View source for NUREG-1353, Board Notification 89-003:forwards Listed Documents Re Spent Fuel Pool Accidents for Resolution of Generic Issue 82, Beyond DBA in Spent Fuel Pools, Including NUREG-1353

{{Adams
| number = ML20244C112
| issue date = 05/02/1989
| title = Board Notification 89-003:forwards Listed Documents Re Spent Fuel Pool Accidents for Resolution of Generic Issue 82, Beyond DBA in Spent Fuel Pools, Including NUREG-1353
| author name = Varga S
| author affiliation = NRC OFFICE OF NUCLEAR REACTOR REGULATION (NRR)
| addressee name = Carr, Curtiss, Roberts, Rogers, Zech
| addressee affiliation = NRC COMMISSION (OCM)
| docket = 05000000, 05000271, 05000275, 05000323, 05000335
| license number = 
| contact person = 
| case reference number = CON-#289-8555, CON-#289-8556, CON-#289-8557, REF-GTECI-082, REF-GTECI-NI, RTR-NUREG-1353, RTR-NUREG-CR-5281, TASK-082, TASK-82, TASK-AS, TASK-BN89-003, TASK-BN89-3, TASK-OR
| document report number = BN-89-003, BN-89-3, OLA, NUDOCS 8906140129
| document type = BOARD NOTIFICATION (TO LICENSING BOARD OR LICENSING, MEMORANDUMS-CORRESPONDENCE
| page count = 231
}}

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o                             UNITED STATES
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NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D. C. 20666 p.gg.
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g g. 335-M 4, . . . . . ,o                                MAY 0 21999 Docket Nos. 50-271, 50-275,                                                    .& tMY -3 A10 :53 50-323 and 50-335 r,r :
MEMORANDUM FOR:             Chairman Zech                                Buch 7       ,   t
                                       ' Commissioner Roberts                               e i Commissioner Carr Commissioner Rogers Commissioner Curtiss FROM:                       Steven A. Yarga, Director Division of Reactor Projects I/II Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation

==SUBJECT:==
UPDATED BOARD NOTIFICATION REGARDING INFORMATION ON SPENT FUEL POOL ACCIDENTS (BN 89-03)
                                                                       /
On March 27, 1987, the staff issued BN 87-05 which transmitted a draft report prepared by Brookhaven National Laboratory regarding spent fuel pool accidents.
The final report was transmitted by BN 87-13 on August 28, 1987. On February 14, 1989, the staff issued BN 89-01 which transmitted a report prepared by Lawrence Livermore~ National Laboratory, bearing on this subject.                        ,
We now wish to provide you with the following four documents also related to spent fuel pool accidents, specifically resolution of Generic Issue 82:
).
: 1. Memorandum for Victor Stello, Jr. from Eric S. Beckjord dated April 24, 1989 entitled, Resolution of Generic Issue 82, "Beyond Design Basis Accidents in Spent Fuel Pools."
: 2. NUREG-1353 (Advance Copy) Regulatory Analysis for the Resolution of Generic Issue 82.
: 3. Letter to Victor Stello, Jr. from Forrest J. Remick, Chairman ACRS, dated April 11, 1989 entitled Proposed Resolution of Generic Issue 82, "Beyond Design Basis Accidents in Spent Fuel Pools."
4      NUREG/CR-5281 issued March 1989 by Brookhaven National Laboratory entitled "Value/ Impact Analyses of Accident Preventive and Mitigative Options for i
Spent Fuel Pools."
Copies of this notification are also being provided to the Licensing Boards for Diablo Canyon, Units 1 and 2, St. Lucie Unit 1, and Vermont Yankee for
           .their information.                                    A l             ,
8906240229 890502 0
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                                                                            .kP,rga, Aector 6
PDR        ADOCK 05000272          g                Division of Reactor rojects I/II P                        PDR
* Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation

==Enclosures:==

h Ly As stated                                                                                %y

==Contact:==
M. Fairtile, NRR/DRPI/II/PDI-3                                                  '
                                                                                                              /
492-1435 l

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l                                                                                                                                                              cc: V..Stello, EDO J. Taylor, EDO T. Murley J. Sniezek' J. Partlow                                                                  l F. Miraglia All Regional Administrators
* B. Hayes, 01 J.Scinto,OGC(3)
Secy (3)
                                                      .ASLAB Panel ASLB Panel Office of the General Counsel ACRS(10)*
G. Holahan*
C. Rossi*
L. Shao*
: 8. Grimes
* F. Congel*
J. Roe
* M. Virgilio*
E. Adensam*                                                             ,
w/ Letter only*
A. Hodgdon
~___________________.________________.____..______._____._____..______._m.                     _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

l   -
Distribution List for Coard ' notification Vemont Yankee :Juclear Power Station, Docket *:o. 59-271
    )
Diablo Canyon, Units 1 S 2, Dochet :os. 59-275/323 St. Lucio Plant, Unit !!o.1, Docket 59-335 Ad.jMh.atory File, Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel Docket Atomic Safety and Licensing Appeal Board Panel Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel l                                                                 Managing Editor, San Luis Obispo County, Telegram-Tribune D                                                                 Michael A. Bauser, Esq.
Charles Bechhoefer, Esq.
George Dana Bisbee, Esq.
Richard E. Blankenburg, ls' Glenn O. Bright Dr. James H. Carpenter Samuel J. Chilk Richard F. Cole B. Paul Cotter, Jr.
Nancy Culver George Dean, Esq.
Dr. Richard Ferguson Andrea C. Ferster, Esq.
R. K. Gad, III Richard J. Goddard,'Esq.
Dian M. Grueneich, Esq.
Mr. Lee M. Gustafson Jay Gutierrez Dr. Jerry Harbour Gustave H. Linenberger, Jr.
Richard F. Locke, Esq.
* Laurie McDemott Bruce Norton, Esq.
Campbell Rich John Traficonte Mrs. Jacquelyn Wheeler George Young. Esq.                                       .

               .,,          ;% ~
7 BOARD NOTIFICATION 89-03 l
DISTRIBUTION Central Files NRC PDR-Local PDRs M. Fairtile H. Rood
* J. Norris*
M. Rushbrook Irma J. Lee
* D. Miller *
.                              .R. Wessman*
G. Knighton*
H. Berkow*
H. Smith (2)
: 5. Varga*
B. B6ger*
PDI-3 Reading file
* PDII-2 Reading file
* PDIII-5 Reading file *
           ,.                   J. Craig*
J. Wiggins, Region I
                                *w/ Letter only                                   ,
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l l    . . . . . . . . . ....__ _ _ ___ _ _________

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                          /            'o,,                                                                               UNITED STATES
                        !                o                                                                       NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION
{                ,I                                           ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON REACTOR SAFilGUARDS WASHINGTON, D. C. 20555 O,
                           ' e , , , e **
April 11, 1989 e-      ,
Mr. Victor Stello, Jr.
Executive Director for Operations U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D.C. 20555

==Dear Mr. Stello:==

==SUBJECT:==
PROPOSED RESOLUTION OF GENERIC ISSUE 82, "BEYOND DESIGN BASIS ACCIDENTS IN SPENT FUEL POOLS" During the 348th meeting of the Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards, April 6-8, 1989, we considered the NRC staff's proposed resolution of Generic Issue 82, "Beyond Design Basis Accidents in Spent Fuel Fools." We concur in the staff's proposed resolution.
Sincerely, 0,
Forrest J. Remick Chairman

==Reference:==

Letter dated March 21, 1989, from R. Wayne Houston, RES, to R. F. Fraley, ACRS, 

==Subject:==
Resolution of GI-82, "Beyond Design Basis Accidents in Spent Fuel Pcols,' w/encls.
cc:     S._J. Chilk, SECY J. L. Blahs, EDO E. S. Beckjord, RES R. W. Houston, RES C. B. Bartlett, RES 4                             E. Throm, RES D. Persinko, NRR G. Bagchi, NRR
                                     ](f)'T       L.&cLZ
:(   1 NUREG 1353 REGULATORY ANALYSIS FOR THE RESOLUTION OF GENERIC ISSUE 82 "BEYOND DESIGN B ASIS ACCIDENTS IN SPENT FUEL POOLS" Manuscript Com)leted: February 1989 Date Pub;,ished:
Prepared by Edward D.Throm Division of Safety Issue Resolution Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D.C. 20555 1

t   1 In analyzing the failure of the spent fuel pool structures and systems, LLNL considered the following:
(a) Loss of liner integrity precipitated by structural failure of the spent fuel pool.
(b) Loss of function of the fuel pool support systems (e.g. pool cooling and make-up water capacity) resulting in loss of water through boil-off or drainage.
(c) Damage to fuel racks caused by fuel rack motion.
The failure modes of the spent fuel pool structures were determined by LLNL. For the BWR Mark I and Mark II elevated spent fuel pools, the failure mechamsms which need to be considered are:
: 1. The failure mode of the pool floor is that of a slab fixed at the four edges. The girders supporting the pool are in reality long walls acting as deep girders and are supported by the peripheral walls of the reactor building.
: 2. Compressive and shear stresses at the reaction points of the girders (onto the reactor building walls) for transmitting vertical and horizontal seismic loads from the storage pool to the foundation needs to be considered for structural adequacy.
: 3. Due to large concentrated loads (50 to 70 kips) at each foot of the storage rack, bearing and punching shear sutss in the pool floor should also be investigated.
: 4. For laterally braced high density fuel storage racks, large concentrated loads are transmitted to the pool wall at either the base level or at the base level and the upper seismic bracing level. The effect of concentrated load needs to be investigated.
Although themial loads are important in the design of the spent fuel pools, their influence on the fragility of the pool is judged not signi5 cant by LLNL because the thermal loads are sei.f-relieving.
For BWR Mark III and PWR storage pools, which are general on or below grade, the failure modes for the pool floor are:
: 1. Pueching shear stress due to concentrated loads at the foot of the storage racks.
: 2. Foundation settlements for soil; soil settlement may only be an issue for piping relative dispir. cements.
: 3. Failure modes flor the walls are similar to that described for the BWR Mark I and II designs.
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l                             sets of curves in the PRA can yield large differences in the estimated probability of structure l
failure dependent on the confidence level. While the seismic hazard curves and the parameters used to define the fragility are developed and expressed in terms of median values, the mean value is used in Pila applications.
l                             The NRC Seismic Margins Program has developed an additional measure of importance for i
assessing seismic risk. This measure is the high confidence of low probability of failure (HCLPF), defined in terms of the peak ground acceleration (g value). This value is derived from the fragility analysis and is independent of the site seismic hazar0 curves, the annual frequency i
of exceedance of a given g value. The HCLPF value is defined as the peak ground acceleration
;                             at which there is a 95% confidence that failure will not occur. This value may be compared to the safe shutdown earthquake peak ground acceleration used in the deterministic analysis to determine the margin in excess of the SSE for which no structural failure is anticipated.
A comprehensive assesstnent of uncertainty and conservatism in the seismic analysis and design of nuclear facilities has been prepared by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) (Ref.
29). The objectives of this study were to:
: 1. Identify sources of uncenainties present in seismic analysis and design,
: 2. quantify uncertaintica, when possible, and mcommend actions where data are missing, and
: 3. Identify the status of current analysis and design methods relative to the scatter of data for known sources of uncertainty.
The current practices employed to determine the seismic input and site response produce conservative (e.g.,84th percentile or greater), not median values, of the design seismic input.
Empirical procedures for structural design provide an additional margin of safety across the entire design response spectrum in earthquake-resistant designs. The ASCE (Ref. 29) concluded that a nuclear power plant having a design seismic input value of 0.25 g may actually be able to with ttand much larger values of peak ground acceleration.
Some siting procedures differ in the westem United State because there is a strong ground mo&n data base available. less extrapolation is regtured and tectonic faults and structures are also much easier to identify. The design seismic input is still conservatively evaluated ir.
comparison to historical data.
The ASCE estimated the median factors of safety and logarithmic standard deviations associated with the safe shutdown earthquake (SSE), based on post 1973 seismic design methods. These factors are pmvide in Table 4.6.7 (from Table 9.1, Ref. 29).
The probability of gross structural failme of the spent fuel from a beyond design basis earthquake was estimated by LLNL (Ref.17) for a typical, although older, elevated BWR spent fuel pool and a typical, older PWR spent fuel pool.
t 4-29

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[                                                                                                                                    ABSTRACT Generic Issue 82, "Beyond Design Basis Accidents in Spent Fuel Pools," addresses the concerns with the use of high density storage racks for the storage of spent fuel, and is applicable to all Light Water Reactor spent fuel pools.
This report presents the regulatory analysis for Generic Issue 82. It includes (1) a summary of the issue, (2) a summary of the technical findings, (3) the proposed technical resolution, (4) alternative resolutions considered by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, (5) an assessment of the benefits and cost of the alternatives considered, (6) the decision rationale, and (7) the relationships between Generic Issue 82 and other NRC programs and requirements.
Based on this evaluation, the NRC staff concludes that no new regulatory requirements are warranted concerning the use of high density storage racks.
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L TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT................................................................................................................                                                                                                                  iii TABLE OF CONTENTS                                                                    ........................................................................................                                                              v LIS T O F TA B L ES . . .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... ... . ........ .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... . .. .. .. . . ....                                                                           viii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS                                                                                  ..................................................................                                                            x PREFACE           ................................................................................................................                                                                                                        xi EXE C UTI VE S UM MARY .... ...... ........ ...................... .... .. ...................... .. ........ ............                                                                                                                 ES-1
: 1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM                                                                                ...............................................:.............                                                                 1-1 1.1 Historical Background                                                             .............................................................................                                                             1-1 1.2 Safety Significance                                                               .............................................................................                                                             1-1
: 2. OBJECTIVES                         ......................................................................................................                                                                                              2-1
: 3. ALTERNATIVE RESOLUTIONS                                                                                  ..................................................................                                                            3-1 3.1 Alternative 1 - No Action                                                                     ..................................................................                                                            3-1 3.2 Alternative 2 - Require Use of Low Density Racks                                                                                                                        ..............................                      31 3.3 Alternative 3 -Impmve Cooling /Make-Up Systems                                                                                                                          ..............................                      3-1 3.4 Alternative 4 - Install Spray Systems                                                                                          ......................................................                                       3-1 3.5 Alternative 5 - Modify Spent Fuel Storage Rack Designs                                                                                                                                      ..................              3-1 3.6 Alternative 6 - Cover Fuel Debris with Solid Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                           3-2 3.7 Alternative 7 - Improve Ventilation Gas Treatment System                                                                                                                                       ................             3-2
: 4. TECHNICAL FINDINGS                                                                           ..............................................................................                                                            4-1 4.1 Spent Fuel Pool (SFP) Review Guidelines and Requirements                                                                                                                                    ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4.2 Spent Fuel Storage Pool Design Features                                                                                                                     ..........................................                      4-4 4.3 Spent Fuel Pool Structures                                                                    ..................................................................                                                            4-6 4.3.1 BWR MarkI and Mark II Plants                                                                                                                      ..........................................                      4-6 4.3.2 PWR and BWR Mark III Plants                                                                                                                       ..........................................                      4-6 y

                                                                                                                                                                                                  .t    9 TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                              ' 4. TECHNICAL FINDINGS (CONTINUED) ~
4.4 Spent Fuel Storage Rack Descriptions                        .......................................-..............               46 4.4.1 Low Density Racks (Cell Pitches 20 to 30 Inches)                                        ..................              4-6
,.                                                             4.4.2 Medium Density Racks I
(Cell Pitches 9 Inches (BWR) to 13 Inches (PWR)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                 4-6 4.4.3 High Density Racks (Cell Pitches 6 Inches (BWR) to 9 Inches (PWR))                    ................................................................                 4-6 4.4.4 Consolidated Fuel Racks                            ......................................................               4-7 4.5 Evaluation r " Spent Fuel Cladding Failure                              ..........................................               4-7 4.6 Quantification Of Accident Sequences in Spent Fuel Pool                                          ...:..............              4-13 4.6.1 Structural Failure Due to Missiles                             ..........................................               4-13 4.6.2 Structural Failure Due to Aircraft Cmshes                                  ..............................               4-14 4-14 4.6.3    Structural 4.6.4 Reactor   CavityFailure and Transfer   DueGate      to HeavyPneumauc   I. cads Drop (SeaPailuresShi              ......      4-15  ping Cask) 4.6.5 Inadvertent Draining of the Spent Fuel Pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 4-20 4.6.6 Loss of Cooling /Make-Up .                         ....................................................                 4-22 4.6.7 Structural Failure from Beyond Design Basis Seismic Event ......                                                        4-28 4.7 Summary of Accident Sequence Quantification                                         .............................                4                                                        4.8 Radiological Consequences Evaluation ......................................................                                      4-37 4.8.1 Radionuclides Inventories                         ......................................................               4-37 4.8.2 Radionuclides Potentially Available for Release                                        ..................              4-37 4.8.3 Estimated Releases and Consequences For SFP Accidents                                                      ......      4-39 4.8.4 Summary Conclusions On Fuel Damage and Consequences . . . . . .                                                        4-42 4.9 Other Issues Conceming Use of High Density Storage Racks                                         ..................              4-42 4.9.1 Gaps In Neutron-Absorbing Materials                                       ..............................               4-42 4.9.2 Potential For High Radiation Fields                           ..........................................               4-43 4.9.3 Refueling Cavity Seal Failure During Fuel Assembly Handiing (GI137).......................................................................................                         4-43
: 5. VALUE/ IMPACT AN ALYSIS ........ .............. .................................................. ....                                   5-1 5.1 Alternative 1 - No Action                       ..................................................................               5-1 5.1.1 Occupational Exposure (Accidental) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 5.1.2 Onsite Property Damage                            ....................................................                 5-2 5.1.3 Offsite Pwny Damage                               ......................................................               5-3 5.1.4 Potential Consequences and Cost of SFP Accidents                                       ..................              5-5 vi

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
: 5. VALUE/ IMPACT ANALYSIS (CONTINUED) 5.2 Alternative 2 - Require Use of Low Density Racks                                                                                             .............................. 5-7 5.2.1 Risk Reduction Estimate                                                                           ...................................................... 5-7    ,
5.2.2 Cost ofI.ow Density Storage                                                                       ...................................................... 5-7    !
5.2.3 Value/ Impact Summary                                                                             .................................................... 5-11   ;
5.3 Alternative 3 - Improve Cooling /Make-Up Systems                                                                                             .............................. 5-14' 5.3.1 Risk Reduction Estimate                                                                           ...................................................... 5-14 5.3.2 Cost ofImproved Cooling /Make-Up Systems ..............................                                                                                  5-15 5.3.3 Value/ Impact Summary                                                                             ...................................................... 5-15 5.4 Alternative 4 - Install Spray Systems                                                                                ...................................................... 5-17   l i
1 5.4.1 Risk Reduction Estimate                                                                           ..................................................... 5-17   l 5.4.2 Cost ofInstalling Spray Systems                                                                                .......................................... 5-17   !
5.4.3 Vt.lue/ Impact Summary                                                                             ...................................................... 5-18 5.5 Alternative 5 - Modify Spent Fuel Storage Rack Designs                                                                                                   .................. 5-21   {
5.6 Alternative 6 - Cover Fuel Debris with Solid Material                                                                                        ............................ 5-21  j1 5.7 Alternative 7 -Improve Ventilation Gas Treatment System                                                                                                  .................. 5-21   l 1
5.8 Relationships With Other Requirements and Activities ..............................                                                                                         5-22 5.8.1 Severe Accident Policy Statement                                                                               .......................................... 5-22' 5.8.2 Seismic Design Margins Program                                                                                 .......................................... 5-23
: 6. DEClSION RATIONALE                                                                                  .............................................................................. 6-1 6.1 Comparison to the Backfit Criteria (10 CFR 50.109)                                                                                           .............................. 6-2    ;
6.2 Comparison to the Safety Goal Policy Statement                                                                                               .............................. 6-3    j 6.3 Other Considerations                                                                         .............................................................................. 6-5    i i
: 7. IMPLEMENTATION                                                                          .......................................................................................... 7-1    ;
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: 8. REFERENCES                                                                  ...................................................................................................... 8-1 i
APPENDIX A Spent Fuel Data and Storage Requirements                                                                                                    .............................. A-1 i
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ;     i LIST OF TABLES Table                                                                                                                                                                                           Page 4.1.1      10 CFR 50 Appendix A, " General Design Criteria                                                  ........................................                                            4-3 4.1.2 Regulatory Guides                                 ..........................................................................................                                              4-3 4.1.3 Other Guidelines / References                                                 ..................................................................                                          4-3 4.2.1 Typical Pool Dimensions                                           .............................................................................                                           4-5 4.5.1 Estimated Likelihood of Self-Sustaining Zircaloy Clad Oxidation For Various Spent Fuel Rack Configurations and Decay Heat Levels                                                                                                               ...... 4-11 4.5.2 Estimated Likelihood of Propagation of Zircaloy Fire to Older Stored Fuel For Various Spent Fuel Rack Configurations and Decay Heat Levels (Perfect Ventilation Cases) ...............................................................:..............                                                                            4-12 4.5.3 Summary of Radial Oxidation Propagation Results For Various PWR Spent Fuel Rack Configurations and No Ventilation ..............................                                                                                                   4-13 4.6.1 Events in Which Pneumatic Inflated Seals Have Failed                                                                             ..............................                           4-17 4.6.2 Refueling Cavity Seal Leak Rates Following Seal Failure                                                                          ..............................                           4 20 4.6.3 Heatup and Boil Dry Times for a Typical Spent Fuel Pool ..............................                                                                                                    4-25 4.6.4 Nominal HEP Estimates for Failure to Diagnose Loss of Cooling                                                                                                         .................. 4-26 4.6.5 Typical Failure Rates and Repair Times For Cooling System Components (Taken from EPRI NP-3365)                                                ................................................................                                            4-26 4.6.6 Failure Frequency of Generic SFP Cooling and Make-Up Systems Without Recovery                               ..........................................................................................                                            4-27 4.6.7 Estimated Median Factors of safety and Logarithmic Standard Deviations Associated with the Safe Shutdown Earthquake (SSE)
(Post 1973 Seismic Design Methods)                                                   .....................................................                                           4-34 4.6.8 Annual Seismic Failare Frequencies For Two Representative Spent FuelPools                               .........................................................................................                                             4-35 4.7.1 Summary of SFP Accident Frequencies                                                       ....................................................                                            4-36 4.8.1 Estimated Radionuclides Release Fractions During a Spent Fuel Pool Accident Resulting in Complete Destruction of the Fuel Cladding                                                                      ..............................                          4-38 4.8.2 Offsite Consequences of Spent Fuel Pool Accidents - CRAC2 Results                                                                                                                  ...... 4-41 4.8.3 Offsite Consequences of Spent Fuel Pool Accidents - MACCS Results                                                                                                                  ...... 4-41 viii

L     ,t        g, LIST OF TABLES Table                                                                                                                                                                    Page 5.1.1 Onsite Property Damage Costs Per SFP Accident (1988 $s)                                                                                 ..................         5-4 5.1.2 . Offsite Health and Property Damage Estimates (1988 $s) Per SFP Accident                                                                                          5-4 5.1.3 Best Estimate Consequences of a Spent Fuel Pool Accident                                                                                ..................         5-6 5.2.1    Range of Unit-Cost Estimates for Additional Storage Requirements -
(Costs in 1988 $s per kilogram of heavy metal)                                        ........................................                                  5-9 5.2.2 AdditionalIncremental Storage Capacity Requirements for Alternative 2 . ......                                                                                     5-9 5.2.3 Storage Costs Associated With Alternative 2 (1988 $s)                                                    ..............................                            5-10 5.2.4 Cask Storage Cost Estimates as a Function of Facility Capacity -                                                                       ...:..............          5-11 5.2.5 ~-Summary ofIndustry Wide Value/Im?act Analysis for Alternative 2 Based on 100% Risk Reduction (1980 $s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  5-13 5.2.6' Benefit / Cost Ratio Sensitivity Analysis for Alternative 2 (1988 $s)                                                                                  ...... 5-14 5.3.1 Value/ Impact for Generic Improvements to the SFP Cooling Systems (5% Discount Rate - 1988 $s)                              ..................................................................                                    5-16 5.4.1 Offsite Health and Propriy Damage Estimates (1988 $s)
With Pool Spray System (DF = 45) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18 5.4.2 Summary ofIndustry Wide Value/ Impact Analysis for Alternative 4 Based on Spray System DF of 45 (1988 $s)                                              ..........................................                                5-20
                                                -6.3.1   Summary of SFP Seismic Failure Frequency Estimates                                                     . . . . . . . . . . . . ' 6-8                             .............
A.1     Nuclear Power Plant Data                  ..............................................................................                                         A-2 A.2     Projected Cumulative Storage Requirements
                                                        . Maximum AR Capacity, Assembhes                                        ......................................................                                    A-6 A.3     Projected Cumulative Storage Requirements Maximum AR Capacity, MTIHM                                 ................................................................                                      A-8 A.4      1986 Inventory and Projected Annual Reactor Discharges Assemblies                                                                                   . . . . . . A-10 ix i
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i           i ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ALARA   As Low As Reasonable Achievable AR      At-Reactor ASCE    American Society of Civil Engineers BNL     Brookhaven National Laboratory BWR(s)  Boiling Water Reactor (s)
CDF     Core Damage Frequency CFR     Code of Federal Regulations DBE     Design Basis Earthquake DF      Decontamination Factor DOE     Department of Energy EPRI    Electric Power Research Institute FSAR    Final Safety Evaluation Report GDC(s)  General Design Criterion (Criteria)
GI      Generic Issue
* GL      Generic Letter GSI     Generic Safety Issue HCLPF   High Confidence ofIow Probability of Failure HEP (s) Human Error Probability (ies)
IE      Inspection and Enforcement IEB     Inspection and Enforcement BuDetin kgm     kilogram KgU     kilogram of uranium kw      kilowatt LLNL    Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LPCI    Low Pressure Coolant Injection LWR (s) Light Water Reactor (S)
MTIHM   Metric Tons ofInitial Heavy Metal MTHM    Metric Tons of Heavy Metal MTU     Metric Tons of Uranium Mw(t)   Megawatts-thermal                                                                                                      -
NERC    National Electric Reliability Council NRC     Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRR     OfSce of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, NRC ORNL    Oak Ridge National Laboratory PRA(s)  Probabilistic Risk Assessment (s)
PWR(s)  PIrssurized Water Reactor (s)
RES     Office of Nuclear Regluatory Research, NRC RHR     Residual Heat Removal RWST    Refueling Water Storage Tank SFDF    Spent Fuel Damage Frequency SFP     Spent Fuel Pool SNL     Sandia NationalLaboratory SRP     Standard Review Plan SSE     Safe Shutdown Earthquake SSMRP   Seismic Safety Margins Researth Program x

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M PREFACE This mport presents the regulatory analysis, including the decision rationale, for the resolution of Generic Issue 82, "Beyond Design Basis Accidents in Spent Fuel Pools." The objective of this regulatory analysis is to determine whether the use of high density storage racks for the storage of spent fuel poses an unacceptable risk to the health and safety of the public. As part of this effort, the seisnue hazards for two older spent fuel pools were evaluated. The risk change-estimates, value/ impact and cost-benefit analyses, and other insights gained during this effort, have shown that no new regulatory mquirements are warranted in relation to this generic issue.
Edward D.Throm 1
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1 EXECUTIVE 

==SUMMARY==

The risk of beyond design basis accidents in spent fuel storage pools was examined in WASH-1400. It was concluded that these risks were orders of magnitude below those involving the reactor core b*cause of the simplicity of the spent fuel storage pool design: (1) the coolant is at atmospheric pressure, (2) the spent fuel is always suberitical and the heat source is low, (3) there is no piping which can drain the pool and (4) there are no anticipated operational transients that could interrupt cooling or cause criticality.
The reasons for the re-examination of spent fuel storage pool accidents are twofold. First, spent fuel is being stored instead of reprocessed. This has led to the expsnsion of onsite fuel storage by means of high density storage racks, which results in a larger inventory of fission products in the pool, a greater heat load on the pool cooling system, and less distance between adjacent fuel assemblies. Second, some laboratory studies have provided evidence of the possibility of fire propagation between assemblies in an air cooled environment. Together, these two reasons provide the basis for an accident scenario which was not previously considered.
In addition, in recent years, increasing knowledge in the geosciences has led to a better understanding that, although still highly unlikely, it is more likely that nuclear power plants in the Eastern United States (i.e., east of the Rocky Mountains) could be subjected to earthquake ground motion greater than for which the plants were designed. For this reason, interest has developed in dernonstrating that nuclear power plant structures and safety-related systems can safely withstand earthquake ground motiorm larger than their desiga carthquake ground motions (post-1973 safe-shutdown earthquake, SSE, or pre-1973 design-basis earthquake, DBE).
Nuclear reactor plants include storage facilities for the wet storage af spent fuel assemblies. The safety function of the spent fuel pool (SFP) and storage racks is to cool the spent fuel assemblies and maintain them in a suberitical array during all credible storage conditions and to provide a safe means ofloading the assemblies into shipping casks.
The SFP and components am reviewed to assure conformance with the requirements of 10 CFR Part 50 Appendix A General Design Criteria (GDC) 2, 4, 5, 61, 62, and 63. The review is performed under Section 9.1.2, " Spent Fuel Storage," of the Standard Review Plan (SRP). The SFP water level control system, cleanup system and cooling sygem are reviewed to assure conformance with the requirements of GDCs 2,4,5,44,45,46,61 and 63 under Section 9.1.3,
                   " Spent Fuel Pool Cooling and Cleanup," of the SRP. In additior, a finding related to 10 CFR Part 20, paragraph 20.l(c) is made as it relates to radiation doses being kept as low as is reasonably achievable (ALARA).
The methods used to provide cooling for the removal of decay heat from the stored assemblies vary from plant to plant depending upon the individual design. The safety function to be performed remains the same: the spent fuel assemblies must be cooled and must remain covered with water during all storage conditions. Assuming that the water is drained, or boiled off, from the spent fuel pool, the fuel rods will heat up until the buoyancy-driven air flow is sufficient to prevent further heatup. If the decay heat level is high enough to heat the fuel rod cladding to about 900 OC (1650 UF) the oxidation becomes self-sustaining, resulting in a Zircaloy cladding fire. Propagation of the Zircaloy cladding fire to older adjacent assemblies is likely if the decay heat level in an older adjacent assembly is high enough to heat that assembly to within 100 to ES-1

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200 oC (200 to 400 0F) of the self-sustaining oxidation temperature. Although propagation of a Zircaloy cladding fire to one to two year old fuel by only thermal radiation can occur, the older fuel would have to be next to the hottest assemblies.
The conditional probability of a Zircaloy cladding fire given a complete loss of water was found to be 1.0 for PWRs and 0.25 for BWRs. The PWR value is based on the use of high density storage racks and the BWR value is selected based on the use of directional storage racks, with the channel box in place. The conditional probability of a Zircaloy cladding fire given a complete loss of water in low density storage racks is estimated to be at least a factor of five less than for the high density configurations. The PWR conditional probability of a Zircaloy fire would be reduced to 0.2 and the BWR conditional probability would be reduced to 0.05. The actual risk reduction achievabl: may be greater. Open frame racks or cylindrical racks with large inlet holes could result in an greater reduction in risk. The cooling time to preclude a Zircaloy cladding fire could be reduced to less than 20 days, for a conditional probability of 0.05 of a Zircaloy fire for both fuel types.
In addition to implementing the requirements contained in 10 CFR Part 50 Appendix A of the
    " General Design Criteria," and 10 CFR Part 20, concerning radiation doses being kept as low as is reasonably achievable, licensees should have implemented additional or corrective actions based on the following guidance:
: 1. IE Bulletin 84-03, " Refueling Cavity Water Seals," issued August 24,1984.
: 2. IE Information Notice 84-93, " Potential for Loss of Water From the Refueling Cavity," issued December 17,1984.
: 3. Generic Letter 85-11, " Completion of Phase II of ' Control of Heav$y 28,1 85. Loads at Nuclear Power Plants' NUREG-0612," issued June
: 4. IE Information Notice 87-13, " Potential for High Radiation Fields Following Loss of Water from Fuel Pool," issued February 24, 1987.
: 5. IE Information Notice 37-43, " Gaps in Neutmn-Absorbing Material in High-Density Spent Fuel Storage Racks," issued September 8,1987.
: 6. IE Information Notice 88-65, "Inadvenent Drainages of Spent Fuel Pools," issued August 18,1988.
: 7. IE Infonnation Notice 88-92, " Potential For Spent Fuel Pool Draindown," issued November 22,1988.
The risk from the storage of spent fuel in the spent fuel storage pool at light water reactors is dominated by the beyond design basis earthquake accident scenano. The seismic capacities, or fragility, of two older spent fuel pools indicate that the high confidence of low probability of failure (HCLPF) is about three times the safe shutdown earthquake (SSE) design level. The HCLPF values are estimated to be in the 0.5 to 0.65 g range. The median peak ground ES-2 1

