r-; sp-r3cht (uwath mude the f aserxsti s.ntl.r vandete m .il use.11 n ari mJ to the ambient auborne songmrare.o t.. It t w i'n to u m t a tos PI osera;l f.it intium oilmate t he es4 6s hi'Jtioft int.JIcgl bs If ( wg arg t ag - f.6r a h t h e is es%)e is un Ang ta the taliow mp immula l' I ft l Condntrat in IntukJ . "#" M ' 4 " h "" C "* ' ' h
- IN IW br Ilf 6 $i p k 4 4 ts4$ l / es le b lW (Continued)
- --m- -- w= =www y- = m'---t- 9 y 9
-..w .,
1 i 9 6-4 (Continued) be osercome af a short care 4tke estention to the houd ti sorn under a cost or cowralls Other hmatations spec 6ed by appeml agency must be consdered 14 fore uung a houd Air-purnfyhss respsrators are not suitable for protecten amnst tritsum oude. See aho footnote g corkernmg yn Ws d atnmWre W (winow h Manufac. turers recommerkted pressure settmas for the su supply
# d s uttL cannot stasys b6 r bed on to ensure a minimum 6 cfm au fUnder<hin type only. This type of respirator is not satisfac, .be. I quipment must be cperated in a manner that eniuses , ' lory for use e here at mght be posuble fe4.,if an aamient or propet Nw rain are mamtaincJ. j cmcrgency were to octur) for the ambirot suborne h Appropute protection facters must be determmed, takmg I cuneentration to reach instantaneous values greater than 10 I into account the desgn of W suit and als permeability to the times the pertanent values an Table I,Colornn I of Armnda contamirunt under conditons of uw. I B to 10 Cl R Part 20, " Standards for Pratecon Aptnst t Radution." Th's ty pe of sespuator as act suitabk for protes- iyo ,pp,oM whedwes air currenti) assitable for thu eque [
taan against plutonum or other tagh-toutsty materuit 1he rnent. I quipment is to be esaluated by testmp or on the bass mask is to be tested for tit witn stritant smoke, prwr to uw. of relubk test mfornulain. cash tune it is donned l lihn type of rest >uator may provale greater protec1wn and be i 8 Tie design of the suppl-J,au hood or helmet (math a uwd as an emtrnro dcne m unknow n sonsvntratwas tor i rouumum Nw of 6 clos of air) may determine sts overaft peutecthm ap mst inlulainen hais id s. I sternal setuiwn ,' effwaency and the prottstwa n presidet I or esample, some hasards and othet hmitainms so perm.tted espowre sush as hoods aspuate contarrunated air mto the breathug aone ahen skm alwof ptwn maid tv IJktn insto Asuunt s s sush sirsum-the nearer works math handsover head. f uch aspuatwo ma) stans et Note I: Protection tactors for respuators. as vay be approsrd respirators f or .uch arcumi'anees shoukt take irsto acsount by the U.S. Bureau c,f Mmes Natural Institute for Occura- *Prlwable arr'osals of the l'1 hureau of Mmes;Niosil, twrul Safety snd llealth iMO5 lip acrording to a;'pheath approsah for respirators to protect aptnst airborne radw- Note 2: RJdauctne contammants for uluch the sor.certtrJtion twb&s, nuy be used to the este- tLt they do not eseccJ ulues m Tabk i of Arpenda b to Itt Cl R Part 20 are tiawd the proteciton factors hsteJ an *.us tabk. Ibe protest on on internal donc dae to mhalaton ma), in adddson. present fa. tars hsted m II.n table may riot tw appropru:e to orehm esternal esposure hahrh at igher sorwentratons l'njer sah stanses shcre t hemical or ott cr restaratory hawh cust m s u . umstances, hmita h.*n s un occupano ma) ha ve to be adJalion to raamaetne haaath T he wWction and use of oserned t') esternal dow hmut l l i I e l l (
1 i v-- c - - -__ _. _ , , . _ _ . , - - , . . : m meses . l
)'I i +
l 4 7-1 l CHAPTER 7 1 WEAR.ER REQUIPJMEYTS AND 1.LMITATIONS l 4 ~ I 7.1 ACTIVITIES OF THE WEARER ] i An important element to be considered in the selection of respirators i i
. i is the degree to which the device selected vill meet the physical and j i i physiological requirements of the work to be done without causing undue j i 1
i stress to the wearer or imposing restraints that lead to unsafe practices j i (Refs. 17, 40). [ It should be recognized that the wearing of respirators usually results , in some additional stresa and, therefore, an additional risk to the wearer. Thus, respirators should be selected so that any specific job can ba per-formed with a minicus of stress co:patible with the job requirements and the degree of respiratory protection needed. The work rate of the wearer determines his respiratory cinute volume, peak respiratory airflow rate, and the inhalation and exhalation breathing resistance associated with the respirator. The minute vo:u=e is significant , when self-contained and air-line respirators are operated fro: cylinders because it determine 4 the useful duration of the air supply. The usef ul life of the air supply at coderate work rates .ay be only one-third that at sedentary use. Peak respiratory airflow rate is of importance since to caintain a continuous-flow, air-line respirator or a positive-pressure, air-purifying respirator under positive pressure at all times, the supply rate cust be
i a l 1 1 7-2 greater than the peak respiratory airflow rate.. The 4 efs air supply- , 1 - (minimum) recommended for tight-fitting facepieces is 115 liters per minute or approximately the peak airflow rate for a normal person working at a moderate work rate of 622 kg m/ min. Similar considerations apply to the
. 6 cfm air supply (minimum) recommended for hoods.
The resistance to breathing associated with air-purifying and demand-type SCBA and air-Jine respirators of the negative pressure (NP) type used by a person working at a moderate work rate or at higher elevations can result in worker fatigue and discomfert. This is especially true for the Type N gas nask. Visual and communications limitations of respirators and other special probicos must not be neglected (see Chapter 13). Appropriate equipment with proper visual and com=unications capaci11 ties must be provided where the j work to be done demanda it. Otherwise, hazardous situations may arise; for l example, the wearer might remove the respirator in a hazardous area in order to see (lens fogging) or to be heard.
- 7. 2 ))];
The cost significant individual requireuent of the wearer is proper respirator fit. Each co=nercial half-mank and full-face respirator normally canufactured in the U.S. to date has been available only in one size. Since a given respirator in a single size will not fit all of the population, it is necessary that several models he available in crder that each persca may know which models provide him with an adequate fit. (A few individuals of I b l
-~ wn - ~ ,,... - .- ,-.~-~~n.~.,,--~~ . - - - _ _ - ~\
\ 1 .
l l i 7-3 l 1 1 1 unusual facial size or contour may be encountered who cannot'be fittad adequately and'should therefore not be permitted to use negative pressure j respirators of the facepiece type.) An adequate fit is of importance with l .
~
any facepiece operating in the negative pressure mode (NP type) when a high. j degree of protection is required. (See Chapter 8 for fitting methods.) 1 l 7.3 AhihAOP0 METRIC CRITERION Although there is a wide variety of facial r,1zes and shapes in the j general population, c om:screial rerpirators arc available in only one size, , i i 1.e., eacn manufacturer produces only one size of each of his respirator models. In addition, all masks are presently designed for men. Most women have faces that are both narrower and shorter than men's. Consequently, it j. l l 1s expected that the fitting of women is raore dif ficult, j j i Hany factors affect the fit of a task. Even dif ferent con::tercial masks a 1 l l of the same icngth may accommodate differer.t faces if there are differences ) 4 in the design of sealing edge, shape, and materials of manufacture. An y 1 effective way to have the capability of fitting a large percentage of the j + 6 I population at the present time is to stock the products of three or four different manufacturers. Because the dif ferent brands of comercial masks t 1
. )' 1 . differ considerably in design, the availability of different brands and the i l
use of a fitting test is the cost effective way to provida adequate pro- 1 W tection for most of those people who wear respirators. - l The 1956-1953 AEC Ad Hoc Comittee on Respiratory Protection Equipment i suggested that respirators be designed so that 95% of the population could i I i an* t
~
. I
- 9. -
I
.i
-7 4 obtain an adequate fit with any specific respirator or size series of ,
. masks (Ref. 4). Table 7-1 shows the 951 limits used in determining protec-tion factors for both half- and full-facepiece maska for men and women for face length, face width, and lip width. Persons whose facial dimensions
, are outside these limits should be identified since they might have more difficulty in obtaining a good seal with a respirator. .
}
TABLE 7 i
. 95% L1 HITS OF FACIAL MEASUREMENT (in en) t i
g Women Face Length 108-133 94-119 Face Width 132-153 117-141 ,
.t Lip Width 45-60 35-52 {
These ranges cacompass + 2.0 standard deviations of the nean values from ' surveys of military populations: for nen, the 1967 USAF Anthroposetric Survey of Flying Personnel, for women, t;.a 1968 Anthropometric Survey of Air ' Force Women. The proposed Bureau of Mines /NIO51: amendments for 30 CFR Fart 11 I
- i. specify that the certifying test panel be representat' a 'f 95% of the tale-female working population. Thus, the protection factors given in Chapter 6 l
Vill apply only to 95% of the population. Therefore. it will te necessary for licensees to identify the 5: of the working population not covered by the approval tests. i 1 1
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i 4 7.3.1 Anthropocetric Facisi Heasurements and Characteristics Relating to . j Facepiece Fit J Standard anthropometric techniques consist of measuring betweenJ l ~ l 1 1 f selected points on th'e face with anthropometric calipers. These points. g.
, 4 t called Isadmarks, refer to either visible features on the face, such as the .
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i , above, to the nasal root depression, defined as the area of greatest indanta-Lion where the bridge of the nose meets the forehead. This distance is , l t shown in Figure 7-2. It might be noted that although a full face mask covers the distance from under the chin to abovi the eyebrows, this distance l 1s closely related to the face length. ' I j An appropriate breadth ncasurc=ent for a full-facepiece cask is face j
- width. It is defined as the maxicum horizontal breadth of the face across the zygomatic arches, where the bony arches extend horizontally along the side of the head from the cheekbone to the ear. Figure 7-3 illustrates the l
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( i. Other factors of possible importance in fitting a full-facepiece mask , u include the shape of the jaw and the width across the eyebrows. , j The correlation between face length and face width is low, as it is j 3 i for most facial dimensions. Therefore, subjects with a long face do not ' ; I k . necessarily have a wide face. j ' 4 , For half-mask fitting, face length is important and is'used, but a !
- 1 different width is more appropriate. Lip vidth, shown in Figure 7-4, is I l
measured from one corner of the mouth to the other. This width is reisted j to the ability of a half mask or quarter mask to seal around the mouth, l s although the mouth width can change while the subject is talking or moving i his jav. . Other measurements may be i=portant -in evaluating the fit of a half nask, such as the vidth of the nasal bridge, aih! studies are being ? carried out to find wh.t their significance may be. Anthropologists enploy standard neasuring calipers which are not in general use outside the profession but are cornercially available. 7.3.2 Tacial Abnormalities Many characteristics of the face er.n cdvarsely affect the seal of a respirator facepiece. Se:r.e of the features that should be obvious to and carefully checked by the individual doing the respirator fitting are:
- a. The effect of facial hair.
- b. For half masks, the shape and size of the nosa. (A nose that is ,
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l 9 7.4 MEDICAL LIMITATIONS j
- f. i i
Workers must be evaluated by competent medical personnel to ensure that i they are physically and mentally able to wear respirators under simulated j l- 4 nd actual working conditions. These evaluations should be an important j l r part of the employee's periodic physical examinations routinely.given in { t most industrial medical facilities. ; ! Adequate medical supervision of respirator users is indispensable in determining the extent of individual stress tolerance and in preventing potential physiological derangements. 7.4.1 Physiological Factors The " Respiratory Protective Devices Manual" (Ref. 4) devotes an entire chapter to the physiology of respiration and the eff ects of respira-a tory equipment on respiration. However, research that cust still be done on the effects of stress caused by breathing against some resistance while performing various types of work includes studies of energy expenditure, pulmonary ventilation-perfusion, cardiovascular physiology, and potential for precipitating asthmatic attacks.
,y, 1
i I i < . 7-12' i
.Because of the additional stress placed on the cardiopulmonary I
system, some pathological conditions (expecially those associated with , ) j J hypoxemia) should preclude the use of respiratory protective devices. .. The presence of other cardiovascular or systemic diseases that night be aggra-1
- ' vsted also may Itait the use of respiratory devices. j k
The following clinical conditione are among those most likely to be 1 i 1 investigated by the examining physician in determining an individual's. I fitness for respirator use:
- a. Chronic obstructive and restrictive lung disease: chronic 5 bronchitis, emphyse=a, pneucoconioses, fibrothorax, asthma, ete;
- b. Ischemic heart disease: coronary insuf ficiency and cyocardial infarction;
- c. Benign and accelerated hypertension;
- d. Hemorrhagic diaorders: vascular hecophilia, hypersplentom, thrombocytcpenia, purpura, etc;
- e. Thyroid disorders or cystic fibrosis;
- f. Epilepsy grand =al, focal, etc;
- g. Diabetes cellitus;
- h. Cerebrovascular accidents;
. i. Facial abnormalities;
- j. Kidney diseases;
- k. Conductive and sensorineural hearing loss;
- 1. Serious defects in visual acuity;
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- n. Other disabilities. }
7.4.2 Pnychological ~ Factors 1 f.
; It is generally very difficult to evaluate a w.arer's psychological
{, limitationa by means of a routine medical examination. The examining $ 2 l 4 medical doctor should investigate any mental illness thoroughly to ascerta'.n j 4 t that the wearing of respiratory protective equipment will not aggravate an I .] i existing condition. Under the best conditions, a degree of anxiety is often 1 i encountered when wearing a respirator; such anxiety may become exaggerated i1 f in coergency situations. Experienced personnel who fit and train respirator users might sometimes have the opportunity to note unusual behavior patterns. ' l F 7.4.2.1 Wearer Acceptance ! - Wearer acceptance of respirators can best be accomplished , i through proper training. Knowledge of the reason for using a device, the possible consequences of not wearing it, the capabilities of the device, and the reasons that engineering controls are not feaaible may relieve any " fear of the unknown," "only sissies use them" concepts and any other preconceived notions and will improve wearer acceptance. , 5 7.4.2.2 Claustrophobia Some people may experience clausttophobia when wearing r spira-tors. Claustrophobic reactions cight not be detected when a device is first tried on or during the fitting phase. It usus11y doce not appear until the wearer actually goes into en atmor.phere that is either hazardous or irritat-ing. L'se of a roon, chamber, or "r oke house" filled with irritating ( l i r i
- , . , , .,,.,_,-,..-,v.._.. , , - , . , . - _ _ _ . _ _ ,
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7-14 smoke, such su that .' om burning vet straw, may assist greatly in identify-ing individuals who tend to develop claustrophobia. 7.4.2.3 Stress Stress conditions generated in an coergency may completely , j
! l incapacitate an individual, endang. ing him and others around him. Peopla ,
who may be used in an emergency, such as a standby can whose task will be to observe a worker in a tank or a rescue team oceber, should be trained, 1 if possible, usLng simulated ccaditions. Because there is no way to predict how a person might retet under actual stress conditions, respirator , users should be conditioned physically, mentally, and psychologically for the situations they might have to deal with. Such preparation can only be accomplished by repeated and suf ficient training. 7.4.3 Petiodic Medien1 Examinntiens A physical examination is required for each user before he wears any device and at least annually thereafter. A physician is to determine whether health and physical conditions are pertinent and will make necessa:y recommendations for each situatien. 7.4.4 Medical /spproval Foren It is recommended that each licensee use a medical approval form f or
. cvery individual who might use a respirator. Tiese fores are to te con-pleted by the exanining physician for the pers, '.n charge of the respirater program. The assessecnt of medical restrictions f acilitates the plar.nirp, of training activities and the types of job assign:<r.ts.
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cIn , 3: m%~.&. ..ws.. e: o 4 4 . a d.4 9) +M,i Q 7.5 WEARER C05fFORT !# ggg%$rh9 % [ f4 n. 4gy Comfortrelatestothedegreeofphysicaldistresstotherespirator$9%.h %j y).?M
, ,.4 %f%k %Q, $h wearer. Everyone who weers a respirator may be expected to experience,some $/.g 7 jftW
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discomfort. Distrees associated with the job environment tends to beO$% [' ~'M9 %m}3 h.$,y %d7
, . N%%.W accentuated by wearing a respirator: vision is restricted; breathing is M g $6c&%2f %d Qyy,h
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more difficult; ventilationacrossthefaceislimited;equipmentmayk p, g cumbersome and t eatrict movement; and wearing the respirator may add o,W to y. 3.:-ve fW+QiRF e %< >g a r..
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adverse effects of temperature extremes. Other factors also militate. M. oH
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- y. g ness to wear and cake preper use of respirators. Eevever, if proper atten-pg@3y,hlmp%q A g,y w % .,., g%
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TRAINING ji j 2 y
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n, : , yy Q 2 > . ~ . .-u ,, f, QQhy8.1 QUAI.IFICATIONS OF TRATNING PERSONNEL r h e h f @Qf;,W [.2: m
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qqw.y.p.tTrainingintheuse'ofrespiratoryprotectivedevicesistobegivenby ; 4 y i,y ,. Qp.j L .Q . ym.-~ t indus- 7 l 2v$. - F y s.c
%ga qualified and experienced instructor, such as a health physicis r
- b. m - N -e 4 a
'( y 7 9 4trialihygienist, or safety engineer. The instructor must have a thorough ]
p.A u. 4, j pvu.f.uf - t /. knowledge of the application and use of respiratory protective equipment and i
) ". A.iJr W. w, i
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,$ Q Sp$tof'the hazards associated with radioactive airborne contaminants. He also 1
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% a:uar have had considerable experience in the practical selection and use of (g :
@gI;WQ@p,KE... [,r respirators for protection against radioactive airbc,rrae contaminants. l
- , y ' ',
hiiM,p 8.2 ~ ' EXTENT OF TRAINING = 1
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(The instructor is to develop an adequate training program bas d or the M Ne M .xlN
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y'< y. M : mC hazards"to be encountered ar.d the types of respirators to be worn. Training
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' bli. M f aust bey given net only to the persons who will perform the work using the was c m AW s
~, s .C ' lr. the work. It is
. g'M 3 v. p 3 sy,esoirator_s but also to those indiviauals who will direct m
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d_$;.a,'important,especiallyinestablit.hmen:suneierespiratorsareusedonly ,
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h-l@ T'Toccasionally, that periedic retraining be performed with sufficient fre- I
'? @% , .: 2 u f,8
- n[quency and at appropriate ticas rio that a high degree of proficiency will be
' l
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s gn,sw ON retained when respiratory equipment is actually used. rE- .- ge, 4 8.3 CONTENTS OF TP.AINING FROCPJJ: e
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i Training in the use of any respirator cust cover the followirg, as a
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- a. Discussi: . of tt a airborne contaminants against which the vearer is to be protected, including their physical properties, MPCs, .
physiological action, toxicity, and means of datection;
- b. Discussion of the construction, operating principles, and Zimita-tions of the respirator and the reasons the respirator is the proper type for the particular purpose;
- c. Discussion of the reasons for using the respirator a i ex-planation of why more positive control is not immediately feasible, including recognition that every reasonable effort is being nade j to reduce or eliminate the need for respirators;
- d. Instruction in procedures for cricuring that the respirator is in proper working condition;
- e. Instruction in ficting the respirator properly and checking for adequacy of fit;
- f. Instruction in the proper use and maintenance of the respirator;
- g. Discussion of the application of varioun cartridges and canisters available for air-purifying respirators;
, h. Instruction in emergency action to be taken in the event of mal-function of the respiratory protective devices; 4
- 1. Review of radiation and contamination hazards, including the use of other protective equipment that may be used with respirators;
- j. Classroom and field training to recognize and cope with caergency situations; and i
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_ _ .,.. . - _ - -~.- = - - - ~ ~ ~ * * - - ~ " ~ " * * * ~ * * * * *~ ^
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8-3
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- k. Other special training as needed for special use.