acceleration needed to fail these pools is estimated to be in the 1.4 to 2.0 g range, nearly a factor of ten higher than the SSE dergn value. A report prepared by the American Society of Civil Engineers also concluded that, in general, the seismic design of nuclear facility structures result in median factors of safety on the order of 4 to 19 based on post-1973 design criteria.
The structural capacity of tl e elevated BWR pool is lower than that for the PWR pool located at the ground level, however the lower conditional probability of a Zircaloy fire for the BWR fuel assembly design offsets the higher seismic failure frequency. The probability of a Zircaloy cladding fire, resulting from the loss of water fmm the spent fuel pool, is estimated to have a mean value of 2x10* per reactor year for either the PWR or the BWR spent fuel pool. The seismic event contributes over 90% of the PWR spent fuel damage probability, and nearly 95%
for the BWR.
The source term for the spent fuel pool accident is not the same as the source term associated with core damage accidents. The consequences of a spent fuel pool accident which results in the complete loss of water are dominated by the long lived isotopes, such as cesium and strontium.
The health consequences are dominated by the risk of latent cancer fatalities due to long term exposures.
The best estimate of the consequences of a spent fuel pool accident which results in spent fuel damage to appmximately one-third of an equivalent reactor core is 8x106 person-rem. This total dose translate to a public health risk from a spent fuel pool accident of 480 person-tem over an average remaining lifetime of 30 years, based on a Zircaloy claddmg fire pmbability of 2x10 4 per reactor year. The best estimate offsite property damage cost is $4,000 million (1988 $s).
The best estimate values are based on a population density of 340 people per square mile within a 50 mile radius from the site and result from the release of radionuclides from the last fuel discharge,90 days after being discharged. The best estimate of the onsite costs for a SFP accident is $1,180 million (1988 $s), including five years of replacement power to replace the damaged spent fuel pool. Based on an average remaining lifetime of 30 years and a 5% discount rate, the present value of the offsite property damage is estimated to be $124,300 and the present value of the onsite p probability of 2x10         goperty per reactor year.damage is estimated to be $32,400, based                     on a Zirca The value/ impact and cost-benefit evaluations for the proposed alternatives for Generic issue 82 do not indicate that cost effective options are available to mitigate the risk of beyond design basis accidents in spent fuel pools. The option to use low densite storage racks for recently                    '
discharged fuel has a best estimate value/ impact ratio of $32,000 per averted person-rem based on a reduction in spent fuel damage frequency of 2x10      4 per reactor year. Low den::ity racks would decrease the consequences by a factor of five to ten, but the value/ impact ratio is based on 100% reduction in public dose.
The use of post-accident spray systems to mitigate the consequences of a spent fuel pool accident has a best estimate value/ impact ratio of $3,300 per averted person rem. This assumes that a post-accident spray system can be designed to withstand the beyond design basis earthquake which causes gross failure of the spent fuel pool structure and has a decontamination factor (DF) of at least 45.
The risks associated with a severe accident in the spent fuel pool are also compared to the objectives and guidance in the Safety Goal Policy Statement. The estimated frequency of a spent fuel pool accident, 2x104per reactor year, resulting in spent fuel damage meets a target ES-3 I
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objective of a few percent of a 1x104 to 5x10-5 per reactor year value for overall core damage frequency. The target objective for a "large release" of 1x104 per reactor year is marginally met, within a best estimate factor of two, but subject to interpretation since the definition of "large release" is still under development. In meenng the societal risk obiective of 0.1% of the normally occurring risk to the pubhc given the release frequency of 2x10-0 per reactor year, the latent cancer fatality rate from spent fuel pool accidents is estimated to be less than 3% of the target value for the operation of a nuclear power plant.
Therefore, the backfit criteria (10 CFR 50.109) that (1) a substantial increase in the overall protection of the public health and safety is achieved, and (2) the direct and indirect costs of implementation are justified are not met, and Alternative 1 "No Action" is recommended for the resolution of GI-82.
The risk and consequences of a spent fuel pool accident appear to meet the Safety Goal Policy Statement objectives. They would also meet the proposed 1x104per reactor year large-release frequency guideline, at least pending definition of a "large release" by the Commission.
Therefore the recommended resolution, Alternative 1 "No Action,"is justified.
Although these studies conclude that most of the spent fuel pool risk is derived from beyond design basis earthquakes, this risk is no greater than the risk from core damage accidents due to seismic events beyond the safe-shutdown earthquake. Therefore, reducing the risk from spent fuel pools due to events beyond the safe-shutdown earthquake would still leave at least a comparable risk due to core damage accidents. Because of the large inherent safety margins in the design and construction of the spent fuel pool, Alternative 1 "No Action" is justified.
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                                                                                 . REGULATORY ANALYSIS FOR THE RESOLUTION OF                                         -
1 GENERIC ISSUE 82 "BEYOND DESIGN BASIS ACCIDENTS IN SPENT FUEL POOLS"
: 1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1.1 HistoricalBackground The risk of beyond design basis accidents in spent fuel storage pools' was examined in WASH-1400 (Ref.1). It was concluded that these risks were orders of magnitude below those involving the reactor core because of the simplicity of the spent fuel storage pool: (1) the coolant is at atmospheric pmssure, (2) the spent fuel is always suberitical and the heat source is low, (3) there is no piping which can drain the pool and (4) there are no anticipated operational transients that could interrupt cooling or cause criticality.
The reasons for the re-examination of spent fuel storage pool accidents are twofold. First, spent fuel is being stored instead of reprocessed. This has led to the expansion of onsite fuel storage by means of high density storage racks, which results in a larger inventory of fission ?roducts in the pool, a greater heat load on the pool cooling system, and less distance between acjacent fuel assemblies. Second, some laboratory studies have provided evidence of the possibility of fire propagation between assemblies in an air-cooled environment. Together, these two reasons provide the basis for an accident scenario which was not previously considered.
In addition, in recent years, increasing knowledge in the geosciences has led to a better understanding that, although still highly unlikely, it is more likely that nuclear power plants in the Eastern United States (i.e., east of the Rocky Mountains) could be subjected ta earthquake ground motion greater than for which the plants were designed. For this reason, interest has developed in demonstrating that nuclear power plant structures and safety-related systems can safely withstand earthquake ground motion larger than their design earthquake ground motions (post-1973 safe-shutdown earthquake, SSE, or pre-1973 design-basis earthquake, DBE).
1.2 Safety Significance A typical spent fuel storage pool with high density storage racks can hold roughly five times the fuel in the core. However, since reloads typically discharge one thirti of the core, much of the spent fuel stored in the pool will have had considerable decay time. This reduces the radioactive l
inventory somewhat. More importantly, after roughly three years of storage, spent fuel can be i                                                               air-cooled. The spent fuel need not be submerged to prevent melting, although submersion is I
still desirable for shielding and to reduce airbome activity.
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f If the spent fuel storage pool were to be drained of water the discharged fuel from the last one or two refuelings, stored in high density storage racks, could still be " fresh" enough to melt under decay heat. The Zirraloy cladding of this fuel could be ignited during heatup. The resulting fire, in a spent fuel storage pool equipped with high density storage racks, might spread to other fuelin the pool.
The heat of combustion, in combination with decay heat, would certainly release considerable gap activity from the fuel and would probably drive " borderline aged" fuel into a molten condition. Moreover,if the fire becomes oxygen-starved (quite probable for a fire located in the bottom of a pit such as the spent fuel storage pool), the hot zirconium would rob oxygen from the uranium dioxide fuel, forming a liquid mixture of metallic uranium, zirconium, oxidized zirconium, and dissolved uranium dioxide. This liquid mixture would allow a release of fission products fmm the fuel matrix. In addition, although confined, spent fuel storage pools are almost always located outside of the primary containment. Thus, a release to the atmosphere is more likely relative to a release inside primary containment.
The safety significance of "Beyond Design Basis Accidents in Spent Fuel Pools" has been designated as a medium prionty issue (Ref. 2), Generic Issue 82. GI-82 applies to all light water reactor spent fuel storage pools.
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: 2. OBJECTIVES The general objective of GI-82 is to evaluate the need for additional protective measures for the safe storage of spent fuel in high density storage racks in the spent fuel storage pool at light-water reactor sites.
Both prevention and mitigation are considered. A preventive option is one intended to reduce the frequency of accident sequences potentially conducive to the release of fission products frorn the spent fuel assemblies. A mitigative option is one intended to reduce the magnitude of the consequences that would result from an accident (environmental radiological releases).
Given the diversity of plant-specific design and construction of spent fuel storage pools, the applicability of any generic analysis of risk reduction measures is limited both with respect to the ; characterization of risk, and to the cost of implementation for any one plant. The analysis performed for GI-82 is intended to provide a broad evaluation of the value/ impact attributes of a given proposed alternative. Plant specine analyses are used for the seismic risk evaluations. In this case, older plants have been selected for the analyses. In general the older plants are more vulnerable to seismic induced failures.
The risk from the storage of spent fuel in spent fuel pools should be a small contributor to the overall risk associated with the operation of a light-water reactor (LWR). On the core damage frequency (CDF) risk level, or more specifically in this case spent fuel damage frequency (SFDF), a target for the resolution of Generic Issue 82, based on the Commission's Safety Goal Policy Statement, is that the contdbution from spent fuel pool accidents be a small part (a few 4
percent) of an overall CDF target of 1x10 per reactor year.* Since spent fuel pools are not within the primary containment structure, a target SFDF for spent fuel pool accidents on the order of 1x10-6 per reactor year may be considered to be compatible with the proposed general performance guidelines given in the Commission's Safety Goal Policy Statement, that is, that the probability of a large release from an operating nuclear power plant should be no greater than 1x104 per reactor year. A more direct comparison of a SFDF target with the policy guidelines requires a definition of a "large release"in the policy statement.
* More recently, a core damage frequency goal of 5x10-5 per reactor year has been proposed under the safety goalitnplementation program. This is a factor of two (2) lower than the 1x104 value used herein, but is within the uncertainty inherent in calculations and assumptions made assessing compliance with either goal, and its adoption in lieu of the 1x10    4 goal would not z
affect the recommendations made in this Regulatory Analysis.                                       j l
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: 3. ALTERNATIVE RESOLUTIONS In reaching its proposed resolution of GI-82, the staff considered seven specific alternative courses of action. These are discussed below. The requirements would be applicable to all light-water reactor (LWR) spent fuel storage pools, both in the operating or planned construction stage oflicensing. There are 108 spent fuel pools for the 119 operating or planned LWRs at 75 reactor sites in the U.S. The three shutdown units, Dresden 1, Indian Point I and Humboldt Bay, are excluded from this accounting.
3.1 Alternative 1-No Action This proposed alternative assumes that no additional requirements for the safe storage of spent fuel m the primary spent fuel storage pool are needed. It also assumes that all applicable requirements and guidance to date have been implemented, but no implementation is assumed for related generic issues or other staff requirements or guidance that are still umesolved or still under review.
3.2 Alternative 2 - Require Use of Low Density Storage This proposed alternative would require the use of low density storage racks for the storage of recently discharged fuel. Also, some reracking from high density to low density racks would be required. As a result, it is expected that additional at-reactor storage of spent fuel would be required to accommodate the lost capacity in the spent fuel storage pool. The use oflow density racks shortens the cooling time to preclude a Zircaloy cladding fire by promoting air cooling if water is lost from the spent fuel. The likelihood and the amount of fuel damage would both decrease. This' alternative is directed primarily towards prevention of a large release from the spent fuel pool.
3.3 Alternative 3 Improve Cooling /Make-up Systems This proposed alternative would require improvements in the spent fuel pool cooling and/or make-up systems, beyond the requirernents currently used to license the spent fuel storage pools.
Improvements in these systems wo.dd reduce the likelihood of fuel damage from loss of cooling events. This attemative is primarily directed towards prevention.
3.4 Alternative 4 - Install Spray System This proposed altemative would require licensees to install post accident spray headers to mitigate the consequences of a Zircaloy claddmg fire if the spent fuel storage pool is drained and cannot be reflooded. The likelihood of fuel damage would not change, but the spray systems would remove fission products and lower the consequences of a spent fuel pool accident. This alternative is primarily directed towanis risk mitigation.
3.5 Alternative 5 - Modify Spent Fuel Storage Rack Designs This proposed alternative would require the licensee to compartmentalize the spent fuel storage pool by installing partitions (and individual coolant supply diffusers for each compartment) to limit the extent of the accident, or modify the storage racks to improve air circulation, should the spent fuel storage pool drain. This alternative is directed both towards risk mitigation and prevention.
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3.6 Alternative 6 - Cover Fuel Debris with Solid Materials This proposed alternative would require the development of a contingency plan to dump massive amount of solid materials into a drained spent fuel pool to cover the rubble bed to a depth of several feet. The materials would not be necessarily stockpiled on site, but could also be obtained in a timely manner on an ad hoc basis. The materials (sand, clay, dolomite, boron compounds, lead, etc.) are commonly available in all parts of the country. This alternative would be directed at risk mitigation.
3.7 Alternative 7 - Improve Vet,tilation Gas Treatment System This proposed alternative would require the installation of a building ventilation and filter system capable of reducing the concentration of airborne radioactivity before discharge to the environment. This altemative would be directed at risk mitigation.
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: 4. TECHNICAL FINDINGS 1
4.1 Spent Fuel Pool (SFP) Review Guidelines and Requirements Nuclear reactor plants include storage facilities for the wet storage of spent fuel assemblies. The safety function of the spent fuel pool (SFP) and storage racks is to cool the spent fuel assemblies and maintain them in a suberitical array during all credible storage conditions and to provide a safe means ofloading the assemblies into shipping casks.
i a ne arr and components are reviewed to assure conformance with the requirements of 10 CFR Part 50 Appendix A General Design Criteria (GDC) 2, 4, 5, 61, 62, and 63. The review is performed under Section 9.1.2, " Spent Fuel Storage," of the Standard Review Plan (SRP) (Ref.
3). The facility and components are reviewed with respect to the following:
(a) The quantity of fuel being stored.
(b) The design and arrangement of the storage racks for maintaining a suberitical array during all conditions.
(c) The degree of suberiticality provided along with the analysis and associated assumptions.
(d) The effects of externalloads and forces on the spent fuel storage racks, pool, and liner plate (for example, safe shutdown earthquake, crane uplift forces, missiles, and dropped objects).
(e) Design codes,          material    compatibility, and   shielding requirements.
The SFP water level control system, cleanup system and cooling system are reviewed to assure conformance with the requirements of GDCs 2,4,5,44,45,46,61 and 63 under Section 9.1.3,
                                              " Spent Fuel Pool Cooling and Cleanup," of the SRP. In addition, a finding related to 10 CFR Part 20, paragraph 20.l(c) is made as it relates to radiation doses being kept as low as is reasonably achievable (ALARA).
The methods used to provide cooling for the removal of decay heat from the stored assemblies vary from plant to plant depending upon the individual design. The safety function to be performed remains the same: the spent fuel assemblies must be cooled and must remain covered with water during all storage conditions. The capability cf the spent fuel pool cooling and         ;
cleanup system to provide adequate cooling to the spent fuel during all operating conditions is     i reviewed on one of two bases. The first basis requires the cooling portion of the system to be designed to seismic Category I, Quality Group C requirements. The second basis allows a             ,
non-seismic Category I, Quality Group C spent fuel pool cooling system provided that the            !
following systems are designed to seismic Category I requirements and are protected against         1 tornadoes: the fuel pool make-up water system and its sources; and, the fuel pool building and its ventilation and filtration system. The make-up, ventilation and filtration systems must also withstand a single active failure. The systems are reviewed with respect to the following:
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(a) The quantity of fuel being cooled, including the corresponding requirements for continuous cooling during normal, abnormal and accident conditions.
(b) The ability of the system to maintain pool water level.
(c) The ability to provide alternative cooling capability and the associated time required for operation.
(d) Provisions to provide adequate make-up to the pool.
(e) Provisions to preclude loss of function resulting from single active failures or failures of non-safety related components or systems.
(f) The means provided for the detection and isolation of systerr .
components that could develop leaks or failures.
(g) The instrumentation provided for initiating appropriate safety actions.
(h) The ability of the system to maintain uniform pool water temperature conditions.
Other functions performed by the system, not related to safety, include water cleanup for the SFP, refueling canal, refueling water storage tank and other equipment storage pools; means for filling and draining the refueling canal and other storage pools; and surface skimming to provide clear waterin the SFP.
Load handling in the SFP crea is reviewed to assure conformance with GDCs 2,5,61 and 62 under Section 9.1.4, " Light Load Handling System (Related to Refueling)," and with GDCs 2,4, 5 and 61 under Section 9.1.5, " Overhead Heavy I.oad Handling Systems," of the .SRP. In addition the requirements identified in the resolution of GSI A-36, " Control of Heavy Loads Near Spent Fuel," as specified in Generic Letter 85-11 (Ref. 4), " Completion of Phase II of Control of Heavy Loads at Nuclear Power Plants (NUREG-0612)," are reviewed to assure that the implementation of Phase I of NUREG-0612 (Ref. 5) "has provided sufficient arotection such that the risk associated with potential heavy load drops is acceptably sma.l." Adequate justification is provided by means of (1) a single-failure proof crane, (2) operator training and procedures, mamtenance and inspection procedures, safe load paths and mechanical or electrical stops to prevent movement of heavy loads over irradiated fuel, and/o t.4) load drop analyses.
The staff concluded, in GL 85-11, "that satisfaction of the Phase I guidelines assures that the           ,
potential for a heavy load drop is extremely small."
For reference, the titles of the various review and acceptance criteria are provided in Tables 4.1.1,4.1.2 and 4.1.3.
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l Table 4.1.1 10 CFR Part 50 Appendix A," General Design Criteria" 2     -
                                 " Design Bases for Protection Against Natural Phenomena."
4     -
                                 " Environmental and Missile Design Bases."
5     -
                                 " Sharing of Structures, Systems, and Components."
44    -
                                 " Cooling Water."
45    -
                                 " Inspection of Cooling Water System."                                             {
46    -
                                 " Testing of Cooling Water System."
61    -      " Fuel Storage and Handling and Radioactivity Control."
62    -
                                 " Prevention of Criticality in Fuel Storage and Handling."
63    -
                                 " Monitoring Fuel and Waste Storage."
Table 4.1.2 Regulatory Guides 1.13  -      " Design Objectives for Light-Water Reactor Spent Fuel Storage Facilities at Nuclear Power Stations."
1.26  -      " Quality Group Classification and Standards for Water , Steam , and Radioactive-Waste-Containing Components at Nuclear Power Plants."
1.29  -      " Seismic Design Classification."
1.52  -
                                 " Design, Testing, and Maintenance Criteria for Engmeering-Safety-Feature Atmospheric Cleanup System Air Filtration and Adsorption Units of Light-Water-Cooled Nuclear Power Plants."
1.115 -      " Protection Against Low-Trajectory Turbine Missiles."
1.117 -      " Tornado Design Classification "
8.8    -     "Information Relevant to Ensuring That Occupational Radiation Exposures at Nuclear Power Stations Will Be As low As Is Reasonably Achievable."
Table 4.1.3 Other Guidelines / References ANS 57.1/ ANSI N208,           " Design Requirements for Light Water Reactor Fuel Handling System."
ANS 57.2/ ANSI N210-1976, " Design Objectives for Light Water Reactor Spent Fuel Storage Facilines at Nuclear Power Stations."
NUREG-0554,                   " Single-Failme-Proof Cranes for Nuclear Power Plants."
NUREG-0612,               - " Control of Heavy Loads at Nuclear Power Plams."
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4.2 Spent Fuel Storage Pool Design Features At some multi-unit sites a single poolis used for both units. Table A.1 of Appendix A identifies 11 dual unit pools, eight sites which have transfer canals between pools and three sites which can use transfer casks to move fuel between pools. The estimated maximum storage capacities (allowing for a full core reserve and other non-fuel reserve areas) and other plant specific information for all spent fuel pools in operation or planned are also provided in Table A.I.
There are 108 spent fuel pools for the 119 operating or planned plants at 75 reactor sites in the U.S. (excluding Dresden 1, Humboldt Bay and Indian Point 1, which are now shutdown; and the Ft. St. Vrain HTGR).
The spent fuel pool floor and walls are lined with 1/8 to 1/4 inch thick stainless steel liner plates.
The plates are welded to each other by seam welds. Under the seam welds, leak detection -
(control) channels are provided.
The design feattues of spent fuel storage pools keep the likelihood of loss of pool water and recriticality small. These features are:
(a) The fuel building concrete structure, the spent fuel storage pool, the spent fuel storage racks, the SFP cooling system, and the supports for the spent fuel handling trolley are designed to withstand seismic forces so that an earthquake as large as the safe shutdown earthquake will not cause loss of water or recriticality.
(b) Fuel storage racks are designed to keep the fuel widely enough separated so that stored fuel will not achieve criticality or, in high density storage racks, poison material is added to the rack structure for criticality control.
(c) The SFP is designed to prevent inadvenent loss of water from the fuel region by drainage through connected piping systems.
Although a pool cooling system is connected to the pool for decay heat removal, it is designed to prevent siphoning of the water. A connection exists between the SFP and the reactor pressure vessel head region through the fuel transfer pathway (refueling canal) which is provided with physical barriers to prevent SFP drainage when not in use. The pools are generally sized so that the fuel remains nearly completed covered if the transfer pathway is inadvertently opened.
(d) Should the water inventory in the pool fall below a pre-set level or increase in temperature, multiple water level, water temperature and radioactivity monitors would actuate alarms in the control room. A make-up water system is provided to keep up with small leaks.
(e) Procedtnes and interlocks are provided to keep the crane from passing over the pool with heavy loads.
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(f) The fuel building and the SFP are designed to accommodate the forces which might result from winds and missiles that might be f                         generated by a tomado. Funher, the spent fuel storage racks and the
!                         SFP cooling system are protected by structures designed to l                         withstand these forces.
For reference, the physical parameters and crane capacities of some typical PWR and BWR spent fuel pools are provided in Table 4.2.1 (from Ref. 6). Some sites share a single pool for multiple units, such as North Anna 1 and 2, Surry 1 and 2, and Oconee 1 and 2. At other sites a
:ransfer canal exists between pools to allow for spent fuel movement, such as Browns Ferry 1 and 2, Calvert Cliffs 1 and 2, and Hatch 1 and 2. At a few sites, a spent fuel shipping cask is used, or available, to transfer spent fuel between pools (San Onofre 1,2, and 3, and Turkey Point 3 and 4).
Table 4.2.1 Typical Pool Dimensions Other                     Minimum PoolDimensions         Cask Area     Areas          Crane      Clearance Plant                    L(ft) W(ft) H(ft)     (sq. ft.)     (sq.ft.)       Capacity      (ft)
PWRs Ginna                   43       22.2 41.7     116           29             25 T          32 Indian Point 3           33      27    37      n/a           n/a            40 T          n/a Maine Yankee             41      37    38      100           230            125 T         24 North Anna 1 & 2         56.5    29.3 46.5     12 x 12       96             125 T         29 Oconee 1 & 2             71.3    15    38      131           0              100 T         29 Oconee 3                 47.1    13.9 39       192           117            105 T         28 Palisades                38.8    14.7 38       9x9           8              100T          28 Robinson 2               31      33.5 38.3     8.8x8.8       0              125 T         32 San Onofre 1             14      39    39      n/a           n/a            100 T         n/a San Onofre 2             44      23    46      n/a           n/a            100 T         n/a St. Lucie 1              33      37    40.5    10 x 12       0              105 T         28 Surry 1 & 2              72.5    27.3 38.5     12 x 12       0              125 T         29 Turkey Point 3           41.3    25.3 40       n/a           n/a            105 T         28 Turkey Point 4           41.3    25.3 40       n/a           n/a            105 T         28 BWRs Brunswick 1             56      34    38.8     160          200            125 T         28 Brunswick 2             56      34     38.8    160          200            125 T         28 Fitzpatrick             40      31    37.8     15 x 12      0              125 T         27 Millstone 1             30.5    40.3 38.8     53            310            110T          22 Monticello              40      26     38     50            20             85 T          23 Oyster Creek            39      27    40       153          21             100T          24 Peach Bottom 2          40      35.3 40        10 x 10      0              125 T         32 Peach Bottom 3          40      35.3 40        10 x 10      0              125 T         32 Pilgrim 1               32.8    26.1 38.8     77            0              100T          26 Vermont Yankee          40      26    37.8    49            0              110 T          18 4-5

4.3 Spent Fuel Pool Structures 4.3.1 BWR Mark I and Mark IIPlants The spent fuel pool is located at the operating floor level, about 100 to 150 feet above grade.
The pool floor and wall are designed for dead load and live load, hydrostatic pressure load, seismic load, thermal loads and loads resulting from the accidental drop of heavy objects. The thickness of the pool walls and floor is on the order of 4 to 6 feet. The horizontal and venical loads from the pool floor are tn nsmitted to the two longitudinal walls which are designed as deep girders supported at the peripheral wall of the reactor building.
4.3.2 PWR and BWR Mark III Plants The spent fuel pool is located at the ground level. The physical dimensions and design loads of the the pool are similar to the BWR Mark I and Mark II designs. Due to the lower elevation, the seismic response is relatively low in comparison to the elevated pools in the BWh Mark I and Mark II plants. The vertical and horizontal loads from the pool floor are transmitted to the ground for plants with free standing or floor mounted fuel storage racks. For plants with laterally braced racks, the horizontal seismic loads from the fuel storage racks are transmitted to the pool wall at either the base level or at the base and upper seismic bracing level (about 14 feet above the base level).
4.4 Spent Fuel Storage Rack Descriptions The following descriptions of spent fuel storage rack configurations are provided:
4.4.1 Low Density Racks (Cell Pitches 20 to 30 Inches)
The suberitical configuration is achieved by the physical separation of the assemblies in an open-frame aluminum of steel structure. Structurally the racks can be laterally braced at the upper and lower levels or they could be bolted to the floor at four corners with the upper and lower grids connected by cross bracing.
4.4.2 Medium Density Racks (Cell Pitches 9 Inches (BWR) to 13 Inches (PWR))
The suberitical configuration is achieved by the flux trap principle. The assemblies are surrounded by stainless steel cans or cells which prevent the neutrons in the water region between the cells from returning to the fuel assemblies. The typical wall thickness is 1/8 inch.
l      Structurally the racks can be laterally braced at the upper and lower grid levels, bolted to the floor at the four corners with the upper end lower grids connected by cross-bracing, or they can be cantilever cells (2x2 or 4x4 modules n reduce flexibility) welded to a base structure.
4.4.3 High Density Racks (Cell Pitchea 6 Inches (BWR) to 9 Inches (PWR))
Suberiticality is achieved by the addition of neutron absorbing poison material between the fuel assemblies. The poison is in the form of boron contaimng material such as boron-carbide, borated stainless steel, or borated alumircun. The storage cell walls have poison containing pockets. Structurally the racks are mostly See standing or laterally braced at the lower level.
Tne honeycomb construction provides structural integrity. The cell walls are typical 0.09 inches thick. The cells are attached to each other by fusion or spot welds.
4-6 J

b BWR high density configuration can also be in the form of dimetional storage racks. In this configuration the BWR assemblies are stored in 6 inch center-to-center racks, with a 5.3 inch open space between rows. No additional neutron absorber material is required in the rack structure for criticality control.
4.4.4 Consolidated Fuel Racks The fuel assembly is disassembled and stomd in a fuel canister. The canister is then stored in high density racks. The consolidation ratio can be 2 to 1. Two fuel assemblies can be compacted into the same physical dimensions of a single assembly. The non-fuel bearing material (such as grid spacers, guide tubes, etc.) is also compacted and stored. The compaction ratios for the non-fuel bearing material are estimated to be 10:1 for PWRs and '20:1 for BWRs (Ref. 7). Since the non-fuel bearing material can take up room in the spent fuel pool, the consolidation ratio may be as low as 1.5 with a weighted average consolidation ratio of 1.63.
4.5 Evaluation of Spent Fuel Cladding Failure The results of work performed by Sandia (Ref. 8, Ref. 9) suggested that in certain fuel racking configurations (a) a self-sustaining zirconium-air oxidr. tion reaction can be initiated, and (b) this self-sustaining reaction can propagate from one region of the pool to another.
These results were based on both experimental simulation and computer modeling. A computer program was developed by Sandia, called SFUEL1W, to evaluate conditions tmder which a self-sustaining Zircaloy reaction would occur and under what condition the Zirca oy fire would propagate to older stomd fuel assemblies. Large uncertainties, associated with the phenomenology of Zircaloy oxidation and its propagation in spent fuel assemblies, were identifiedin the Sandia studies.
The SFUEL1W computer program was partially validated by Sandia (Ref. 9) and was also further validated by BNL (Ref.10). The calctilated results of the SFUEL1W models were compared with existing Sandia National Laboratory (SNL) small-scale experimental results.
The CLAD computer program, a modified version of SFUEL (an early version of SFUEL1W),
was used. CLAD was developed by Sandia to model the experimental test results (Ref. 9).
Sandia had performed some verification studies against the experimental tests, but did not complete the work befom funding ended. The BNL calculations with CLAD tended to result in an over-prediction of the peak cladding temperatums.
The NRC staff performed an independent verification of SFUEL1W using the CLAD computer program (Ref.11). The BNL verification program included some modifications to CLAD.
These modifications included the addition of helium properties to model the initial tett conditions and a switch from helium to air flow, and an energy balance model to force conservation of energy on each gas control model. In the staff program, additional modifications were made to CLAD. The most significant modification was the inclusion of the SFUEL1W gas heatup model.
This NRC staff modified version of CLAD was verified against two of the Sandia air tests and the results compared favorable with the available experimental data. The peak cladding temperatures calculations were in good agreement with the data. It was con::luded that the SFUEL1W fuel, cladding and gas heatup models are satisfactory.
4-7                                                         l l

b The reaction rate equation for the oxidation of Zircaloy cladding in air used in the SFUEL1W computer program was also subject to uncenainties.' BNL (NUREG/CR-4982) performed a literature search related to the oxidation rate of Zircaloy in air. Based upon the current state-of-the-an understanding of the associated phenomena and by performing sensitivity studies on the Zircaloy-air reaction rate correlation, it was concluded by BNL that the oxidation rate model used by Sandia in the SFUEL1W computer pmgram is acceptable for the evaluation of spent fuel damage. For temperatures in the 300-1150 oC range (1470-2100 0F) the available data indicates that the Sandia correlation is valid, for exposure periods of 30 minutes. For longer periods the correlation may be non-conservative. At a constant temperature the rate of oxidation may increase with exposure time. This does not alter the findings concerning the initiation and/or propagation of a self-sustaining Zircaloy fire. Initiation is not influenced by the oxidation rate equation, and propagation can occur before cladding failure and relocation of the fuel rods occurs.
The uncenainties in the Zircaloy oxidation propagation calculations under inadequate room ventilation conditions (most typical of the spent fuel Florage pool structures) were funher                             j studied by BNL (Ref.10) using the SFUELIW computer program. A sensitivity study covering hot spent fuel decay power in the 20 to 90 Kw/MTU range was performed. For reference,90 Kw/MTU is the decay heat generation rate of fuel five to seven days following shutdown of a
    - 3000 Mw(t) reactor. After one year the decay power level for a BWR is about 6 Kw/MTU and
: 11. Kw/MTU for a PWR. After two years, the decay power levels are estimated to be 4 Kw/MTU and 6 Kw/MTU respectively.
The SFUEL1W computer program is a finite difference solution of the transient equation for heating of the fuel rods considering:
                       - The heat generation rate from the decay heat and oxidation of the cladding,
                       - Radiation to adjacent assemblies and pool walls, and
                       - Convection to buoyancy-driven air flows.
The key assumptions and limitations of SFUEL1W are:
                       - The water drains instantaneously from the pool,
                       - The geometry of the fuel assemblies and racks remains undistoned,
                       - Temperattue variations across the fuel rods are neglected,
                       - The air flow patterns are one-dimensional, and
                       - The spaces between adjacent holders are assumed to be closed to air flow.
With respect to the limitation concerning instantaneous draining of the pool, this assumption simplifies the heatup model in the SFUWL1W computer program and is not intended to be representative of any accident sequence other than perhaps the catastrophic failure of the spent fuel structure from a beyond design base seismic event.
4-8 l
L                                                                                                     - - - - - - -_

r After the water is drained frorn the spent fuel pool, the rods heat up until the buoyancy-driven air flow is sufficient to prevent further heatup. If the decay heat level is sufficient to heat the rods to about 900 oC (1650 0F) the oxidation becomes self-sustaining.
BNL has concluded (Ref.10) that:
                               - The likelihood of cladding fire initiation is not very sensitive to the oxidation rate equation,
                               - The oxidadon rate equation in SFUEL1W is a reasonable representation of the available data, and
                               - The likelihood of cladding fim initiation is most sensitive to the decay heat level and the storage rack configuration (which controls the extent of natural convection cooling).
It was also concluded that the oxidation pmpagation to older adjacent assemblies is likely if the decay heat level of the older adjacent assembly is high enough to heat that assembly to within 100 to 200 oC (200 to 400 0F) of the self-sustaining oxidation temperature. The radiation heat transfer from the buming assemblies then could be sufficient to raise the temperatum of the older adjacent assembly to the self sustained oxidation limit.
The following descriptions of spent fuel storage rack configurations are provided and are representative of the geometries used by both Sandia (Ref. 8) and BNL (Ref.10) to determine spent fuel storage configuration which can result in Zircaloy fires and propagation of the fire to older stored fuel:
(1) High density PWR configuration: In this configuration, the fuel assemblies are tightly packed with neutrun absorber material used in the rack structure to replace the reduced water moderator for criticality control. The center-to-center assembly spacing is 10.25 inches, the open gap between assemblies is 0.7 inches. This configuration is in use in nearly all PWRs, and is referred to as high density storage.
(2) Cylindrical PWR configuration: This configuration is typical of I                              the early rack designs, used before at-reactor storage of spent fuel l                              was required. The center-to-center assembly spacing is 12.75 inches, m a closed cylindrical stainless steel rack. The typical cross sectional area of a PWR assembly is 8.4 by 8.4 inches. This is referred to as low density storage.
(3) Cylindrical BWR configuration: This configuration is typical of early BWR spent fuel storage rack designs. The center-to-center assembly spacing is 8.5 inches. The typical cross sectional area of a BWR assembly is 5.3 inches. This is referred to as low density storage.
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l L _-_____-_

(4) Directional BWR configuration: In this configuration the BWR assemblies are stored in 6 inch center to-center racks, with a 5.3 inch open space between rows. No additional neutron absorber material is required in the rack structure for criticality control. This is considered to be a high density storage configuration for BWRs.
Because of limitations in the SFUEL1W computer program, BNL limited the BWR spent fuel analyses to the low density cylindrical configuration. The SFUEL1W computer pmgram does not account for air flow between adjacent holders, an assumption which was based on the storage rack design. The self-sustaining oxidation analysis is govemed by the BWR channel box design, the air flow through the assembly. The SFUEL1W results are not significantly influenced by the BWR rack design.
The estimated likelihood of self-sustaining oxidation for various spent fuel rack configurations is provided in Table 4.5.1, based on a 12 month fuel cycle which is ty)ical for most PWRs.
BWRs typically operate on an 18 month fuel cycle. Additional calculated results from the earlier Sandia work (Ref. 8) are also pmvided. In Table 4.5.1 the Critical Cooling Time is defined as the decay time to reduce the internal heat generation rate to a low enough value, the Minimum Decay Power, to preclude the Zircaloy cladding temperature from exceeding the self-sustained oxidation limit under air cooling. Considering a fuel cycle of not less than one year, the cooling time can be converted to a conditional probability of fire initiation.
The conditional ?robability of propagation of the Zircaloy fire to older stored spent fuel was evaluated by BNL (Ref.10). The results are provided in Table 4.5.2. In Table 4.5.2 the High Power Level is the decay heat generation of the recently discharged fuel and the Adjacent Power Level is the decay heat generation rate of the older fuel at the Approximate Decay Time.
Perfect ventilation is assumed for these two studies. The impact of no ventilation, which would result in the depletion of the oxygen from the air, is summarized in Table 4.5.3. The High Power Level and Adjacent Power Level are the same as described for Table 4.5.2.
After an extensive review of the SFUEL1W computer code and comparison to the SNL small l                          scale experiments, BNL concluded that the code pmvides a valuable tool for assessing the likelihood of self-sustaining clad oxidation for a variety of spent fuel storage configurations (Ref.10). Additional studies performed by the staff supported the BNL conclusion.
l l                          For the purpose of evaluating the risk from beyond design basic accidents in spent fuel pools, the conditional probability of a Zircaloy cladding fire given a complete loss of water will be assumed to be 1.0 for PWRs and 0.25 for BWRs. The PWR value is based on the use of high density storage racks. The BWR value is selected based on the use of directional storage racks, with the channel boxin place.
For the proposed alternative to require recently discharged spent fuel be stored in low density storage racks, the risk reduction is estimated to be a factor of five (Ref.10). This level of risk reduction, resulting from the decrease in the cooling time needed to preclude a Zircaloy fire, is seen to be equivalent to the use of low density cylindrical storage racks with three inch inlet holes. The PWR conditional probability of a Zircaloy fire is reduced to 0.2 and the BWR conditional probability is reduced to 0.05. The actual nsk reduction achievable may be greater than assu ned. Open frame racks or cylindrical racks with larger inlet holes would result in an increased reduction in risk. The cooling decay time could be reduced to less than 20 days, for a conditional probability of 0.05 for both fuel types.
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                                                                                                                                     .                                                                    l
    ,   s
                                                                                                                                                                                                        .i Table 4.5.1 Estimated Likelihood of Self-Sustaining Zirca!oy Clad Oxidation For Various Spent Fuel Rack Conngurations and Decay Heat Levels Inlet                                                                 Minimum   Critical Spent Fuel Rack                                                                       Orifice                                                                Decay     Cooling  Conditional Configuration                                                                         Diameter                                                               Power     Time     Probability (inches)                                                              (Kw/MTU)  (days)   (per year)
BNL (Ref.10)
Last Discharge Only High Density PWR                                                                        10                                                                   11        360      1.0 5                                                                      6         700      1.0 CylindricalPWR                                                                        5                                                                      90        10       -0.0 3                                                                      45        50       0.14 1.5                                                                  15        250      0.7 Cylindrical BWR                                                                        3                                                                     30        30       0.08 1.5                                                                  14        180      0.5 SNL (Ref. 8)
Full Core Discharge Directional BWR                                                                       5                                                                      n/a       90       0.25 with channel box Directional BWR                                                                       5                                                                      n/a       30       0.08 without channel box PWR Open Frame                                                                        -
n/a       10       -0.0 CylindricalPWR                                                                         5                                                                     n/a       20       0.05 3                                                                     n/a       120      0.33 1.5                                                                  n/a       250      0.7 Notes: Conditional probability estimated from NUREG/CR-0649 for maximum peak cladding temperatures less than 600 oC. Self-sustaining Zircaloy oxidation onset is approximately 900 oC.
n/a - Not Available. In the Sandia studies, the decay power level was not reported, however these analyses were performed for a full core discharge situation.
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Table 4.5.2 Estimated Likelihood of Propagation of Zircaloy Fire to Older Spent Fuel For Various Spent Fuel Rack Configurations and Decay Heat Levels Results for High Density PWR Racks With Large Inlet Holes (10" Diameter) and Perfect Ventilation High                           Adjacent             Approximate                           Propagation Power                          Power                Decay Level                          Level                Time (kw/MTU)                       (kw/MTU)             (Days)                                (Yes/No) 11.0                          5.9                  365                                   Yes 19.2                          5.9                  365                                   Yes 90                             5.9                  365                                   Yes 90                             4.0                  730                                   No Results for Cylindrical PWR Racks With 3" Diameter Inlet Holes and Perfect Ventilation High                           Adjacent             Approximate                           Pmpagation Power                          Power                Decay Level                           Level               Time (kw/MTU)                       (kw/MTU)             (Days)                                (Yes/No) 90                             11                   365                                   No 90                             19                   180                                   Yes(l)
Results for Cylindrical PWR Racks With 1.5" Diameter Inlet Holes and Perfect Ventilation High                           Adjacent             Approximate                           Pmpagation Power                         Power                Decay Level                          Level               Time (kw/MTU)                      (kw/MTU)             (Days)                                (Yes/No) 90                             11                  365                                   Yes 90                            5.9                  730                                   Yes 90                            3                     1100                                 No 15                             11                  365                                   Yes 15                            5.9                  730                                   No Note: (1) This is unlikely situation, assumes recent spent fuel discharge six months after previous disc!targe. Fuel cycles are typically 12 to 18 months.
4-12
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - _ - - - - - - - _ _ - - _ - _ _ . _ - - - - _ . -                        - - _   -   - - - - - - - - - - - -                --                 ----              - --   -----._)