8.4 DRlLLS f, ~ I Training must include the use of the respirator under simulated con- I ditions of exposure so that the wearer will develop a sense of confidence in his ability to use the device properly. Performance in these drills is to , 1 F be reviewed with the trainees by a qualified observer. 8.5 FITTING OF RESPIRATORS Fitting of respiratore can be accomplished either with quantitative man-tests or qualitative tests. In any sizable respirator program or e program that uses respirators for highly hazardous conditions or materials, quantita-tive tests should be used for seiceting the best-performing mask for each individual during training. Qualitative field-fitting tests should be used prior to each entrance into a hazardous atmosphere to ascertain that an adequate fit has been obtained. As a minimum, a qualitative flltting program employing a challenge atmosphere is to be used to determine which models of masks give cath wearer the best protection. . 8.5.1 Quantitative Man-Tests Quantitative man-tests employ a challenge atmosphcre, at a knoen a concentration, in a chamber of some type. The wearer is first given a qualitative test while he is wearing an appropriate device for protection against the challenge atmosphere (Section 8.5.2). Once an adequate fit is obtained qualitatively, the wearer enters the chatber. A sa:pling tube
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The following types of chambers can be used for quantitative l tests: ,
- a. Test Room. Provided there is sufficient window space in a room 11 to allow the technician to observe the wearer in case of problems, the use of a roc.'n as a fitting chamber works well. A means of coc:munication is , ,
also required. Although the large size of a room permits more vigorous exercise, allowing the technician to check for leakage from mask slippage due to perspiration and movement, greater volumes of the challenge atmosphere-are required to achieve adequate concentrations (sce Figure 8-1).
- b. Test Booth. A booth may be casily converted for use as a fitting chamber. An audiometric booth or telephone-style booth could work quite ;
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- c. Plastic Hood. Plastic hoods work very well, particularly when used in combination with a treadmill to simulate werk stress. Figure 8-2 <
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N, i l FIGURE 8 3 LARGE HOOD FOR RESPIRATOR. FITTING TESTS i
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t Figuce 8-3 shows a larger hood, which can be used even for testing a scif-contained breathing apparatus. A hood can be raised or lowered with an . electric motor for entering and leaving. A treaduill could be used with
, either hood.
8.5.1.2 Simulated L'ork cor.ditiot,s , The more closely working conditions are siculated during i fitting tests, the more useful the test results are, if a person stands perfectly still during the fitting test, those leaks that can occur from l moving the head or from cask slippage due to perspiration do not show up. The following are minimum movements that should be performed during testing of a respirator:
- a. Normal breathing,
- b. Deep breathing,
- c. Moving head f rom side to side (slowly),
I
- d. Moving heai up and dovn (slowly),
- e. Frown (tor full face maska only),
- f. Talking (e.g., reading a shcre passage aloud),
- g. Renning in place, and a h. Normal breathing to recheck seal aftcr covements.
! Use of a treadmill ro simulate work stress may also be bene-l I ficial during fitting tests. In lieu of the treaizill, running in place or a brisk walk through an obstacle course might be used, folleved immediately by another test to ecasure facepiece-tc-face fit with hard breathing and perspiration on the face. i v , -, ,
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m 8-9 ; q il , i People who,are being fitted with respirators and trained in f i their use should be cactioned to avoid movements of the head er face that & ~ might cause leakage at the respirator facepiece-to-face seal area. For example, extreme up-and-down or side-to-side head movements can be a source of such leaks. Extreme facial movements should also be avoided; 3' for exacple, cmiling is known to cause serious leakage, particularly with half-mask facepieces. 8.5.1.3 Instrumentation, t 8.5.1.3.1 Polydisperse DCP Han-Test System. A mobile, quantitative, i polydisperse DOP respirator man-test system developed at LASL is illustrated 'h 1 in Figure B-2. ' The major component, the " Pol: disperse DOP Aerosol System," t conteins an air-generated DOP acrosol system, a 5-decade, forward light-scattering photomett:r, air supply, and sampling vacuum system. This unit operates on 115V, 60 cycle /.C current and may be moved without dif fice ley and operated at any loca61cn where electrical power is available. The test chamber is a Harvard School of Public Health design , that features an annular exhaust system to prevent aerosol contanination of the area outside the hood. This unit .;an be hung from the ceiling or from a a portable frame. Flexible hose from the main unit delivers the DOP acrosol to the hood, and exhaust lines return the dynamic flow of aerosol to a high-efficiency filter. A strip chart recorder is connected to the whetometer output signal for a permanent record cf test results. A flow diagram of this system is shown in "igure 8-4.
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- 8 W. -
, 8-10 "
FLOW DIAGRAM COMPACT DOP MAN-TEST SYSTEM ,
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TEST VARIABLE HEPA CHAMBER SPEED FILTER CHALLENGE BLOWER CONCENTRAT105 N PENETRATION TO VACUUM /
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- RECORDER LIGHT SCATTERING PHOTOMETER FIGURE 8-4 RESPIRATOR FITTING TEST SYSTEM 3
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p > , e i t The main advantages of this cystem are (a) relatively low ) a initial cost - (b)' m>bility,' and (c) versatility. The air-pressu.e-generated, ] ; [i'
'i polydisperse DOP aerosol' is not' heated" and therefore does not contain -
decomposition products of DOP. It is virtually odorlesa. The DOP aerosol I ,
.i. -
J concentration maintained in the test chamber for man-testing is 25 i 5 mg/m} for air-purifying respirators and may be increased to 100 mg/m for testing , respiratory protective deviceo offering a higher degree of protection. Air-Eenerated, polydisperse DOP man-test systems with configurations similar to that illustrated in FfEure 8-2 are commercially ! available from two sources. I 8.5.1.3.2 Sedium Chloride Test. In the United Kingdom and Canada.- sodium chloride respirator man-tests for all types of air-purifying respira-tors for removal of particles have been accepted as a standard procedure. In the U.S., development of an Nacl respirator man-teot system has been pursued by LASL at ,the request of the National Institute for Occupation 21 Safety and Health. The mobile system designed' by LASL was influenced by the experience and techniques developed in the United Kingdom and Canada. The 1ASL-designed, polydisperse Nacl respirator cz.n-test system is shown in
. Figure 8-5. Commercial models of this unit are available.
The LASL Model 1 HaC1-arrosol system is designed to generate-an acrosol with reproducible particle size distribution and concentration. The Nacl-aerosol cone'er6tratien is measured by the response of a photo-multiplier tube to a propane flame exposed to air drawn from either the test "Monodisperse DOP in not reco= mended for man-tests because of the toxicity of the thernal decomposition products. , ,,4,.--,,--,--- ~ ,c ,w-~ ~ ~, ...,.~ ,,,,-,,_ .,,,,,,- m - .,,w.,,.,.,..,,t _, - , . ..,,-....-,-,,-,,,,,,_,,.,mm-,,....-,w.me,~ , .e., ,,... . , , ~ ,,,
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1 FIGURE 8 5 SODIUM CHLORIDE AEROSOL MAN AND FILTER TEST SYSTEM
- - . . -. .= ,. . - . . . - . - -
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- chamber or the facepiece. The ratio of the response to the test chamber 1' i 1 ,
NeC1-aerosol concentration and the aerosol concentratien leaking into the l j ! , f aceptace is monitored by a recorder built into tha electronics cabinet, f - .-
,1 The test chamber is identical with that described in Sec. tion 8.5.1.3 on the j' .
4 l
?
polydisperse DOP man-test system. This unit can measure facepiece Icakage j ' i as low as 0.02%. ( 1 1' The principal advantage of an Nacl respirator man-test systes j t is the use of low concentrations (12 1 2 eg/m ) of a nontoxic, odor-free { i f" ' acrosol. The rapid response of the flame photometer to facepiece leakage le equal to that.of DOP systems at much lower saepling rates (8 liters per minute for DOP to 1 liter per minute for NaC1) causing less interference > w with the normal functioning of the res.pirator. The compatible Nacl aerosol may be used for respirator can-tasts with dust, fume, or high-cfficiency , filters without concern for oversposure of the test subject. ! i 2.5.1.3.3 Freen-12__T g . A Freon-12 man-test system has been developed and used successfully by F. E. Adley (Ref. 16) at the Hanford Atomic -f Products Operation (nov the Hanford Environmental Health Foundation).
- Freon-12 has a TLV (Section 4.1.2.1) of 1000 ppm is non- ,
,, flarnabic, highly inert, and relatively nontoxic. Particle siu. is not a ,
probics with a gas such as Freon-12; and it is easy to control Lt.e concentration. For a man-test, the respirator cust be equipped with Tre- i l tested organic vapor (OV) serbent cartridges or an ext'ernal supply of clean t l
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8-14. [j , 1 air. The low (s1350 cc/ min) sampling rate does not interfere 'with the functioning of the recpirator but does not provide sufficiently rapid ,
. response time for the instrument to record either the breathing cycle .
~
(inhalation-exhalation)'or facepiece leakage caused by head and facial !
~
movements.- The man-test' data output can be recorded on a strip chart fbr a. permanent test file and analyzed'to determine an overall integrated test average. i A major difficulty with the Freon-12 respirator maa-test - ? system is in testing a resp'irator for facepiece fit in its T.ureau of Mines f approved configuration. .The OV cartridges deteriorate durfug the test and must be tested before and after the test to determinc auy penetrations caused by filter deterioration or leakage (Ref.16). 8.5.2 Qualitative Tests L' hen quantitative fitting test equipment is not available, some form of qualitative test is required. It is preferable to use a chamber contain- i ing a challenge atmosphere, such as isoamyl acetate, in ordur to perform ; the exercises as described in Section 8.5.2.2. If a chamber is not availabic, a minimum test using at 1 cast isoamyl acecate or an irritant smoke tube is required. The major isadvantage of a qualitative test is that the wearer must r l determine mask leakage. The threshold of odor detection for various chal-
- j. lenge atmospheres varies among different people. Thus, some wearern may not i
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'a IP B-15 detect a sigcificant leak. Also, a wearer not properly trained to under-stand the reasons for wearing respirator equip ent cay tend to clain a leak on a less ccafortable cask when no leak exists and clain no leak on a j
~
l "pret' erred" device that is actually not sealing properly. 4 8.5.2.1 Fitting Chanbers As with quantitative tests, various kinds of chambers can be used. Roccs or booths are very suitable. One canufacturer cakes a plastic . t hood and aerosol generator that mit into a suitcase for easy portability. ! i Oae of the best qualitative fitting cha-hers for SCEA is l located in a boxcar at Lawrence Livernore Laboratory in California. The ! challenge at:csphere is supplied f rca a pot-bellied stove in which vet strav is burn 2d to create snoke that is piped into the boxcar. The trainees, ucaring SCEAs, first exercise cutside the b:xtar trotting and rolling barrels that are half-filled with sand. They t'uen ent; r tee b-o-est and sre asked to read various dials that disnizy gas concentratiens in the baxcar. The dials are located above platferns and under low o??rheads so that climbing cod crawling are required. Oxygen and cation ment *fe reedicys are taken by each trainee so that he is avate of the gas ccncentrattend present. Ecergency cenditions can be further si ulated with du==y victica l
- needing first aid.
S.5.2.2 Chs11eare Arnostberts l S.5.2.2.1 Iscrrv? Acetate. Incanyl acetate 5.s been used by the fureau of Mir.es/NIOSH as a qualitativc et-Ons of evaluating half-tase and I
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- full-facepiece fit on air-purifying respirators. Such' respirators must be fitted with appropriate organic vapor canisters or cartridges for this' test.
Isoamyl acetate, commonly known as banana oil, can be detected by odor in very low vapor conc'entrations. An air concentration of 100 parts per million (ppm) of isoamyl acetate is recommended for testing half masks and a concentration of 1000 ppm for full-facepiece masks. (See Rets. 2 and 4 for I detail's.) If a person' wearing a respirator' enters and remains in the test atmosphere while simulating work activities without detecting the odor of isoamyl acetate, the respirator is properly fitted. If he detects the odor of isoamyl acetate, he should retreat to fresh air, readjust the'facepiece, and then repeat the test. If leakage is still noted, he should retreat to fresh air and recheck the respirator as previously outlined. Organic vapor cartridges must, of course, be replaced with high-efficiency filters for use against radioactive particulates. 8.5.2.2.2 Irritant Smoke. A qualitative method for checking facial fit of air-purifying respirators using high-efficiency particulate filters (Ref. 41) involves exposing the wearer to an irritating aerosol of stannic
- chloride (titanium tetrachloride has also been used) generated with a
. , com ercially available smoke tube. This procedure is said to provide the same sensitivity as the isoamyl acetate method.
When these snoke generators are used, the worker should be cautioned to keep his eyes cloccd and to breathe very shallowly at the 9 ,--.bl,,.6<,, e,.v-,._ , , , . , _ , , ,,.c.,,,_. ,. . , , , .,%.,. ;dw g ,,..w~_.%,. ,,,...,.,'d..El.,=...-,,,,_..,-wr, ,m %9.-,..,.mm-..,..f-,.,,r._y
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; beginning of the test since the smoke is highly irritant. The' tube should 1 I be brought' no closer than 2 inches from the eyes, canister, or facepiece at '
- i. J
!- any time.
}
h This method is to be used each time a half-mask respirator : 4
) is donned since'tt is more difficult to achieve and maintain an adequate fit 4
with half masks than it' is with other facepieces. ' 8.5.2.2.3 other challenge Atmospheren. Other challenge atmospheres, j i ; such as tear gas, have been used. Ilowever, their use'is not recommended because of their toxicity and other problems associated with use of most of j these materials (e.g., clinging to clothing, insensitivity or. extreme ; sensitivity of the respirator wearer to odor, etc.).
.t I-8.5.2.3 Field Testing of Respirator Operation ; -
4 There are many occasions where it is necessary to conduct f 4 1-fitting tests in the field. One of the following field-fit tests should be t I performed before each use of a respirator. <
-?
l 3.5.2.3.1 Isoamyl Acetate. For chemical cartridge respirators with. j 5 organic vapor cartridges or canisters, the reliability of the face fit is j i checked by illing a stencil brush with isoa=y1 acetate or by pouring a few drops of isoamyl acetate onto a piece of cotton and waving the brush or the
, 1 cotton gently near the t eriphery of the facepiece or cartridge (spray cans of isoamyl acetate are also available). ; ,
8.5.2.3.2 Irritant Snoke. The stannic chloride or titanium tetra-chloride (scoke tube) technique can also be used in the field in a similar ! manner (Ref.'41). i a _L . , . . - ~ ~ , - - .w-,o , , , , , , , , , , , . . - - , . .,,4. ,,.v,,,,.r.c r,..e,._,,. ,,,,,,,,-c,,w.,.,..,,-,,,,..,_--,, ,w,ym.,,ww,r,m,,-, y %,,,,yme r -
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t Where it is impossible to perform the field' tests using isoamyl acetate or stannic chloride, either of the following less satis-factory tests should te performed just prior to actual use of the equip-ment. These negative pressure and positive pressure tests should be used with considerable caution since small leakages that may be significant (e.g., around eyepieces, lens frames, speaking diaphragas,'etc.) may remain undetected. Furthermore, pushing on the facepiece as described below may . also closo off a facepiece-to-face' seal leak. i 8.5.2.3.3 Negative Pressure Test. Close off the inlet opening of the ; canister or the breathing tube by covering it with the palm of the hand or ; by replacing the tape seal, geatly inhale so that the facepiece collapses slightly, and hold the breath for 10 seconds. If the facepiece remains in , its slightly collapsed condition and no inward leakage of air is detected, the tightness of the aespirator is satisfactory. , 8.5.2.3.4 Positive Pressure Test. If necessary, remove the exhalation r l valve cover, close off the exhalation valve with the palm cf the hand, and i l exhale gently so that a slight positive pressure is built up in the face-piece. If no outward leakage of air is detected at the periphery of the g facepiece, the face fit is satisfactory. (Note: With certain devices, rc= oval of the exhaust valve cover is very difficult, making this test l almost impossible to perform.) > l t I . l l' l >
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CilAPTER 9 - HAINTENANCE 4 9.1 MINIMLH ACCEPTABLE MAINTENANCE PROCP).M The primary purpose of the maintenance program is to ensure that respiratory protective equipment is kept in a state of readiceas for use. 1 An ongoing program of continuing maintenance and inspection is imperative. l The minimum acceptable maintenance program shall include the fol-loving operations: inspection, testing, and repair; storage; inventory; issuance of devices; surveys for contamination of respirators; decontamina-tion; cleaning and disinfection; provision of a pure, uncontaminated air or oxygen supply; and maintenance of auxiliary equipment. 1 9.2 INSPECTIM, TESTING, AND REPAIR An inspection, testing and repair program must be established to , ensure the operability of respiratory protective equipment. The program is to include the following elements:
- a. All respirators must be inspected routinely before and after each use. Devices stored for emergency use c:ust be inspected af ter each use and at Icast monthly to ensure that they are in satisfactory working condition. A record of inspection dates and findings is to be kept on all cuergency-use devices. Routinely used and personal-icsue devices are to be inspected before and after each use and at least conthly. Ir.spection is to include a check of the tightness of connectiens and the condition of the
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facepiece, headbands, valves, connecting tube, and canisters. Special attention is to be given to rubber or elastomer parts to ensure that they are pliable and flexible and not deteriorating or taking a set { during storage. l Self-contained breathing apparatus must be inspected at least once 1 a month to ascertain that air and oxygen cylinders are fully charged, facepiece assemblies are totally functional and properly stored, harness hseemblics are in good condition, and regulators and warning devices are functioning properly. i
- b. Portions of respiratory protective devices such as regulators, valves, warning devices, and cylinders, are to be tested periodically for proper function in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions or applicable standards.
- c. Inspection and testing are to be carefully supervised and per-formed only by responsible and thoroughly trained individuals.
- d. Repair of any component of a respiratory protective device may be undertaken only by persons thoroughly f amiliar with the device who have been instructed in the type of repair to be performed. No attempt shall be o
made to replace components or to make adjustments or repairs beyond the manufacturer's recommendaticns. No atteopt shall be made to repair or adjust veducing valves or regulators. For adjustment or repair, these items are to be returned to the manufacturer or to a mechanic trained by the manufacturer.
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Components of respiratory prot'ective devices must be changed on jj X, a replacement schedule as required by conditions of use. In no. case r.ay
* ].c replacement time exceed the time recommended by the manufacturer. j j
9.3 STORACE li
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f ' ; t After cleaning, inspection, testing, and repair, the respiratory- ;
L l protective equipment is to be placed in storage in plastic or paper bags ] or storage cases. Care must be taken that the equipment is .not exposed ] . l to direct sunlight, heat, extreme cold, excessive moisture, or other < physicochemical environments likely to cause damage. Emergency-use devices : 3 placed at statiens and work areas shall be clearly marked and shall be .; placed so as to be quickly accessible at all times. Devices in proper
,'l condition for re-use shall be clearly identified and separated from units 3 s
needing repair. The respirators are to be packed or' stored so that they i i 1 are not damaged by adjacent equipment or twisted out of their normal } configuration by improper storage. } 9.4 INVENTORY AND CONTROL Inventory and control procedures have to be established as a means of ' identifying the stock level of all respiratory protective devices and the
- o. , replacement parts of any respirator. Such a procedure ensures that parts subject to deterioratica can be replaced on the schedules recommended by the manufacturer. It also enables the individual supervising the respira-tory protective equipment program to determine those areas where large numbers of respirators are stockpiled.