Table 4.5.3 Summary Of Radial Oxidation Propagation Results For Various PWR Spent Fuel Rack Configurations and No Ventilation Spent Fuel                                                                     High Power.        Adjacent Power                                                                                                           Propagation Rack                                                                           Level              Level Configuration                                                                   (kw/MTU)            (kw/MTU)                                                                                                                (Yes/No)
Cylindrical 1.5" hole                                                                     90                  5.9                                                                                                                     Yes 90                  3                                                                                                                       No(l)
Cylindrical 3.0" hole                                                                      90                  5.9                                                                                                                     No 19.2                  11                                                                                                                    Yes High Density 10" hole                                                                     90                  4                                                                                                                       No(l)
Note: (1) Without ventilation the fire becomes oxygen starved. Oxygen depletion prevents propaganon.
l 4.6 Quantification Of Accident Sequences in Spent Fuel Pools 4.6.1 Structural Feilure Due to Missiles High energy missiles which migitt impact with the spent fuel pool might result in sufficient structural damage to prevent cooling of the spent fuel. Missiles generated by tomadoes or from a turbine failure are considered during plant licensing. As indicated in Section 4.1, these accident sequences are reviewed by the NRC staff to assure compliance with the General Design Criteria.
In WASH-1400, the pmbability of a turbine failure and missile generation has been estimated to be on the order of 1x104 per reactor year, and the limiting strike probability for the spent fuel pool has been estimated to be 4.1x10-3, given an energetic missile. The probability of a turbine missile hitting the spent fuel pool is therefore estimated to be 4.1x10-7 per reactor year.
The probability of a beyond design basis ternado stnking a reactor site has been estimated to have a mean value of about 5x10-6 per reactor year (WASH-1400, Ref.1), with a mean probability for all tornadoes of 5x104per reactor year. A typical reactor site is estimated to be about 620 acres (one s'luare mile), or greater (Ref. 6). The plan area of a spent fuel pool (50 feet wide by 60 feet long)is 1x10 4square miles. The probability of a beyond design basis tornado striking the spent fuel pool is therefore on the order of 5x10-" per reactor year. The probability of a tornado missile striking the spent fuel pool has been estimated based on the Zion site to be on the order of 1x10-6 per reactor year (Ref.16).
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o
* The likelihood of a missile, turbine or tornado generated, damaging the spent fuel pool and resulting in an unrecoverable loss of water is estimated to be less than 0.01 per demand (Ref.
16). The missile would have to cause sufficient dantage to prevent filling or repair of the spent fuel pool. Given the estimated combined likelihood of a missile strike on the order of 1x10-6 per reactor year, the estimated probability of the stnotural failure of the spent fuel pool from a missile resulting in a bss of cooling of the spent fuel is less than 1x10-7 per reactor year, on the order of 1x10-8 per reactor year.
4.6.2 Structural Failure Due to Aircraft Crashes The probability of an aircraft striking the spent fuel poolis proponional to the vulnerable area of the structure, the aerial crash density of an aircraft and the number of operations on applicable runways. SRP Section 3.5.1.6 is used to derive the hit frequency for a reactor site.
The probability of structural failure of the spent fuel pool as a result of an aircraft crash has been estimated using Zion PRA results (Ref.16). The mean hit fre uency is estimated to be 6x10-9 per reactor year with 5% and 95% confidence bounds of 5x10 to 2x10-8 per reactor year. The probability of structural failure of the spent fuel pool resulting in significant spent fuel damage was estimated to be less than 1x10-10 per reactor year in NUREG/CR-4982 (Ref.10) and in EPRI NP-3365 (Ref.16).
4.6.3 Structural Failure Due to Heavy Loads Drop (Shipping Cask)
Load handling in the SFP area is reviewed to assure conformance with GDCs 2,5,61 and 62 under Section 9.1.4, " Light Load Handling System (Related to Refueling)," and with GDCs 2,4, 5 and 61 under Section 9.1.5, " Overhead Heavy Load Handling Systems," of the SRP. In addition, the requirements identified in the resolution of GSI A-36, " Control of Heavy Loads Near Spent Fuel," as specified in Generic Letter 85-11 (Ref. 4), " Completion of Phase II of Control of Heavy Loads at Nuclear Power Plants (NUREG-0612)," are reviewed to assure that the implementation of Phase I of NUREG-0612 (Ref. 5) "has provided sufficient protection such that the risk associated with potential heavy load drops is acceptably small." Adequate justification is provided by means of (1) a single-failure proof crane, (2) operator training and procedures, mamtenance and inspection procedures, safe load paths and mechanical or electrical stops to prevent movement of heavy loads over irradiated fuel, and/or (3) load drop analyses.
The staff concluded, in GL 85-11, "that satisfaction of the Phase I guidelines assures that the potential for a heavy load drop is extremely small."
The estimated probability of structural failure of the spent fuel from a shippirs cask drop was estimated by BNL based on a cask handling assumption of two fuel shipments per week, sunilar to that used in WASH-1400. The estimated probability of a shipping cask being dropped on the spent fuel pool wall,4without consideration of the requirements from GSI A-36, was estimated by BNL to be 3.1x10 per reactor year (Ref.10). The likelihood of pool damage was estimated by BNL (Ref.10) to be 0.1 per demand, one-in-ten drops causing sufficient damage to completely drain the pool, with an uncertainty range of 0.01 to 1.0. The estimated reduction in the probability of a shipping cask drop for a plant which complies with the resolution of GSI A-36 (Ref. 4) has been estimated by BNL to be a factor of 0.001, for a revised probability of 3.1x10-8 per reactor year, including the 0.1 conditional probability of failure given a shipping cask drop.
4-14

(                                        A more detailed analysis of the resultant damage to a spent fuel pool structure as a result of a l
shipping cask drop was performed by LLNL (Ref.17). A BWR and PWR spent fuel pool were analyzed for a variety of cask weights and drop heights. The results of the LLNL analysis indicate that the pool wall could suffer severe damage as a result of a cask drop. The indicated regions of potential reinforcing steel yield are quite extensive and while the integrity of the pool liner is difficult to predict, it was concluded by LLNL that it seems likely that the liner would be severely damaged. The estimated probability of the structural failure of a spent fuel pool resulting from a dropped shippjng cask is therefore considered to be equivalent to the probability of dropping the cask,3.1x10 per reactor year, given a cask handling rate of twice per week (104 per reactor year).
At the present time, spent fuel is mostly being accumulated in spent fuel pools. At a few facilities, the older fuel assemblies are being transferred to dry storage areas on site. To estimate the probable number of cask handling operations per year the following assumptions are made:
(1) The spent fuel pool capacity, with a full core reserve, has reached a licensing limit (either structurally or due to cooling capacity restrictions).
(2) The capacity, maximum number of allowable assemblies, is maintained and excess assemblies am transferred to either an onsite dry storage area or the DOE repository.
(3) Based on a 12 month fuel cycle in PWRs with 200 assemblies in the core, about 70 assemblies would have to be removed annually from the spent fuel pool to accommodate reloads.
(4) Based on a 18 month fuel cycle in BWRs with 800 assemblies in the core, about 130 assemblies would have to be removed annually from the spent fuel pool.
(5) The weight of a PWR assembly is approximately twice that of a BWR assembly,657.9 kg (1450 lbs) versus 319.9 kg (700 lbs).
(6) Based on TN-24P (Ref.18) and MC-10 (Ref.19) dry storage cask designs, twenty-four PWR, or 48 BWR, assemblics can be moved per cask. The cask weight is in the 100 ton range.
The estimated number of transfers per reactor year is therefore estimated to be about a factor of ten lower as compared to the WASH-1400 rate of 104. The probability of structural damage to the spent fuel pool as a result of a dropped shipping cask is estimated to be 3.1x10         4 per reactor year (best estimate) for a reasonable cask handing rate. The upper bound estimate is taken from NUREG/CR-4982 (Ref.10) as 3.1x10-7 per reactor year.
4.6.4 Reactor Cavity and Transfer Gate Pneumatic Seal Failures Inflatable, pneumatic seals are used during refueling operations in PWRs to seal the gap between the reactor pressme vessel flange area and the biological shield walls. This permits floodmg of the reactor pressure vessel cavity above the core to allow for the safe handing or the 4-15

D fuel. In BWRs, the reactor cavity seals are typically permanent stainless steel expansion bellows, and not subject to the failure modes associated with the pneumatic designs. Pneumatic
                                                  -seals are also used to partition areas of the spent fuel pool, for example, between the shipping cask handling area or fuel transfer tube and the main spent fuel storage area. Ten reported cases of pneumatic seal failures resulting in actual or potential loss of water from spent fuel pools are listed in Table 4.6.1, three involving the refueling cavity seal and seven involving other pneumatic seals.
Three of the ten reported events involved the failure of the refueling cavity seal. In one case, no fuel was in the spent fuel pool and the failure occurred during installation and testing. In the other two events, the fuel transfer canal was closed at the time and no actual drainage from the spent fuel pool would have occurred.
At Surry 1 in May 1988 following the water loss from the refueling cavity seal failure, the plant operator opened the fuel transfer canal path to aid in reflooding the reactor cavity. Personnel inside containment, on the fuel crane bridge, had to leave containment as a result of high radiation levels. Operators did not enter a)propriate procedures for a loss of refueling cavity level, and the exisung procedures providet inadequate guidance to operations personnel on a rapid loss of cavity water (Ref. 20). Procedures had been developed at Surry to address cavity water loss in response to IEB 84-03 (Ref. 21), but were inadvertently omitted from revised procedures in 1987. A review of the design by the seal vendor (Presray), who has stated that they manufacture and continue to supply most of the refueling cavity seals used throughout the industry,' determined that the design at Surry is unique and inadequate. A seal backup plate should have been provided to prevent movement of the seal. The IEB 84-03 review by the licensee failed to identify the weakness in the seal design, although procedures were developed to address seal failure.
In the remaining seven reported instances, pneumatic seal failures have occurred which could result in the draining of the spent fuel pool. The event at Hatch (see Table 4.6.1 ) is considered to be unique, and in two of these seven cases there was no spent fuel in the pool at the time of the event.
For the purpose of evaluating the potential for spent fuel damage from pneumatic seal failures, the event frequency was initially estimated by B E to be 0.01 per reactor year and is generally applicable to PWRs. Based on advances in seal designs, increased awareness and surveillance resulting from IEB 84-03, BNL estimated the present failure rate to be an order of magnitude less,0.001 per reactor year. In addition to the seven events identified in NUREG/CR-4892, two more events related to seal failures where identified (Ref. 22) for a total of nine events in about 900 years of experience. The Surry 1 event, which occurred after NUREG/CR-4982 was published, would not alter the event frequency (ten events in 1,000 years of experience).
Not all seal failures will lead to loss of water from the spent fuel pool. A failure of the refueling cavity seal must occur coincident with an open fuel transfer canal. Even under tids assumption, the spent fuel pools are designed to preclude significant (a few inches) fuel uncovery due to the leakage. The transfer canalis either located above the top of the storage racks or a weir is used to prevent lowering the level below the top of the fuel.
Seal failures coincident with fuel handling operations are being addressed a: a separate issue, Generic Issue 137, as discussed in Section 4.9.3.
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         .                                                                                                                                                                    l
(                                                                                                                                                                             !
l                                                                                                                                                                             t Table 4.6.1 Events in Which Pneumatic Inflated Seals Have Failed Date Plant                    Seal Location                      Cause                                                                   Result 902 Pt. Beach 10)             Transfer gate                      Failure of air supply 11,689 galleak 1096 Brunswick 2              Inner pool                         Airleak in seals an                                                          5" level drop gate                               compressor power supply failure 6/80 Trojan                   Transfer gate                      Not inflated prior to                                                           10" below T.S.
draining refueling cavity, level alarm also failed 2/81 Davis-Besse              Transfer gate                      Low seal pressure                                                              15" level drop 5/81 ANO-2                   Transfer gate                      Maintenance error                                                                 1000 gpm leak air supply shutoff 8/84 Haddam Neck (2)        Cavity seal                        Design weakness                                                              200,000 galleak in 20 minutes 10/84 San Onofre 2(1)         Gate seal                          Air compressor fails 20.000 galleak 11/84 SanOnofre 20)           Cavity seal (3)                    Manufacturing defect 19.5" level drop seal ruptumd 12/86 Hatch (4)                Poolcanal                         Air supply valve                                                               141,000 galleak flexiblejoint                     closed 5/88 Surry 1(5)              Cavity seal                       Maintenance ermr                                                             30,000 galleak and design weakness Notes:         (1) No spent fuel in pool at time of event.
(2) Fuel transfer canal closed. No water loss from pool.
(3) Failme during installation and leak testing (4) Make-up system cycled to maintain level, undetected for about 7.5 hours.
Hatch has interconnected transfer canal between two pools. Seal required for SSE considerations. Unique design.
(5) Licensee had reviewed seal design following Haddam Neck event, and determined design to be adequate. Pmeedures developed to address seal failure subsequently omitted. Maintenance error isolated air supply to seal, combined with low backup nitrogen accumulator resulted in seal failure. Passive backup seal failed due to improper installation and design. Design determined to be unique to Surry. Maximum leakage 6,500 gpm for 4 minutes.
4-17

In response to EB 84-03, the analyses supplied by licensees indicated that the failure of a pneumatic refueling cavity seal in most PWR plants would not result in massive leakage because of the relatively narrow gap to be sealed and the geometric shape of the seal (the Haddam Neck design was determined to be unique because of the large gap sealed). Also, leaks from seal failures in the transfer canal gates would be limited, in most cases, because the leakage would be into a confined volume, for example from the pool into a drained up-ender sump. This volume is small in comparison to the spent fuel pool volume and the level in the spent fuel pool would decrease slightly, Licensee responses to EB 84-03 have been reviewed by the NRC staff to determine the credible leakage that could result from pneumatic. seal failures, in particular the refueling cavity seal.
Although BWRs do not generally use pneumatic seals (permanent stainless steel bellows are used), some licensees did provide estimates for credible leakage in the highly unlikely case these seals were to fail. The seal failure leakage rates provided by licensees are listed in Table 4.6.2, and are representative of the maximum flow rates achieved for a fully flooded refueling cavity. As the water level drops, the hydrostatic presst.re decreases and the flow rate will also decrease. For example, in the Summer submittal (Virgil C. Summer response to EB 84-03, October 16,1984, Docket No. 50-395), even though the maximum flow rate is 5,500 gpm, it was estimated that it would require 160 minutes to drain the cavity to the level of the seal ring with the transfer tube open. If the transfer tube is closed, the spent fuel pool will not drain. The Watts Bar submittal (Watts Bar response to EB 84-03, December 6,1984, Docket No. 50-390) estimated the time to drain to the reactor vessel flange region was about 95 minutes. The Catawba /McGuire submittal (William B. McGuire 1 and 2 and Catawba 1 and 2 responses to EB 84-03, November 11,1984, Docket Nos. 50-369, -370, -413, and -414) provided the most comprehensive assessment of postulated leak rates. The times to dram the refueling cavity, considering the hydrostatic pressure changes as level decreases, ranged from 12 minutes for 100% gross failure to 414 minutes for a 1/16 inch gap around the entire seal circumference. For the 25% gross seal failure, the time was estimated to be 65 minutes. This case was reported to be identical to the Haddam Neck seal failure event.
The catastrophic complete failure of the refueling cavity seal is not considered to be credible.
The Haddam Neck seal failure is considered to the most limiting case. Even if a catastrophic failure occurred, with one to two feet of water remammg above the fuel in the spent fuel pool, there would be at least two hours available for the operator to take emergency actions to provide cooling for the spent fuel before the water covering the spent fuel boils off. This time estimate is based on Tab:e 4.6.3, which shows that the maximum rate of boiling following a full core discharge five days after shutdown is equivalent to one foot every two hours (based on 49 hours to boil off 23 feet of water). For a normal refueling, assuming 1/3 core discharge, the recovery time would be five hours. An example of a procedure developed to address this highly unlikely situation was provided in the Catawba /McGuire response to EB 84-03. The alternate cooling method is to recirculate water from the containment sump to the refueling water storage tank and then to the spent fuel pool using a residual heat removal pump.
The fuel transfer canal structure, located between the fuel transfer canal in the reactor vessel f    refueling pool and the fuel storage pool in the fuel storage building, is typically equipped with a l
1    metal expansion joint to accommodate flexure. In the event the fuel transfer tube tube expansion joint failed, the outer sleeve slip joints would limit the leakage flow. The maximum ca'culated leakage through a slip joint was estimated to be 400 gpm (Indian Point 2 supplemental response to EB 84-03, March 31,1987, Docket No. 50-247).
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BNL estimated (Ref.10) that the frequency of a serious loss of pool water inventory resulting from a pneumatic seal failure would be on the order of one in one hund ed events (0.01). The combined probability estimate was 1x10-5 per reactor year for a serious loss of pool water event (Ref.10). This estimate does not include credit for recovery actions to mitigate or stop the draining event from resulting in spent fuel damage. A conditional probability of failure to                                                                                                           ,
recovery of 0.05 was used by BNL, based on previous studies (Ref. 27), resulting in a frequency                                                                                                       I estimate of 5x10-7 per reactor year for the seal failure accident sequence.
To assure that the BNL estimate is appropriate for this event, the NRC staff examined the human error probability (HEP) of failure to diagnose this event in suf5cient time to take mitigative action. As discussed above, licensee responses to IEB 84-03 demonstrate that there is considerable time to respond to a seal failure event, even for postulated leakage on the order of several thousand of gallons per minute. The refueling cavity seal would have to fail while the transfer canal was open. For the protection of the spent fuel, the transfer canal gate valves can be closed and make-up water provided to restore the pool level if the level in the refueling cavity falls below the reactor pressure vessel flange region. Using the nominal HEP screening model (Ref. 21) to estimate the HEP for failure to diagnose the event, the median joint HEP for a one to four hour time period is 1x104 to 5x10-5 The error factor on the median HEP is 30, therefore the HEP value for failure to diagnose a serious seal failure is estimated to be in the 3x10-3 to 1.5x104 range.
On December 17,1984 an IE Information Notice, IN 84-93, " Potential for Loss of Water From the Refueling Cavity," was issued (Ref. 24). In this notice the staff concluded that " Adequate emergency procedures and properly calibrated refueling cavity water level instrumentation are considered to be important in the mitigation of any loss of-cavity-water accident."
Based on the heightened awareness to refueling cavity seal designs, installation, testing and maintenance of the seals, and to the need for adequate procedures to address seal failures, as identified in IEB 84-03 and in IN 84-93, and considering the time available to diagnose a serious seal failure on the order of one hour, the staff updated the estimate of the frequency of loss of spent fuel pool water resulting in fuel damage. Given a serious seal failure frequency estimate of 1x10-5 per reactor year with an HEP conditional failure probability of 3x109 (median value for one hour with error factor) to diagnose the seal failure, the best estimated frequency is 3x10-8 per reactor this event is 5x10per                                                            year       of ayear, reactor sealbased failureonresulting the BNL evaluation                in spent fuel damage. The (Ref.
in NUREG/CR-4982  upper estimate 10).
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Table 4.6.2 Refueling Cavity Seal Leak Rates Following Seal Failure Plant                          Type          Leak Rate      Assumptions (gpm)
Point Beach 1/2                PWR           62             break ama of 0.5 square inches Turkey Pt. 3/4                 PWR           50 Comanche Peak                  PWR            100           break area of 1.0" diameter Oconee                         PWR            50            totaldislodgedinner seal
                                                              'TMI                            PWR           4,700          maximum, major gasket failure Vogtle                         PWR            175           8" section of gasket Watts Bar                      PWR            3,176         1/16" gap around seal Summer                        PWR            5,500         60 mil gap around seal Prairie Island 1/2             PWR            4,200         2" gap Watts Bar                     PWR            3,200 Haddam Neck                   PWR            10,000        actual seal failure data Catawba /McGuire              PWR            103,642       gross failure,100% of seal 20,467        gross failure,25% of seal 3,210          1/16" gap amund seal
                                                               'LaSalle                       BWR            185 Vermont Yankee                BWR            500 FitzPatrick                   BWR            370           inner bellow seal 7,100         outer bellow seal Note: Leak rates are maximum flows with full refueling cavity water level. As level decreases, flow rates will decrease.
4.6.5 Inadvertent Draining of the Spent Fuel Pool There are other mechanism for draining the spent fuel, in addition to the seal failures discussed previously. Pipe breaks in the cooling system or heat exchangers, or siphoning paths could result in loss of water. There have been a number of recent events resulting in partial draining of spent fuel pools. These have been identified in IE Information Notice 88-65, " Inadvertent Dramages of Spent Fuel Pools." (Ref. 25)
At Wolf Creek (12/22/87) a valve in a retum line to the refueling water storage tank (RWST) was left open following use of the spent fuel ml cleanup system to clean the RWST. The spent fuel pool level indicator and low level a. arm were both inoperable in the control room.
Successive tripping of the spent fuel pool cooling system pump alened the operators to a problem. The minimum level in the spent fuel pool was 22 feet above the fuel.
1 L
4-20 l
\

l At River Bend (9/20/87) an antisiphoning device in the purification system suction line was plugged in the upper spent fuel pool. River Bend is a Mark III BWR with an upper spent fuel pool near the reactor pressure vessel. Fuel movement to the primary spent fuel pool is not necessary unless the spent fuel is being completely discharged from the reactor. The upper pool was intentionally drained below the level indicator range to accommodate placement of the steam dryer in the pool. When using the condensate storage tank (CST) to refill the upper pool, valve misalignment result in a siphoning effect. High radiation alarms and a level increase in the CST alerted the operators to the problem. The manual valves in the purification line were closed to stop the drainage.
At San Onofre 2 (6/22/88) a siphoning _ path was present in the purification system, and approximately 9,000 gallons were siphoned. Although siphon breakers, check valves, and locked valves were installed, the administrative controls were not established allowing alignment of the system which led to the siphoning event.
Operating procedures for the interconnected systems associated with the spent fuel pools either were not sufficiently detailed or were incorrect and failed to prevent alignments causing unintentional drainage. At Wolf Creek procedures did not exist. Also surveillance procedures were not implemented to ensure the operability of all instrumentation and control equipmer t at Wolf Creek.
At Turkey Point 4 (8/16/88) approximately 3,100 gallons of water was released from the spent fuel pool through a vent valve on a failed pump. This event occurred after IE Information Notice 88-65 was issued.
At Surry Unit 1 (10/2/88) a small leak developed in a pneumatic seal in the fuel transfer system as a result of the an accidental pinhole puncture in the single air supply line. The leak was promptly detected and stopped before seal integrity was lost. The reactor cavity seal was not mstalled at the time and if the seal failed, the loss of water could have lowered the spent fuel pool level to within 13 inches above the top of the stored fuel. IE Information Notice 88-92,
                                    " Potential for Spent Fuel Pool Draindown," was issued on November 22,1988 (Ref. 26) to alert licensees to potential problems resulting from failure of the fuel transfer canal door seal.
The inadvertent draining of a spent fuel pool should be precluded by design or administrative procedures. Antisiphoning devices, or approved system alignment procedures should be in place to assure that the primary safety function of the spent fuel pool is not compromised. To this end, instrumentation to alert operators to potential problems should be operable. IE Information Notice 88-65 identified these issues and all holders of OLs and cps are expected to review the information and consider appropriate actions to avoid similar problems The frequency of a siphoning event was estimated (Ref. 27) to be 0.001 per reactor year, based on a break in the cooling system. An 0.01 conditional failure probability of the cooling system to isolate was assumed. Further it was assumed that the conditional failure probability of the backup make-up system was 0.015. The frequency of a siphoning event was estimated to be 1.5x10-7 per reactor year (Ref. 27). Based on a conditional probability of an anti siphoning check valve failure of 0.08 (Ref. 27), the frequency of this scenario resulting in spent fuel damage is estimated to be 1.2x10-8 per reactor year.
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The operational experiences concerning spent fuel pool component performance indicates that partial pool draming resulting from non-scal failure related causes, such as inadvertent siphoning, do not result in a significant loss of water from the spent fuel pool (Ref. 28). At San Onofre 2, for example, the 9,000 gallons is equivalent to about 19.5 inches of water. At Davis-Besse, on June 6,1980, an improperly calibrated level alarm did not actuate until the level was 10.25 inches below the Technical Specification limit. At Trojan, June 10,1982, misalignment of the spent fuel pool purification system as a result of not closing the door between the spent fuel pool and the fuel transfer canal resulted in a lowering of the level to 21 feet 9 inches above the top of the stored fuel. The Technical Specification limit is 23 feet. The rate of draining was 132 gpm.
As a result of increased awareness concerning the development and use of proper administrative procedures for system alignments and the use of anti-siphoning devices and the need for spent fuel pool level indication through the issuance of IE Information Notice 88-65, the staff concludes that the frequency of spent fuel damage from inadvertent draining of the spent fuel pool is less than 1x10-' per reactor year, and the best estimate value is 1.2x104 per reactor year based on previous estimates (Ref. 27).
4.6.6 Loss of Cooling /Make-Up The acceptance criteria associated with the general design and operation of the spent fuel pool and it's related support systems, primarily the cooling and make-up systems, are based on the long time interval available to the plant operators to diagnose and correct failures in these systems. In WASH-1400, for example, it was assumed that the likelihood of failure to recover from loss of cooling was 1x10-6 per event. With an assumed loss of cooling event frequency of 0.1 per reactor year, the probability of damage to the spent fuel was judged to be extremely small,1x10-7 per reactor year.
In WASH-1400 the assumed spent fuel pool inventory was limited to about 2/3 of a full core. A pool loading of 1/3 of a core with 150 days decay and 1/3 with three days decay was assumed for the limiting condition. Approximately nine days (216 hours) would be available before the 50,000 cubic feet of water in the spent fuel pool would be completely boiled off. The average pool loading assumption resulted in 3.8 weeks (640 hours) available for the repair of the cooling system and/or water make-up to be accomplished. In WASH-1400 it was believed that spent fuel shipping would be occurring on a weekly basis and the likelihood of failure to recover was estimated to be 1x10-6, However, spent fuel is not being shipped within the United States and the spent fuel pool inventories are larger than assumed in WASH-1400. To determine the available time for recovery, a simplified calculation was performed. A 3000 Mw thermal plant is assumed to have discharged 1/3 of a full core annually for a period of 20 years, for a s?cnt fuel pool heat load of 3.5 million BTU /hr of decay heat. Older fuel would not increase tie heat load significantly.
Based on the pool data provided in Table 4.2.1, it is assumed that there is 32,000 cubic feet of water covering the spent fuel, a 30 foot by 40 foot surface with a depth of 23 feet over the spent fuel. Heatup of only the water is assumed. The results of the calculation are provided in Table 4.6.3 for the case when 1/3 of the core is recently discharged or the case when the full core is discharged. Also provided in the table is the needed make-up rate, in gallons per minute, to match the boil off rate.
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9:                                                                                                                              1 w                                                                                                                l
[..                                                                                                                             l L
Based on Table 4.6.3, the time available to recovery from loss of cooling can be estimated as at        ;
least 24 hours for the most limiting case - full core discharge five days following reactor shutdown. At this time the water level covering the spent fuel (approximately ten feet) is              4 adequate to provide shielding to maintain the radiation levels in the spent fuel storage area to a low enough vahie to permit limited operator access to the SFP area as required to establish make-up. The make up capacity is less than 100 gpm and the assumption that the fire system can be used to provide make-up appears to be reasonable. It is also noted that the frequency of this limiting condition is estimated to be less than 5% of the lifetime of the facility. Full core offloading is an unusual occurrence, except during ten year inservice inspections of the reactor pressure vessel. Assuming four inspections per life, and eight additional unanticipated offloads, the estimated frequency of having a full core in the spent fuel pool (assuming the full core is in the pool for a period of 30 days) is 1 year per 40 year life or 2.5% of the time. For the typical expected condition of a 1/3 core discharge five days after shutdown, the time available to restore cooling and/or establish make-up is three days. For recovery actions which would not require operators to enter the potentially high radiation area, the available time to recovery cooling would be between two days, the most limiting case, and five days, for a normal refueling case.
If the loss of cooling event occurs 30 days after discharge, the recover time intervals nearly          i double.
The spent fuel pool is equipped with temperature and level instrumentation to warn the operator of a degrading condition. Although these instruments are not safety grade, they do alarm in the control room. The spe,nt fuel pool storage area also contains radiation monitors to alen the operator to degrading situations. These instruments provide the operator with the information necessary to initiate appropriate safety actions to assure that the safety function of the spent fuel .
pool, to maintain the spent fuel assemblies in a safe and subcritical array during all credible storage conditions, is not compromised. The issuance of IE Information Notice 88-65 (see Section 4.6.5) has emphasized the importance of assuring that the spent fuel pool level instrumentation is operable and that surveillance procedures are in place to assure the the instrumentation is properly maintained.
Operator performance, the human error probability (HEP), is estimated from NUREG/CR-1278 Cha pter 12, " Diagnosis of Abnormal Events." (Ref. 23) The nominal screening model is used.
Tab:e 4.6.4 lists the median joint HEPs and the error factors for a variety of assumptions for failure to diagnose a loss of cooling event. Typical repair time estimates, as well as failure rates, for the components of the cooling system are provided in Table 4.6.5.
The failure rates in Table 4.6.5 are for all failtue modes. For a series system which has one pump, one heat exchanger, one level indicator and four valves, the estimated failure rate of the system is 0.15 per reactor year. The mean time to repair the system is about 34 hours. This is representative of the minimum cooling system allowed under current requirements, and supports the estimated failure rate of a single cooling system of 0.1 per reactor year previously used in W' ASH-1400 and in NUREG-0933 (Ref. 27). Based on the mean time to repair the spent fuel pool cooling system,34 hours, it is seen that there is adequate time to repair the cooling system before the spent fuel pool level decrease to a level where spent fuel damage would occur and the make up rates needec to match the boil off rates are not excessive.
Four " generic" fuel pool cooling and make-up systems have been examined to estimate the possible range of failure frequencies for these systems. The four representative systems, based on current SRP acceptance criteria, are:
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p ii System A: Minimum cooling and make-up system requirements.
One full capacity cooling train with redundant active components (i.e., valves, pumps, etc.). One Category I make-up system and one backup pump or system (not required to be Category I) which can be aligned to a Category I water supply.
System B: Minimum cooling and make-up system requirements-(System A) with credit for make-up from the fire system for recovery.-
t System C: Typical older system. - One cooling train with backup active. components (but the backup components am required to supplement cooling about 30% of the time); and, one safety grade make-up system and one non-safety grade make-up system.-
System D: Typical older system (System C) with a third make-up train available for recovery (i.e., the fire system).
Systems A and B are not intended to represent actual systems. Rather, they are representative of the minimum requirements in the current SRP.
The failure rates and systems failure frequencies are based on data from WASH-1400 and assumptions used in NUREG-0933 (Ref. 27). Spec.ifically:
                                 - 1. A 0.1 per reactor year frequency for the initiating event, loss of cooling, is based on WASH-1400 estimates. As discussed above, this is the expected failure frequency for a typical single train system based on typical component failure rates.
: 2. The conditional failure probability of 0.05 for the second cooling train (Systems A and B) represents a relatively high common mode failure probability. This value was used in NUREG-0933 to assist in the pnoritization of this generic issue.
: 3. The conditional failure probability of 0.3 for the second cooling train (Systems C and D) represents the assumption that both cooling pumps are necessary 30% of the time. Thus a failure of either pump represents a failure of the system.
: 4. Train 1 of the make-up system is assumed to be independent of the cooling system and is assigned a low common cause contribution. The likelihood of a prolonged station blackout events is assumed to be low. This assumpnon is supported by a recent study completed by Sandia (Ref. 28). For 63 recorded incidents of loss of off-site power, the longest recovery time reported was about nine hours (for severe weather related losses), with the sample mean recovery time for all causes of 1.2 hours.                     The conditional probability of 0.015 is used, based on RHR reliability in the LPCI mode (WASH-1400).
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: 5. Train 2 of the make-up system is assigned a conditional failure probability of 0.05. This system is not powered by emergency power buses and may be put out of service by a common mode failure of the spent fuel pool cooling system.
The estimated failure fmquency of the spent fuel pool cooling and make-up systems resulting in a heatup of the spent fuel without mcovery is summarized in Table 4.6.6 for each of the four systems.
Table 4.6.3 Heatup and Boil Dry Times for a Typical Spent Fuel Pool Based on 1/3 Core Discharge                           Based on Full Core Discharge Days Q-decay                  Heat Boil      Make-Up         Q-decay      Heat Boil      Make-Up After 1/3 com                 125 F Off Boil                 Full Core     150F Off      Boil Shut Discharge                - 212F Water Off               Discharge    - 212F Water Off Down (BTU /hr)                (hrs) (hrs) (gpm)              (BTU /hr)    (hrs)   (hrs) (gpm) 5            1.51x107        11.2    125.0 31.9             3.82x107     3.1     49.3   81.0 10           1.22x107        13.9    154.9 25.8             2.95x107     4.1     63.8   62.6 30           8.87x106        19.0    212.2 18.8             1.97x107     6.1     95.8   41.7 45           7.75xiO6        21.8    242.8 16.4             1.63x107     7.4      115.5 34.5 65           6.96x106        24.3    270.4 14.8             1.39x107     8.6      135.2 29.5 100           6.14x106        27.5    306.5 13.0             1.15x107      10.5    164.2 24.3 150           5.27x106        32.0    357.1 11.2             8.58x106      13.6   212.6 18.8 200           4.81x106        35.1    391.2 10.2             7.47x106      16.1   251.9 15.8 250           4.54x106        37.2    414.5 9.6              6.66x106      18.1   282.6 14.1 300           4.39x106        38.4    428.3 9.3              6.22x106      19.3   302.4 13.2 350           4.30x106        39.2    437.5 9.1              5.94x106     20.2    316.6 12.6 365           4.29x106        39.3    438.6 9.1              5.91x106     20.4    318.4 12.5 Note: Q-decay includes 3.5x106BTU /hr from 20 years of accumulated discharges.
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Table 4.6.4 Nominal HEP Model Estimates For Failure to Diagnose Loss of Cooling Following 1/3 Core                   Following Full Core I
Discharge                                    Discharge Time Mean                            Time Median Min    Joint          Error          Min Joint                                 Error                ;
HEP-           Factor                        HEP                        Factor Failure to Diagnosis Loss of Cooling Before Boiling Occurs                 600    0.00002        30              180           0.00005                    30 t
Failure to Recovery Before High Radiation Fieldin SFP Area               >1440 0.00001         30              1440 0.00001                             30 Note: The HEP probabilities are based on the nominal HEP model (Ref. 23). Previous estimates of failure to recovery (NUREG-0933, for example) have used a HEP value of 0.05 considering the high temperature and high radiation fields following loss of water from the spent fuel pool, and considering the location of the spent fuel poolin a BWR. Make-up was assumed to be from a fire hose.
Table 4.6.5 Typical Failure Rates and Repair Times for Cooling System Components (Taken from EPRINP 3365)
Component                             Failure Rate           Range                              Average Repair (per hour)             (per hour)                         Time (hours)
Piping (per 10 ft section)            3x10-10                1x10-Il to 3x10-8                                30 Pump                                   1x10-5                3x10-6 to 3x10-5                                 40 Heat Exchanger                        3x104                  1x10-7 to 1x104                                  30 Valves (per valve)                     1x104                 3x10-7 to 3x104                                  24                   i Instrumentation (per channel)          1x10-6                3x10-7 to 1x10-5                                 6 4-26
                                                                                                                                       )