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i i 9-4 9.5 ISSUANCE OF RESPIAATORS , Procedures for issuance of respiratory protective equipment are to be established so as to ensure that only the correct respirator is obtained for a jcb. Proper issuance is usually accomplished by having the respirator type spec 3fied either in the work procedures or by the qualified individual supervising the respiratory protective ?quipment program. It is essential that the individuals issuing or supervising the use and issuance of respir-ators be adequately trained to ensure that the correct respirat ory equip-ment is issued for each job and that it meets the special needs of individual workers. Where feasibic, individuals should have a permanently assigned respirator that should be dura 51y marked indicating to whom it is assigned. This marking must nut affect the respirator perforr.ance in any way. 9.6 CONTAMINATION SURVEYS / DECONTAMINATION All respiratory protective equipment should be surveyed for radio-active contaminaticn prior to cleaning and disinfection. Respirator facepieces or hoods may be reused by the same individual on the same working day, provided that (1) the beta-gacma contamination level on e any surface of the facepiece or hood does not excecd 0.2 millirad per hour above background at centact or (2) the alpha contamination level 2 does not execed 100 disintegrations per minute (d/m) per 100 cm . The monitoring done cust, of course, be appropriate for ceasurements of the ccntamination present in the area in which the respirator was used.
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j 9-5 1 , f i i f Respirators made avail'able for reissuance or reuse must show no
) contamination (as determined by standard swipe er smear techniques) in-2 excess of 100 d/m per'100 cm fixed alpha or 1000 d/m per 100 cm of beta-gamma above background at contact on any accessible surface.
[ 9.7 CIERTING AND DISIhTECTION j Respirators cust be exchanged periodically for cleaning and inspec-tion. In a large program in which respirators are used frequently, y .. l cleaning and inspection could be done daily; in small programs with only ; occasional use, the period might be weekly or monthly. Preferably, resp..r-ators are individually assigned; they should be durably marked to ensure t i I that a worker receives the same device on reissuance. Frequently used repirators are to be cleaned and disinfected as often as necessary to ensure that proper protection is provided for the user. Each worker,should be Friefed on the cleaning procedure and assured that he will always receive a cican and disinfected respirator. Such assurances E are of greatest significance when respirators are not individually assigned to workers. Emergency devices must be cicaned after each use. A generally accepted sound cicaning precedure is to wash the res-0 Fi rator with a good detergent in varm wat:r (by hand brushing or by use i of a specially adapted washing techine), rinse, and air dry it. a clean l piece. Care should be taken not to damage the respirator by excessive r heating or by agitation in the washing soltrtien. This procedure need not be folicwed by dieinfectio., for respirators issued on an individual basis. 1 w (
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-l respirators:-
.a. Remove the filters, cartridges, or canister.
Wash the respirator in cleaner-sanitizer' solution at 120-140*F
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b. (see the following paragraph).
- c. Rinse completely in clean, varm or hot water (140*F maximum).
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- d. Air dry in a clean area.
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- e. . Inspect valves, headbands, and other pa-ts; replace with new parts, if defective, Insert new or retested. filters and cartridges; maka sure the f.
seal is tight. ..
- g. Place in a plastic bag for storage.
Cleaner-sanitizer soluticas that effectively cican the respirator anc. contain a bactericidal agent are available. The bactericidal agent ! is generally a quaternary ammoniu:n compound. The respirator cay be in-mersed in the cleaner-sanitizer solution (120-140*F), rinsed well in clean, varm water (140'F maximum) to remove c.11 sanitizer solution, and I. i ! - air or nachine dried.
- It is good practice to disinfect respirators in addition to vashing i then before they are reissued, especially if a respirator vill be used by I different individuals. In addition to concercial cleaner-sanitizers, i
other cc: pounds considered reliable for disinfecting respirators are i (1) a hypochl, rite solution (50 pp= of chlorine; 2 einutes i==ersion) t l l l
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f j less than 500 ppm total hardness is generally an effective disinfecting e j] J solution. The disadvantages ti tt.e quaternary ammonium compounds are 3 + (1) for waters of different compositions, dif ferent concentrations of )b >
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salts are required to achieve a disinfecting solution and (2) the pos-i sibility of dermatitis of the respirator user if the quaternary ammonium-salts are not completely rinsed from the respirator. } A , Cleaning and disinfecting agents or solvents that can damage parts of a respiratory protective device shall noc be used. 1 C.8 MAINTENANCE OF AIR OR OXYGEN SUPPLIES _ f Procedures for the maintenance of a supply of respirabic air or 4 l oxygen are to be included as part of the respiratory protective equip- l' ir ment program. Both cor. pressed gas cylinder supplies and compressor I supplies shall be maintained and used in accord with appropriate standards , The compressed-air and oxyger.-cylinder supply shall l and recom=endations. ? be inventoried periodically to ensure that an adequate supply is available. All fittings and componente shall be stardardizcd so that 'the intro-a duction of gases other than u:.re breathing air er pure breathing oxygen into a respirator systcm is impossible. Every compressed-gas cylinde; shall have a Zabel indicating that it contains pure breathing air or pure breathing oxygen, as appropriate. Vaen a compressor is used, it must be properly conitored and attended to ensure that the air iratake remains in
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.i an uncontaminated atmosphere. A separate breathing air supply and'distri-~ i bution system shall be used. The ordinary plant supply of compressed air .
a in any building shall not be used for breathing purposes (due to possible ' ;
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, presence of carbon monoxide, oil vrpor, and other contaminants) unless it has been specially modified and properly adapted for <<uch ure and spe- ~\
cifically approved for this purpose by the qualified person supervising the respiratory protective equipment program. The maintenance of a breath-ing air or oxygen supply shall be performed by capable, thoroughly trained individuals. Adequate numbers of personnel must be assigned to attend and monitor air supplies, hoses, and communication lines and to keep woriars using the respiratory equipment under precautionary surveillance by signal, verbal, or line-of-sight co:=nunication. 9
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7: I ss W. b i 4 l 10-1 9 CHAPTER 10 QUALITY ASSURANCE
- The purpose af a quality assurance (QA) program is to prevent the use of defective or f aulty devices. A proper and cosplete QA program must.
encocpass inspection and testing of both new and used devices. Written procedures must be established to maintain uniformity of.tne program. 10.1 NEW EQUIPMENT Quality assurance inspection and testing of new equipment 1s not intended to dispute the design but to find any instantes of human error in the emnufacture and assembly of the devices. Manufacturers of Bureau of Mines /NIOSH-approved devices maintain rigid quality assurance progrecs for testing of newly manufactu ed devices and perts, but human error fr. testing may permit distribution of defective equipment. Thus, a QA pro-gram covering new equipment is needed. 10.1.1 A,i_r-Purifying Devices The air purifying device, which is the least complex of respira-tory pr;tective devices, sr ald not be slighted in inspection and testir:g a because of its simplicity. 10.1.1.1 Facepiecen Half-mask facepieces should be inspected to ascertain th fol)cwing
- a. Four-point strap suspension is to be specified on the order.
Only 4-point suspension is acceptable.
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- b. Rubber or elastic strap material. Elastic straps are recommended and should he spe-1fied on the order.
- c. Singic or dual cartridge facepiece should be specified on the !
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- d. Integrity of valves and seats, f
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- e. Presence and i: tegrity of cartridge gasket or gaskets (as required).
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- f. Integrity of facepiece (absence of tears, mold defecca, etc.). l Fell facepieces require more attention than the half-mask i l
l facepieces owing to the intricacy of the valves and speaking disphragm ; I assembly available on most. Inspection of full facepieces should include ' the following:
- a. Strape and suspension.
- b. Facepiece material (i.e. neoprene, silicone, etc.) should be sp2cified on the order.
- c. Integrity of facepiece (absence of tears, mold defects, etc.).
- d. Canister or cartridge mounts (cheek, chin, a :.) should be specified on the order.
, e. Canister or cartridge gaskets (where applicable).
r Integrity of inhalation and cr.halation valves and seals,
- g. Speaking diaphragm assembly (Mylar diephragm, diaphragm gasket, assembly tightness). A si'sple vacuum test en the assembly is ,uite effective.
- h. Lens (absence of scr.>tches, cracks, b1c=ishes).
- 1. All clamps and connecticns (check for tightt.ess).
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test the complete facepiece assembly for 2eaks. L{a . 10.1.1.2 Cartridges, Caniscers, and Filtero' ]s Cartridges, canisters, and filters should be visually J G
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inspected for damage created by handling'and shipping. The presenca of []1 proper labels should te checked and the protection efforded checked against j 5 , the label on the storage container. (Note: High-efficiency particulate j l filters, by definition, must be at least 99.97% ef ficient as determined 7
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.s by the manufacturer by testing with a monodisperse 0.3pm dioctyi phthalate j 4
(DOP) aerosol.) If possible, arrangements should be made to check some
.portien of each filter shipment for efficiency. (It should be noted that _
1 a fraction of the high-ef ficiency filters from each manuf actur.ir has been l l found defective.) 3 For air-purifying respirators with chest- or back-mounted canisters, the canister harness assembly and corrugated breathing tube or 1 ( tubes should be inspected for possible defects. I I 10.1.1.3 Powered Air-Purifying Units A powered air-purifying respirator consists of a battery-operated blower fitted with an air -purifying filter connected to a face-9 piece by oeans of a corrugated breathing tube. The facepieces on the units must be in spected snd tested, the blower wist be checked for adequate airflow, and the tubing must be inspected for cracks or other defects and for tightness of conn 3ctione.