Table 4.6.6 Failure Frequency of Generic SFP Cooling and Make Up Systems Without Recovery System           Cooling       Cooling               Make-up        Make-up       Frequency Train 1       Train 2               Train 1        Train 2       ofHeatup (per R-y)     (per demand)          (per demand) (per demand) (per R-y)
A/B           0.1           0.05                  0.015          0.05           3.8x10-6 C/D           0.1           0.3                   0.015          0.05          2.2x10-5 The probability of the complete loss of the cooling and the make-up systems resulting in spent fuel damage is dependent on actions taken by the plant operators to either restore the cooling and/or make-up system or provide an alternative method for make-up or cooling, for example use of the station fire fightmg system or use of a portable backup pump. In NUREG-0933, a conditional failure probability of 0.05 was assigned to the operator failure to accomplish recovery actions. The resulting frequency of fuel damage was estimated to be 1.9x10 per reactor year for System B (System A with recovery) and 1.1x10-6 per reactor year for System D (System C with recovery). The 0.05 conditional failure probability of recovery before fuel damage was based on the assumption that the spent fuel pool area environmental conditions would eventually become severe enough to make it difficult to setup the fire hose for make-up.
The NUREG-0933 (Ref. 27) evaluation did not consider the time available to diagnose and take corrective or recovery actions.
Based on the time available to diagnose a loss of cooling event, at least three hours before boiling occurs, the HEP value for failure to diagnose is 0.0015 (median value for full core       f discharge with error factor). For the 1/3 core discharge case, these values are lower by a factor of about two. The probability of a pool heatup event resulting in boiling of the water in the spent fuel pool is therefore estimated to be 5.7x10-9 per reactor year for System A (3.8x10-6 x 1.5x10-3) and 3.5x10-8 per reactor year for System C (2.2x10-5 x 1.5x10-3).
The spent fuel pool cooling and make-up systems are designed to meet one of two basic sets of requirements. The first basis requires the cooling portion of the synem to be designed to seismic Category I, Quality Group C requirements. The second basis allows a non-seismic Category I, Quality Group C spent fuel pool cooling system provided that the following systems are designed to seismic Category I requirements and are protected against tomadoes: the fuel pool make-up water system and its sources; and, the fuel pool building and its ventilation and filtration system. The make-up, ventilation and filtration systems must also withstand a single active failure.
Since Generic Issue 82 is concerned with risk from beyond design basis events, LLNL evaluated the probability of a beyond design basis seismic event resulting in a loss of cooling event and subsequent pool heatup transient (Ref.17).
i 4-27                                               l

The cooling and make-up water systems for two pools were reviewed, one for a BWR system and one for a PWR system. Event and fault tress were constructed by LLNL to identify the accident sequences that result from failure of these systems. For components appearing in these accident sequences, seismic fragilities were estimated based on design information and p at walkdowns. Boolean equations developed from the fault tree analysis were quantified usin                                e seismic fragilities and preliminary hazard curves for the two sites. The dominant compone                               i a
spent fuel pool system failures were found to be similar to components that have been fou contribute to seismic risk in several PRAs concerned with reactor core damage; poorly anch .ed electrical equipment and tanks. The components which contribute significantly to the seismic induced failure of the spent fuel pool support systems are the non-safety electrical systems in the plant; the motor control centers, switchgear and station service transformers which have relatively low seismic capacities.
The estimated mean probability of a beyond design basis seismic event resulting in loss of cooling, combined with operator failure to properly align normal make-up, was found to be on the order of 1.5x104 per reactor year for both systems. A sensitivity study without operator failure rates or random failures showed little change in the mean probability estimate (Ref.17).
The median (50-th percentile) probability estimate was found to be about an order of magnitude lower than the mean value. For the seismic induced loss of cooling event to result in damage to spent fuel, the previously determined nominal HEP (with error factor) failure to diagnosis and failure of the second make-up train are used. Using the values of 0.0015 for failure to diagnose and 0.05 for failure of the second make-up train to recover the estimated probability of fuel damage is therefore 1.5x104 x 0.0015 x 0.05, or 2.1x104 per reactor year. Based on the estimated failure frequencies used in Table 4.6.6 above, it would appear that common mode failures in the non-safety electrical systems resulting from a beyond design basis seismic event, at least for the two plants studied, may have been underestimated by a factor of two for System A (0.1 x 0.05 x 0.015, or 7.5x10-5 per reactor year without credit for make-up train 2 as compared to 1.5x104 per reactor year). The combined best estimate probability of spent fuel damage from loss of cooling, from component failures and beyond dengn basis seismic events, is therefore estimated to be 4x10-8 plus 2x10-8 or 6x10-8 per reactor year. Previous estimates, based on a conditional probability of failure to recover from a loss of cooling event value of 0.05 without consideration for event diagnosis and using the systeins data in Table 4.6.6, provide an 4
upper bound probability estimate of 1.4x10 per reactor year.
4.6.7 Structural Failure of SFP from Beyond Design Basis Earthquakes The probability of failure of a structure is related to the functional relationships between the various physical parameters and the variabilities in the parameters themselves. Two types of variability are considered. The first variability is that which is potentially reducible and is called the uncertainty. The additional component, which cannot be practically reduced, is called randomness.
The seismic analysis of a structure includes two parts. The first is the structural capacity and the response of the structure to a seismic event. This is referred to as fragility. The second is the seismic input and site response to an earthquake, the seismic hazard analysis. The hazard analysis is comprised of two parts. The site response (peak ground acceleration, response spectra, and frequency for both horizontal and vertical ground motions) and the annual frequency of exceeding a given peak ground acceleration, the seismic hazard curve. Because of uncertainty, both the fragility and seismic hazard analyses are described by families of cmves.
Each curve representing different confidence levels. The :esulting combination of these two 4-28

Possible failum modes for the liner plate identified by LLNL am:
: 1. Tearing of the liner plate or seam welds at the leak channels due to vertical / horizontal loads from fuel storage racks; this is of concem only if the rack slides and the foot bears on the leak channel.
: 2. Tearing of the liner plate due to sliding of the rack over any floor depression or wrinkles in the liner plate.
: 3. For a laterally braced rack, puncturing of the liner plate at the knuckle in the vicinity of the pool floor / walls intersection.
The failure modes of free standing or sliding racks, and for laterally braced high density fuel racks were considend by LLNL. Based on information provided to the NRC staff concerning a reracking amendment by a licensee (Ref. 30), LLNL concluded that the peak ground acceleration would have to exceed 1.5 to 2.0 g before failure of the fre standing racks would occur. The median acceleration capacity of the racks for incipient impact with the pool wall is estimated to be 1.0 g, and it would require 1.5 to 2.0 r:mes this value to cause impact and damage. Even then, the fuel rack design is such that the assembly cannot be compressed into a critical mass. LLNL therefore concluded that crushing of fuel and assemblies is not a credible failum mode of the spent fuel pool system. Also, tl.e failure of the spent fuel pool liner plate   ,
1 resulting from movement of the spent fuel storage racks, either from sliding or puncturing,is not expected to result in the sudden or rapid drainage of the water from the spent fuel pool.
The actual potential failure modes of the BWR spent fuel pool studied by LLNL included the following:
(a) Out of plane shear failure of the pool floor slab.
(b) Out of plane bending failure of the pool floor slab.
(c) Punching shear failure of the pool floor slab under the fuel rack support pad.
(d) Out of plane bending failure of the south pool wall.
(e) Bending and shear failure of the girder under the south wall.
(f) Bending and shear failum of the girder under the east pool wall.
(g) Overall transfer of N-S and E-W inertial loads to the reactor building.
The controlling failure mode with the lowest seismic capacity was determined to be the out of plane shear failure of the pool floor slab. The slab was evaluated for out of plane loading resulting from dead weight load plus seismic load. Sources of dead loads are the weights of the slab, grout, water, fuel racks, and attached equipment. Sources of seismic loads are (a) vertical seismic response of the slab and attached masses, (b) fluid impulse and convective mode responses induced by horizontal seismic excitation, and (c) horizontal seismic response of the spent fuel racks.
4-31

J                                                                                                                                                          .   .
l
                                                                                                                                                                  \
The PWR spent fuel has two features which are not typical. The storage racks are both low density and high density in design. And to accommodate the region of high density racks, a support column was added beneath the spent fuel pool floor, in the waste gas holdup tank room below the spr nt fuel structure. The pool floor is actually six feet above grade at Robinson.                                                          ,
The actual potential failure modes of the PWR spent fuel pool studied by LLNL included the following:                                                                                                                                             l l
(a) Out of plane bending of the East or South wall.
(b) Out of plane shear failure of the East or South wall.
(c) Out of plane shear failure of the pool floor slab.
(d) Out of plane bending failure of the pool floor slab.
(e) Overall seismic stability of the spent fuel.
The out of plane bending failure of the east wall was determined to be the failure mode with the lowest seismic capacity. The East or South wall resists the lateral forces of the old fuel racks. It was modeled by LLNL as a slab fixed on three sides and free on top. The loads considered in the evaluation of the seismic capacity of this wall are (a) hydmstatic loads (normal water level),
(b) hydrodynamic: loads induced by horizontal and vertical accelerations in earthquakes, (c) wall inertia force, and (d) reaction forces from the old fuel racks.
The fragility of a structure, or component, is expressed in terms of its median factors, A                               p , R.
and pg. A is m the  median   ground  acceleration   at which  the pmbability  of    failure           is    0.5.        pg      and g are the random variability and the uncertainty in the median capacity based on a lognormal model. pRand U are the logarithmic standard deviations of the median value. Using the lognormal model a high confidence of low probability of failure (HCLPF) capacity factor is defined, HCLPF capacity = A exp( -1.64 (
ground acceleration at which Eere                        is a 95%
confidence            g+ will that failure g)).notThe      occur.       HCLPFThis valuevalue                     is de may be compared to the safe shutdown earthquake peak ground acceleration used in the deterministic analysis to determine the margin in excess of the SSE for which no structural failure is anticipated. This fragility model and development of fragility parameters have been utilized in over 25 seismic PRAs.
The median factors of safety and variabilities of the spent fuel pool structure for the elevated 0.39. The HCLPF value is 0.5 g.
m BWR       were    found    to  be  A  =  1.4    g, with For the PWR spent fuel pool, Am = 2.0 g, with g = 0.28 an R  =  0.26   and g =d g = 0.40. The                                                HCLPF va 0.65 g. The HCLPF value shows a design margm of a factor of at least three over the SSE design peak ground acceleration for either pool. Typical SSE design values for LWRs are in the 0.15 to 0.2 g range. The BWR used in this study has an SSE value of 0.14 g, and the PWR has an SSE of 0.2 g.
Preliminary seismic hazard curves for the two sites were used to estimate the probability of failme of the spent fuel pool structures from beyond design basis earthquakes.                                              These preliminary curves have not been finally reviewed by the NRC and were used by LLNL only to obtain a better understanding of the seismic induced spent fuel pool failure. The hazard curves may change after NRC review and guidance for their proper use will be developed. They are 4-32

however expected to be a reasonable representation of the seismic characteristics of the sites. A recently published report (NUREG/CR-5042, Supplement 1, Ref. 31) compares the NRC and EPRI preliminary estimates for the annual probabihty of exceedance at the SSE earthquake level for nine reactor sites. The differences between the NRC and EPRI estimates are reasonable, with no greater than about one order of magnitude difference between the estimates at any confidence level. The median (50%),85% and 15% confidence levels were compared.
The resulting annual seismic failure frequencies for the two pools are provided in Table 4.6.8.
The results are provided for a variety of confidence levels and for a variety of cutoff values.
The use of a cutoff value of less than 100% demonstrates the sensitivity of the analysis to the extreme tails in the seismic hazard curves and fragility curves. LLNL recommends use of the 99% cutoff value based on their experiences with seismic PRAs (Ref.17). The mean failure frequency at the 99% cutoff value is used for this Regulatory Analysis.
The LLNL study used two representative spent fuel pools. These pools have been designed to the . seismic design criteria existing in the late 1960s. Their large seismic capacities lead LLNL to conclude that the pools designed to current seismic standards (post 1973) should have higher seismic capacities and should not contribute significantly to seismic risk. Based on the demonstrated relatively high seismic capacity (the HCLPF capacity of the pool structures are estimated to be more than three times the SSE value), LLNL also concluded that the risk contribution from spent fuel pool structural failures is negligibly small (Ref.17). In addition, the results obtained for the two pools studied also fall within the margins estimated by the ASCE for nuclear power plant seismic structures. The margins, based on median capacities, are about 8 for the BWR and 10 for the PWR which fall within the estimated structural factor range of 4 to 19 (see Table 4.6.8).
4-33

Table 4.6.7 Estimated Median Factors of Safety and Logarithmic Standard Deviations Associated with The Safe Shutdown Earthquake (SSE)
(Post 1973 Seismic Design Methods)
Item                                          Median Factor                  Logarithmic of Safety                      Stnd. Deviation Capacity Ultimate Strength vs Code Allowable         1.2 - 2.5                     0.16 - 0.20 Inelastic Energy Absorption Capacity        1.8 - 4.0                     0.20 - 0.30 Total Capacity Factor (1)              2.5 - 6.0                      0.28 - 0.34

===Response===
Design Response Spectra                     1.2 - 1.6                     0.25 - 0.40 Damping Effects                             1.2 - 1.4                     0.09 - 0.20 Modeling Effects                               1.0                        0.10 - 0.20 Modal and Component Combination             1.0 - 1.1                     0.15 - 0.20 Soil-Structure Interaction                  1.1 - 1.5                     0.10 - 0.40 Total Response Factor (1)              1.6 - 3.2                     0.40 - 0.59 Total Structural Factor (1)                    4 - 19                      0.52 - 0.65 Mechanical Equipment Capacity Factor                           1.5 - 8.0                     0.28 - 0.34 Bmiding Response Factor                   1.6 - 3.2                     0.40 - 0.59 Floor Spectra Factor                      1.4-1.6                       0.25 - 0.35 Total Mechanical Equipment Factor            3.5 - 40                      0.59 - 0.72 Notes:
(1) These total factors are the product of the preceding individual factors upon which they are based. However, a range is shown for each of the individual factors and it is not reasonable to assume all the individual factors would concurrently be at either their lowest or highest values.
Judgment was introduced in establishing the expected range o'f these factors. For example, the estimated range on the structural median capacity factors of 2.5 to 6.0 is less than would be              :
obtained from concurrently using either the lowest or highest values of the strength and energy            i absorption which would produce a median capacity factor range of 2.2 to 10.0.
4-34

L-i
..                                                                                Table 4.6.8 Annual Seismic Failure Frequencies For Two Representative Spent Fuel Pools Fragility Data                  Cutoff              Failure Frequencies Pool . A                u    HCLPF Value Mean            5%            50%         95 %
(g7    ~ (g
                                                         )  (-)        (g)   (%)     1/R-y       1/R-y          1/R-y      1/R-y
                                       - B W R 1.4     0.26 0.39      0.5    100    3.8x10-5     1.8x10-Il     7.7x10-8    3.6x10-5 99     6.7x10-6     3.1x10-Il      8.3x10-8   1,9x10-5 97     3.8x10-6     3.1x10-11     7.7x10-8    1,4xio-5 PWR 2.0        0.28 0.40      0.65   100    8.6x10-6     6.1x10-12      1.3x10-8   8.6x10-6 99     1.8x104      9.9x10-12      1.5x10-8 . 5.0x10-6 97     9.9x10-7     9.5x10-12      1.4x10-8   3.5x10-6 b
4-35

4.7 Summary of Accident Sequence Quantification The frequency of spent fuel damage resulting from accident sequences which can result in the loss of water fmm the spent fuel pool through either drainage or through boiling as a result of loss of cooling are summarized in Table 4.7.1. HEP failure to diagnose values, including error factors, based on the nominal HEP model (Ref. 23) have been used to develop the best estimate accident frequencies and are based on the most limiting condition in the spent fuel pool - a full core discharge into a pool containing 20 years of spent fuel. The upper bound frequency values represent previous estimates from WASH-1400, NUREG-0933 and NUREG/CR-4982. In general, these previous studies did not consider the time available for recovery actions but, in general, used intentionally conservative assumptions regarding operator performance.
Table 4.7.1 Summary of SFP Accident Frequencies Accident Sequence                           PWR Frequency                    BWR Frequency BestEstimate UpperBound             Best Estimate Upper Bound (per R-year) (per R-year)           (per R-year) (per R-year)
Structural Failures
: 1. Missiles                     1.0x10-8       1.0x10-7           1.0x10-8       1.0x10-7
: 2. Aircraftcrashes            6.0x10-9        2.0x10-8            6.0x10-9       2.0x10-8
: 3. Heavy Load Drop             3.1x10-8        3.1x10-7           3.1x10-8       3.1x10-7 Pneumatic SealFailures           3.0x10-8        5.0x10-7           3.0x10-8(1)    5.0x10-7(1)
Inadvertent Drainage              1.2x10-8       1.0x10-7           1.2x10-8       1.0x10-7 Loss of Cooling /Make-up         6.0x10-8(2)     1.4x10-6           6.0x10-8(2)    1.4x10-6 Total                          1.5x10-7     2.4x10-6           1.5x10-7       2.4x10-6 Seismic Structural Failure                           1.8x10-6                        6.7x10-6 Conditional Probability Of Zircaloy Cladding Fire Given Loss of Water (High Density Storage Racks)                     1.0                            0.25 Notes: (1) BWRs do not, in general, use pneumatic refueling cavity seals, but other pneumatic seals are usedin the transfer canal.
(2) Includes beyond design basis seismic induced loss of cooling and make-up.
4-36 I
i j

  .               4 4.8 Radiological Consequences Evaluation The inventory of radionuclides contained in spent fuel assemblies depends on the operating history and the size of the plant. During refueling, the freshly discharged fuel contains a large inventory of isotopes with short half-lives in the range of approximately one to thirty days.
These isotopes decay over the course of a year, until the next refueling outage.
The older fuel contains radionuclides which have longer half-lives. The older fuel approaches a decay rate which is inversely proportion to the decay time. For example, after four years, the spent fuel contains approximately one-forth of the specific activity of one-year old fuel.
During each refueling outage approximately one-third of a PWR core and about one-forth of a BWR core are off-loaded to the spent fuel storage pool. It is noted that releases for an accident involving the reactor core are basically noble gases and halogens, while for a spent fuel storage pool accident the releases are primarily alkali metals (such as cesium, Cs) and alkali earths (such as strontium, Sr). Therefore, it may not be appropriate to directly relate the probability of a spent fuel storage pool accident to a core damage accident because of the different radionuclides involved.
4.8.1 RadionuclideInventories The ORIGEN2 computer program (Ref.12) was used by BNL to determine the radionuclides inventory of the spent fuel as a function of decay time. Separate inventories were calculated for activation products in the fuel assembly hardware and cladding, and for the fissions products and actinides scaled in the fuel elements. The data was obtained for a reference BWR and a reference PWR. - Millstone Unit 1 and R. E. Ginna were selected by BNL as the reference plants for the source term evaluation. A comyarison of the radionuclides inventory at different decay times, up to the time when the spent fuel storage pool reaches a capacity load, to the equilibrium inventory of a reactor core is pmvided in NUREG/CR-4982 (Ref.10).
4.8.2 Radionuclides Potentially Available for Release The source term for any postulated accident sequence is defined in terms of:
                                    - the amount (curies) of each radionuclides,
                                    - the composition, physical and chemical form of each radionuclides, and,
                                    - the time and the duration of the release of the radioactivity to the environment.
The physical and chemical processes that would take place in a drained spent fuel storage pool are not well characterized at the present time. It was therefore necessary for BNL to use engineering judgment to estimate the source term. The SFUEL1W computer program does not account for relocation of the reaction products (molten un-oxidized cladding, fuel dissolved in molten zirconium, etc). Also the degree to which exposed UO2 would oxidize to U 3Og and reduce the release of less volatile fission products has not been studied. The estimate of the 4-37

fraction of each radionuclides release was determined by BNL based on available data and on engineering judgment, and is provided in Table 4.8.1 (from NUREG/CR-4982, Table 4.2, Ref.
10).
Table 4.8.1 Estimated Radionuclides Release Fractions During a Spent Fuel Pool Accident Resulting in Complete Destruction of the Fuel Cladding Release Fractions (l)
Chemical Family          Element or                           Value          Uncertainty Range         ,
Isotope                              Used Noble gases              Kr, Xe                                1.0           0 Halogens                 I-129, I-131                          1.0           0.5-           1.0 Alkali metals            Cs, (Ba-137m) Rb                      1.0           0.1-           1.0 Chalcogens -             Te, (I-132)                          0.02           .002 -         0.2 Alkalicarths             Sr, (Y-90), Ba (in fuel)             2x10-3         1x104-         1x10-2 Sr, Y-91 (in cladding)                1.0           0.5 -          1.0 Transition                                                    0.1            0.1 -          1.0 Co-58 (assembly hardware)(2)         0.12           0.1 -
Elements               Co-60 (assembly hardware)                                          1.0~
Y-91 (assembly hardware)             0.1            0.1 -          1.0 Nb-95, Zr-95 (in fuel)               0.01           1x10       1x10-1 Nb-95, Zr-95 (in cladding)            1.0           0.5 -          1.0 Miscellaneous            Mo-99                                 1x104         1x10       1x10-5 Ru-106                               2x10-5         1x10-6         lx104 Sb-125                                1.0           0.5 -          1.0         ,
i Lanthanides              La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu                1x104         1x10       1x10-5 l                   Transuranic              Np, Pu , Am , Cm                      1x10-6        1x10       1x10-5 4
Notes: (1) Release fractions of several daughter isotopes are determined by their precursors, e.g., Y-90 by Sr-90, Tc-99m by Mo-99, Rh-106 by Ru-106, I-132 by Te-132, Ba-137m by l                   Cs-137, and La-140 by Ba-140.
l                             (2) Release fraction adjusted to account for 100% release of the small amount of Co-60          ,
l                    contained in the Zircaloy cladding.                                                                    j 4-38 L_ _ _ _ -        -

4.8.3 Estimated Releases and Consequences For Accident Categories The dose equivalent of the release estimates depends on many factors including the location of        j the spent fuel storage pool and equipment operability (for example, with and without filters in        i the fuel storage structure). Cesium, for example, is expected to be released as an aerosol and filters may provide an effective removal mechanism. If the fuel storage building structure cracks or if fans fail to function due a seismic event, the release may be substantial. The predicted release to the environment was estimated for each of several accident categories.            I The radionuclides inventories for both the BWR and the PWR spent fuel pools were calculated using the ORIGEN2 computer program and the actual operating and discharge histories for a BWR and a PWR. For both plants, the noble gases and halogens in the spent fuel inventory are a small fraction of the inventory in an equilibrium core at shutdown, except for the freshly discharged fuel. The cesium and strontium inventories are more than three times the equilibrium inventory, as a result of the large inventories of spent fuel in the pool (the calculation were based on 11 fuel cycles for the BWR and 16 fuel cycles for the PWR).                i A re-evaluation of the cladding fire propagation estimate (given the complete loss of water from the spent fuel pool) indicates that, with the use of high density storage racks, there is a substantial likehhood of propagation to adjacent fuel bundles that have been discharged within the last one or two years. Subsequent pmpagation to even lower power bundles by thermal radiation is highly unlikely, but with a substantial amount of fuel and cladding debris on the pool floor, the coolability of even these lower power bundles is uncertain.
The fission product release fractions were calculated for two limiting cases in which a Zircaloy cladding fire is assumed to occur. In the first case (1) the claddmg combustion is assumed to propagate throughout the entire pool and the entire inventory is involved. In the second case (2) the inventory is limited to only the most recently discharged fuel batch. Parametric studies were performed by BNL to evaluate the consequences as a function of the time of the postulated accident.
In calculating the consequences of a spent fuel pool accident, BNL has assumed no credit for the ventilation and filtration systems in the fuel storage building. While these systems are designed to mitigate the consequences of a fuel handling accident, the design of these systems does not         1 consider the high temperature conditions of a Zircaloy claddmg fire (in excess of 2000 0F).
Fission product retention under these conditions is questionable. A sensitivity study with a decontamination factor of 10 was performed by BNL (Ref.10), to demonstrate the possible                '
affect of fission product retention on structures.                                                   .
For a Zircaloy claddmg fire to occur, the fuel must be recently discharged (between 30 and 180 days in a cylindrical BWR configuration, and between 30 and 250 days in a cylindrical PWR configuration). Since the spent fuel is stored in high density racks, the probability for a Zircaloy J fire in a PWR is assumed to be 1.0, given a complete loss of water. For a BWR, which uses              !
directional racks, the pmbability of a Zircaloy fire is asst:med to be 0.25, given a complete loss     I of water. This value is selected from the full core discharge calculation performed by Sandia          )
(Ref. 8) with the channel box attached (see Table 4.5.1, above), and is also representative of the     '
average values for the cylindrical BWR configuration with different inlet orifice sizes.
l l
4-39 l
1 l
1
_ _ _ _ - . - - - _ _ - _                __                                                                                              ]

For a less severe accident in which the fuel is exposed to air but does not reach temperatures high enough to ignite the Zircaloy cladding, fuel pm failure could occur resulting in a release of                             j' the noble gases and halogens. Two cases have been considered by BNL. In the first case the entire pool is assumed to be drained but the decay period is one year since the last discharge and                             i 50% of the pins are assumed to perforate or rupture. In the second case it is assumed that only part of the fuel is uncovered 30 days after the last discharge and all the rods fail. The                                       l consequences of either of these two cases are small and result from the release of noble gases.
Sensitivity analyses of the offsite consequences for the Zircaloy fire cases were calculated with the CRAC2 computer program by BNL to study the affect of the source term assumptions on the i
population dose and interdiction area (Ref.13). The results of this study are provided in Table 4.8.2, along with the results for a case which represents claddmg rupture only. The following assumptions were used by BNL (Ref.10):
                  - a generalized site surrounded by a constant population density of 100 persons per square mile within a 50 mile radius;
                  - generalized meteorology (a uniform wind rose, average weather conditions);
I
                  - the population in the affected zones are relocated after 24 hours, persons expected to receive more than 25 rem from ground shine in seven days.
There are several unusual characteristics of a severe accident that cause somewhat unexpected
- results in the radiation exposure calculations. The radiation exposure is relatively insensitive to fairly large variations in the estimated release. This is due principally to the health physics assumptions within CRAC2. This has also been seen in calculation related to fission product releases from core damage accidents. The CRAC2 code assumes that decontamination will limit the exposure of each person to 25 rem. For the long lived isotopes (predominately cesium), the exposure is due mainly to exposure after the area is decontaminated and people return to their homes. Thus, for this type of release the long term whole body dose is limited by the population in the affected sectors (about 0.8 million people in three of the 16 sectors downwind of the release within a 50 mile radius) or about 3,000,000 person-rem (Table 4.8.2).
Another measure of the consequences of a spent fuel pool accident is the interdiction area (the area with such a high level of radiation that it is assumed that it cannot be decontaminated).
The interdiction area is sensitive to the source term as shown in Table 4.8.2.
Additional consequences calculations were performed by BNL (Ref.13) using the MACCS computer program and are provided in Table 4.8.3. The MACCS computer program models are described in NUREG-1150, Appendix O (Ref.14). The source term data developed by BNL in NUREG/CR-4982 (Ref.10) was used for these new calculations. These calculations were performed for the value impact studies in Section 5 based on the a site population density of 340 people per square mile, the mean population density around nuclear power plant sites projected for the year 2000 (Ref.15), Case 1. In addition, the offsite property damage cost for a spent fuel pool accident was also calculated with MACCS for use in the value impact studies in Section 5.
A worst case analysis was also performed, assuming the entire spent fuel pool inventory is released at a high population site (Zion, Illinois,860 people per square mile population density),
Case 2.
4-40

m  . .
h4      ..
A direct comparison of the consequences of a severe accident in a spent fuel storage pool to the
           ; consequences of a severe core accident can be misleading. For the spent fuel pool accident, there are no "early" fatalities and the risk of early injur3 : . negligible. For a severe core damage accident, early fatalities and early injury are part of the risk due to the presence of the shorter -
livedisotopes.
Table 4.8.2 Offsite Consequences of Spent Fuel Pool Accidents - CRAC2 Results Case Description                                         Whole Body Dose          Interdiction Area (person-Rem           (square miles) per-Event) 1A. Totalinventory 30 days afte last discharge                                   2.6x106                          244 IB. Totalinventcry 90 days after last discharge                                   2.6x106                          215 2A. Last discharge 90 days after last discharge                                   2.3x106                           44 2B. Last discharge 90 days after last discharge, DF of 10 reduction               1.1x106                            4
: 3.      50'f of all fuel rods leak                       4.0                                0
      -               1 gar afterlast discharge Note: Sensitivity study based on population density of 100 people per square mile within a 50 mile radius of the site, from Reference 10.
Table 4.8.3 Offsite Consequences of Spent Fuel Pool Accidents - MACCS Results Case Description                                        Whole Body Dose          Offsite Property (person-Rem             Damage per-Event)               (1983 Ss)
: 1.      Best Estimate Consequences Last discharge (1/3 core)                       8.0x106                  3.4x109 90 days after discharge 50 mile radius Based on 340 people / square mile
: 2.      Worst Case Estimate Consequences Totalinventory 30 days after                    2.6x107                  2.6x1010 discharge,50 mile radius Based on 860 people / square mile 4-41 l                                                                                                                  I e

l 4.8.4 Summary Conclusions On Fuel Damage and Consequences The conditional probability of a Zircaloy cladding fire, given a complete loss of water from a spent fuel pool, is estimated to 1.0 for PWRs with high density storage racks and 0.25 for BWRs with directional storage racks (with the channel box in place hi the assembly).
The propagation of the fire to older stored spent fuel assemblies is predicted to occur for spent fuel that has been stored less than two years, under some conditions. Propagation can occur as a result of radiative heat transfer from the hottest fuel assemblies to the older assemblies if the decay heat level of the older assemblies is sufficient to heat the cladding to within 100 to 200 oC (200 to 4000F) of the self-sustaining oxidation temperature of 900 oC (1650 0F).
The best estimate of the consequences of a spent fuel pool accident which results in fuel damage is 8.0x106person-rem with an offsite propeny damage estimate of $3,400 million (1983 $s).
The best estimate is based on a populanon density of 340 people per square mile within a 50 mile radius from the site and is a result of the release of radionuclides from the last fuel discharge (1/3 of a reactor core),90 days after being discharged. Although propagation of a Zircaloy cladding fire to one-to-two year old fuel by thermal radiation can occur, the older fuel would have to be next to the hottest assemblies. Subsequent propagation to even lower power assemblies by thermal radiation is highly unlikely, but with a substantial amount of fuel and cladding debris on the pool f.'oor, the coolability of even these lower power bundles is uncertain.
A worst case estimate of the consequences is based on a population density of 860 pcople per square mile within a 50 mile radius from the site and is a result of the release of radionuclides from the entire pool inventory, with the last fuel discharge being 30 days old. The consequences
    . are estimated to be 2.6x107 person-rem with an offsite propeny damage estimate of $26,000 million (1983 $s).
4.9 Other Issues Concerning Use of High Density Storage Racks 4.9.1 Gaps In Neutron-Absorbing Materials Boani Notification 87-011 (Boani Notification Regarding Anomalies in Boraflex Neutron Absorbing Material, June 15,1987, Ref. 32) and IE Information Notice 87-43 (Gaps in Neutron-Absorbing Material In High-Density Spent Fuel Storage Racks, September 8,1987, Ref. 33) have been issued by the NRC to alen licensees of anomalies in boraflex neutron absorbing material used in the construction of high density storage racks in the Quad Cities Unit I spent fuel pool. The gaps were inferred from anomalies in " blackness" testing results and confirmed by underwater neutron-radiography. The material supplier and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) have undenaken research programs to collect data and information on gap formation, including the effects of rack fabrication methods and irradiation damage mechanisms.
Boraflex is also used in the Turkey Point spent fuel pool racks and in the Point Beach spent fuel pools. At Point Beach, some deterioration of the samples insens were noticed during surveillance testing.
These anomalies do not impact on the finding concerning loss of water from a spent fuel pool.
4-42 i

4.9.2 Potential For High Radiation Fields IE Information Notice 87-13 " Potential for High Radiation Fields Following Imss of water From Fuel Pool," February 24,1987 (Ref. 34), was issued to alert licensees of the potential for high radiation fields following the inadvertent loss of water from the spent fuel pool or transfer canal. Following the seal leakage at Hatch, the licensee determinec that potentially high radiation fields could exit in the spent fuel area as a result of irradiated control blades being stored in the spent fuel pool on shon hanger. Some of the control blades could have been completely uncovered if the water level dropped to the bottom of the transfer canal.
In determining the frequency of loss of cooling events and in evaluating HEP diagnosis and recovery actions, the assumptions concerning loss of water from a spent fuel pool used conservative upper bound failare rates for failure to diagnase prior to pool boiling and therefore address this concern. In the highly unlikely situation of draining the spent fuel pool to the transfer canal level, licensee responses to IEB 84-03 (Ref.19), concerning pneumatic seal failures, indicate that emergency procedures have been considered which would not require entry into the spent fuel pool area - the high radiation fields from the spent fuel alone would likely restrict access.
4.9.3 Refueling Cavity Seal Failure During Fuel Assembly Handling Generic Issue 137, titled " Refueling cavity Seal Failure," is considering the issue of spent fuel damage resulting from a reactor cavity seal failure during fuel assembly handling (Ref. 35). The risk of failure of a single fuel assembly and the potential risk to plant personnel, not the general public,is being addressed.
The likelihood of uncovering stored spent fuel as a result of a seal failure and the risk to the general public are addressedin this Regulatory Analysis.
4-43

l
: 5. VALUE/ IMPACT ANALYSIS 5.1 Alternative 1 - No Action This alternative assumes that no additional action is necessary based on the evaluation of the current risk associated with the use of high density racks for the storage of spent fuel in spent fuel pools at LWRs. It is also assumed that all applicable requirements and guidance approved to date have been implemented.
In addition to implementing the requirements contained in 10 CFR Part 50 Appendix A of the
        " General Design Criteria," and 10 CFR Pan 20, concerning radiation doses being kept as low as is reasonably achievable, licensees should have implemented additional or corrective actions based on the following guidance:
: 1. E Bulletin 84-03, " Refueling Cavity Water Seals," issued August 24,1984. (Ref. 21)
: 2. E Information Notice 84-93, " Potential for Loss of Water From the Refueling Cavity," issued December 17,1984. (Ref. 24)
: 3. Generic letter 85-11, " Completion of Phase II of ' Control of Heavy Loads at Nuclear Power Plants' NUREG-0612," issued June 28,1985. (Ref. 4)
: 4. E Information Notice 87-13, " Potential for High Radiation Fields Following Loss of Water from Fuel Pool," issued February 24, 1987. (Ref. 34)
: 5. E Information Notice 87-43, " Gaps in Neutmn-Absorbing Material in High-Density Spent Fuel Storage Racks," issued September 8,1987. (Ref. 33)
: 6. E Information Notice 88-65, "Inadvenent Dramages of Spent Fuel Pools," issued August 18,1988. (Ref. 25)
: 7. E Information Notice 88-92, " Potential For Spent Fuel Pool Draindown," issued November 22,1988. (Ref. 26)                                                  ,
No costs are usually attributed to a "No Action" alternative because the future cost of accidents are conventionally counted as benefits or averted costs in the assessment of the alternative actions. However, a spent fuel pool accident would result in cleanup and repair costs. In addition, replacement power costs could occur during the cleanup and repair period. Reactor operations without a safe place to store spent fuel could not continue. If the accident also results in a large release of radioactivity offsite, the costs of relocating people, restricting food and water, cleanup of contaminanon, and health consequences would add to these costs.
Occupational exposure due to a spent fuel pool accident could also be considered on a monetary basis. BNL has evaluated these attributes (Ref.13). The following parsgraphs summarize this assessment of risk and the cost associated with a representative (base case) spent fuel pool accident, based on an estimated probability of spent fuel damage of 2x10-6per reactor year.
5-1