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1 10-4 10.1.2 Air-line Respirators 10.1.2.1 Facepieces. Hoods, and Suits
- Facepieces of supplied air devices should be inspected and te:, ad as outlined in Section 10.1.1. An additional step must be l l
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added: checking of the corrugated breathing tube for holes or defects in the rubber and for tightness of the connections at each end. Iloods and suits should be checked for tears and defects in fabrication material, presence of rippers and snaps as required, and integrity of air distribution and exhaust systems. 10.1.2.2 Regulators Supplied-air regulators shall be visually inspected for damage, attached to an apprepriate air supply, and tested for proper function. h a f actory-trained repair technician and f actory-approved test equipecat are available, it is advisable to test the regulator function. Otherwise, the regulator is to be returned to the factory at least every 3 years for repair and inspection. 10.1.2.3 Compressors Compressors used to provide air for atmosphere-supplying i e respirators should be inspected and tested to ascertain the following:
- a. Proper and adequate intake filters.
- b. Presence of moisture trcp.
- c. Sufficient resetve air storage (where required).
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- d. Carbon monoxide alarn presence and proper. function (for oil-type compressors).
- e. Adequate air output and presence of proper connectors for equip-ment to be used.
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-f. Heat alarm function (for oil-type compressors). l Oil-type compressors may only be used if fitted with either .
I a continuous carbon monoxide monitor or high-temperature alarm. Diaphragm ; and water-seal pumps are recommended since they do not craate an air supply contaminated with oil mist or carbon menoxide. 10.1.2.4 Air -Line Hose e~~w Air-line hose should be inspected for the following:
- a. Contaninants (mold powder, ground rubber, etc.) inside the hose.
- b. Proper fittings and connections (i.e., not compatible with other ges systems),
- c. Curr. % sks, or weak spots in hose.
10.1.3 folf-contained Breathing Apparatus The self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), the most compli-cated of respiratory protective devices, requires more extensive inspection and testing than other types of devices. Owing to the intricacy of the parts of the SCBA, simple visual inspection is not sufficient to identify defective units. Inspection ar.d testing of a SCEA must be done by individ-uals totally familiar with the particular device.
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{ Facepiece assemblies should be inspected as outlined in g af Section 10.1.1; and the corrugated breathing tube and the facepiece-te-regulator connector should also be inspected. Special attention.should 3l & r S be given to the exhalation valves af those devices having a pressure-demand l mode of operation. 10.1.3.2 Regulators and Alarms. ]t Regulators and alarus of SCBA are to be visually inspected I. a J i and a simple test performed to ascertain proper regulator function and l i integrity of the regulatory diaphragm. The alarm should be activated to f ascertain that it functions properly. 4 1' ! A method for testing regulator function and disphragm f
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integrity is as follows:
- a. Demand-Only ll nits (1) Open the cylinder valve. f (2) Suck on the regulator outlet (air should flow).
(3) Blow gently on outlet (no air should pass through). .
- b. Combined Demand / Pressure-Demand Units.
* (1) Select the demand mode of operation.
(2) Follow steps (1), (2), and (3) of a, above. (3) Cover the outlet of the regulator with a hand. (4) Select the pressure-demand mode of operation (no air should flow).
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- c. Pressure-Demand-Only Units, t (1) Blow gently on the outlet (no air should pass through). 3 (2) Open the cylinder valve.
(3) Cover the regulator outlet with a hand. (4) Open the main line valve on the regulator (no air should flow). (5) Remove the hand from the outlet (air should flow freely). 10.1.3.3 Other Associated Equipment The following other parts of SCBA must be checked: ! I
- a. Cylinder - check the ptessure; check the cylinder valve for f leaks; and inspect the cylinder valve lock for presence and function.
I
- b. Backpack and harness assembly - Inspect the integrity of straps, buckles, and fasteners; and check the backpack cylinder lock assembly for j function. }
i 10.1.3.4 Recirculating Devices (Closed-Circuit Apparatus) ! The following parts of recirculating devices cust be . checked: 4
- a. Breathing Bags - Visually incpect for taars and defects; then inflate and check for leaks,
- b. CO S rbent - Make certain that used r,orbent is removed from 2
the unit before storage. (Do not refill with sorbent until ic=ediately prior to use of unit.) Ensure that seals on sorbent containers are in place.
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- c. 0 -Cenerating Canister - Never store an oxygen-generating unit 2
with the 0 -generating canister in place. Place the canister in the unit 4
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immediately prior to use. Make certain that canisters are properly sealed. l t
- d. Check the. rubber canister seals on the unit.
It is virtually impossible to' inspect'and test self-contained breathing apparatus properly.withcut actually donning the unit. When factory-approved test equipment and factory-trained personnel are evailable, it is strongly advised that new units be tested before they are placed in use. Although complete test and inspection procedures for each device available cannot be given in this guide, such tests and inspections should be made. Complete instructions for inspection procedures are packed with most devices or are available from the canufacturer. 10.2 INSPECTION AND' TESTS AFTER CLEANING AND HAINTENANCE The procedures for inspecting and testing cleaned and repaired devices are the same as those outlined in the preceding new equipment sec-tion except that a leak test shall be performed on all cleaned or repaired devices. This leak check may vary from a simple field test of the device 9 (a test using irritant smoke er isoamyl acetate to check the device prior to its use) to a very sophisticated Icak check employing test heads on which the device is mounted and probe tested using a specially generated The following are acrosol or gas with the appropriate readout equipment. examples of this aerosol-generating and readout equi..ent:
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. readout equipment. .; e Sodium chloride acrosol with flame photometer readout. (
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All of the above equipment is commercially available. Maintenance and repair of respiratory protective devices shall be performed only by qualified individuals who are totally familiar with the 4 function of each part of the device in question. Only factory-trained i i l individuals shall repair or ad4ust regulators, timers, alarms, or other l-such parts of respiratory protective devices. ! 10.3 PERIODIC C11ECKS OF ITEMS IN STORAGE Periodic checks of items in etorage shot.1d be performed to ensure that
'the facepiece rubber is uct trking a see, that rubber part; are not hardening or deteriorating, that so-bent canisters have not exceeded their shelf life, and that breathing-air or oxygen cylinders contain aufficient pressure. Other checks relevant to the eqaipment in storage should be made as necessary.
These checks should be designed to ensure that if the devices in storage are needed, they will be ready for i==ediate use. : i i i I _ . _ . . _ . _ , .. . _ . _ . . . ~ , , . , , . . . _ - _ . . _ , _ , . . - . . _ . _ . _ _ . . . . . _ . . _ _ _ . _ . ~ . _ _ . . .
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-4 ,' i CHAPTER 11 4g i. l l
o , BI0 ASSAY PROGRAMS ', l
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. Bioassay programs are used to evaluate the amounts of radioactive 9 '
i materials in the body as a result of inhalation, ingestion, absorption, $e or injection. From such a program, the intake of the material may be j), estiented. A bionssay program perforced by a laboratory that provides g i accurate analyscs is essential to verify the effectiveness of respiratory J protection programs. i - 11.1 BIOASSAY TECICIICUES Details on techniques for bicassay and subsequent determination of the intake by the body constitute a separate fic1d of study and are not j 1 it.cluded in this nanual. A brief su:r.ary of the techniques is given below. 11.1.1 Saepling ! l - i i 11.1.1.1 Urine t Urine samples are collected according to the metabolite identity and mode of metabolism. Materials metabolized and excreted in
, the urine at analytically significant levels cay, when determined, be an index to uncontrolled exposure.
11.1.1.2 Fecal Materials th.It are incoluble or known not to be absorbed, either frem inhalation or ingestion, are best estimated by analysis of fecal carples.
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4 11-2 i Although the presence end amounts of radionuclides may be determined, interpretation of the data to estimate lung burden and time of exposure may be dif ficult. 11.1.1.3 Breath Materials excreted via the lungs may often be determined by breath analysis. The breath sample may serve as on index to exposure shortly after cessation of exposure. Collection of a ueries of samples in an atmosphere free of contaminating material simplifies the interpretation of exposure. 11.1.1.4 Nasal and Throat Swabs or Washings Nasal and throat swabs or washings may serve as indicators of particulate exposures. These sampics serve as a qualitative exposure index for radionuclides. From baseline data, the radionuclides may be determined simply and may be semiquantitatively related to exposure. 11.1.1.5 External Wholebody Counting (X-ray or y-ray) and Individu,al Organ Scanning Employees exposed to radionuclides may be examined by vari-
- ous external X-ray or gamma-ray counting techniques. Where analytically e
significant results can be determined, the exposure or intake may be casily evaluated. 11.1.1.6 Hai_r Analysis of hair samples is not normally employed to verify the effectiveness of a respiratory protection program. However, properly
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E [' selected and prepared samples may serve as an indicator of past perforsance i cf the program for a number of metals or compounds. The hair strand or , bundles can be cut into sections and analyzed fer the e.etabolite or metal. , Correlations of the analyzed sections with growth rate can be an expo-sure profile for the' effectiveness of the respiratory protection program. '
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11.1.1.7 Summary i .' The choice of monitoring techniques to be used for an ade- j s j-quate bioassay prog-am 'epends mainly on the characteristics of the mate- l ' I rini to which personnel might be~ exposed. The frequency of respiratory l protection usage and duration of exposure also dictates the bioassay p:ogram. Table 11-1 indicates the types of samples that should be assayed :.n relation to the type of material to which employees might have been exposed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of a respiratory protection program. 11.1.2 Analysis All analyses must be performed by a qualified laboratory. The limita of the analytical technique must be known and the mechanism of detoxification or excretion must be thoroughly understood.
) 11.2 BIOASSAY SAMPLING It is desirable to obtain baseline measurements on each individual prior to work assignment in potentially contaminated atmospheres. Sub-sequent sampling must be frequent enough to account for all potential hazards; i.e., cample collection following exposure must be appropriately timed to permit accurate evaluation of the total intake and the resultant dose.
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Additional bioassay should be performed if, on the basis of air :) 8 sampling data, accident, equipment failure, etc., there is reason to believe j , that an individual might have taken into his body an appreciable quantity 3
. of material. ,
i Processing of bioassay samples and evaluation of bioassey data must ! j be performed by or under the direct supervision of persons qualified in } j such techniques. l TABLE 11-1 i SELECTION OF TYPES OF BIOASSAY SAMPLES FOR I I EVALUATION OF RESPIKATORY PROTECT 10!i PROGRAMS Type of Material Nose or Whole to Which Exposure Throat Body Hair is Possible Urine Fecal Breath Svab Counting Sections , Actinides C C I I-C C , Fission Products C C I I-C Acid Gases" I i Most Metals C C C C , 1 Inert Organic Cases I
) Metaboli:able Organic Compounds C I C (few)
Biohazards C P,adium C C I(Rn) I C "Special: CO, HCN,liO , ther (Blood Metsholite) 2 b Special: Bichazards (Elood Cuiture) Code (The individual corpound dictates the sa plir.g selection; these are generalities): I = Itsediate evaluatica of single exposure or delayed cultiple exposures. l C = Continuous evaluation or re:onstructien of exposure. I
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J l 1 -i t- :i j e 4 CHAPTER 12 1 ADMINISTRATION A An effective respirator program must be based on well-conceived
, administrative and supervisory practices and guides. Although detailed ,
l formata for such practices and guides vary from one installation to arother, ' certain important broad administrative areas, briefly discussed beles, should be included. 12.1 QUALIFICATIONS OF RESP 0'1SIBLE PERSON IN CHARCE Responsiblity for the respirator program is to be vestod in one ( individual. The respirator pregram may be under the direction of a , health physicist, industrial hygienist, safety engigeer, or other person ' similarly qualified. Regardless of his Organizational position, the j. responsibic ir.dividual in charge of the tespirator program must have i the ability, training, and experience to (1) ovaluate the total hazard and the job, (2) recom:nend engineering controls if appropriate, (3) specify respiratory protection if control cannot be otherwise obtained, e j and (4) forbid the use of respirators if conditions warrant. The l responsible person should have, in addition to his other qualifications, 1 at least 1 year's field experience in the use of respirators. 12.2 PROCEDURES AND STANDARDS Procedures are to be prepared in writing regarding all phases of the respirator pregram, includir.g: descriptions of equipment; information regarding issuance, maintenance, selection, use, and return of equipcent;
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_. i and training techniques. Information regarding air-sampling and bioassay. L 3 programs is to be included or referenced. 12.3 EVAIUATION OF PROCF#f EFFECTIVENESS ; 1 Continuous feedback of a respirator program's effectiveness is necessary in order to evaluate its value. The following are sugr-ated , l methods to obtain such feedback: 12.3.1 Wearer Acceptance Comfcrt, ability to breathe without objectionable effort . ade-quate visibility, ability to communicate, ability to perform all tasks i j without undue interference, and confidence in the facepiece fit (Ref. 2), 1 all contribute to acceptance of the devices by the wearers. Discussions l with users at plant safety committee meetings, on inspections, on ivurs l 1 l through the plant, and at training sessions can bring to light complaints that should be investigated. 12.3.2 Evaluation of Protection i Bioassay resultn, correlated with air-sampling results, are an > effective means of program evaluation. Any evidence of a rise in sxposure leveln that could be linked to inhalatica should be investigated immedi-ately, even if within permissible exposure limita. Any positive facepiece interior smear results should be investi-gated. The investigation should include inuediate bioassay sampling of the worker who used the facepicce.
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Records systems are to be established for the four main purposes 1
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.j 12.4.1 Analysis of Adequacy of Respirator Program -
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' periodic review of respirator usage, including identification'of the hazard, 1 r y.
4 f specification and use of the respirators, and analysis of the results of c r bioassay and air-sampling programs. These latter programs should' include *7 i records of accurate and continuous monitoring of spaces whenever work is j a t . t performed as well as records of the internal exposures of individual workers. i 12.4.2 Procucement Information f Periodic review of respirator usage is needed to provide informa-J tion fer reordering canisters and other replacement parts and to establish a a replacement table for tespirator components. 12.4.3 Mair.tenance Information . Maintenance records are needed to provide knowledge of the out-of- + service time for respirators, common failure modes of particular respirator
- types, and personnel complaints on rer.pirator design.
d 12.4.4 Training and Fitt_n2 Recordo I raining and fitting records are necessary for all workers who might use respiratory protective equipment as a basis for scheduling refresher ecurses and refitting, ar.d to have a record of what makes of-I masks eaca ierson can wear. In addition, it is desirable that each person f be issued a wallet-sized card listir.g those devices 'that adequately fit r ] E i I
l EP - 12-4 him. The wallet cards can save time in the field, particularly in the event of an emergency, by making it unnecessary to check files for issuance of acceptable masks. 12.5 METHODS OF STAYING ABREAST OF NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD Since rapid advancements'are occurring in the respirator field in both equipment and regulations, it is essantfet for the program administra-tor to stay up to date. Some sources of current information are:
- a. The Federal Register prints all changes in Federal regulations.
' Various periodic health and safety newsletters and abstracting services report on the changes directly affecting industrial health and safety regulations (Ref. 42). .
'l
- b. Health and safety professional societies, such as the American )
Industrial Hyd iene Association, Health Physics Society, National Fire Protection Association, American Society of Safety Engineers and others, notify their members in newsletters and jeirnals of new developments. Membership in one'or more of these societics is recommended to those in charge of the respirator pregrams.
- c. The NRC, Bureau of Mines, NIOSH, and OSHA frequently publish documents on aspects of respiratore. For example, every criteria document published by NIOSH has a sectien on recommended respiratory protective devices for the substance about which the document was written.
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- SPECIAL TROBLEKS In addition to the normal proble=s associated with properly fitting
- a group of workers with respiratory protection, there are some specific hazards that can be avoided by following a few basic guidelines. Among the topics of particular interest are facial hair, dentures, prescription glasses, the wearing of other types of protective headgear such as surgeon's caps, bumpcaps, hardhats, goggles, and faceshields, and the use of respira-tors in extreme temperatures.
13.1 CO N IICATIONS Although conventional respirators distort the human voice to some extent, adequate communications can be maintained in relatively quiet areas. In noisy areas, modifications and special attachments for face-pieces are available to improve the quality of the communicatiocc. A des-cription of the various opcions is available in AdSI Standard ZG8.2-1969, Section 9.5 (Ref. 2). 13.2 P,RESCRIPTION GLASSES Prescription or safety glasses may be worn with half-mask respirators although there is likely to be some interference with the cask at the bridge of the nose. This interference con be minimized by careful choice of mask and proper fitting and training. Giasseo with standard tcmpic bara shall not be corn with full-l l faccpiece respirators since extension of the temple bars through the
A mpSvem$'4.QE TDMNtra.3tw trg,-- . se [-~ :( A 1. l 3 13-2 4 ib i scaling surface of the facepiece causes leakage. If prescription glastes ! must be worn, it is required that all Bureau of Mines /NIOSH-approved full i
- facepieces be provided with means for optional use of corrective spectacles j l t
1 or lenses without temple bars that break the facepiece-to-face seal and i that shall not othetvise reduce the respiratory protective qualities of ; 1 4 the facepiece. ! Contact teneco chait not be vorn uith futt-facepiece raepiratcre. i These devices present a distinct hazard to the individual owing to the ; { possibility of the lenses slipping because of pressure on the outside corners of the cyee from a full face cask or a speck of dire getting under them while the respirator is being worn. Corrective action would entail removing the respirator, which wculd mean that the individual would either have to leave the contaminated accosphere or run the risk of exposure if he recoved the respirator in the contaminated area. 13.3 FACIAL HAIR Persons using tight-fitting (facepiece) respirators shall not have any facial hair that interferes with the sealing surface of the respirator. e respirator Any intrusion of facial hair into the sealing surface of results in an increase in leakage (Ref. 43). Problem areas, in addition to full facisl hair, are beards and moustaches if half-mask facepieces c.re used, and long, wide sideburns if full facepieces are used. Close supervision cust be caintained of individuals who do have facial hair styles that eight interfere with the sealing surface of a respirator. Over a short period of time (7 days), the facial hair
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face shalt not be fitted with a respirator. Additionally, any worker who is not clean-shaven shalt not be alloved to wear a respirator, even thcugh he has previouoty obtained a satisfactory fit with the particular device. These proscriptions do not apply to loose-fitting enclosures such as hoods, blouses, or suits. The above precautions do nou mean that all facial hair must be for-bidden when respirators are worn, since a moustache or sideburn may be per-mitted if it does not interfere with the sealing surface of the respirator. Each~ case must be considered individually, but it is incumbent upon the ( supervisor to ensure that the respirator is sealing properly while, at the same time, having regard for the personal feelings of tne individual wherever possibic. Good relations can be c:aintained if time is taken to-s carefully explain the danger of increased facepiece leakage due to facial ; f l hair. If a means is avs 11able for quantitatively assessing the amount of i leakage, it should be used. A demonstration of this type can be quite convincing. 13.4 DENTURES Dentures, either partial or full, can be worn with respirators subject to certain restrictions. Full dentures generally present few problems other than some possible discomfort to the individual when wearing half-mask or full-facepiece respirators. In fact, full dentures
m. t l' 13-4 should not be removed because the jaw becomes distorted without theca This causes leakage in the chin area. 4 Partial dentures may or may not be worn with a respirator, depending upon the configuration. If there is a possibility that the partial dentures could be swallowed, they should be removed. The wearing of dentures with hoods, suits, and blouses is not a problem. , 1.3. 5 PROTECTIVE HEADGEAR Use of other types of protective hwadgear is permitted with respirators, but certain precautions shall be observed. There shaZZ be no interference between the additional headgear and the nomat method of wearing the res-pirator. This means that the respirator head straps or headharness should lie next to the head in their normal position, and any other protective headgear should go over them. Surgeon's caps used for protection against contamination may be worn under the head straps or harness, but care nust be exercised to ensure that the front of the cap does not intrude under the sealing surface of a full facepiece in the forehead area. Goggles may be vorn with half masks only if they do not interfere l
- with the normal scaling of the mask in the nasal bridge area. Go;;tes l chall never be oorn eith full-facepicec respirators because the strap l holding the goggles to the face would of necessity pass under the sealing edge in the temple area and cause leakage. In any case, only full face-pieces that have an icpact-resistant, shatterproof lens or eyepieces are granted a gureau of Mines /NIOSH approval.