5.1.1 Occupational Exposure (Accidental)
Exposure to plant personnel associated with post-accident cleanup of a major spent fuel pool accident is expected to be similar to those associated with the cleanup activities at TMI-2. For this accident, BNL estimates the occupational radiation dose from cleanup is less than 4,580 person-rem (Ref.13). Since the potennal offsite dose impact (per accident) ranges fmm 8 to 26 million person-rem, further refinement of this estimate is not warranted.
5.1.2 Onsite Property Damage The spent fuel pool accident sequence involves (1) failure of the pool due to seismic or load drop events resulting in the complete loss of water inventory, or loss of cooling resulting in boiling dry the pool, (2) Zircaloy fire initiation of recently discharged fuel and the potential propagation of the fim to older spent fuel assemblies stored in the pool, and (3) loss of confinement since the spent fuel pool building is assumed to be breached as a result of a seismic event or as a consequence of the highly exothermic Zircaloy fim.
The consequences of these scenarios am expected to be similar to the Category II accident defined in NUREG/CR-3568 (Ref. 36),50% clad melting and contammation. For this case cleanup and decontammation am estimated to be appmximately $192 million (1988 $s). Plant outage times were estimated by BNL based on the time estimates to license, construct and test a replacement pool (Ref. 37), and range frorn five to seven years. The cost (1988 $s) for a replacement pool, $54 million for a 400 MTU pool, and the cost of permanent disposal of damaged fuel, $30 million, were also estimated from reference 37.
The cost of replacement power is appmximated by (from NUREG/CL3568):
C = (0.13
* R + 0.12)106 $/MW-year where R is the fraction of replacement energy by oil fired or non-economical power purchases fmm a given National Electric Reliability Council (NERC) region. This formula includes credit for the avoided variable fuel cycle cost of a shutdown reactor. An R value of 0.41 was used for the best estimate (national avenge) and a value of 0.9 (highest NERC region) was used for the worst case estimate for replacement power costs (based on 1981 $s). A plant capacity of 65% is factored into the above equation and a 1,000 MW(t) generic plant size was assumed.
The BNL best estimate replacement power cost (in 1983 $s) for a 1,000 Mw(t) plant for five years is $867 million. For the worst case estimate the seven year replacement power cost is
           $1,660 million.
Using NUREG/CR-4568 (Ref. 38) data, the cost of mplacement power (1984 $) for the national average cost of 0.026 $/Kw-hr is $740 million for the best estimate and, using a high NERC region cost of 0.035 $/Kw-hr, the worst case estimate is $1,400 million. Assuming a constant 5% inflation rate over a four year period (to 1988), the current values would be $900 million and
           $1,700 million respectively. These values are used in this regulatory analysis, and indicated that replacement power costs are not sensitive to modeling assumptions (2% to 4% uncertainty in comparing BNL 1983 values to staff 1988 values).
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y The onsite costs are calculated from (NUREG/CR-3568):
l Von - N x Ar x von Von    - value of avoided onsite property damage N      - number of affected facilitities AF     - change in accident frequency and (Co+Cr + C,p)          e-rti von =                                     (1 - e-r(tf-ti) ) (1 . e-m) m                 r2 where:
U on   - Present value of onsite property damage conditional upon release Cc     - cleanup and decontaminanon costs
                                                            - repair, replacement of spent fuel pool, disposal of damaged fuel
                                                          . - replacement power costs
                                                            - average years remaining till end of reactor life, 30 years ti     - year plant starts operating, taken to be 0 years r      - discount rate m      - years plant is out of service The onsite property damage costs per accident, Von, are summarized in Table 5.1.1, based on a
                                           ' AF of 2x10-6per reactor year.
5.1.3 Offsite Health and Property Damage The offsite health and property damage estimates were obtained by BNL from the MACCS computer program (Secnon 4.6, Table 4.6.2), and are summarized in Table 5.1.2.
The offsite costs are calculated using the NUREG/CR-3568 methodology end discounting the cost of the 30 year remaining life of a typical facility:
Vo gg = N x Ar x u egg Vorf    - value of avoided offsite property damage N      - number of affected facihtities AF     - change in accident frequency and e (-rti) . e(-rtf) co gg = C o gg x r
where:
Uoff    - Present value of offsite property damage, conditional upon release rr   -offsite property damage cost t       - average years remaining till end of reactor life,30 years ti      - year plant starts operating, taken to be 0 years r       - discount rate The offsite damage costs per accident, Vorf, are summarized in Table 5.1.2, based on a AF of    ;
2x10-6per reactor year.
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Table 5.1.1                                              '
Onsite Property Damage Costs Per SFP Accident (1988 $s)
Item                            Units           Best Estimate           Worst Estimate Cleanup and                     $1,000,000              192                    192 Decontamination Repair Pool and                 $1,000,000             84                      84 Dispose of Fuel Replacement Power               $1,000,000             900                     1,700 Average Number of               years                  30                      30 operating years remalmng Years plant is out              years                   5                      7 of service Present Value (V                 1988 $s                17,600                 27,000 on)
At 10% Discount rate Present Value (V     )          1988 Ss                32,400                 51,800 9
At 5% Discount 2 ate Table 5.1.2 Offsite Health and Property Damage Estimates (1988 $s) Per SFP Accident Case Description                       Whole Body Dose        Offsite      Present Value (person-Rem           Property           o per-Event)             Damage   At 10%(V g)At 5%
($s)     Discount     Discount
($s)         ($s)
Best Estimate Consequences Last discharge 90 days after          8.0x106               4,ox199  76,000        124,000 discharge,50 mile radius Based on 340 people / square mile Worst Case Estimate Consequences Totalinventory 30 days after         2.6x107               3.0x1010 580,000       940,000 discharge,50 mile radius Based on 860 people / square mile 5-4

5.1.4 Potential Consequences and Cost of SFP Accidents The probability of a s. nt fuel pool accident which would result in spent fuel damage is estimated to be 1.5x10 per reactor year, summed over all accident sequences except for the beyond design basis seismic failure of the spent fuel pool stmeture. The conditional probability of Zircaloy cladding fire is estimated to be 1.0 for a high density racked PWR and 0.25 for a BWR.
The seismic structural capacity of the spent fuel pool has been she m to have a median ground acceleration in the 1.4 to 2.0 g range. This is a factor of 10 above tise typical SSE design values.
The high confidence low probability of failure value (0.5 to 0.65 g) shows a margin of safety of three over the SSE design value. That is, there is less than a 5% chance of failure at a confidence level of 95% for a peak ground acceleration three times the SSE design value. The estimated mean seismic probability of a Zircaloy fire in a PWR spent fuel pool is 1.8x10-6 per reactor year, and in an elevated BWR spent fuel pool the estimated value is 1.7x10                                                                                         4 per reactor year. The probability of a spent fuel pool accident which would result in spent fuel damage is therefore estimated to be on the order of 2x104 per reactor year, including the seismic hazard, for a typicalLWR spent fuel pool.
For comparison purposes, in a review of the results of seismic core damage and large release frequencies from studies performed as part of USI A-45, " Decay Heat Removal Requirements,"
the point estimates for seismic core damage frequencies ranged from 1x10-5 to 8.3x10-5 per reactor year and the seismic release frequencies ranged from 4.6x10 4 to 3.7x10-5 per reactor year (Ref. 31). The dominant contribution to core damage was found to be from earthquakes in the 0.2 to 0.4 g range (Ref. 31). It is therefore concluded that, in corr.parison to the probability and consequences of a reactor core damage accident from a seismic event, the like.,ihood and risk associated with the beyond design basis seismic induced spent fuel pool failure are only a small part of the overall risks associated with the operation of a nuclear power plant.
The best estimate consequences of a spent fuel pool accident are summarized in Table 5.1.3, based on a plant mean probability of a spent fuel pool accident of 2x10                                                                                         4 per reactor year. This value is representative of both the PWR and BWR pool and includes the beyond design basis earthquake accident.
The cost estimate data available is generally based on 1983 values. The offsite property damage from MACCS, the EPRI study on alternative spent fuel storage options, and onsite property damage (cleanup and replacement power) are all monetized to, or represent 1983 costs. These 1983 cost estimates were escalated to 1988 values by using the Gross National Product Price Deflator ratio between 1988 and 1983 (121.4 divide by 104.1, or a factor of 1.17), taken from NUREG/CR-4627 (Ref. 39), Abstract 6.4 " Time-Related Cost Adjustments." As seen in Table 5.1.3, the monetized present value of the offsite health effects, at $1,000 per person-rem, dominates present value estimates when compared to property damage costs at the 5% discount rate. At a 10% discount rate, as recommended in NUREG/BR-0058 (Ref. 40), the onsite and offsite property damage present value cost estimates would be about one-half the values shown in Table 5.1.3. The 5% discount rate is used in this Regulatory Analysis because it is believed to be more reatesentative of the current economical environment than the 10% value. Itis therefore conc.uded that additional refinements in cost estimates concerning onsite and offsite property damage costs are not required and will not affect the value/ impact or cost benefit analyses provided. In addition, first order approximation of costs are generally being used in this Regulatory Analysis and any additional adjustment to these estimates is not warranted.
5-5 I

t.
                                                                                                       ,  o The significance of the potential consequences of this base case. spent fuel pool accident evaluation, and the related costs associated with an accident, are discussed in more detail under y    Section 6,." Decision Rationale." Alternatives actions, other than this "no action" proposal, are considered in the following sections to determine if cost beneficial options are available to reduce the risk or consequences of a spent fuel pool accident.
Table 5.1.3 Best Estimate Consequences of a Spent Fuel Pool Accident i
Frequency of Occurrence of Zircaloy Fire                            2x10-6 per reactor year (Mean value for PWR or BWR SPF)
Consequences, over 30 years based on 340                            480 person rem people per square mile population density within a 50 mile radius of the site Present Value of Offsite Health Risk                                $ 480,000 (1988 $s)
Based on $1,000 per person rem Present Value of Offsite Property Damage                            $ 124,300 (1988 Ss) 5% discount over 30 years of remaining life Present Value of Onsite Property Damage                             $ 32,400 (1988 $s) 5% discount over a five year repair period TotalPresent Value of a SFP Accident                                $ 636,700 (1988 $s)
Note: Without the beyond design basis seismic failure, consequences are estimated to be an order of magnitude lower.
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                                                                            . _ .     ._-_____--_____-__a

                                                                                                                                                                                    -i 5.2 Alternative 2 - Require Use of Low Density Racks The use of high density storage racks increases the probability of a release of radioactive from stored fuel if water is lost from the spent fuel pool. Studies performed in 1979 (Ref. 8) concluded that the minimum allowable decay time for PWR spent fuelin a well-ventilated room varies fmm five days, for open frame storage configurations, to a value of 700 days, for high density, closed-frame configurations with wall-to-wall spent fuel placement. The minimum decay time for BWR fuel varied from five days to 150 days for the configurations studied. In addition, it was determined that the high density storage configuration could allow for the propagation of fuel damage from the recently discharged fuel to older, adjacent stored fuel in the pool. The results of these 1979 studies prompted the identification of Generic Issue 82.
5.2.1 Risk Reduction Estimate One of the potential means to reduce the risk from loss of water in the spent fuel pool would be to require the use of low density storage racks for the recently discharged fuel. This alternative would reduce the probability of fuel damage, or a Zircaloy fire. The estimated reduction in risk is a result of the decreased decay time required for low density storages racks to preclude spent fuel damage if water is lost, as compared to the high density racks. BNL estimated the reduction in risk to be at least a factor of five, or about an 80% reduction in the consequences (Ref.10). For the purpose of evaluating tttis alternative, a 100% reduction in the consequences will be assumed.
5.2.2 Cost of Low Density Storage Additional storage for spent fuel at reactor sites is required. If the DOE spent fuel repository opens in 2003, it is estimated that the industry will need to provided for between 12,200 MTHM to 20,000 MTHM of additional storage capacity (Ref. 7). If no repository is made available the additional capacity is estimated to be between 32,090 MTHM and 42,450 MTHM (Ref. 7).
The use oflow density storage racks would require the need for additional at-reactor-site storage capacity to accommodate the change in the storage configuration, from high density racks. For each FWR low density storage location, three high density assemblies would be displaced. For a BWR, two high density assemblies would be displaced for each low density storage location (Ref.13).
The evaluation of the amount of additional storage capacity, resulting from a proposal to require low density racks, is provided in reference 13. The fuel cycle information and spent fuel projections where obtained from DOE /RL-87-11, " Spent Fuel Storage Requirements 1987" (Ref. 41). The proposed alternative for low density storage could increase the additional capacity by about 17,000 MTHM.
The cost of additional storage depends on the type of facility to be used. EPRI evaluated four alternative storage facilities in NP-3365 (Ref.16), " Review of Proposed Dry-Storage Concepts Using Probabilistic Risk Assessment." These concepts are:
: 1. Additional Pool, separate from existing pool,
: 2. Cask storage, 5-7 I
l L                                                                                         - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

V l
F l
: 3. Caisson, or dry-well, storage, and
: 4. Vault storage.
The risk associated with these alternative concepts was found to be generally acceptable since the spent fuel would be five years old, or older, and the likelihood of significant fuel damage was found to be low. The consequences were found to be negligible when compared to the operating reactor at the site (Ref.16).
The costs for alternative storage concepts were evaluated by EPRI in NP-3380, " Cost Comparisons for On-Site Spent-Fuel Storage Options" (Ref. 37). In addition to the primary four alternatives identified above, silo storage, reracking and rod consolidation were addressed in terms of cost. The cost estimates are provided in units of dollars per kilogram of uranium
($/kgU) and vary with the size of the facility. The cost estimates decrease as the storage capacity increases, per unit, because of initial licensing and engineering fees associated with the facility design.
In a recently completed study performed by DOE (Ref. 7), the cost of additional storage for the cask concept and the rod consolidation concept have been reviewed and updated to reflect the limited amount of actual experiences with these methods of providing additional at-reactor-site storage. These methods are considered to be the most practical and represent demonstrated technologies. The costs estimates are provided below,in Table 5.2.1.
The estimated cost (1988 $s) of additional storage by the year 2003 is estimated by DOE to range between $945 million and $1,267 million for 12,200 MTHM, and between $1,545 million and $2,000 million for 20,000 MTHM. If rod consolidation can accommodate the 350 MTHM requirements, the costs estimates would be reduced to $468 million for the 12,200 MTHM case and $793 million for the 20,000 MTHM case. The mean cost estimate for the 17,000 MTHM additional storage which would be needed if low density storage is required is $1580 million, based on the DOE cost estimates. The mean cost (for the 108 pools) is $14.6 million per pool, for a unit cost of $93/Kgm of heavy metal.
The cost estimates for the dry storage concepts were developed assuming that the cost of a low density requirement would be an incremental, additional cost as virtually every spent fuel pool will reach it's capacity limit and out of pool storage will be required before end-of-license if a repository in not available (Ref.13). Rod consolidation was not considered because it is not known how many pools can accommodate the additional decay heat load and structural loads associated with the in-pool increase and still meet NRC requirements. The unit cost for at-reactor storage decreases with an increase in the total amount, or capacity, of the additional storage reqmred. The total licensing, engineering and fixed facility costs for the initial at-reactor storage facility is estimated to be 50.6 to $1.8 million (19E8 $s) per facility, based on metal cask storage (Ref. 7). These one-time costs would not be impacted by this alternative, and are costs which will be incurred by most licensees prior to the availability of the DOE repository. The cost of the additional at-reactor storage which would result from this alternative is also provided, for reference, assuming that the additional storage capacity cost is based on the unit cost estimates for a facility the size of only the additional storage requirement. This is referred to as the lead cost estimate. Table 5.2.2 provides a summary of the incremental                 j capacity increases which would result from this alternative. The associated cost estimates for dry storage alternatives based on these capacities are provided in Table 5.2.3.
5-8                                                    l 1
l

The DOE cost estimates based on the incremental cost assumption for the 17,000 MTHM additional storage are $1,510 million, or a mean cost of $14 million per pool (1988 Ss). The DOE cost estimates (Ref. 7) level off for capacities in excess of 300 MTHM (see Table 5.2.4 below).
Table 5.2.1 Range of Unit-Cost Estimates for Additional Storage Requirements (Costs in 1988 $s per kilogram of heavy metal)
Capacity Increase Storage Technology                              100 MTHM         300 MTHM       1000 MTHM Rod Consolidation 0)                           40- 75            30-50          n/a Metal Cask (10 MTHM)                            60 -115          55 -115        55 - 100 Concrete Cask                                   50 -105          45- 90         45 - 80 Horizontal Concrete Modules                    45 - 65           40-55          40- 55 Modular Vault System                            105 -155         70 -105        45 - 70 Notes:
(1) - The unit costs are based on the cost for an additional storage slot created in the storage pool. From 2.6 to 3 spent-fuel assemblies must be consolidated for each storage slot (Ref. 7).
n/a - An increase of 1000 MTHM is not applicable to rod consolidation because at a typical reactor not much mom than 300 MTHM of additional spent fuel can be gained through consolidation (Ref. 7).
Table 5.2.2 AdditionalIncremental Storage Capacity Requirements for Alternative 2 Capacity Range         PWRs                   BWRs                    Total (MTHM)               Impacted                Impacted               Impacted 0- 50                   0                       2                       2 50-100                   8                       10                      18 100- 150-                 15                      18                      33 150- 200                 23                      8                       31 200 - 250                 15                      1                       16 250- 300                   3                      0                        3 300- 350                   4                      0                        4 350- 400                   1                      0                        1 5-9

Table 5.2.3 Storage Costs Associated With Alternative 2 (1988 $s)
Cost:                                                                  Per Pool       For All 108 Pools Discount Rate: 0% 5%                                                                        10% 0%        5%    10 %
($1,000,000)                      ($1,000,000)
Pool                  (BNLIncremental Costs)                                               25.3                                   19.5  14.9  2,720 2,100 1,610
                                - Drywell -             (BNL Incremental Costs)                                                10.6                                 9.5   8.0   1,150 1,038 863 Vault                 (BNLIncremental Costs)                                               24.1                                   19.5  14.9  2,612 2,100 1,610 Cask                '. (BNL Incremental Costs)                                               14.0                                 14.2  12.2  1,516 1,539 1,318 Silo                . (BNL Incremental Costs)                                                18.T.                                14.2  11.2  1,959 1,539 1,178 Cask                  (BNL Lead Costs)                                                       19.7                                 20.1  17. - 2,134 2,169 1,866 Cask                  (DOE Incremental Costs)                                                14.0                                 14.2  12.3  1,510 1,530 1,330 Cask                  (DOE Lead Costs) .                                                     14.6                                 14.9  12.8  1,580 1,610 1,380 Notes:
Zero % discount rate conesponds to the case where additional storage capacity is built now.
The 5% and 10% rates reflect discounted costs in delaying the buildmg of additional capacity until needed.~
The difference between the estimated costs for cask storage, in comparing the BNL-based and DOE-based estimates, are due to the difference in the $/Kgm costs estimates based on facility capacity. In Table 5.2.4, the BNL point-estimate cost (based on EPRI NP-3380, Ref. 37) is compared to the DOE lower and upper bound estimates.
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I Table 5.2.4 Cark Storage Cost Estimates as a Function of Facility Capacity Capacity              BNL Point               DOE Lower                                                      DOE Upper Estimate                Estimate                                                       Estimate (MTHM)               ($/Kgm)                 ($/Kgm)                                                         ($/Kgm)
(1983 $s)               (1988 $s)                                                       (1988 Ss) 25                  113.2                  105                                                               160 50                  113.2                  95                                                               140 75                  113.2                  85                                                                120 100                  113.2                  80                                                                115 125                  113.2                  80                                                                110 150                  113.2                  80                                                                110 200                  113.2                  80                                                                105 300                 99.8                    80                                                                100 400                 93.4                    80                                                                100 500                 89.                     80                                                                100 600                 85.8                    80                                                                100 700                 84.2                    80                                                                100 800                 82.9                    80                                                                100 900                 81.6                    80                                                                100 1000                 81.                     80                                                                 100 1200                 79.4                    80                                                                100 1400                 78.8                    80                                                                100 1600                77.5                    80                                                                100      i 1800                77.2                    80                                                                100 2000                 77.2                    80                                                                100 5.2.3 Value/ Impact Summary The value/ impact, cost-benefit analysis is provided in terms of the mean industry risk from spent fuel pool accidents in Table 5.2.5. The best estimate accident frequencies are used and the best estimate consequences, based on fission product release from 1/3 of a tractor core, are used.
The conditional probability of the Zircaloy fire, given the loss of water fmm the spent fuel pool, is 1.0 for the PWRs and 0.25 for the BWRs. Since the amount of spent fuel which could become involved in the release is uncertain, a sensitivity study using the worst case consequences, full spent fuel pool inventory at a high population site, is also provided.
The risk is comprised of 69 PWR spent fuel pools with a spent fuel damage probability of 1.95x10-6 per reactor year (including seismic events and conditional Zircaloy fire probability of 1.0 given loss of water) and 39 BWR spent fuel pools with a spent fuel damage probability of 1.71x10-6 per reactor year (including seismic events and conditional Zircaloy fire probability of 0.25 given loss of water). The mean remaining lifetime for the PWR spent fuel pool is 29.8 reactor years, and 27.9 years for the BWR spent fuel pool.
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Since this altemative addresses dry storage, and because nearly every utility will require some additional dry storage prior to the start-up of the DOE repository, the NRC development and implementation costs concerning the licensing of a 10 CRF Part 72, " Licensing Requirements for the Independent Storage of Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste," (amended August 19,1988,53 FR 31651), facility are not included as additional costs to be included in the value/ impact analysis. These costs will be incurred and are not affected by this alternative.
The industry and NRC operational costs associated with dry storage are also costs which will be incurred and are not impacted by this alternative. The additional storage requirements which would result from this altemative would not affect these costs. Industry and NRC costs which could result from a re-racking amendment to replace high density racks with low density racks g
as part of this proposed alternative are expected to be small in comparison to the dry-storage costs and have not been quantified. Inclusion of these additional costs would result in an even less favorable value/ impact or cost benefit assessment.
Sensitivity studies were performed by BNL to test the assumptions used (Ref.13). The discount rate applied to property damage costs, the monetary conversion factor for health effects, plant site economics and meteorology, and industry implementation costs were evaluated.
The recommended discount rate, NUREG/BR-0058 (Ref. 40), is 10%, which results in a lower estimate of property damages by a factor of two. Public dose reduction is not affected since it is not discounted.
A major difficulty with the net-benefit method is the evaluation of health effects in monetary units. Sensitivity studies of $500 and $2,000 per person-rem are used to demonstrate uncertainty.
The base line calculation adopted by BNL used the economic factors of the Zion plant site as a best estimate. Zion is somewhat higher than the U.S. average. A sensitivity study based on West Virginia was performed by BNL te evaluate the sensitivity to economic factors. The economics of West Virginia are considered to be much below the national average. Zion weathers conditions were also employed in the base line calculations with MACCS. A review of several severe accidents calculation, by BNL, indicated that varying weather models have a small effect on the public health and offsite consequences.
Since the costs associated with spent fuel storage construction costs and overhead and maintenance are well documented in either the EPRI NP-3380 (Ref. 37) study or in the DOE Dry-Storage study (Ref. 7), the industry implementation costs appear to be well defined and no sensitivity study is performed.
The impact of these sensitivity studies are shown in Table 5.2.6. The best case analysis is used as the reference, base line case. The results of the sensitivity study shows that the dominance of the cost of dry-storage in comparison to the potential damage costs is overwhelming and therefore this alternative is not cost effective. A factor of 10 increase in the probability of a Zircaloy fire in a spent fuel pool would not alter this conclusion.
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Table 5.2.5 l                      Summary ofIndustry Wide Value/ Impact Analysis for Alternative 2 Based on 100% Risk Reduction (1988 $s)
Attribute                      ~ Dose Reduction (person-Rem)                 Cost ($1,000)
Best Est. High Est.(8)          Best Est.       High Est.(a)
Public Health (1)               47,000         153,000              47,000           153,000 Occupational Exposure (Accidental)          negligible    negligible Onsite Property Damage (5% discount)           3,500         5,600 Offsite Property
        - Damage (5% discount)                                               13,400          101,000 Industry Implementation and Operation Cask Assumption                                                 -1,510,000      -1,510,000 NRC Development / Implementation and Operation                                                   negligible       negligible Net Benefit                                                         -1,446,000       -1,250,000 i
Benefit ($)/ Cost ($)(2)                                           0.042            0.172 Dose Reduction (person rem)/Million $s (3)                          31              100 Value/ Impact Ratio (4) 32,130          9,900
($/ Person-rem reduction)
Notes: (a) High estimate based on worst case of entire pool inventory at site with 860 people per square mile population density and Zion land use factors.
(1) Cost of health consequences set at $1,000 per person-rem.                              ,
(2) Averted costs divided by NRC + Industry implementation and operational costs.          ;
(3) Public dose reduction divided by NRC + Industry implementation and operational Cost.                                                                                              1 (4) Cost of NRC + Industry implementation and operation divide by public dose              i reduction.
1 i
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l Table 5.2.6 Benefit / Cost Ratio Sensitivity Analysis for Alternative 2 (1988 $s)
Parameter Under Study          New Value                        Net Benefit            Benefit /
($1,000)              Cost Ratio U)
Baseline Best Estimate                                          -1,446,000            0.042 Discount Rate                   10 %                            -1,453,000            0.038 Health Effects                 $ 500/ person-rem                -1,476,000             0.022
                                   $2,000/ person-rem               -1,406,000            0.069 Site Economics                 West Virginia                    -1,453,000            0.038 Note: (1) None of these assumptions changes the risk reduction in person-rem averted, which remains constant at 47,000 person-rem averted. The implementation cost also is not changed.
The value/ impact ratio remains $32,130 per averted person-rem.
5.3 Alternative 3 - Improve Cooling /Make-Up Systems Four generic spent fuel pool cooling and make-up systems have been described in Section 4.7.6.
The probability of failure of these systems to fail to provide adequate cooliLg and make-up to the spent fuel ranges from 2.2x10-5 per reactor year to 3.6x10-6 per reactor year, without consideration for recovery. With recovery, the probability of damage to spent fuel is estimated to be in the 1x10-8 per reactor year range, with an upper bound value of 1x10-6 per reactor year.
A beyond design basis earthquake, as a result of the low seismic capacity of non-safety grade electrical components (motor control centers and switchgear),8is esu, mated to result in a probability of damage to spent fuel on the order of about 5x10 per reactor year. Essential components to either the cooling system or the make-up system, or both systems, are designed to the SSE and deterministically demonstrated to perform the safety fimetion of maintaining the spent fuel in a safe and suberitical configuration for all credible storage conditions.
5.3.1 Risk Reduction Estimate Although a loss of cooling and subsequent heatup is a very slow event (on the order of several days), analyses have shown that after the spent fuel is uncovered, the remaining water would block air circulation and cladding overheating would occur for fuel which had been cooled for one year (Ref. 8). However, because of the lack of air circulation within the spent fuel holders, the oxidation reaction would be oxygen starved and the cladding would not melt. Thus, BNL concludes that catastrophic failure of the spent fuel would not be expected. Consequence estimates for ruptured fuel pins was performed in NUREG/CR-4982 (Ref.10), and the resulting offsite consequences were found to be minimal, about 4 person-rem given the accident (see Table 4.6.2).
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The economics of such an accident appear to be important. Since the reactor could not operate until the spent fuel pool was available, the cost of replacement power, until the spent fuel pool building was decontaminated and the equipment repatred, could be considerable. It is estimated by BNL (Ref.13) that repairs and decontamination would take one month to one year depending on the degree of fuel damage and contamination. Replacement power costs estimates were obtained based on the method presented in Section 5.1. The onsite costs range from $19 to S227 million (1988 $s) conditional upon a spent fuel pool accident (Ref. 36). Integrated over the remaining lifetime of a typical plant, 30 years (the industry average), the expected cost associated with the gradual coolant loss sequences (without discount) could be as high as
              $150,000, based on a 2.2x10-5 per reactor year event (without credit for recovery actions). The low value is estimated to be $12,500, without discount.
5.3.2 Cost ofImproved Cooling /Make-Up Systems Two alternative systems for improvement of the spent fuel pool cooling system were evaluated by BNL (Ref.13) to assess the potential cost-benefit for each of the four generic system types:
: 1. Provide another full capacity pump and associated valves to eliminate the need for running the cooling system without a backup pump (System C and D). The first order approximation of the cost of this option is estimated by BNL to be $50,000 (1983 $), or
                                 $60,000 (1988 $s) based on Section 5.1.4 cost escalation factors.
: 2. Provide a completely independent make-up train, BNL assumed this system to be similar to the primary spent fuel pool supply train.
The hardware requires include a Category I water storage tank (200,000 gallon capacity), pumps, centrols, and piping. The first order approximation of the cost of the independent make-up train plus overhead and maintenance costs were estimated by BNL to be ene million dollars (1983 $s), or $1.2 million (1988 $s).
5.3.3 Value/ Impact Summary The cost-benefit characteristics of these options are summarized in Table 5.3.1.                                  For the additional make-up train, the analyses assume 100% reduction in the initiating frequency, that is complete recover of the potentialloss, und the averted costs are calculated at a 5% discount over the remaining average plant life of 30 years. The addition of a full capacity pump to System C or D would result in a risk reduction to the equivalent frequency of System A or B. For example the change in the initiating frequency for System C would be from 2.2x10-5 to 3.8x10-6 per reactor year, or a change of 1.8x10-5 per reactor year.
The only system ivhich might benefit from either of these options is System C without credit for recovery actions. The generalized presentation of the Standard Review Plan requirements indicate that additional requirements, to improve the cooling /make-up system, would not result in a cost-beneficial improvement. When recovery actions are considered, the most appropriate estimate for the cost-benefit ratio is System D.
The current requirements for the design of the spent fuel pool cooling and make-up systems, when credit for operator action to diagnose and recovery from a loss of cooling event is considered, are judged to be satisfactory. This finding is based, in part, on the assumption that, 5-15 i

as a result of IE Bulletins and Infonnation Notices (see Section 5.1 above), licensees are aware of the need to assure that adequate instmmentation is available and maintained to alen the operators to degradation in the spent fuel pool or its support systems.
Table 5.3.1 Value/ Impact for Generic Improvements To The SFP Cooling SystemO)
(5% Discount Rate - 1988 $s)
System Description                  Option                Cost of        Avened Cost Benefit / Cost (Frequency)                                       Option         RangeG)         Ratio Range
($1,000)       ($1,000)
Low ' High Low         High A      Minimum SRP                 1. Add Pump           60             None (3.8x10-6/R-y)             2. Make-up train      1,200           1.1    13.1    0.001 0.011 B       Minimum SRP                1. Add Pump           60             None                   -
With Credit                2. Make-up train      1,200          0.1     6.5     0.001 0.005 for Fire Hose (1.9x10-7/R-y)
C       Old System w/              1. Add Pump           60             3.5     41.4    0.058 0.690(3)
Both trains                2. Make-up train      1,200          6.3     75.7    0.005 0.063 30% of time (2.2x10-5/R-y)
D       Old System                 1. Add Pump           60             0.2     2.1     0.003 0.035 With Credit                2. Make-up train      1,200          0.3     3.8     0.001 0.003 for Fire Hose (1.1x10-6/R-y)
Notes: (1) Spent fuel cladding ruptures and releases gaseous fission prt> ducts, no Zircaloy cladding fire. The offsite consequences are small,4 person-rem given the loss of cooling cooling /make-up. Value/ impact ratio, in $s per avened person-rem, is very large (well in excess of $1,000 per averted person-rem), however economics of spent fuel cladding rupture could be important.
(2) Averted costs of replacement power and cleanup / repair of spent fuel pool. Low estimate is for one month outage, high estimate is for one year outage.
(3) Based on a 10% discount rate, the avened cost estimate is reduced to $24,700 and the benefit / cost ratio is reduced to 0.41. Similar reductions apply to all options at a 10% discount rate.
5-16 L-.   - _ ---- ----. -_---_                   - . - - _ _ - - -

    +
c L
                 ~ 5.4 Alternative 4 - Install Spray Systems Post accident spray systems have been considered as a potentially significant mitigative measure for spent fuel pool accidents. A scoping value/ impact assessment was performed by BNL (Ref.13) to provide some insights into the potential cost effectiveness of installing spray
                 . systems. The guidelines outlined in NUREG/CR-3568 (Ref. 36) for "First Approximation of Benefits and Costs" were used.
BNL emphasized that this assessment is scoping in nature due to the many assumptions involved and large uncertainties in data and decontamination factors assumed for spray systems.
5.4.1 Risk Reduction Estimate The principle reduction effect of the spray systems is achieved by decontaminating radiological releases thus permitting greater retention of fission products in the pool and the pool building.
Results of analyses of severe reactor accidents in support of NUREG-1150 (Ref. 42), indicate that containment spray systems can be significantly effective in reducing source terms and severity of consequences of nuclear reactor accidents (Ref. 43).
In this assessment,it is assumed that the major benefit of spray systems results from reduction in the offsite consequences. The onsite property damage is not effected, that is cleanup and repair and replacement power costs would still be incurred due to spent fuel damage and a Zircaloy fire.
The effectiveness of the spray system is measured by the decontamination factor (DF), the amount of radioactive species released to the environment without the spray divided by the amount released with the spray. Decontamination factors for a spent fuel pool spray system are difficult to estimate without detailed calculations, therefore BNL assumed that the DF would be 45 based on NUREG-1150 analysis for the Surry plant containment spray system effectiveness.
The effects of a DF of 45 on the results of MACCS consequence calculations are provided in Table 5.4.1, and compared to the previous case without sprays. The effects of a spray system with a DF of 45 has the effect of reducing the offsite consequences to a small fraction of their original levels, therefore this can be considered to be an upper bound measure of the potential benefit of a post-accident spray system.
5.4.2 Cost ofInstalling Spray Systems Preliminary construction and industry maintenance costs were estimated by Bhl. Assumed hardware requirements included a Category I water storage tank (200,000 gallon capacity) and a spray system including pumps, spray nozzles and associated hardware. The cost, on a first approximation basis, is estimated to be $1.2 million (1988 $s) per spent fuel pool (Ref.13).
The NRC cost associated with this option is estimated to be $100,000 (1988 $s) per spent fuel pool, roughly equivalent to one staff-year review effort per pool at $75,000 per staff-year (NUREG/CR-4627, Abstract 5.2, Ref. 39) plus $25,000 for the development and approval of a Technical Specification for the control of the administration, surveillance and maintenance of the spray system.
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Table 5.4.1 Offsite Health and Property Damage Estimates (1988 $s)
With Pool Spray System (DF = 45)
Case Description                      Whole Body Dose                          Offsite Property (person-Rem                                                    Damage per-Event)                                                     (1988 $s)
Without         With                     Without                              With Spray           Spray                    Spray                                Spray Best Estimate Consequences Last discharge 90 days after         7.97x106        1.25x106                 4,0x199                              7.2x107 discharge,50 mile radius Based on 340 people / square mile Worst Case Estimate Consequences Totalinventory 30 days after         2.56x107        6.78x106                 3.0x1010                             5.2x108 discharge,50 mile radius
        -Based on 860 people / square mile 5.4.3 Value/ Impact Summary The value/ impact, cost-benefit analysis is provided in terms of the mean industry risk from spent fuel pool accidents in Table 5.4.2. The best estimate accident fre estimate consequences, based on fission product                                3 of a release                          from reactor core,      1/quencies are used.        ar The conditional probability of the Zircaloy fire, given the loss of water from the spent fuel pool, is 1.0 for the PWRs and 0.25 for the BWRs. Since the amount of spent fuel which could become involved in the release is uncertain, a sensitivity study using the worst case consequences, full spent fuel pool inventory at a high population site, is also provided.
The risk is comprised of 69 PWR spent fuel pools with a speat fuel damage probability of 1.95x10 6 per reactor year (including seismic events and conditional Zircaloy fire probability of 1.0 given loss of water) and 39 BWR spent fuel pools with a spent fuel damage probability of 1.71x10 6 per reactor year (including seismic events and conditional Zircaloy fire probability of 0.25 given loss of water). The mean remaining lifetime for the PWR spent fuel pool is 29.8 reactor years, and 27.9 years for the BWR spent fuel pool.
The dose reduction estimate is derived from the change in the offsite health consequences 6                                                                                                7 shown in Table 5.4.1,6.72x10 person-rem     per accident for the best estimate case and 1.88x10 person-rem per accident for the worst case. The offsite property damage costs are estimated using the revised MACCS values (with sprays), discount at a 5% rate over 30 years. The onsite property damage costs are assumed to be unchanged, cleanup and repair and replacement power costs are incurred.
5-18                                                                                       ,

i;...         .; ;                                         ,
t                      ,
                                                         -                                                                     -1 l
                    - The best estimate value/ impact ratio for this altemative is estimated'to be $3,340 per averted F".
! s                 - person-rem and exceeds the general guideline value of $1,000 per averted person-rem. While the high estimate is seen to be marginally cost effective ($1,200 per averted person-rem), the use -
of Zion site demography for the high estimate evaluation results is an overly conservative E                    estimate of the risk reduction properties of a given plant modification (860 people per square mile).
1 V
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i E
Table 5.4.2 Summary ofIndustry Wide Value/ Impact Analysis for Alternative 4 Based on a Spray System DF of 45 (1988 $s) l l
Attribute                       Dose Reduction (person-Rem)                               Cost ($1,000)
: l.                                   Best Est. High Est.(a)          Best Est.                                                  High Est.(a)
Public Health 0)                39,450        110,500               39,450                                                     110,500 Occupational Exposure (Accidental)          negligible    negligible Onsite Property Damage                                                             0                                                          0 Offsite Property Damage (5% discount)                                               13,000                                                     100,000 Industry Implementation and Operation                                                      -130,000                                                   -130,000 NRC Development / Implementation and Operation                                                      - 10,800                                                   - 10,800 Net Benefit                                                         - 88,400                                                   + 69,700                           .
Benefit ($)/ Cost ($)(2)                                            0.373                                                      1.50                               ;
Dose Reduction (person-rem)/Million $s (3)                          280                                                        840                                ,
Value/ Impact Ratio (4) 3,340                                                       1,200
($/ Person-rem reduction) i' Notes: (a) High estimate based on worst case of entire pool inventory at site with 860 people per square mile population density and Zion land use factors.
(1) Cost of health consequences set at $1,000 per person-rem.                                                                                            l 1
(2) Averted costs divided by NRC + Industry implementation and operational costs.
(3) Public dose reduction divided by NRC + Indusuy implementation and operational cost.
(4) Cost of NRC + Industry implementation and operation divide by public dose                                                                            4 reduction.
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l-5.5 Alternative 5 Modify Spent Fuel Storage Rack Designs This proposed alternative would require the licensee to compartmentalize the spent fuel storage
                        ?ool by installing partitions (and individual coolant supply diffusers for each companment) to
                         .imit the extent of the accident, or modify the storage racks to improve air circulation, should the spent fuel storage pool drain. This alternative is directed towards risk mitigation, and to a lesser extent prevennon.
This altemative was not quantified as part of this value/ impact study. The results of the cladding heatup calculation suggest that the only rack geometry that would result in mitigation is low density racks. The probability of a loss of water from the spent fuel pool would not be changed. Compartmental restructuring of the spent fuel is not judged to be feasible without a significant loss in the storage capacity and the resulting need for additional at reactor dry storage is expected to overwhelm any potential rik reduction.
5.6 Alternative 6 - Cover Fuel Debris with Solid Materials This proposed alternative would require the development of a contingency plan to dump massive amount of solid materials into a drained spent fuel pool to cover the rubble bed to a depth of several feet. The necessary materials would not be stockpiled on site, but could be obtained in a timely trunner on an ad hoc basis, the materials (sand, clay, dolomite, boron com)ounds, lead, etc.) being commonly available in all pans of the county. This alternative wou d be directed at risk mitigation, not prevennon.
This alternative was not quantified as part of this value/ impact study;6 The contingency plan would be concemed with a low frequency event (on the order of lx10 per reactor year), with potential high consequence event. The results at Chernobyl can be used as a rough gauge of the efficacy of this measure, when carried out on a strictly ad hoc basis with no apparent advanced planning. However, since the dominant risk sequence for the spent fuel pool accident is a beyond design basis earthquake, BNL concludes that it is dubious that the measures could be implemented soon enough to prevent the major release to the environment during the first few hours of the accident (Ref.13).
5.7 Alternative 7 - Improve Ventilation Gas Treatment System This alternative would require the installation of a building ventilation and filter system capable of reducing the concentration of airborne radioactivity before discharge to the environment.
This alternative would be directed at risk mitigation, not prevention.
This alternative was not quantified as part of this value/ impact study. Again the dominant risk contribution results from the beyond design basis seismic faihue of the spent fuel pool structure, a low frequency high consequences accident. To be effective, the spent fuel pool building structure would have to maintain its integrity and the system itself would have to be designed to survive the postulated peak ground acceleration which result in the spent fuel pool failure.
Additional investigations into this alternative are not considered to be reasonable.
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5.8 Relationships With Other Requirements and Activities 5.8.1 Severe Accident Policy Statement A recently published repon by LLNL, " Evaluation of External Hazards to Nuclear Power Plants in the United States - Seismic Hazard," NUREG/CR-5042, Supplement 1 (Ref. 31), summarizes the result of the study of the risk of core damage due to seismic initiated events.
The overall objective of the LLNL study "is to present informadon that assists the NRC staff in deciding whether seismic vulnerability searches for nuclear power plants should be in the implementation of the Severe Accident Policy Statement." To accomplish this objective, the LLNL repon:
: 1. Considers effects of the evolution of design requirements and design practices on plant seismic capacity.
: 2. Identifies other specific review area of potential seismic vulnerability, including seismically induced fires and floods, spent fuel pools and seismic common-mode failures.
: 3. Identifies programs which address item 1 and/or item 2, and assess the extent to which these programs pmvide useful information on seismic capacity of nuclear plants.
: 4. Recommends incorporating appropriate items from above into the seismic margins program or other seismic vulnerability searches.
The LLNL repon considered the results presented in NUREG/CR-4982, " Severe Accidents in Spent Fuel pools in Suppon of Generic Safety Issue 82" (Ref 10), and concluded that "A comparison of the results of the fuel pool analysis with the two figures of merit is difficult since the fuel pool failure does not constitute core damage and any potential release involves long lived radioactive material. In addition, it is difficult to draw conclusions conceming spent fucl pools based on only a single generic analysis.
Therefore, any decision on the inclusion of spent fuel pools into the severe accident policy implementation requires more data and analysis, and cannot be concluded at this time."
The first figure of merit considered by LLNL is the core damage frequency. In numerical terms LLNL uses a mean core damage frequency in the range of lx10-5 (or less) per reactor year as meeting the Commissioners stated objective, in the Policy statement on Safety Goals, as:
                        "providing reasonable assurance, given consideration to the uncertainties involved, that a core damage accident will not occur at a U.S. nuclear power plant."
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The second figure of merit is the frequency of a large release. In the Policy Statement on Safety Goals, the following guidance is given as a general performance guideline:
                        " Consistent with the traditional defense-in-depth approach and the accident mitigation philosophy requiring performance of containment systems, the overall mean frequency of a large release of radioactive material to the environment from a reactor accident should be less than 1 in 1,000,000 per year of reactor operation."
The current status of this guideline is that the NRC staffis giving detailed consideration to how such a performance guideline can be implemented, including how to define more precisely the definition of a "large release of radioactive material to the environment." In the LLNL study, a large release of radioactive material to the environment has been defined as a release of a substantial fraction of the radioactive core in a time period relatively early in the postulated accident scenario. This definition was derived from Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) literature which has defined a "large early release." Further discussion on the applicability of such guidance to Generic Issue 82 is presented in Section 6.2.
5.8.2 Seismic Design Margins Program The current objectives of the Seismic Design Margins Program are:
: 1. To develop and improve guidance for assessing the inherent capability of nuclear power plants to withstand earthquakes above the design level.
: 2. To provide an effective and efficient means to identify vulnerabilities of nuclear plants to seismic events.
The seismic margins approach has chosen as one ofits figures of merit a high confidence of low probability of failure (HCLPF). The HCLPF is a conservanve representation of capacity and in simple terms corresponds to the earthquake level at which it is extremely unlikely that failure will occur. Two approaches are recommended for estimating the component HCLPF values: the PRA fragility approach and the Conservative Deterministic Failure Margins (CDFM) approach.
The CDFM HCLPF approach has been developed and used by EPRI in a trial review of the Catawba Nuclear Stanon, with a seismic margins earthquake (SME) of 0.3 g. The resultant HCLPF for core damage sequences was found to be 0.24 g. An NRC sponsored review panel examined the EPRI work and found the methodology can accomplish its main objective and is reasonably accurate (NUREG/CR-5042, Supplement 1, Section 4, Ref. 31).
The PRA HCLPF approach has been used by the NRC to evaluate core damage sequences at Maine Yankee. The SME was also set at 0.3 g for this study. 'Ihe HCLPF was found to be 0.21 g, and later revised to 0.27 g after the licensee committed to upgrading the refueling water storage tank.
The HCLPF approach used in the seismic design margins program does not use the seismic hazard curves. That is, the probability of a core damage sequences due to a seismic initiator are not evaluated in the traditional terms of frequency per reactor year used in PRAs. Instead the HCLPF value can be compared to the SME value. A plant HCLPF value greater than or equal 5-23

r to the SME would be considered to have adequate capacity since the SME would be chosen to assure adequacy. If the HCLPF value is less than the SME, then the site specific. hazard curve could be used to estimate the recunence frequency for that level of earthquake.
In NUREG/CR-5042, LLNL concludes that plant HCLPF capacity represents a conservative -
estimate at which there is a high confidence of a low probability of core damage. A more realistic parameter is the plant median capacity which is more than a factor of two greater than
'4-                                      the HCLPF. It has been suggested that two times the plant HCLPF capacity could be used in conjunc, tion with the median site specific hazard curve to obtain a recurrence frequency for companson with sorne evaluation enterion. In light of the screening approach used for seismic margin reviews, LLNL goes on to conclude that research is needed to address what may be the appropriate factor that can be used along with the plant HCLPF capacity and what would be an appropriate evaluation criterion.
Until more definitive guidance is developed and approved by the Commission for the assessment of the external seismic hazard risk, the currently accepted guidelines for a regulatory impact analysis are used to define the risk. The mean failurt frequency is used. The mean frecuency is currently used for external events based on the :tse of the mean frequency in evaluating risk from internal events. Component and systems failures are described by their estimated mean failure rates.
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l
: 6. DECISION RATIONALE                                                                                 l The risk from the storage of spent fuel in the spent fuel storage pool at light water reactors is dominated by the beyond design basis earthquake accident scenario. The seismic capacity, or fragility, of two older spent fuel pools indicate that the high confidence of low probability of     j failure (HCLPF) is about three times the safe shutdown earthquake (SSE) design level. The            i HCLPF values are estimated to be 0.5 for the BWR and 0.65 g for the PWR spent fuel pools             i studied. The safe shutdown earthquake (SSE) for the two plants are 0.14 g and 0.2 g, respectively. The median peak ground acceleration needed to fail these pools is estimated to be in the 1.4 to 2.0 g range, a factor of ten higher than the SSE design value. A report prepared by the American Society of Civil Engineers (Ref. 29) also concluded that, in general, the seismic design of nuclear facility structures results in median factors of safety on the order of 4 to 19 based on post-1973 design criteria.
The structural capacity of the elevated BWR pool is lower than that for the PWR pool located at the ground level, however the lower conditional probability of a Zircaloy fire for the BWR fuel assembly design (0.25 as compared to the PWR value of 1.0) offsets the higher seismic failure frequency. The probability of a Zircaloy claddmg fire, resulting from the loss of water from the spent fuel pool, is estimated to have a mean value of 2x10-6 per reactor year for either the PWR or the BWR spent fuel pool. The seismic event contributes over 90% of the PWR probability, and nearly 95% for the BWR.
The source term for the spent fuel pool accident is not the same as the source term associated with core damage accidents. The consequences of a spent fuel pool accident which results in the complete loss of water is dominated by the long lived isotopes, such as cesium and strontium.
The health consequences are dominated by the risk of latent cancer fatalities due to long term exposmes.
The best estimate of the consequences of a spent fuel pool accident which results in spent fuel 6
damage to approximately one-third of an equivalent reactor core is 8x10       person-rem. This total dose . translates to a public health risk from a spent fuel poc! accident of 480 person-rem over an average remaining hcensed lifetime of 30 years. The best estimate offsite property damage cost is $4,000 million (1988 $s). The best estimate values air based on a populanon density of 340 people per square mile within a 50 mile radius from the site and result from the release of radionuclides from the last fuel discharge,90 days after being discharged. The best estimate of the onsite costs for a SFP accident is $1,180 million (1988 is), including five years of replacement power to replace the damaged spent fuel pool. Based on an average remaining lifetime of 30 years and a 5% discount rate, the present value of the offsite property damage is estimated to be $124,300 and the present value of the onsite property damage is estimated to be
                         $32,400. As an upper bound, worst case, the consequences of the release of the full fuel pool at6 a high population site (860 people per square mile within a 50 mile radius from the site),26x10 person-rem, was used to evaluate the sensitivity of the consequences for proposed alternatives.
The corresponding estimate in offsite property damage is $30,000 million (1988 $s).
The consequences, in person-rem, from a spent fuel pool accident are relatively insensitive to the quantity of spent fuel assumed to be released during an accident, when the typical assumptions regarding interdiction dose and decontamination are applied. In the hMCCS consequence calculations, no planned evacuanon was assumed, however, persons expected to receive more than 25 rem from ground shine in seven days were assumed to be relocated in one day. An additional dose limit over 30 years of 25 itm was also used to determine the 6-1

r interdiction level. MACCS also includes a separate interdiction criteria for crops: crops are interdicted if the resulting ingestion doses would exceed 25 millirem per year. This dose rate is the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency allowable chronic environmental dose rate for normal activities.
The amount of contamination, or land interdiction area, is strongly influenced by the quantity of spent fuel assumed to be released. Sensitivity studies have been performed for the release from the last refueling discharge and for release from the fullinventory of a spent fuel pool which has accumulated the equivalent of about four cores in spent fuel assemblies. Sensitivity calculations to study the possible effects of fission product retention on structures and to study the possible effects of a spent fuel pool post-accident spray systems were also performed. The results of these analysis (based on the last discharge assumption) indicated that a decontamination factor assumption of ten reduces the consequences by a factor of two, and the interdiction area by a factor of ten (Ref.10). A decontamination factor of 45 results in a reduction in consequences of a factor of six and a factor of about 55 in the value of offsite pmpeny damage (Ref.13).
6.1 Comparison to the Backfit Criteria (10 CFR 50.109)
The value impact evaluation, presented in Section 5, for the proposed alternatives for Generic Issue 82 does not indicate that cost effective options are available to mitigate the risk of beyond design basis accidents in spent fuel pools. The option to use low density storage racks for recently discharged fuel has a best estimate value impact ratio of $32,000 per avened person-rem. Low density racks would decrease the frequency of a Zircaloy cladding fue by at least a factor of five to ten, and the value impact ratio is based on 100% reduction in public dose. For the worst case, a high population site with the full fuel pool inventory beiig released, the value impact ratio is $9,900 per avened person-rem. When compared to the general guideline value of $1,000 per avened person-rem, the low density option is not justified.
The use of a post-accident spray system to mitigate the consequences of a spent fuel pool accident has a best estimate value impact ratio of $3,300 per averted person rem, with a worst case estimate of $1,200 per avened person rem. 'Ihis assumes that a post-accident spray system can be designed to withstand the beyond design basis canhquake which causes failure of the spent fuel pool structure and has a decontammation factor (DF) of at least 45. Other structures and equipment within the spent fuel storage pool building (for example the refueling crane) would also have to be reviewed to assure that their failure would not compromise the pmposed spray system. Under the worst case release assumption, full fuel pool inventory at a high population site, this option is marginally cost beneficial but still exceeds the general guideline value of $1,000 per averted person-rem. However the complete spent fuel poolinventory being released is considered to be highly unlikely. Results of cladding fire propagation calculations indicate that only fuel which is one to two years old could be involved m the release. Also, the demographics are a high estimate of the attributes of a typical plant modification (860 people per square mile).
Potential improvements to the spent fuel pool cooling and make-up systems were also examined. The potential risk to the general public is estimated to 'oe very small, on the order of                       i 3 to 4 person-rem, given a loss of cooling event which results in failure of the spent fuel cladding but not a Zircaloy cladding fue. The value/ impact ratios are very large, wellin excess of the general guideline value of $1,000 per averted person-rem, however the economics could 6-2

l              .
1 be important if the spent fuel pool is unavailable and the reactor is shutdown until cleanup and repairs are completed. The cost-benefit ratios for either an additional cooling pump or an additional make-up train were found to be less than one.
Three additional alternatives, (1) to modify the spent fuel storage rack designs, (2) to cover the spent fuel debris with solid materials, and (3) to improve the ventilation gas treatment system, were not explicitly quantified. Compartmental modification to the storage rack designs would result in the displacement of fuel from the spent fuel pool to at-reactor storage casks, a costly option as shown in Alternative 2. Considering that the risk from a spent fuel pool accident is a result of a beyond design basis earthquake, it it highly unlikely that materials could be transported to the site to cover the spent fuel debris in time to reduce the releases of radioactive materials from the spent fuel pool. Finally, since the integrity of the spent fuel building structure following a beyond design basis earthquake is questionable, improvements in the ventilation gas treatment system would be difficult to obtain.
Therefore, the backfit criteria (Ref. 44) that (1) a substantial increase in the overall protection of the public health and safety is achieved, and (2) the direct and indirect costs of implementation are justified, are not met for any of the alternatives considered.
6.2 Comparison to the Safety Goal Policy Statement The frequency of damage to the spent fuel is estimated to be on the order of 2x10-6 per reactor year, including the be ond design basis seismic earthquake. This value, when compared to a target value of 1x10 (or 5x10-5) for a core damage accident, represents a small part of the overall frequency of core damage - 2% to 4%.
The frequency of a release of radioactive material to the environment is assumed to be the same as the frequency of spent fuel damage. The underlying assumption is that the spent fuel pool housing (refueling building, auxiliary building or secondary building) fails due to either the dominant seismic event or due the extreme temperature conditions which would accompany a Zircaloy cladding fire and fuel melting scenario. The spent fuel pool housing does not provide a containment barrier similar to the containment structure surrounding the reactor core, especially under the conditions postulated to dominate the release of radioactive materials.
It is difficult to compare the estimated 2x10-6 per reactor year release frequency due to a spent fuel pool accident to a target value of 1x10-6 per reactor year for a large release, particularly without a definition for "large release" . The spent fuel pool source term is not similar to the core damage (or melt) source term and the consequences of a spent fuel pool accident are dominated by latent cancer risks. A possible definition is used in current FRA studies; that is, a "large release" is considered to be an "early, large release" associated with an environmental release within a few hours of a core damage accident (presumably from 100% power). Another definition of a "large release" currently being considered by the staff is a release that has a potential for causing an offsite early fatality (see for example NUREG-1150, Ref. 42). Either of these definitions, in particular any consideration for early fatalities, appear to suggest that the spent fuel pool release is not a "large release."
Societal risk to the public is based on the statistically expected number of early a.i latent cancer fatalities. The Safety Goal Policy Statement (Ref. 45) currently defines the early fatality area calculation as that within one mile from the site boundary. A ten mile radius is defined for calculating latent cancer fatalities. The language of the Policy Statement also requires that the 6-3

risk from an accident at a nuclear power plant be 0.1% of that normally encountered by the public. Based on recent data (Ref. 46) the total fatality rate from cancer in the U.S. is 189.3 per 100,000 persons, or a risk of 1.9x10-3 per year. Therefore it can be inferred that a latent cancer fatality rate for nuclear power plant operations of 2x10-6 per reactor year, or less, is consistent with the safety goal.
i To meet the general objective for societal risk, the probability of a latent cancer fatality from a              i spent fuel pool accident should not be more than a relatively small fraction of an overall target value for nuclear power plant operations. The best estimate MACCS calculation for the spent fuel pool source term, for 340 people per square mile over a 50 mile radius, predicts a 3
consequence of 8 million person-rem per event. The dose conversion factor for latent cancer fatalities is in the 150 to 2001atent cancer fatalities per million person-rem range. The expected number of latent cancer fatalities is 1,600 per event, and the latent cancer fatality rate would be 0.0032 per reactor year (1,600 latent cancer fatalities per event times 2x10-6 events per reactor year) for the affected popu ation.
The mean population within a 10 mile radius of a reactor site is 57,000 people (based on a mean density of 182 people per squai mile), and 2,670,000 people within a 50 mile radius (based on 340 people per square mile) in the year 2,000 (Ref. 47). The expected number of cancer fatalities from all causes in the 50 mile radius is 0.2% of the population, or 5,340 per year. In a 10 mile radius, the expected number of cancer fatalities is 114 per year. Using 0.1% of 10 mile radius value, a target value for latent cancer fatalities from the operation of a nuclear power plant would be less than 0.114 latent cancer fatalities per reactor year. The 0.0032 latent cancer fatalities per reactor year associated with the snent fuel pool accident is less than 3% of the 0.114 per year target value based on the calculation area specified in the Safety Goal Policy Statement, even without correcting for the fact that only a fraction of the 50 mile radius latent cancer fatalities would occur within the 10 mile radius.
4 The estimated frequency of a spent fuel pool accident,2x10 reactor      4 year,5resulting in spent fuel damage meets a target objective of a few percent of a 1x10           to 5x10 per reactor value for overall core damage frequency. The target objective for a "large release"             per       of 1x10je reactor year is marginally met, within a best estimate factor of two, but subject to interpretation since the definition of "large release" is still under development. In meeting the societal risk objective of 0.1% of the normally occurring risk to the public given the release frequency of 2x10-6 per reactor year, the latent cancer fatality rate from a spent fuel pool accidents is estimated to be less than 3% of the target value for the operation of a nuclear power plant.
Therefore, the risk and consequences of a spent fuel pool accident appear to meet the Safety Goal Policy Statement public health objectives. They would also meet the proposed 1x10-6 per reactor year large-release frequency guidelines, at least pending definition of a "large release" by the Commission. Therefore, Alternative 1 "No Action"isjustified.
6-4

l 6.3 Other Considerations In addition to itnplementing the requirements contained in 10 CFR Part 50 Appendix A of the l                                                       " General Design Criteria," and 10 CFR Part 20, concerning radiation doses being kept as low as l
is reasonably achievable, licensees should have implemented additional or corrective actions based on the following guidance:
1
: 1. IE Bulletin 84-03, " Refueling Cavity Water Seals," issued August 24,1984. (Ref. 21)
: 2. IE Information Notice 84-93, " Potential for Loss of Water From the Refueling Cavity," issued December 17,1984. (Ref. 24)
: 3. Generic Letter 85-11 " Completion of Phase II of ' Control of Heavy Loads at Nuclear Power Plants' NUREG-0612," issued June 28,1985. (Ref. 4)
: 4. E Information Notice 87-13. " Potential for High Radiation Fields Following Loss of Water from Fuel Pool," issued February 24, 1987. (Ref. 34)
: 5. E Information Notice 87-43, " Gaps in Neutron-Absorbing Material in High-Density Spent Fuel Storage Racks," issued September 8,1987. (Ref. 33)
: 6. E Information Notice 88-65, "Inadvenent Drainages of Spent Fuel Pools," issued August 18,1988. (Ref. 25)
: 7. E Information Notice 88-92, " Potential for Spent Fuel Pool Draindown," issued November 22,1988. (Ref. 26)
Based on compliance with the GDCs and licensees taking correcdve actions identified as a result of reviewing facility designs and operations based on E Bulletins and Information Notices, the frequency of a spent fuel pool accident resulting in a Zircaloy cladding fire and the release of fission products to the environment from internal events, such as missiles, heavy load drops, loss of cooling or make-up, inadvertent dramage or siphoning and pneumatic seal failures, is estimated to be on the order of 2x10-7 per reactor year. Operator diagnosis and recovery are important factors considered in the development of the event frequencies for these events and portions of this evalnation are premised on licensees having taken appropriate actions in response to the concerns identified to prevent similar occurrences, or at least understand the potential consequences of these events and develop appropriate procedures to respond to them and to mitigate the consequences.
The overall frequency of a spent fuel pool accident resulting in a release of radioactive materials to the environment is estimated to be 2x10-6 per reactor year for a light water reactor spent fuel storage pool when the external seismic hazard is included. The beyond design basis earthquake dominates the risk,90% to 95% of the total. The HCLPF value is estimated to be three times the safe shutdown earthquake (SSE) value peak ground acceleration value, in the 0.5 to 0.65 g range. The median capacity is estimated to be in the 1.4 to 2.0 g range. 10 CFR Part 100 Appendix III.(c) defines an SSE as:
6-5

                      "that earthquake which is based upon an evaluation of the maximum earthquake potential considering regional and local geology and seismology, and specific characteristics of local subsurface material. It is that earthquake which produces the maximum vibratory ground motion for which certain structures, systems, and components are designed to remain functional. These structures, systems, and components are those necessary to assure: (1)the integrity of the reactor coolant pressure boundary, (2) the capability to shutdown the reactor and maintain it in a safe shut down condition, or (3) the capability to prevent or mitigate the consequences of accidents.which could result in potential off-site exposures comparable to the guideline exposures of 10 CFR Part 100."
In NUREG/CR-5042, Supplement 1 (Ref. 31), LLNL reviewed available PRA literature to determine the seismic hazard contribution to com damage accidents. A revicw of analyses for A-45, " Decay Heat Removal Requirements," indicates that the dominant earthquake range for core damage falls within the 0.2 to 0.4 g range. A review of Zion and LaSalle Seismic Safety Margins Research Program (SSMRP) analyses also concludes that the 0.2 to 0.4 g range dominates core damage from seismic initiators. The dominant component failures, contributing to core damage, were found to be:
: 1. Yard Tanks - condensate storage tanks, refueling water storage tanks.
: 2. Electrical Equipment - batteries, buses, cabinet anchorage, contacts, relays, transformers.
: 3. Diesel Generator Peripherals - fuel oil tanks, lube oil tanks, coolers.
: 4. Structural failures - block walls, service water buildings, reactor internals.
: 5. Equipment Anchorages.
In other words, this type of spent fuel pool accident requires an earthquake larger than that which would result in core damage and the release of radioactive material to the environment.
The mean core damage frequencies due to the seismic hazard are in the 3x10-6 to 1.4x104 per reactor year range based on published PRA results, with seismic related release frequencies in the range of 2x10-7 to 1.4x104 per reactor year for peak ground accelerations in the 0.2 to 0.4 g range (NUREG/CR-5042, Supplement 1, Table 3-3, Ref. 31). The spent fuel pool accident is estimated to have a frequency on the order of 2x10 4 per reactor year for a peak ground accelerationin excess of 0.5 g.
In estimating the likelihood of a beyond design basis earthquake resulting in a failure of a spent fuel pool, uncertainty can be introduced into the evaluation when attempting to characterize the seisufc hazard of a site. The seismic hazard is a quantification of the probability of exceeding a given peak ground acceleration on an annual basis. As shown in NUREG/CR-5176, and also 6-6

noted in an NRC memorandum dated December 29,1988 (Ref. 48), the uncenainty in estimating the seismic risk is about an order of magnitude, and relates to how expen judgment is used in the development of the site characterizations.
For each of the two plants studied by LLNL in NUREG/CR-5176, a family of seismic hazard curves we e convolved with a family of plant-level seismic fragility curves to obtain a probability distribution of the frequency of occurrence of the seismic initiated accident under study. At the time this work was performed by LLNL, the complete family of seismic hazards curves were not available for the two plants studied, other than at some selected percentile values. When the seismic hazard curves are grouped in this manner, the specific features of the individual hazard curves (for example, they may mtersect one another) are lost. Median and 95 percentile hazard curves were used by LLNL to develop a discrete set of seismic hazard curves for each of the two plants studied. A lognormal distribution was used for the purpose of obtaining approximate risk estimates. The resulting lognormal distribution was cutoff at different percentile values to judge the sensitivity of the results. A cutoff value of 99 percent was recommended for use by LLNL in NUREG/CR-5176. The resultant frequency estimate for spent fuel damage due to a beyond design basis canhquake is 2.0x10* per reactor year for the LWR spent fuel pools studied in NUREG/CR-5176.
More recently, EQE Engineering, Inc., the same subcontractor employed by LLNL for the NUREG/CR-5176 effon, re-evaluated se seismic risk for the same two plants based on true mean seismic hazard curve data (Ref. 48). EQE provided two sets of results based on the use of two sets of expens, the "5 G-Expens" and the "4 G-Expens." The resultant mean annual frequency of failure of the spent fuel pool structures decreases by a factor of 8.8 for the BWR spent fuel pool and 2.8 for the PWR spent fuel pool by removing one~ seismic ground motion expen, or " outlier," from the seismic hazard characterization estimate (for example when going from the "5 G-Expen" to the "4 G-Expen" ground motion expen judgment). Similar results I
were obtained by LLNL in NUREG/CR-5176 in going from a cutoff value of 100 percent to 99 percent, by eliminating a small ponion of the tails from the lognormal distribution curves. Since the tail of the lognormal distribution extends to infinity, it might be possible to get values of the probability of exceedance greater than one. Truncation of the lognormal distribution curves at I       an exceedance value less than one, at 0.99, was used in the LLNL study. The relative
(       magnitudes are similar. For the "5 G-Expen" value.:, the more recent plant specific BWR seismic failure frequency from the EQE study could be a factor of 5.5 higher than the earlier LLNL evaluation. Similarly, the more recent plant specific PWR seismic failure frequency could be a factor of 2.6 higher than the earlier LLNL evaluation. Based on the "4 G-Expen" values, the earlier LLNL evaluation of the seismic failure frequency is slightly higher than the more recent EQE values for both spent fuel pools studied. The mean seismic failure frequencies for the two methods are summarized in Table 6.3.1.
Due to the skewed nature of the distribution of expen judgment, the mean is a highly unstable estimate of the seismic hazard . In these distributions the most extreme o? inion weighs heavily when the mean is calculated. The mean, which is an arithmetic average o? all inputs, frequently exceeds the 85th percentile of all the inputs. This problem created by the skewed distribution of expen judgment exists for either method, the actual tme arithmetic mean or the lognormal distribution.
A re-evaluation for Alternative 2, the use of low-density storage racks for recently discharged fuel, using these higher seismic failure frequencies results in a best estimate value/ impact ratio l
of $9,500 per avened person-rem: Using the worst case assumptions, the value/ impact ratio is l
l                                                       6-7 l

l l
                $3,000 per avened person-rem. Alternative 2 is judged to be the most practical option for reducing the risk and the implementation costs are well defined. While a re-evaluation for Alternative 4, the installation of a post-accident spray system, indicates a marginally acceptable best estimate value/ impact ratio of $1,050 per avened person-mm, the uncenainty in the implementation cost of this option is large. The implementation cost is based solely on the installation of the spray system and does not consider the potential for the need to reinforce other pans of the spent fuel storage building structures to assure that their failure in a beyond design basis earthquake would not compromise the spray system. Therefore, even with the higher seismic frequencies, the staff would not conclude that any of the options considered would be cost-effective.
Although these studies conclude that most of the spent fuel pool risk is derived from beyond design basis canhquakes, this risk is no greater than the risk from core damage accidents due to seismic events beyond the safe-shutdown canhquake. Therefore, reducing the risk from spent fuel pools due to events beyond the safe-shutdown canhquake would still leave a comparable risk due to core damage accidents. Because of the large mherent safety margins in the design and construction of the spent fuel pool, Alternative 1 "No Action"is justified.
When taken together, the discussions presented in Sections 6.1,6.2 and 6.3 form the basis for a decision that no corrective actions are justified. The risk due to beyond design basis accidents in spent fuel pools, while not negligible, are sufficiently low that the added costs involved with funher risk reductions are not warranted.
Table 6.3.1 Summary of SFP Seismic Failure Frequency Estimates PoolType                NUREG/CR-5176 Results                       NRR True Mean Results Cutoff Value Frequency                 Expen Grcup          Frequency (per cent)      (per R-year)                                (per R-year)
Elevated BWR            100             3.8x10-5               5 G-Expens           3.7x10-5 99              6.7x104                4 G-Expens           4.2x10-6 On Ground PWR           100             8.6x104                5 G-Expens           4.7x10-6 99              1.8x10-6               4 G Expens           1.7x10-6 Note: The NUREG/CR-5176 frequencies at the 99 per cent cutoff level were used in this Regulatory Analysis as being representative of the best estimate, generic values for an elevated BWR spent fuel pool and a PWR spent fuel pool located at the ground elevation.
6-8

3.:                                                     .:
                                                                 ~7.' IMPLEMENTATION .
                                                                 - No regulatory action is necessary for the resolution of this issue. This regulatory analysis and
                                                                  -the supporung contractor reports have been made publicly available as part of their_ normal-distribunons.                                                                                                 y
  -A f
O..      -
                                                                          's :
i T
7-1

     =           .
: 8. REFERENCES
: 1. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), " Reactor Safety Study - An Assessment of Accident Risk in U.S. Commercial Nuclear Power Plants," WASH-1400, October 1975.
: 2. Memorandum from H.R. Denton to R.J. Mattson, " Schedule for Resolving and Com)leting Generic Issue 82 - Beyond Design Basis Accidents in Spent Fuel Pools,"
datec December 7,1983. DCS Accession No. 8312270117.
: 3. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), " Standard Review Plan for the Review of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear Power Plants, LWR Edition," NUREG-0800 (formerly NUREG-75/987), June 1987.
: 4. Generic letter 85-11, from H.L. Thompson, Jr., " Completion of Phase II of ' Control of Heavy Loads at Nuclear Power Plants' NUREG-0612," dated June 28,1985. PDR Accession No. 8506270216.
: 5. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), " Control of Heavy Loads at Nuclear Power Plants," NUREG-0612, June 1980.
: 6. Nuclear Power Reactor Docket Information (Hant Name/NRC Docket Number):
Ginna,50-244; Indian Point 3,50-286, Maine Yankee,50-309; North Anna 1 and 2, 50-338/339; Oconee 1 and 2,50-269/270; Oconee 3,50-287; Palisades,50-255; Robinson 2,50-261; San Onofre 1,50-206; San Onofm 2,50-361; St. Lucie 1,50-335; Surry 1 and'2,50-280/281; Turkey Point 3,50-250; Turkey Point 4,50-251; Brunswick 1 and 2,50-325/324; Fitzpatrick,50-333; Millstone 1,50-245; Monticello,50-263; Oyster Creek,50-219; Peach Bottom 2 and 3,50-277/278; Pilgrim 1,50-293; Vermont Yankee, 50-271.
: 7. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), " Initial Version Dry Cask Storage Study,"
DOE /RW-0196, Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management August 1988.
Available from National Technical Information Service (NTIS).
: 8. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), " Spent Fuel Heatup Following Loss of Water During Storage," NUREG/CR-0649, March 1979.
: 9. N.A. Piscano, et. al., "The Potential for Propagation of Self-Sustaining Zirconium Oxidation Following less of Water in a Spent Fuel Storage Pool," January 1984 (Draft Repon). PDR Accession No. 8505090480.
: 10. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), " Severe Accidents in Spent Fuel Pools in Support of Generic Safety Issue 82," NUREG/CR-4982, July 1987.
: 11. Memorandum from E.D. Throm to K. Kniel, " Spent Fuel Pool Fire Heat Transfer Modeling (GI-82 Beyond Design Basis Accidents in Spent Fuel Pools)," dated August 11,1987. DCS Accession No. 8710280175.
l 8-1 l
1
  --                                                                              - . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _________________________________w

l 12. A.G. Croff, "ORIGEN2: A Versatile Computer Code for Calculating the Nuclide
!     Compositions and Characteristics of Nuclear Materials," Nncient Technningv. Vol. 62, pp. 335-352, September 1983.
; 13. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), "Value/ Impact Analyses of Accident Preventive and Mitigative Options for Spent Fuel Pools," NUREG/CR-5281, March 1989.
l 14. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), " Reactor Risk Reference Document,"
Vol. 3, Appendix O, " Overview of MACCS and CRAC2 Offsite Consequences Models,"
NUREG-1150, Draft for Comment, February 1987. PDR Accession No. 8703180080.
: 15. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), " Technical Guidance for Siting Criteria Development," NUREG/CR-2239, December 1982.
: 16. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), " Review of Proposed Dry-Storage Concepts Using Probabilistic Risk Assessment," EPRI NP-3365, February 1984. EPRI Reports are available from: Research Reports Center, P.O. Box 50490, Palo Alto, CA 94303.
: 17. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), " Seismic Failure and Cask Drop Analyses of the Spent Fuel Pools at Two Representative Nuclear Power Plants,"
NUREG/CR-5176, January 1989.
: 18. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), "The TP-24P PWR Spent-Fuel Storage Cask:
Testing and Analysis," EPRI NP-5128, April 1987. Available from Research Reports Center.
: 19. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), "The MC-10 PWR Spent-Fuel Storage Cask:
Testing and Analysis," EPRI NP-5268, July 1987. Available from Research Reports Center.
: 20. Docket Nos. 50-280,50-281. Augmented Inspection Team Reports.Nos. 50-280/88-34 and 50-281/88-34, dated September 30,1988. PDR Accession No. 8810130030.
: 21. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), Inspection and Enforcement Bulletin 84-03, " Refueling Cavity Water Seals," dated August 24,1984. PDR Accession No.
8408240358.
: 22. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), " Fuel and Pool Component Performance in Storage Pools," EPRI NP-4561, May 1986. Available from Research Reports Center.
: 23. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), " Handbook of Human Reliability Analysis with Emphasis on Nuclear Power Plant Applications - Final Report,"
NUREG/CR-1278, August 1983.
: 24. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), Inspection and Enforcement Information Notice 84-93, " Potential for Loss of Water From the Refueling Cavity,"                l dated December 17,1984. PDR Accession No. 8412120547.                                              l l
8-2 1

l 1
i.
: 25. U.S. Nuclear Regulaton Commission (USNRC), Inspection and Enforcem:nt Information Notice 88-65, " Inadvertent Drainages of Spent Fuel Pools,"
dated August 18,1988. PDR Accession No. 8808120327.
: 26. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), Inspection and Enforcement Information Notice 88-92," Potential for Spent Fuel Pool Draindown,"
dated November 22,1988. PDR Accession No. 8811160470.
: 27. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), "A Prioritization of Generic Safety Issues," NUREG-0933, pp. 3.82-1 to 3.82-6, December 1983.
: 28. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), "Modeling Time to Recovery and Initiating Event Frequency for Loss of Off-Site Power Incidents at Nuclear Power Plants," NUREG/CR-5032, January 1988.
: 29. American Society of Civil Engineers, " Uncertainty and Conservatism in the Seismic Analysis and Design of Nuclear Facilities," 1986. Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers,345 East 47th Street, New York, New York 10017-2398.
: 30. Docket No. 50-271, Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corporation, " Vermont Yankee Spent Fuel Storage Rack Replacement Report," April 30,1986. PDR Accession No.
86050100438.
: 31. U.S. Nuclear Regulato,ry Commission (USNRC), " Evaluation of Extemal Hazards to the Nuclear Power Plants m the United States - Seismic Hazard," NUREG/CR-5021, Supplement 1, April 1988.
: 32. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), Board Notification 87-011, " Board Notification Regarding Anomalies in Boraflex Neutron Absorbing Material (BN 87-11),"
dated June 15,1987. PDR Accession No. 8706230178.
: 33. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), Inspection and Enforcement Information Notice 87-43," Gaps in Neutron Absorbing material In High Density Spent Fuel Storage Racks," dated September 8,1987. PDR Accession No. 8709010085.
: 34. U.S. Nuclear Regulaton Commission (USNRC), Inspection and Enforcement Information Notice 87-13, " Potential for High Radiation Fields Following Loss of Water From Fuel Pool," dated February 241987. PDR Accession No. 8702190620.
: 35. Memorandum from W. Minners to K. Kniel, " Refueling Cavity Seal Failure,"
dated April 1,1936. DCS Accession No. 8604080427.
: 36. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), "A Handbook for Value-Impact Assessment," NUREG/CR-3568, December 1983.
: 37. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), " Cost Comparisons for On-Site Spent Fuel Storage Options," EPRI NP-3380, May 1984. Available from Research Reports Center.
: 38. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), "A Handbook for Quick Cost Estimates," NUREG/CR-4568, April 1986.
8-3

l
: 39. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), " Generic Cost Estimates,"
NUREG/CR-4627, Revision 1, February 1989.
: 40. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), " Regulatory Analysis Guidelines of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission," NUREG/BR-0058, Revision 1, May 1984.
: 41. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), " Spent Fuel Storage Requirements 1987,"
DOE /RL-87-11, September 1987. Available from National Technical Information Service (NTIS).-
: 42. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), " Reactor Risk Reference Document,"
NUREG-1150, Draft for Comment, February 1987. PDR Accession No. 8703100040 (Vol. ), 8703170207 (Vol. 2), and 8703180080 (Vol. 3).
: 43. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), " Evaluation of Severe Accident Risks and the Potential for Risk Reduction: Surry Power Station, Unit 1," NUREG/CR-4451, Draft For Comment, February 1987. PDR Accession No. 8703170262.
: 44. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), "Backfit Rule",10 CFR 50.109 (a)(3),
Federal Reaicter, Vol. 50, p. 38097, September 20,1985.
: 45. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), ," Safety Goals for the Operation of Nuclear Power Plants: Policy Statement," Federn1 Reainter Vol 51, pp. 28044-49, August 4,1986.
: 46. U.S. Department of Commerce, " Statistical Abstract of the United States,1987," 107-th Edition, Bureau of Census.
: 47. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), " Demographic Statistics Pertaining to Nuclear Power Reactor Sites," NUREG-0348, October 1979.
: 48. Memorandum from G. Bagchi to K. Kniel, " Comments on Draft Resolution for Generic Issue 82 - Beyond Design Basis Accidents in Spent Fuel Pools," dated December 29,1988.' DCS Accession No. 8901230023.
8-4