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s Faceshields can be worn with half-mask or full-facepiece respirators, depending on the individual design. The shield must not interfere with
*- the normal position of the respirator on the face.
13.6 USE IN EXTREMES OF TEMPERATUPIS The use of respirators at temperatures below 32*F can result in freezing of exhalation valves and fogging of the lenses in full facepieces.
.x Use at high temperatures causes added stress on the individual.
ANSI Standard Z88.2-1969, Section 9.3, describes steps that can be taken to minimize the effect of both low and high temperatures on respi-rators. These steps include: Antifog compounds to coat the inside of the lens. f a.
- b. Nose cups to direct exhaled air directly through the exhalation valve.
- c. Use of dry breathing air with SCBA or air-line equipment. (The dew point of the breathing air shall be appropriate to the ambient temperature.)
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Ref. -1 g . M AN 7 REFERENCES
- 1
- 1. Title 10 Code of Federal Reguistions, Part 20, Standards for ]
Protection Against Radiation. ~1 1
- 2. American National Standard Practices for Respiratory Protection, ANSI Z88.2-1969, American National Standards Institute, 1430 'j Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10018. y
- 3. Title 30, code of Federal Regulations, Part 14, Respiratory Protective Apparatus, Tests for Permissibility, Fees, Part 14.
Filter-Type Dust Fume, and Mist Respirators. U.S. Bureau of j] Mines Schedule 21B, January 19, 1965, and Amended March 23, 1965. ] i;
- 4. Respiratory Protective Devices Manual. American Industrial Hygiene Association - American Conference of Governmental Industrial }
Hygienists, Braun and Brumfield Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1963. j i
- 5. Herbart E. Stokinger, "The Modus Operandi of Threshold Limits j Committee of ACGIH," Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., Vol. 25, pp. 589-594, 1964. ,
i
- 6. Report of Committee II on Permissible Dose for Internal Radiation
}
(1959), International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 2, Pergamon Press, Lorden, 1960. j
- 7. Recon =tendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection as Amended 1959 and Revised 1962, International Commission ,
on Radiological Protection. ICRP Fublication 6, Pergamon Press ; (MacMillan), London, 1964. j 1
- 8. Recccmendations of the International Commission on Radiolagical .
Protection (Adopted September 17, 1965), International Cc= mission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 9, Pergamon Press, London, 1966.
- 9. Basic Radiation Protection Criteria, National Council on Radia-tion Protection and Measurements Report No. 39, pp. 58-64, 1971.
- 10. Background Material for the Develop =ent of Radiation Frotection Standards, Federal Fadiation Council, Report No. 1, 1960.
- 11. Threshold Limit Values for 1975-76 American Conference of Govarn= ental Industrial I!ygienists, 1014 Broadway, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1975.
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Ref. -2 k i
- 12. Maximum Permissible Body Burdene and Maximum Permissible Coccen-trations of Radionuclides in Air and Water for Occupational Exposures, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measure-ments, National Bureau of Standards, Eandbook 69, 1959; published with Addendum 1, August 1963.
- 13. Task Groep on Lung Dynamics, " Deposition an6 Retention Models for
. Internal Dosir.etry of the Human Respiratory Tract," Bealth Phys.,
Vol.12, p.173,1966.
- 14. D. C. Stevens and J. B. Kitchie, Evaluation of Airhoods and Air-blouses Used at A.E.R.E. , Report A.E.R.E.-R5184, Atomic Enargy Research Establish =ent, Harwell, England,1966.
- 15. Title 30. Code of Federal Regulations. Part 11, Respiratory Pro-tective Devices Tests for Perciscibility. Fees, 1972, as revised.
- 16. F. E. Adicy and D. E. k'isehart, " Methods of Performance Testing of Respiratory Protective Equipment," A=er. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.,
Vol. 23, p. 251, July-Au3ust 1962
- 17. C. H. Davies, (Ed.), Design and Use of Respirators, Perga=on Press (HacMillan), Londen, 1962.
- 18. E. C. Hyatt, " Air-Purifying Respirators for Protection Against Airbotce Radioa:tive Cont &=inants." Health Physics, Vol. 9, pp. 425-432, 1953.
- 19. L. Silverman and W. A. Burgess, Respiratory Protective Q1uipment, A Final Report, USAEC Report NYO-9323, Harvard School of Public Health, June 1964.
- 20. R. F. Hounan, D. J. Morgan, D. T. O'Connor, and R. J. Sherwood, "The Evaluation of Protection Provided by Respirators," Ann.
occup. Hyg., Vol. 7, pp. 353-363, 1964.
- 21. D. J. Morgan, A Method of Testing the Efficiency of a Respirator Using a Halogensted Hydroccrben Test Cas Report A.E.R.E.-R 4485, 1964.
- 22. E. E. Plu=b, E. L. Mendenhall, and M. C. Robbins, " Evaluation of Protective Clothing and Equip =ent for Operations in Oxygen-Rich or Deficient Atnespheres Approaching -100'F, Arer. Ind. Hyg.
Assoc. J., Vol. 27, pp. 29-38, 1966.
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- 23. J. M. White'and R. J. Beal, "The Measurement of Leakage of- .j I
Respirators," Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., Vol 27, pp. 239-242, - 1966. g 3
- 24. H. L. Creen, " Respiratory Protection Against Particulates-Problems i j Solved and Unsolved," 1965 Yant Award, Amer. Jnd. hyg. Assoc. J.,
, y Vol 26, pp. 203-211, 1965.
I j ' 25. Commodity Specification For Air, Pamphlet G-7.1, 1966 (ANSI Z86.1, [ 1972) Compressed Gas Association, Inc., 500 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y.
-p 10036, i
l 26. NIOSH Certified Personal Protective Equipreet, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 75-119, July 1974,
- with supplements.
i l 27. R. H. Schutz and E. J. Kloos, Respiratory Protective Devices
, approved by the Bureau of Mines as of May 24, 1972, Washington l Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8559 -1972. ,
- 28. Titic 30, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 11, Respiratory Pro-tective Apparatus, Tests for Permissibility, Fees, Part II.
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus. U.S. Bureau of Mines Schedule 13D, September 22, 1956.
- 29. Title 30, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 13, Respiratory Protective Apparatus. Tests for Permissibility, Fees, Part 13, Cas Masks. U.S. Bureau of Mines Schedule 14F, April 23, 1955.
- 30. Title 30 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 12, R_espiratory Pro-teetive Apparatus, Tests for Permissibility, Feen. Part 12, Supplied-Air Respirators. U.S. Bureau of Mines Schedule 193, April 19, 1955,
' and the Amendments to Schedule 19B, November 14, 1965.
l
- 31. Title 30, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 12, Respiratory Pro- ,
. tective Apparatus, Tests for Permissibility, Tees, Part 14A, f Non-emergency Gas Respirators (Chemical Cartridge Respirators, Including Paint Spray Respirators). U.S. Bureau of Mines Schedule 23B, August 8, 1959.
- 32. H. L. Butler and R. V. Van Wyck, " Integrity of Vinyl Plastic Suits in Tritium Atmospheres," Health Physics, Vol. 2, pp. 195-198, ,
July 1959.
- 33. H. L. Eutler and R. W. Van Wyck, " Protective Clothing Program at the Savannah River Plant," Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., Vol. 21,
- p. 55, 1960.
---w ,,e m. w w..., ,e--._.~,- c-y ,-- ,.%..+ ...m..-%,-we.m ,%, ~ . , . - , - . , ,m-r.w e -,-.,,_m,%,. . . ,. . . , , , - , . . - e ---..,,o,, .-,,m, --n-.,,nw--
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' 34. J. J. Croley, Jr., " Specialized Protective Clothing Developed at" 1
'i' I the Savannah River Plant," Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., Vol. 28, ,
pp. 51-55,1967. 1,
- 35. J. E. Drummer, Jr. (Ed.), General Handbook for Radiation Monitor- )
i 13, LA-1835 (3rd ed.), Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1958.
< 36. R. F. Ilounan, A. Method for Evaluating the Protection Afforded When Wearing a Respirator, Report A.E.R.E.-R 4125, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, England,1962. .
- 37. W. A. Burgess, L. Silverman, and F. Stein, "A New Technique for Evaluating Respirator Performance," Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. ,
Vol. 22, p. 422, 1961.
- 38. Regulatory Guide 8.15, Acceptable Programs for Respiratory Pro-tection, USNP.C, 1976.
I 39, llazards Cortrol Progress Report No. 45, January through April 1973, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, June 1, 1973. [
- 40. E. C.11yatt, " Current Problems and New Developments in Respiratory i Protection," Amer. Ind. Hy2. Assoc. J., Vol. 24*, pp. 295-304, 1963.
- 41. " Field Test Method for Fitting Respirators," gtional Safety Hews, Vol. 100, No. 3, p. 41, September 1969.
- 42. Index of Federal Specifications, Standards and llandbooks, Federal Supply Service, U.S. Government Printing Of fice, Washington, D.C. ;
- 43. E. C. Hyatt, J. A. Pritchard, C. P. Richards, and L. A. Geoffrion, The Ef fect of Facial Itair on Respirator Performance, Report LA-DC-13307, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 1972.
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