Appendix A Spent Fuel Data and Storage Requirements The Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (OCRWM) is responsible for the management and ultimate permanent disposal of the civilian-spent fuel and high level radioactive waste generated as a result of commercial nuclear power plant operations in the U.S. This responsibility is prescribed under the provisions of the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (NWPA)(as ammended).
The greatest portion of the radioactive waste covered under this government responsibility will
                   ' be spent nuclear fuel discharged fmm commercial nuclear power plants. Because most of the spent fuel that will ultimately require disposal has not yet been generated, planning for the management and disposal of this spent fuel must be largely based on projections of future spent fuel discharges from commercial nuclear power plants.
The OCRWM plans for management and disposal of spent fuel are based On the DOE Energy Information Administration (EIA) nuclear energy projections. These data are used for this Regulatory Analysis, in support of resolution of Generic Issue 82, "Beyond design Basis Accidents in Spent Fuel Pool," to estimate the additional cost of at-reactor storage of spent fuel.
The data source is DOE /RL-87-11. " Spent Fuel Storage Requirements 1987," September 1987, United States Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office. Data used by the NRC, taken from this report, are provided in Tables A.1 through A.4 of this Appendix.
A-1

e
* TAEla A.1. WhS14SE IOWSN Il&Il% DSLS Dastas                                                                                l RaAC unt STARTUP sEurDous taasupT(a) e x.(a) RaAcTak FULL cama stis                          !
eTArs TYPs (asIE)       DATs    Dass     CAPAC. CasAC. vanDaR    (S) airtmas PIArt mams         przLITr anam ARE NUClaAB 1 ARE PER 6 LOT 00                             AR     Ma       360 1974      2004       M4       968        Bf      171 82 AaK pcCzaAR 2 ARE P m a tar cD.                            AB     Pam      913   1900    3013       980      900        cz      177 14 asLv3R VALIST 1 DUgUtsis Lint OtmeANT                      SA     PER      F38 1976      2016        833     433        m       it? 73 asAvum VALIst 3 90003858 LIGET COISANT                    98     PER      457 1HT       Stad      itse     1000        as      137 73 asLlaPogrrs 1      Tumussass v&Llar AUTacRITr             AL     Put 123s 1993 (r) sets           test     1068         su     30s 93 mRLlarowTs 2       T==mana== v&Llav AUTeoR2TT             AL     Fim 1835 19ss tr) 3030             370    lost         se     30s     93 RIO 30CE 1         cousUumas Pam cD.                      u2     ash        12 1968     2001        441      441        en       se 11 A anAIDCJ0D 1          -           " " EDZee ComANT          ZL     PER     1178 1907      3026      1080     1980         55     193 43 A BRAIDWOOD 3         OQIAf"mus EDISON CIESANT               IL     Pal 1178 1908          3037           0          0     a5     193 83 3 thouus PsaRT 1 Tauumsses v&Llaf APTSQR2TT                  AL     BNR     1968 1974      2014      3411     3471         m      164 140 B ERDENS PERRY 3 TRIBItsetB VALlaT AUTBORITY                 AL     EIR     1665 1978      3014      3133     3'471        GB     164 140 amoulIS FeaRT 3 Tumm88EB WhLlaf AURBORITY                 AL     SIBL    1968 1971      2017      2383     1471         m      764 140
)                     93DNSWICE 1         cha'W N1 POWIm & LIGrr COIRANT         WC     BIm(s) 821 1977       2010      1767     1983         GE     S40 103 BRUusIrle a         Chm 0LtMk PCIER e Lief 001945T        NC      EInte) SE1 1978       2010      1325     1839         m      $60 103 A BY30N 1              -at** 3DISQN CIMDANT                   ZL     tm 1130 1989          8024      1050     1980         In     193 43 A prmas 3               eaa--mus 3 Discs caleAarr             IL     PWR 1120 1907         3036           0          0     m      193 es ca e r ammy 1        UIrtc5 BIAC coIrary                  AID     Puk 1171 1944          3024     1340     1349         sm     193 46 B CALVERT CIA 1 a&MIamms eh5 4 5%AC 00.                       30     Pm       648 1978      3014       430      830        CE     217 44 S ChLVERT CIA 3 BA321ameS ena e Blac 00.                      am     PEEL     845   1977    3016     1000     1000         CE     217 84 SURE Po u k 0019ANY                   SC     PEEL   1148 1985       2015     1419     3615         um      193    49 CATAlma 1 CATAlInk 3           DUEB PomR ctarANT                     SC     Put 1148 1H6           3036      1431    3618         eB     193 82 CL1rTCEf 1           ELLIN018 Ptm CD.                     EL     BIm      933 1987(r) 3027        3413    3673         m       634 114 TE     Pts 1150 1989          2030       260    1695         WB      193    49 S COMANCEB PE 1 teens UTILITIES GREERATIBe CD.
TE     Pelt 1180      1969    3030          0    1687         In     183     83 3 cCashaKam FE 3 TREhe UTILITIES GEamhAFIme CD.
INDIAEh & aEICE Elac CD.             att    Pm 1030 1978           2009      2044     2270         85     193     80 A COOK 1 A 000E 2                 talDEAILL 4 st1CS BlaC 00.           RE1    PENL   1100 1970       8009          0           0     IN     193 78 CogPan rig           memmaara PUB p m DISTRICT            MB     BIE      778 1974      2008      2366     2368         m      848 101 (3LYSTAL RvR 3       F14RIDA PER Ctaf                     FL     Pm       429   1977    2016        676    1187         as     177     83 DEFIs-amass &        T012D0 RD1acs 00.                    CE     pmL      906 1978      2017        738      738        Bir    177 83 DIARIA CMrrQE 1 PACIFIC ena AND E!aCTRIC 00.              CA     Pen 2006 1945          3825        270    1834         WB     193 09 DIAEta CAIrrON 3 PACIF3C 048 AND RISCTRIC 00.             CA     Pen 1119 1986          3028        370    1324         em     193 09 "S==      1          - atas 3Disce ecleANT                 EL    sum      300 1He       1964        730      730         m     464     47
                       === 2                'nar=ammatam ED18tur ctamaarr         IL     BIul    194 1970      2006      3537     3837          m     734 126 DRRADRE 3             wmmmme ED190E OCISANT                IL     EIIR    794 1971       2006     3837     3887          m     724 128 DUMIB ANIO14          3dm eBC List 4 PCIm CD.              ZA     BIm     838 1975      2018      2080     2050          m     368 61 Bull 20D FLaig! 3 mmmaarT ED1act etasANY                  aEI     num 1993 1907(r) 3028           2305     2305          m     764 140 FAallaf 1            AIdalbth PQ u R CCREANT               AL     Ptm      829 1977      2013     1407     7407          RB    157 73 Faalar 3             AIAanIIA Po s t cOIpart              AL     tm       829 1901      2012      1407    1687          In    157 73 FIT 17ArRICE         P m AUTEOR!rr CF STAR 5 0F NY        ET     Bum      821 1978      3018      2244     2054         e      560 103 FORT Chim005         tamRh PUB PEL D!st                   WB     PER      486 1973      2006       729         729      CB     133 47 FT ST VRAIN          PUB fvC CO Cr 'W m "                 CD     ETO      330 1979      2007        504        564      G4   1483 16 GIEEh                kDCM STEIL GAS 6 EIAC 005@           NT     PER      4H    1970    2006      1918     1916         m      121 43 m&IID stria 1        STsTEM Bur' 41 **ar"=''ma, Esc.      als    sum 1280 1985          2012      3134     3134         m      400 145 A-3

a . .
TAala &.1,  Nealear Pouer plaat Data een't Deste RSAC MT StatTUD SEWDom PhadENT(a) alhE. (a) REncTEEL PU12 00mg SISE PLhlrf 5485      UTILITY EhaS                     STAWB TTN (M)        DhT5     DATE     CAPAC. CAPAC.                                           VREDOR (a) agr:M SADDAB NBCE      mant mast UTILITIas                CT    Pm      Sat 1960      2007      1160           1164                                         GB   187    64 manata 1         my rum PomR 4 LImr casasT          pc    Put     Me 1987(t) acts          400           3381                                         en   147 73 3 ShfCR 1           S ometa PER 00m ANY                GA    Sm      777 1974      2009      3025           3181                                         et   see 103 a a&rcB 3           SchsIA Pm CGIDalif                 GA    Em      184 1979      2013      2748           2848                                         m    860 104 mara Casas       PUBLIC amV. StaC Am P48 00.        BJ - Em 1118 1M 7(f) 2026             1870           3976                                         m    764 141 SUINOWT SAT       PACIFIC Sh8 Am R180TR2C OD.        CA    EIEL     65 1963      1976       des                 466                                    e    104    13 ZEDIAN PT 1      - N *ED EDIse CD.                  ET    PER     368 1M2       1980       786                 786                                    35   130 23 ZEDIAN PT 2      '= = N *ED SDISON 00.              BT    Pm      07:t 1974     2006       980                  980                                   m    193 08 IEDIAs PT 3      FIEL AMEORITY CP STAE5 CP NY       WY    PWR     M5 1976       3018       840            1317                                        se   193 39 EEROM            W180CESIR PUBLIC SEILVICE CEEW     WI    Pm      838 1974      2014       603                  943                                   m    121 46 -
         'm"              D&2RTIAm Pim CDtr                  WI    Em       SO 1M9       2003       440           '440                                         AC    73     s B 1AAALla CTT 1               '" BDISDN COINArt        2L    auBL 1123 1982        2022      1000           1980                                         m    164 140 8 IAaALla CTY 3               '" EDISGB cDIS&Irr       IL    SER    1132 1944      3023      1000           1000                                         m    764 140 LIIAR2CE 1       F521483 9 51& RIaC 00.             P&    EmL 10$$ 1H6          3094      3040           3040                                         m    144 141 LIBERICE 2       PRIZADBMSIA Stac 00.               P&    nmL 1985 1999         2089      3040           2040                                         m    164 140 am23B ThEEN       alh2m tamEE AS4BIIC PWL 00.        as    Plut    838 1972      3000      1876           1876                                         5    217 et asestIsa 1        DeBE Poemtcua9 ANT                 3C    PIEt   1100 1901      3021      1359           1463                                         EB   193    09 aIDEUIRE 3        DUER Pc m empasY                   sc    PM 1100 19M           3023      1421           1483                                         m    193 09 IIIIN 1          50RSmA8T OTEL fvc 00.              CT    sum     660 1970      3010      31M -          2104                                         e    500 103 aEILIATem 3       BURfm ASP WTEL svc 00.             CT    Pm      070 1978      2015      1113           1113                                         CE   217 at 3EILlaTous 3      scuttmast WTIL WWC 00.       -
CT    PM 1150 SM6           2025       756           1834                                         EB   193 at annuTICELIA       unn ens 9thERS pm Ome&NY           as am         MS 1871       2007      2217           2237                                         m    484    06 WIM aIIIa PT 1 33Ashhh - PCIER 0059                 NT    Em      630 1M9       2005      1362           2776                                         m    $32   44 BIER atIIa PT 3 NEAahAA amAam POW ODEP              NY    BEL    1000 1HT       2036      3880           4049                                         m    164 140
      & sonTS Anth 1      vim 8ENIA Po m                     V&    Pm      907 1978      3018      1737           1737                                         15   157 72
      & somTs AEEh 3      VImaINI& Po m                      V&    PEIR    907 1900      3020          0                            0                          45   157 73
      & 000EM 1           DUEE PcmR conDANY                  SC    tm      087 1973      3013      12M            1313                                         auf  177 33
      & 000153 3          DORE PO W 03945T                   DC    PEEt    007 1974      2013          0                            0                          EN   177 42 conEEE 3          DUES Pom ocarairr                  SC    75      ted 1974      2014       Sie                 838                                    BIr  177 02 CTSTEIL cme 1    ST NUC1aAR                         NJ    M       GSe 1HD       2004      3600          3600                                          m    $60 De PALIances         OcEsimmas Pm CD.                   381   Pts     ett 1971      2811       190                 7M                                     CB   304 80 PAIA VERDE 1      ARZaca P98LIC SENICE 00.           AE    Pim 1270 1906         2024       66.8          1329                                         CE   241 99 PAIA vallas 2     antama PggLIC SERV 3tB 00.         AA    PER 1870 1986         3028       648           1339                                         c4   341   99 P&ta VERRE 3      N PUBLIC SWIVICE 00.               18    Puut 1370 1M7         3026       668           1329                                         CR   241 99 PancmOTTEER S PERSamWEIA BIBC 00.                   74    EIEL   1965 1914      2000      3814          3814                                          m    764 146 PShcmDUTcia 3 PERIampS2& Blac CD.                   th    asm 1968 1974         2000      3819          3819                                          m    1 64 140 PERRY 1           C1svEtam Blac 3Llait OD.           Ca    BIEL   1368 1987      3036      4020          4030                                          m    140 130 FIImL2881         3035t5 SD1805 0D.                  am    SmL     688 1973      2006      E320          2380                                          m    $80 103
      & POINT Sahts 1 52800E025 Blac PWL 00.                 WI    PEL     097 1970      2007      1802           1903                                         US   121 46
      & POINT m act 3 WlaconsIs RIaC pm 00.                  WI    Pia     491 1973      3000          0                            0                          su   ist as
      & PantaTa 2at 1 pcR9mus ethses Pm 00.                  as    PEL     530 1973      2008      1386           1366                                         m    121 44
      & Dantatt 1st 3 BCRTmBB STAWh8 PEEL 00,                auf   Pen     830 1974      2006          0                            0                          m    131 40
                                                                         &-3

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* TAE3a A.1. Woolear Power Plant Data (ema't)
DRs1Er RAAC WT STARTUP SE N PRB8ENT(a) askE. (a) R&hCTCm FULL CORE SIES PIArt EAm                                 UTILITT Ehm                       $ TATE TYP2 (aEE)        DATE     DATB          CAPAC. CAPAC. VE8 "          (a) aff1EIR 5 gGhD CITIES 1 CcascanRALTE ED1acu CCae&BT                                      IL     32         769 1973      2007           3687     3657       GB         734 139 tL     BER        789  1973     2007           3897     3897       GE          734 136 B QUhD CITIES 3 - N B RD18CE CORE &NT BANCED 8800 1                             Samm=TO aarrICIP UTIL DISTR         CA     PEEL       918 1975      2000           1000     1980       as          177 et CARDLIBE 70EER 4 LZGET CCar&WT      SC     PIEL       700 1971      2007             S44      544      WE          187      66 3053580W 3 Rva BRED 1                                GUEF STATES UTILITIES                IA    BER        936 1H6       3935           3173     3173       Em           $34 116 PUBLIC BERT. Exac. AED ens cD.      3.7    PuR 1115 1977            3016           1133     11?0       55           193     09 shaInis 1 PUBLIC EERV. ELBC. 450 Gh8 CD.      BJ     Pm 1115 1981             3030           1140     1170       ME           193     49 S&2ast 3 5 SAB CEarts 1                               SOUTEWh5 CALIP EDISON CD.           Ch     Pm         436 1968      1999             316      316      WB           157 &$
5 BAN CWoFRE 3                               SOUTER M CALIF 3DIsaN CO.           Ch     Psm 1970 1943            2013             800      800      CB           217 91 SOUTERRN CALIF RDIs05 03.            Ch    PER       1000 1944      2013             500      000      CB           317      H 3 sAs cuarRS 3 StamarcK 1                                EET DIV18205 0F PSEE                 EE    Pak 1180 SH7(f) 3031                      660    1236       55           193 49 A sugupTaa 1                                 TEurtsSEE VALlaf AUTWOR2TT           TE    FIEL      1148 1981      3031           1381     1381       RE           193      39
      & saggotAs a                                 TEEumaaEE VALlaf AUTacRITY           TW    PER       1148 1983      3033                0        0     as            193 es parmamass                                 gaEg gst Saf eD.                     yf    BER        S49 1900 (b) 8037            3176     3648       m             560 103 sopTE TEIns 1 acD990N Li m TZ30 4 Pouem CD.                                    TE    Past 1850 1987           3037             1H     1HD        WE            193 108 soOTE ft%As 3                             300 stas 12 SET 230 a PoemR co.      TE    Paa 1350 ans             acte                0   1H9        En            193 104 ST 3acIE 1                                FlaRZDE PEEL & I#f 00.               FL    PtEL       $30 1976      2010             738      730      m             317 31 ST ISCIS 3                               F n N PER & 1at CD.                  FL     PER       804 1H3        3033           1976     1876       CB           217 81 stemma 1                                  SOEPFB Mm 3:aC 4 She CD.             SC     Pen       900 1964       3034           1876     1876       EB            157 73
      & scuRT 1                                    VImatrIA PonER                       V&     PWR       798   1973     2013           1944     1944       E5            157 73
       & SURRY 3                                   VIRGIN 3A POWER                      VA     Pm         748 1973      3013           17H      17H(e)     35            157 73 8 etsgDESANO 1                              PEEESTLVARIA Pts & IAF CD.           PA     em 1065 1983             Sett           3040     feet       m             744 137 3 SUmgDRE&Euh 8 PRIEusTLVARIA PER e 3df CD.                                      P&     Sum 1965 1HS             3034           3640     3HS        Em            TH 137 TsRES 3821318L &WU 3DCIAAA                                                    PA     Pan        819 1974      2000             783    1401(g)    35            177 83 CR     tm 1130 1976             2011           1498     1400       GB            193    09 TRO3AN                                   FORT 1AND GEIER&L R1aC FL     PIE        693  1973     2007           1376     1404       WB            181    73 8 TURIET PT 3                               r m ma PeR 6 1ar 00.
8 TURRET PT 4                                Ftmma PER 4 laf 00.                 FL     PER        693 1973      3007             614      636      se             187 73 G&    PER 1969 1HT             2037             388    1117(g)    WE             193   09 8 90GT131                                    20EL11A P0mA candPANT 3 VosTia 3                                   encRGia Poema casearf               et     Psm test 1980            3034             38e    1117(g)    as             its se VT TABIER 1                               VT TAIBBB WDC1aAR Pm CORP           VT     3W.        814 1973      2013           1890     2070       m              368 68 mas NUCzaAR 3 shBE pus Pm SUPPLY #TetEIR                                       Ek    3RR      1100 1964       3023           3654     3680       GH             764 140 ELTERPQRD 3                               IDU18ZAEk PCama e LimT               1A    PM 1104 1989             3034           1000     1366       m               317 49 A EkTTs BAR 1                                TEM VAIJaf ALTEGRITY                 TB    PER 1165 1H9(f) 303S                    13H      1894       m               193 89 A IIkTTS SAR S                               TEM V&E2af AIPRECRITT                TE    Psm 1168 1PH(f) 2037                        0         0     m               193 09 R$    PER       1150 1HS       3G38           1327     1340       et              183   09 501F CREAK 1                              UDER WEEE WWCIAAR WERATIBO CD.
narum. aces 1 Eam Asclerc StaC CD,                                             ash    Pak       175 1H1       3001             440      731      as               76 10
       & Elm 1                                                 " ED1905 (tam &ET         IL     Pm 1988 1973            2000            3079    3079       RB              193 89 A 113 3                                                 - ED1805 Comparf          EL     Put 1988 1974            3000               0        0      In             183 89
                 & IEDICATas casame Foot sm& RED BT TWO REACTQBa B ZEDICATES 70013 00EIEBCfED BY TRAEWFER CAEkLs CAPACITISS AND INVENTORIES ARE CORM!EED WITE mLT Cm FULL (KMIS SaaERVE B INDICAftS PODIA RbgUIR239 ChaE TRANSPunt C&P&CITERa AND INVENTCRIBS Ah5 NMh WITE CIELT 005 FULL CORE RBEMYB A-4

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* 4                                                                                                                                                                                                          (
L                                                                                                                                                                                                                         I TAass A.1. sealear poses Diant Det.e teen't)
TYPE FUEL          staRTur astPRDc m Pass mT(a) amE. ta) aT0Ra m sITBs                             UTILITT Ehem                                          sT&TE eTERED            DASE     DhT5       (NeaC. CapM.
(e) mRUsesICs 1 FM                                            e k" "k                        P0m k 4 L2 m 00W ast     sc     PM             1977     2010         ISO       160 (a) ampuesI m 3 PML                                           eku mk Pcma e LIsur coWast                              30     pam            1975     3010         144       144 Dcm 2 (taBL) (Be68)                       DurnhansT W maast                                       ED     BEEL                                  (b)       (b)
DCE ID (EmL) (Base) .Depaanmirt or asmast                                                         2      STS                                   (h)       (h)
TTys rent          senarup aarreaus passusT{al anz. ta)
STamam sItas                              eTILITr saem                                          sensa staanD            ansa     mars       cWac,     capac.
DOS 2D (IERL) (8040)                      DEraILB M OF N                                          2D     PM                                    (h)       (h)
De en taastazaa)                          Deramnusuf W asumer                                     on     run                                   (h)       (m)
DCs M (shWERD)                            DWMWT W M                                               m      aim                                   (h)       (b)
Dc5 m (AnastES)                           DONRSM OF M                                             m      PM                                    (h)       (h)
(4) ansmIs 1 min DOOL                                         car 05.Im POW 6 Lim 00IsasY                            30     mR             1M7      3034            0     3087(g) sitmR1s-M/PEL                            IIDERIs WM&fte (AFR)                                    EL     M                       2003        373S(1)   3778(1) alonhas-Em/Pggt                          anonkis WERarIce (arR)                                  IL     pm                      2003        1ss0(1)   16se(il cast VELEST                               IRST WALaaf
                                                                                                                                  ^
_ .es PM. sr     gut                                   (h)       (h)
MST VALIST                                MST VAList                                 -- Pha7     mV     Pts                                   (h)       (h)
(3) Orank                                                                                                                  Put                                   (h)       (h)
                -                                                            ...                                . _                       .               ~.                      ...                        .
ama psaufs total 1 3D CUBBRuTLY combatIme: as                                          vot4L amma 33705         comunerLT cremarrus asIB: 35313 PmL Ptaarts TUBLL s 40 CURRENTLY cpm asIse SS                                          TothL m:      75096      cumEurLT OPERhTIse m 86375 aTS P1APts T;#AL 1                              1 CURRm TF2 CP mastus: 1                 ToenLamma       330      cWeerIK cemattesaus:         330 crenarzue a Pr- psaspra ToraL i 130 commesTLY orunaTruer os                                                                                  Tovat amma teseas        suussurLT opennrtse seu 43017 asTImaD etasts TOTAL : 3                                                                    Tomat man       Ese
                          .                                    .                 ...                                                                             .-                                     -..~
mote: TTILITT DhpA As GF 13/31/1948 (a) Is -
(b) saammaans 1ssesD & Ltemuus Is 1943 set ans PDr ersmann sees senarse asTImanus aname as Paostage Finer Dismanas zu 1980.
(op scam nossages 3 pam runs 2s stenen at su sempus1m (num) anaapans (e) zu 1 pes, mesmas 1 Immrysso Waas Pat gas ysfums sWenass er suk runt. (sumas 1 1s a rek.)
(e) Iscasmas puomaan meacIvy or amt eTamass rassnLaarzes (1syst).
(t) senapur mass masm a pawneess Tsak er r2 met essaunama (g) CUnter As GF 12/31/06 (h) ChracITY FOR STcham WWDu (1) Poot. CAN EDEA apTS FUBL Tvres. CarhCITT Seem autappa mTIM Pool 35 geB Fem W TVPB CF FUBL mLT.
(3) ces -mean assumLT ans soms anse to a sacanzas msom Dans por akvs as ata zD.
I a-s

                                                                                                                                                                                          - ~ - ~ ~ - - - - - - - _ . _ _ _ _ _ _
e
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  +
e TaaIa A.S. Projested Caumlattee storage seguirammata-met- As capanity, Assemdhlies Pool                  19871980198919901991199219931994199819M 199719901999 2000 20012002 2003 2004 2005 et 10C2B 1         tm 42 122 122 194 270 270 346 422 422 4M $14 514 650 726 726 402 478 878 964 atILIATous 1       aus 128 128 324 334 S20 520 716 716 912 912 1108 1100 1304 1304 1800 1800 16 M 16 H 1882
,. $nLtannae          Pm       0 19 19 47 87 155 185 223 291 291 389 389 427 427 495 563 863 631 431 r
coouns 162         Pam ' O      O 62 102 242 302 422 402 602 est 702 642 H2 1022 1982 1802 1322 1322 1442 ocomms 3           pm       0   0     1      1 61 121 121 181 set att 301 361 421 421 481 641 541 set 641 hosts 90s 2        Peut     0   0     0 40 at 149 149 191 245 245 See 354 402 402 463 811 811 859 420 meusW1m 1          alWL     0   9     0 187 157 348 S48 833 717 117 900 1993 1993 1877 1877 1468 1683 1653 1837 1As&LZa CTY 142 am          0   0     0 144 364 See 1924194414641904 2124 2344 27A4 3004 3224 3644 3464 4104 4644 smessW3cm 2        Sim      0   0     0      0 37 37 228 413 413 597 TSS 788 973 973 1187 1845 1345 1533 1717 ChLvuRT C W 142 Pam         0   0     0      0    0    5 101 197 293 3s9 406 set 677 773 869 H5 1961 1157 1253 1Amosas            SIBL     0   0     0      0    0 13 37       61 88     85 109 133 187 181 206 205 SOS 208 20B PItanzal 1         Sum      0   0     0      0    0    0 160 160 356 386 Sea S48 140 140 740 936 934 1128 1128 PnAIRIE I5L 142 Ptul        0   0     0      0    0    0 22 102 182 222 302 382 462 542 set 642 142 $22 902 STSLSI ist         Ptut     0   0     0      0    0    0    0   99 99 267 435 435 603 771 771 939 1107 1107 1275 ZEIAE PT 2         PEL      0   0     0      0    0    0    0 17 17 08 153 153 221 221 209 387 387 428 425 mesuit eng 1       aim      0   0     0      0    0    0    0   40   de 200 348 344 est 428 620 tot $12 912 912 Pca? N8-*          Pim      0   0     0      0     0   0    0    e    e 83 90 90 143 100 tes 233 270 378 323 820W 163           PEL      0   0     0      0     0   0    0    0 71 143 247 349 431 475 647 719 043 935 1007 BIG hocE 1          BIBL    0   0     0      0     0   0    0    0   is 35 38 88 75 98 95 98 DS DS 95 L3amm2m 1           sum     0   0     0       0    0   0    0    0 152 182 att SDS BM sit 1032 1832 1240 14 H 1456 aAs cucuras 1,2,t39 tut     0    0    0       0    0   0    0    0 139 300 409 870 679 MS 1964 1863 Latt 1381 1490 enggDTas 142        Plut    0    0    0       0    0   0    0    0 40 40 200 tot 360 520 400 ese 760 920 1000 EAVIS-amass 1       Pm      0    0    0       0    0   0    0    0    9     9 TO 130 130 190 250 250 310 370 370 POINT anacs 1st peut        0    0    0       0    0   0    0    0   49 113 177 tot 305 369 483 497 541 625 ese Aas upcIana 1       Ptul    0    0     0      0    0   0    0    0    0 17 17 77 77 137 197 197 257 257 317 usa - 142          Pm      0    0     0      0    0   0    0    0    0   99 to 267 435 435 603 771, 771 939 1187 m &vum VALlaY 1 Pun        0    0     0      0    0   0    0    0    0 28 M N 163 163 232 232 301 370 370 askIm numma         Peut     0   0     0      0    0   0    0    0    0   48 121 til SM 367 267 340 413 413 486 N235 IIIta PT1     Elm      0   0     0      0    0   0    0    0    0 182 152 332 332 $14 Sts 700 700 See 464 m-umm              Pm       0   0     0      0    0   0    0    0    0     0    3    3 56 104 til 161 213 Bes 266 Em200 Punatta      sum      0   0     0      0    0   0    0     0   0     0 138 138 427 427 715 718 1007 1295 1898 Coor m STN         am       0   0     0      0    0   0     0    0   0     0    6 122 2H $46 488 870 est TM 902 asIL:JTOIm 2       Pts      0   0     0      0    0   0     0    0   0     0 81 116 116 177 242 342 307 368 ase PsadmoTEat 2       sm       0   0     0      0    0   0     0    0   0      0 214 214 444 672 672 900 1130 1128 1356 Ps&cumDPTCII 3     Eum      0   0     0      0    0   0     0    0   0      0 41 41 2 61 481 441 foi tot 921 1141 FITSPAft2m         m e          0     0      0    0    0    0    0   0      0 134 134 310 466 4H 642 83e ass 1014 S&1mit 1           Sm       6. 0     0      0    0    0    0    0   9      0 of 47 127 207 tot 307 367 367 447 0     0   0    0    0   0      0   0 67 67 235 363 all 541 699 699                                                                                                                   I Dmasses 2           sum     0   0     0 was ist             Pm      0    0    0       0    0   0    0    0    0     0    0 61 to 317 as? 4:s Hs oss e21 Onne erw 1          am       0   0     0      0    0   0    0    0    0     0    0 104 372 372 640 904 DOS 1174 1644 L1amm1m 2           Sim      0   0     0      0    0   0    0    0    0     0    0 132 132 See 864 See 700 780 DM m as socIaakt       sem      0   0     0      0    0'  0    0    0    0     6    0 110 tes 426 842 750 G M 1066 1210 ARE WUclata 2       Pr4      0   0     0      0    0   0    0    0    0     0    0    0 21 09 Se 157 228 225 393 A-6

f r5 ,
I SABIA A.S. Projected Ctensaative eterage Requiremaste--asuammen AR Capacity, Asm i aa toma't)
                                                                          -        mm Fool                 1987196019891D001991198219931D641D681DM 1D9719901990 3000 20012003 2003 3004 2005 DOME Ahuosa       aan      0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0 110 346 See 366 406 406 614 VT TAasas 1       amt      0    8   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0 13 la 144 376 376 400 See PORTS Asu& 143 Pm          0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0 119 183 347 378 430 803 631 manurd            Pan      0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0 34 di 90 135 173 309 See TA m an-hom 1     pm       0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0 36 as 36 36 36 as 15 Dbastan 3         aim      0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0     0 61 219 319 377 SSS 638 BAPCR 143         mem      0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0     0 130 336 710 914 1110 1503 Sta0pasMarA laa sum        0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0     0 D6 560 793 lose ista 1730 Otullh            put      0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0     0 37 89 01 133 188 147 ST LOCIS 3        put      0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0     0     0 44 110 118 190 363 SMalt 3           Pm       0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0     0     0 71 185 1'85 899 333 anomus PuRRT3     alun     0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0     0     0 161 161 309 617 617 shTTa ank 1as     ten      0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0     0     0 81 til 311 371 481 FUuss? PT ase     Pam      0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0     0     0     0 es 144 193 340 Bacius0 Punktlas num       0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0     0     0     0 34 34 490 110 TROJAR            pm       0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0 27       88
       *WDIAN PT 3       Pen      0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     4 to BAsca0 8800 1     Pm       0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0 43 104 P&&O Vanes 1      PEEL     0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0 12 GunD C2T3Bs Saa sem        0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0 23 agostrIns 1       PER      0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0 39 CRTOTAL SVR 3     PER      0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0 73 CALLAmhr 1        Pak      0    0   0     0    0     0    0    0     0    0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0 37 rest " -    "a           43      204        740       1314      3700        5370        0390       11933       14NS        30313 141       See      1000       1938       2747        6805       193D0       14138       17048 set aa-' N              ist      334       1970       2807      4183        7010       11301       17011       33ees       30DM 130       635      1490       3198       5110        4390       13060       20439       37497 TOTAL As-r              170      830       1836       3033      6090       11300       19591       teNo        39893       51300 ass     1130       3501       8133       0057       14D04       34157       34884       48348 A-7

e Taata A,3,  Projected Cumalat.ive storage Segattaments.-Maniana AR Capaalty, aIPZet                                            q l
amTRIC Tout PCrag,             1937 1980 1999 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1994 1997 1990 1999 2000 2001 2003 2003 2004 2005 BT Lects 1       Pm 15 46 46 73 102 102 131 160 160 109 218 210 247 274 276 305 335 338 364 atILtATous 1     mm 23 23 88 $8 92 92 127 127 162 162 197 197 231 231 246 264 301 301 336 P&LISAERS        Pen     0     7    7 34 34 61        61 $4 118 118 142 142 170 170 197 324 234 351 281 ocomes 1st       Pam     0     0 29    se 112 140 its 123 279 307 362 390 445 473 set es? 613 Sit 660 000m 3 3         Put     0     0    0    0 24 56 56          04 112 112 139 167 198 198 223 280 390 270 306 achtssom 3       Pam     0     0    0 17 at       63  63 s4 108 105 130 181 173 172 197 Sie 219 334 263 angeserics 1     sak     8     0    0 29 39 64        64 99 134 134 169 304 304 238 238 274 300 309 343 1Aa&L18 CTY 143 Eum      0     0    0 to 66 106 186 326 266 347 347 427 507 547 587 647 707 147 427 EEUU53rts 2      ask     8     0    0    0    ?    ? 42 77 77 112 147 147 103 182 216 351 251 387 331 C1LvsRT C3s 1st PER      0     0    0    0    0    3 30 14 110 148 181 213 249 205 331 357 393 429 est w eamas          gut     0     0    0    0    0    1    4     7     9    9 12 14 17 20 22 22 32 23 22 PrzamLZas 1      sm      0     0    0    0    0    0 as 20         63   63 97 97 131 131 131 143 16s 199 199 pa&1RIS 1sL 1&2 Pun      0     0    0    0    0    0    0 36 68 7e 107 135 1H 192 206 335 263 291 320 Svacs 142        Pm      0     0    0    0    0    0    0 42 43 113 164 164 SSS 336 326 397 468 400 est
*EDIAN PT 3      Pam     0     0    0    0    0    0    0     0     0 34 69 69 100 100 110 161 161 192 193 OTSTER CRE 1     Sun     0     0    0    0    0    0    0    12 is 36 42 da 47 112 112 137 163 163 143 PORT CAla00N     PWR     0     0    0    0    0    0    0     3     3 19 38 36 B1 67 67 03                 99 99 118 32 cur 162       pm      0     0    0    0    0    0    0     0 32 68 131 164 197 363 2M 329 394 421 ese 318 RD31         sem     0     0    0    0    0    0    0     0     2    8    8   7 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 1.zamRICE 1      sum     0     0    0    0    0    0    0     0 27 37 66 108 108 144 183 183 230 SSG 280 SAE onorms 1,2,63ruk     0     0    0    0    0    0    0     0 S6 119 163 tad 270 372 als 440 See See 892 sa00 DEAR 163    PnB     0     0    0    0    0    0    0     0 14 18 93 129 164 139 276 313 350 423 460
.uY10-Emace 1    Pam     0     0    0    0    0    0    0     0     4    4 33 61 61 49 117 117 148 173 173 PcINT smAf5 1st PER      S     S    0    0    0    0    0     0 18 41        64  07 110 133 186 179 203 336 349 ARE NUCLaAR 1    Pm      0     0    0    0    0    0    0     0     0    0    8 34 36 44 91 91 119 119 147 na m =
* 163     PER     0     0    0    0    0    0     0    0     0 43 42 113 184 184 288 336, 326 387 468 asAv3R VALIST 1 PER      0     0    0    0    0    0     0    0     0 12 44 44 76 74 los tot 140 173 171 MILIsm 7AMEM     PWR     0     0    0    0    0    0     0    0     0 16 46 46 74 102 193 130 188 158 186 sIm atIta PT1    aim     0     0    0    0    0    0     0    0     0 36 36 57 57          09   80 120 120 152 152 EADRAM m m       Pm      0     0    0    0    0    0     0     0    0    0    1   1 20 39 39 89 10 97 97 Sam 2CD PEinEIS  sak      8    0    0    0     0   0     0     0    0    0 28 25 78 78 130 130 183 136 236 CDcPsR eTE      set     0     0    0    0     0   0     0     0    0    0    1 32 43 63 83 104 124 145 1H aLILLSTous 2    Pm       0     0   0    9     0    0    0     0    0    0 19 46 44 64 92 93 117 140 140 PSACEIDFREG 2   m        0     0   0    0     0    0    0     0    0    0 38 38 79 119 119 160 200 200 340 PancmoTTces 3    mm      0     0    0   0     0    0    0     0    0    0    7    7 46 85 GB 124 134 163 203 Fi?SPATRICE     Em       0     0    0   0     0    0    0     0    0    0 24 24 S5 to 46 118 149 149 180 Salais 1         pm      0     0    0    0    0    0    0     0    0    0 22 33 50 95 98 132 1st 164 208 Dasspas 2        But     0     0    0    0    0    0    0     0    0    0    0 11 11 38 M          64 91 117 117 cDot 142         PER     0     0    0    0    0    0    0     0    0    0    0 10 M 136 173 200 345 301 383 anAm spIF 1      Sum     0     t    0    0    0    0    %     0     0   0    0 it H 66 113 See 150 307 380 L1amRIM 3        Eum     0     0    0    0    0    0    0     0     0   0    0 33 23 63 100 100 130 138 177 MSS 51C144RS     Elm     0     0    0    0    0    0    0     0     0   0    0 18 50 78 102 133 150 104 213 AaK pecImaa 8    Pm      0     0    0    0    0    0    0     0     0   0     0   0    9 37 37 66 94            94 123 DUnas Ammate     aim     0     0    0    0    0    0    0     0     0    0    0   0 21 44 44        68 87 07 109 A-9
                                                                                                        - - - - _ . - _ - -_-______________ a

7
  . a.         ,
Whata A.S. ProjosLed Cumalative storage Requiaemmate--h AIL Caposity, alttars (ees't) amfRIC TIMES 700L             190719001990199019911992199319M 1HS 1996199719H 1999 2083 20012003 2003 2004 2004
                                                                                           .    ~ .                       .
v7 Tamans 1     ash    0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    0     0     0     0    2    2 26     49     49 13       96 scRTS Amusk Sa2 Pm     0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    0     0     0     0 SS OS 114 173 203 232 292
                 --              PER    0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    0      0    0     0    9 28 37 81           58 79 94 YAusta-aces 1   Pan    0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    0     0     0     0    0    0    0    0      0     0     0 Datacas 3       sem    0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    0      0    0     0    0 10 31 37 43              90 to SATCs ist       ama    0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    0      0    0     0    0 to 60 123 110 See 279 eaa-a- 182 Sint        0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    0      0    0     0    0 17 97 127 177 287 207 OZam            tem    0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    0      0    0     0    0    9 21 32 43 54 64 of LUCZa 2      PER    0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    $      0    0     0    0    0 10 46 46 14 102 sAsant 2        sum    0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    0      0    0     0    0    0 33 11 71 111 150 mouse Panars    am     0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    0      0    0     0    0    0 29 29 %1 112 112 InfTo BAR 142   Pm     0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    0      0    0     0    0    0 24 97 97 171 200 TUuSEY PT 344   PER    0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    0      0    0     0    0    0    0 22       66 80 110 anDunt ruhmT142 Sm     0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    0      0    0     0    0    0    0    6      6    09 130 Tun 3As         Mut    0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    0      0    0     0    0    0    0    0      0 17 39 1IEDIAN PT 3    pm     0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    0      0    0     0    0    0    0    0      0     2 36 RAsceo anop 1   Pts    0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    0      0    0     0    0    0    0    0      0 20 40 DAIO vanas &    pm     0   0      0     0    0'   8    0    0    0      0    0     0    0    0    0    0      0     0     8 gehD CSTIB0 142 sm     0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    0      0    0     0    0    0    0    0      0     0     4 asDer1RS 1      Pam    0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    0      0    0     0    0    0    0    0      0     0 la (270TAL Eva a   Pet    0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    0      6    0     0    0    0    0    0      0     0 33 m =* 1          Pam    0   0      0     0    0    0    0    0    0      0    0     0    0    0    0    0      0     0 16 paa settet           15         83       315        883      1120        2234       Sett      4973        sees        $520 53          209       424       002       1850       2706       4279      8090         1476 sua arrEIan          23         50        1M        452       782        1861       2008      3033        4221        8535 23          113       271       5??        919       1808       3474      3646         4905 total SIF1ml         34        140        809      1004      1979        1490       Sete      Geos      toets        14063 76          322       695      1879       2469       4211       6753      9848        12302 A-9

   ~.-- -.--       .- _.      _- _                     _                       _ _ -                       -                    . . . _ _ . _                      -             -_ - _ _ _ _ . .
l:
1:                                                                                                                                                                                                , o o TaaIA A.4,     1M4 Eaventary ano Projected Amman1 Rosetae Disahartaa, As=Maa Supr. (a)                                                   geume. ram l.
l                                    --
meACTc8               19961M719981949199019911993199319M 19810M 1997199f 1990 2000 20018002 2003 2004 3008 Aas suctaAR 1   pm 440           0   40      0 60 60          0 60            0   60    60       0     60     0 de 60                        0 60          0    60 ARE sectaAR 2   Pm .200          0 48       48     0 48 68              0 68      60     0    68         0 48 68                  0         60    68        0 48                                i l            m m mi.i.,1     ,e     na       ,3    0 .          O o .                O o         0 .       .9         0 .         0           .           OM           89      0 anAVER m L187 3 Pm       0       0    0 37         0 73       0 73 73 73                 0 73            0 73 73                  0 73 13                   0   73 mat.tasomTg 1   HR       0       0    0      0     0     0    0         6 64      78     0 M $4               0   M               0 to 64                    e 84 mar.tascuys 3   PWR      0       0    0       0    0     0    0         0     0     0 64      71         0 M to                    0 54            0 to 84 B20 hos 1       anNL 108 22 32 to 20 20 to 20 30 80 30                                           0 at to to 64                                0    0        0     e man manaa 1     pm       0       0     0 et 88           0 68 80              0 64 to            0- 64 to            0 84 04                       0 64 Se anAID500D 3 '   Pm       0       0     0      0 at       0 88 80              0 08 to            0 to N              0 to to                       O      B4 44 mmoEMS PBERF1   Em 1330          0     0      0    0-    0 Sie           e 328      6 330 280            0 320 229                 0 328           0 32s $24 amount Pumars   nun itas         0     0 eM        0 3:0       0 au are             0 330        0 an : e            0 ::0 en                      9 a20          0 anomus Famkr3   Em 1904          4     0      0 See 386        0 220          0 tas tat          e att 280           0 sat                    0 Sat see           0 asusets 1       m tot 100              0 See 164         0 100           0 100 164        0 100 108           0 EM                 0 184 148                0 164 mausWIM 1       Peul 160         0     0      0    0     0     0         0    0     0     0      0       0    0      0             0          0    0        0     0 355eW35 3       BEEL 756         0 104 164         0 164       0 100 180            0 184 180            0 100       0 144 See                     0 ite 104
             ====m1m 2 -     Pm 144           0     0      0    0     0     0         0    0     0     0      0       0    0      0             0          0    0        6     0 avacN 1         pm       0 to to              e 40 et          0 94 44              6 44        64       0 M to                    e M 64                   0 $4 StacN 3         Pm       8       0 88         0 88 et          0 84 M               e M $4               0 S4 84                 ,0         64 M            e 64 CALIAmt 1       Pm te N                0 60 84           0 84 64              0 M $4             0 M to               0 64 to                      0 to 64 CAINunt CEF 1   pm 618           0    M       e M        S H             e H        0 M          e M          0 N                  0 66            0      M       0 ch2 NEAT CEF 2  Pm 433 88              0 M         0 M         0 96           0 M         0 M            S M          0          M            0 M           0   M casa m 1        Peut 64         48     0 of 60 13 72                     0 72 73 73              0 73 73 78 73                                8 73        72 73 cAsam 8         Pm        0      0 68 60 64 H                69          0 60 80 72              0 72 73 72                        0 73 73 72 73 CLINTc5 1       Em        0      0 140 198         0 '160 176            0 173 168        0 172 172           0 173 173                       0 173 172           0 ccushuce PE 1   De        0      0     $      $   H 64 64                0   68    64 64        68 84 64 68 H 64 48 64 64 cCashman PE 3   Pan       0       0    0      0    0    60 44 64 et M M                         $4 44 64 48                      H H 60                   M 64 000K 1          FIEL $45 60            0    40 80        0 80 40              0 to        0 80 00             0 60 to                         0 to          0 80 cook 3          pm 434            0 et        0    0 48 80               0 to to          0 80            0 88 88                  0 SS            0 48 88 couran STN      SER 644           0 136 116 116 tid its 120 113 116 116 113 116 113 112 112 112 112 112 108 CRYSTAL BVB 3   Pm 302 93              0 01        0 73        0 72           0 73        0 73            0 ft         0 72                   0 73          0 73 Dar.g.aaman 1   PM 197            0 65 61          9 61 61               0 41 61          0     61 64         0 SG               60           0 60        60      0 DIARIA CAff0N 1 Pm 81             0 64        0 64       0 et            e SB       D 08          0 SS        0 85                 0 88             0 88          0 DIA%O GMrvou a Pm         0 81 60             0 M        e 08            0 85       0 e6          0 88        0 SS                 0 SS             0 48          0 Eun GM           6    0      0    0     0     0         0     0    0     0       0       0    0       0           0          0     0        0    0 famanam 1 DeSSBEN 3        WM 1996          0 164 190         0 168 158            0 188 188        0 188 SM            e 188 ISO                       $ 164 158           0 Dessass 3        sm 1406 153           0 160        0 164 180            0 150 180        0 184 154            0 ile 150                      0 188 180           0 Sm 40f itf 130               0 120 138        0 130 120            0 128 120             0 130 lie                0 130 120                 0 its DGAME ARWD18 Em       0       0     6 SJa $98         0 376          0 SM       0 392 See             0 398         0 Ste                  0 298 set           0 EMICO PussEIS PM 418           0   68     65     0   68 48            8   68    68     0     68      65     0 et               45           0 60        65      0 PAR 34T 1 Pm 384 64              0    48   65      0 66          66     0   60    65       0 48       68         9         60         68     9      60    45 FARIST a A-10
                                                                                                                 --                               ._____     ____._.._____.___.__._________________._______o

e e >< 4 Tansa Lo, iets saventary ans pre $eates amanal ammater DisearTee, As-e-- team
* t) 23W.(a)                                              * "a"*"*"ma em maACTam             19961H11HS 190019901991199319931DH 19951pH 199719D01966 3000 20012003 2003 2004 2008 m-           ....                                     .                .                                     .
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6 UNITED STATES
: y.                              .g             NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION
                                                 ;; ~                            wj                            W ASHINGTON. D. C. 20555 o                               a
                                                    % ,,,,.*                                                     APP " 4 1989 MEMORANDUM FOR:                        Victor Stello, Jr.
Executive Director for Operations FROM:                                  Eric S. Beckjord, Director Office of Nuclear Regulatoy Research

==SUBJECT:==
RESOLUTION OF GENERIC ISSUE 82, "BEYOND DESIGN BASIS ACCIDENTS IN SPENT FUEL POOLS" As stated in the enclosed memorandum to Dr. Murley, the subject generic issue has been resolved and requires no backfit.
Based on the Regulatory Analysis (NUREG-1353) and its supporting documentation, we conclude that no cost-effective alternatives exist which, if implemented, would result in a substantial safety improvement. Hence, Alternative Resolution No.1 "No Action,"is adopted as Partthe                approp)riate 50.109(a (3). resolution of the generic issue in accordance with the Backfit R Although these studies conclude that most of the spent fuel pool risk derives from beyond design basis earthquakes, this risk is no greater than the risk from core damage accidents due to seismic events beyond the safe-shutdown carthquake. 'Iherefore, reducing the risk from spent fuel pools due to events beyond the safe-shutdown earthquake would still leave a comparable risk due to core damage accidents. Because of the large mherent safety margins in the design and construction of the spent fuel pool, the recommendation for the approval of Altemative 1 -
                                                           "No Action"is reasonable.
Resolution of this generic issue has been accomplished in accordance with the procedures contained in RES Office Letter No. 3, Revision 2, " Procedures and Guidance for the Resolution of Gene.ric Issues," dated March 27,1989. The ACRS has reviewed the Regulatory Analysis and its supponing documentation and concurs with our recommended resolution.
NUREG/CR-4982, NUREG/CR-5176 and NUREG/CR-5281 have been issued to provide a record of the technical findings on the safety significance of the subject issue, which is considered resolved. NUREG-1353 is in the process of being issued to complete the technical l                                                          findings record. Generic Issrie 82 will be removed from the list of active generic issues, and the section of NUREG0933 dealing with GI-82 will be revised accordingly.
L S..
EricS.Beckjord,Dir W
: tor Office of Nuclear Regulatoy Research

==Enclosure:==

Memorandum to T.E. Murley from E.S. Beckjord, dated April 24,1989

F- .
1 .. .
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l                                                                                                                                               APR 2 41999 l
V. Stello, Jr.                                                                                2 i      cc:     w/o Enclosure                                                                     DISTRIBUTION w/o Enclosure l              T. Murley, NRR                                                                     TES Circ                                     WMinners E. Jordan, CRGR                                                                    RES Chron                                    KKniel R.Fraicy, ACRS                                                                   . DCS NL /007                                  GMazetis F. Gillespie, NRR                                                                 DSIR R/F                                      EThrom B. Morris, RES                                                                    EBeckjord                                     PDR B. Sheron, RES                                                                    TSpeis G. Arlotto, RES                                                                    RWHouston s                                                                        //
OFC:         DSIR:RPSIB                     DSIR:RPSI& /                                                            DSIR:RPSIBo                 DSIRfDD NAME:        EThrom W                      GMazeti W                                                                KKniel               P     WRiffners DATE:          4-/ / 72/89                       /// /9 /89                                                       N///// /89                    /s/ru /89
                                //                     f                                                                                     W OFC:          DSIRf06            / GSl:DD                                                                           RES:DLA /
NAME:        RsMoustbn /                   TSh(kis                                                                   EBeckio d DATE:          4 / f u . / 8 9'-           .. M /89                                                                   4 /SM /89 1                                          @                                                  '
                                                " OFFICIAL RECORD COPY" M
_ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _         .-_..____.-__--__-m__._____.______            _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _    ____ -

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                                                                              .j 9,                a
                                                             ' \ ,], , , 8                                                                  APR 24 GS9 MEMORANDUM FOR:                                           Thomas E. Murley, Director Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation FROM:                                                     Eric S. Bec.kjord, Director Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research

==SUBJECT:==
RESOLUTION OF GENERIC ISSUE 82,"BEYOND DESIGN BASIS ACCIDENTS IN SPENT FUEL POOLS"
,                                                                  The subject generic issue has been resolved and requires no further study. It relates to the l                                                                  concern that for a postulated accident sequence which results in the loss of water from a LWR spent fuel storage pool, a Zircaloy cladding fire could occur and propagate to older stored fuel.
His issue was identified during hearings conceming spent fuel pool reracking amendments when licensees were starting to use high-density storage racks in the late 1970s. High-density racks are used to accommodate the storage of spent fuel in s sent fuel storage yools at reactor sites until such' time as the DOE repository is available and 1:1e spent fuel can ye removed from the reactor sites. Maintaining a low density storage configuration for recently discharged spent fuct fuel would reduce the Zircaloy fire probability by an order of magnitude, but at a greater cost for additional on-site storage space. He issue was evaluated and assigned a MEDIUM priority classification in NUREG 0933 in 1983.
l                                                                  The enclosed Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA), NUREG-1353 (Enclosure 1), is in part based l                                                                  on t echnical findmgs reported by the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in                                                                                                                                               .
NUREG/CR-4982 (Enclosure 2), and NUREG/CR-5281 (Enciosure 3), and by the 12wrence l                                                                  Livermore National Laboratory,(LLNL) in NUREG/CR-5176 (Enclosure 4). Additional consideration to more recent seismicity information from NRR (memorandum from G. Bagchi l                                                                  to K. Kniel, dated December 29,1988) was also given and is discussed in the following l                                                                  paragraphs.
The RIA indicates that the risk from spent fuel pool accidents is dominated by the beyond design basis earthquake, which compnses 90% to 95% of the total risk. The "mean" frequency
                                                                  ' for a Zircaloy cladd                           fire resulting from an cart fuel pool,is estimat to be on the order of 2x10gquake,                                                                                   for(Given per reactor year. eitherthat      a PWR                 a complete                   or a BWR spent drainage of pool water occurs, the probability of a Zircaloy cladding fire is estimated to be 0.25 in a BWR s W **l pool and 1.0 in a PWR spent fuel pool equipped with high density storage racks.) Witi unaximum potential for spent fuel damage frequency (SFDF) reduction on the order of 2x1      per reactor year, the reduction in risk is calculated to be about 480 person-rem per spent fuel pt, based on fission product release from one-third of an equivalent reactor core (the last c ischarge from a normal refueling cycle), over an average remaining licensed lifetime of 30 years.
The inherent safety margins in the design and construction of the spent fuel oools to withstand earthquakes were found to be large. A fragility analysis for two older spent fud pools was performed by LLNL Re likelihood of a structural failure and loss of water from a spent fuct pool for an earthquake which is as much a three times greater than the design basis safe-shutdown carthquake (SSE) is very small.
1

i i
APR 2 41989 T.E. Murley                                        2 The remaining risk, from non-seismic events, is estimateci to be on the order of 2x10                     4 per reactor year and is primarily attributed to consideration of heavy load drop, seal failure, inadvertent drainage or siphoning, and loss of cooling /make-up accidents. Operator diagnosis and recovery are important factors considered in the development of event frequency estimates for these scenarios. Since numerous Inspection and Enforcement Information Notices and Bulletins, and Generic letters, have been issued to all licensees covering these non-seismic accidents sequences, portions of our evaluation are premised on licensees having taken appropriate rions in response to the concerns identified to prevent future similar occurrences, or at least unacrstand the potential consequences of these events and develop appropriate procedures to respond to them and to mitigate the consequences.
Because most of the spent fuel pool risk is due to beyond design basis earthquakes, we acknowledge that large uncertamty exists in quantifying the risk. As shown in NUREG/CR-5176, and also noted by NRR in the December 29,1988 memorandum from G.
Bagchi (NRR/ESGB) to K. Kniel (RES/RPSIB), the uncertainty in estimating the seismic risk is about an order of magnitude, and relates to how expert judgment is used in the de;elopment of the site characterizations. In Section 63 of the enclosed RIA, we considered the impact of the higher seismic failure frequencies identified by NRR, a factor of 5.5 higher for the BWR spent fuel pool and a factor of 2,6 higher for the P'WR spent fuel pool. At these higher seismic failure frequencies, the alternatives considered for the resolution of GI-82 are still not cost-effective.
As noted in Section 5.2 of the enclosed RIA, a factor of 10 increase in the frequency of spent fuel damage would not alter the conclusions regarding cost-effectiveness. Further, the inherent safety margins in the scismic design of the spent fuel pools is also a principal factor in the decision making process.
The risks associated with a severe accident in the spent fuel pool were also compared to the objectives and guidance in thefafety Goal Policy Statement. The estimated frequency of a spent fuel pool accident,2x10 per reactor 4     yepr, resulting in spent fuel damage meets a target objective of a few percent of a 1x10 to 5x10~ per reactor year value for o,verall core damage                                                  ,
ficquency. The target objective for a "large release" on the order of 1x10' per reactor year is marginally met, within a best estimate factor of two, but subject to interpretation since the definition of "large release" is still under development. In meeting the societal ri!k o 0.1% of the normally occurring risk to the public given the release frec uency of 2x10                                         per gjective of reactor year, the latent cancer fatality rate from a spent fuel pool accic  ent      is  estimated                             to be less than 3% of the target value for the operation of a nuclear power plant.
Based on the enclosed regulatory analysis and its supporting documentation, we conclude that no cost-effective alternatives exist which, if implemented, would result in a substantial safety improvement. Hence, Alternative Resolution No.1 "No Action," as recommended in the enclosed       RIA, CFR the Backfit Rule,40   is adopted       as the Part 50.109(a   (3). ap? rop)riate resolution of the generic issue in a Althou gh these studies conclude that most of the spent fuel pool risk derives from beyond design aasis earthquakes, this risk is no greater than the risk from core damage accidents due to seismic events beyond the safe-shutdown carthquake. Therefore. reducing the risk from spent fuel pools due to events beyond the safe-shutdown earthquake would still leave a comparable risk due to core damage accidents. Because of the large inherent safety margins in the design L    and construction of the spent fuel pool, the recommendation for the approval of Alternative 1 -
i    "No Action"is reasonablc.

:k i
\^ s APR 2 41999 l          T.E. Murley                                       3 Resolution of this generic issue has been accomplished in accordance with the procedures contained in RES Office Ixtter No. 3, Revision 2, " Procedures and Guidance for the Resolution of Generic Issues," dated March 27,1989. The ACRS has reviewed the enclosed RIA and its supporting documentation and concurs with our recommended resolution (Enclosure 5).
NUREG/CR-4982, NUREG/CR-5176 and NUREG/CR-5281 have been issued to provide a record of the technical findings on the safety significance of the subject issue, which is considered resolved. NUREG-1353 is in the process of being issued to complete the technical findings record. Generic Issue 82 will be removed from the hst of active generic issues, and the section of NUREG-0933 dealing with GI-82 will be revised accordingly.
OPJGIRL SIGNED BY Eric S.Beckjord, Director Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research

==Enclosures:==
: 1. NUREG-1353,         " Regulatory Analysis for the Resolution of Generic Issue 82, Beyond Design Basis Accidents in Spent Fuel Pools."
: 2. NUREG/CR-4982, " Severe Accidents in Spent Fuel Pools in Support of Generic SafetyIssue 82."
: 3. NUREG/CR-5281, "Value/ Impact Analyses of Accident Preventive and Mitigative Options for Spent Fuel Pools."
: 4. NUREG/CR-5176, "Scismic Failure and Cask Drop Analyses of the Spent Fuel Pools at Two Representative Nuclear Power Plants."
: 5. Letter from F. J. Remick, ACRS, to V. Stello, Jr., EDO, dated April 11,1989,
                     " Proposed Resolution of GI-82, Beyond Design Basis Accidents in Spent Fuel Pools."
cc: V.Stello,Jr.,EDO           F. Gillespie, NRR       DISTRIBUTION J. Taylor, EDO             B. Morris, RES          RES CIRC RES Chron                                          DCS NIJ007 H.'Ihompson, Jr., EDO B. Sheron, RES               DSIR R/F       EBeckjord                                    TSpeis E. Jordan, CRGR            G. Arlop), RES          RWHouston WMinners                                          Khniel R.Fraley, ACR3                      f i
L
                                                                  .GMazetis KPS)B 2//:
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                                                                                                                               //
OFC:           DSIR RPSIB           DS'IV.1trPSIB         DSIR:RPSIB.                           DSIB/DD NAME:          RThrom V             GMaTh               7 KKniel (A                           WMi(ner's DATE:         4-/ O /89 -        4/ /*/ /89           / /N/J// /89                                  (4 // // / 89
                               // /
V OFC:           DSliff16l. N         G&I:DD                RES: h NAME:          RWH'ouston      N bels                     EBecKTord DATE:          La//Lt /89          D 7/d /89              4 /M /89
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0FFICIAL RECORD COPY"

l NUREG/CR-5281 BNL-NUREG-52180 Value/ Impact Analyses of l          Accident Preventive and Mitigative Options for Spent Fuel Pools
           - '" '' a 2 R " r s t""*'" " *"'-
Brookhaven National Laboratory US    uclear Regulatory

P.
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NUREG/CR-5281 BNL-NUREG-52180 R4,9H Value/ Impact Analyses of Accident Preventive and Mitigative Options for Spent Fuel Pools ate     shed    arch 19                                       (
L                      Prepared by il                     J.H. Jo, P.F. Rose, S.D. Unwin, V.L. Sailor, K.R. Perkins, A.G. Tingle Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, NY 11973 Prepared for Division of Safety Issue Resolution Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research                         ,
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, DC 20555 NRC FIN A3963 m
be sis

ABSTRACT A series of value/ impact studies were performed for accident preventive and mitigative options intended to reduce the risks posed by the storage of spent fuel at nuclear power plants in spent fuel storage pools. Options studied included limited low-density reracking of spent fuel, installation of water sprays above the spent fuel pool, and the installation of redundant cooling and/or makeup systems. The results of these studies indicated that the measures were in general not likely to be cost effective.                                 The reason for this is due to both the low likelihood of a spent fuel pool accident that could result in a significant radiological release and the high cost of pro-posed modifications. These insights are largely contingent upon compliance with guidelines developed for licensees to assure the safe handling of heavy loads in the vicinity of spent fuel pools thus reducing the likelihood of the structural failure of the pool and rapid loss of water inventory due to a cask drop event.
 '. {
iii

EXECUTIVE 

==SUMMARY==
l S.1 Introduction In light of the possibility of a Zircaloy fire in a spent fuel pool,                     j Generic Safety Issue 82, "Beyond Design Basis Accidents in Spent Fuel Pools,"
was assigned a MEDIUM priority in November 1983.
In a previous study undertaken at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL)I the radiological risks posed by the storage of spent reactor fuel at commer-
     - cial reactor sites in the United States was characterized through evaluation of the likelihood and the consequences of identified scenarios involving loss of integrity in spent fuel pools.           In the current study various options intended to reduce the risk posed by nuclear power plant spent fuel pools have been assessed within a value/ impact methodological framework. These options included both accident preventive and mitigative measures as discussed below.
l            Limited low-density reracking of spent fuel is a mitigative option which is intended to reduce radiological releases through obviating the onset of self-sustaining clad oxidation in the event of loss of pool water inventory.
An assessment of the cost impact of this option was made including the costs for the provision of the additional storage space required due to earlier ed.ustion of pool capacity.        These included pool, drywell, vault, cask, and silo facilities.
The NRC Standard Review plant (SRP) requi res , as a minimum, redundant cooling systems as well as redundant coolant makeup systems for the spent fuel pool. To assess the risk control efficacy of these requirements and the potential for further risk-reduction in plants complying with the SRP, a pre-liminary evaluation of the risk impact of assuming system redundancy above the minimum currently required was undertaken. Additionally, for older plants with comparable SRP requirements, the risk-reduction potential of backfits was also assessed. Based upon a spectrum of assumed plant configurations, the financial impact of such modifications were also estimated.
Several methods that might serve to mitigate the consequences of "beyond-design-basis accidents" in commercial nuclear power plant spent fuel storage pools were proposed and evaluated to identify which mitigating measures, if any, appear to merit more detailed analyses.
S.2 Spent Fuel Pool Inventory Reduction Options 1
The potential risk reduction value and the cost impact of storage pool l       system modifications and of alternative onsite spent fuel storage strategies were assessed.
Structural failure that could result in rapid and complete draining of l      water from the pool are predominantly caused by two types of initiators, i.e.,
seismic events and a cask drop on the spent fuel pool. I The probability of a severe seismic event has been recently re-evaluated 2 and data from this more recent document has been used in this study.
y Y __

i L
The limited low density storage option is one in which fuel discharged
                                                 .from the reactor within the last two years is stored in a low-density configu-                                                                    I ration. Calculations indicate that it reduces the likelihood of fire initia-tion following loss of pool inventory, by increasing air circulation capability, by a factor of five.3                              In order to obtain insight into the                                             "
potential cost-effectiveness of the limited low-density reracking option, a value-impact assessment was performed following guidelines in the Handbook for Value-Impact Assessment (NUREG/CR-3568)."
Attributes ' considered included public health occupational exposure, off-site and onsite costs, and cost of industry implementation and operation. The associated incremental costs to the industry include the replacement of high-density storage racks with low-density racks, and the cost of increased dry storage requirements due.to the consequent decrease in pool capacity.
A summary of the results is presented in Table S.I.             It indicates that the costs outweigh the potential benefits due to both the low probability of the accidents under consideration and the high cost of proposed modifications.
S.3 Improvement of Pool Make-up Reliability The risk-control efficacy of the Standard Review Plan (SRP) requirements upon pool make-up capability was characterized within a value/ impact frame-work.                         The approach taken was one of evaluating first the risk-reduction profile of requirements exceeding those of the SRP.- For older plants with comparable SRP requi rements , the risk-reduction potential                                                for similar requirements was also assessed.
The cost / benefit characteristics of adding these improvements to the spent fuel pool cooling systems is summarized in Table S.2. Only the instal-lation of an additional cooling pump to System C (Old Existing Plant with Both Cooling Pumps Required 30% of Time) appears to have non-negligible economic risk - impact.                        The generalized represer.tation of the Standard Review Plan requi rements indicate that additional requirements would not result in cost / beneficial improvements.
S.4 Water Spray System Several  accident mitigative measure 3 such as water spray systems, building ventilation gas treatment systems, and covering fuel debris with solid materials were considered and evaluated to identify which mitigative measures, if any, appear to merit further analyses. Only the installation of a water spray above the spent fuel pool was studied within the value/ impact framework due to its potentially significant risk-reduction properties.                                                                       In the event of loss of pool water inventory, and subsequently, fuel damage due to the generation of fission product decay heat, the pool sprays would serve the function of decontaminating the radiological release. However, a scoping value-impact assessment indicatas that the addition of a water spray system is not cost effective.
vi

Table S.1 Summary of Industry-Wide Value-Impact Analysis of the Inventory Reduction Option Attributes                           Best Estimate Evaluation ($1983)*
Public Health                                                    4.00 x 10 7 Offsite/0nsite Property                                          6.96 x 10 6 Industry Implementation and Operation                                                   -1.38 x 109 Net Benefit ($)                                                 -1.33 x 10 9 Benefit ($)/ Cost ($) Ratio                                          0.035 Ratio of Public Dose Reduc-tion per Million Dollars 6                                    29.0 Cost (Person-rem /$10 )
Cost of Implementation per Averted Person-rem
($/ Person-rem)                                                   3.45x104
* Based on 1988 dollars, the Best Estimate Net Benefit, Benefit /
Cost Ratio, Public Dose Reduction per Million Dollars Cost and 9
Cost per Averted Person-rem would be -1.47x10                               Dollars, 0.032, 26.4 Person-rem and 3.79x10" Dollar / Person-rem, respectively.
Cost escalation during 1983-1988 was assumed to be 9.8%.
Table 5.2 Value-Impact for Generic Improvements to the $ pent Fuel Pool Cooling System
* Improvement         Expected Averted          Benefit /
System        Description           Improvement                Cost (1983$)           Cost (1983$)          Cost Ratio A.          Minimum $RP           1. Additional pump          50.000                   None                  0.0
: 2. Additional train          1.0E6               545 to 6640            u0.01 B.          Minimum SRP           1. Additional pump          50.000                   hone                  0.0 Requirement With Credit           2. Additional train         1.0E 6                27 to 330                0.0 for Fire System C.          Old Existing          1. Additional pump          50.000              2500 to 30,400        .05 :.o 0.61 Plant With Both Cooling          2. Additional train          1.0E6              3160 to 38.550        .003 to 0.04 Pumps Required 30% of Time D.             d a     ng         1. Additional pump          50.000               125 to 1500          .0025 to 0.03 Credit for Fire       2. Additional train          1.0E6               159 to 1940            <.002 System
    'Quantification reflects a single spent fuel pool.
vii

S.5 Summary and Discussion Generic analyses of various potential modifications to nuclear power plant spent fuel pools have been performed. Cast within the framework of value/ impact analysis methodology, the risk-reduction value and the cost impact of these modifications were evaluated and compared.         These were as follows:
: 1. The limited low-density reracking of recently discharged fuel to de-crease the likelihood of the initiation of scif-sustaining clad oxida-tion in the event of loss of pool water inventory.
: 2. The addition of a full capacity pump in one pool coolant makeup train to increase pool cooling reliability.
: 3. The addition of a completely independent pool coolant makeup train.
: 4. The installation of pool sprays to attenuate fission product releases in the event of fuel degradation.
Value/ impact assessments were performed.      A $1000/per person-rem averted conversion factor was utilized to convert dose-reduction measures into a mone-tary measure in the best estimate calculations.         None of the risk-reduction measures were assessed to have a value/ impact ratio greater than 1.
Executive Summary References
: 1. V.L. Sailor et al., " Severe Accidents in Spent Fuel Pools in Support of Generic Safety Issue 82," NUREG/CR-4982 (July 1987).
: 2. P.G. Prassinos et al.,    " Seismic Failure and Cask Drop Analys1s of the Spent Fuel Pools at Two Representative Nuclear Power Plants," NUREG/CR-5176 (January 1989).
: 3. A.S-. Benjamin et al . , " Spent Fuel Heatup Following Loss of Water During Storage," NUREG/CR-0649 (March 1979).
: 4. S.W. Heaberlin et al., "A Handbook for Value-Impact Assessment," NUREG/CR-3568 (December 1983) viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT................................................................ iii EXECUTIVE 

==SUMMARY==
.......................................................                                                                                                                       v LIST OF TABLES..........................................................                                                                                                                      xi ACKN0WLEDGEMENTS....................................................... xiii
: 1.      INTRODUCTION.......................................................                                                                                                                    I 1.1 Ri sk of Acci dents in Spent Fuel Pool s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                          2
: 2.      RISK REDUCTION MEASURES............................................                                                                                                                    5
: 3.      SPENT FUEL POOL INVENTORY REDUCTION................................                                                                                                                    7 3.1 Introduction..................................................                                                                                                                     7 3.2 Devel opment of Value/ Impact Quanti fi cati on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                             7 3.2.1 Accident Sequence Frequencies..........................                                                                                        8 3.2.2 Public Health and Offsite Property Damage. . . . . . . . . . . . ..                                                                            8 3.2.3 Occupati onal Exposu re ( Acci dental ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                              9 3.2.4 On s i t e P rop e rty Dama ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                               9 3.2.5 I n d u s t ry I mpl eme nt at i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                          10 3.2.5.1 Spent Fuel Storage Requirements...............                                                      10 3.2.5.2 Cost Estimate.................................                                                      12 3.3 Value-Impact Assessment.......................................                                                                                                                    14 3.3.1 Assumption and Checklist for Identification of Af f e ct ed At t ri bu t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       14 3.3.2                                   Val ue/ I mpa ct Compa ri s on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              14 3.3.3                                   Se n s i t i vi ty St u d i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
: 4.      IMPROVEMENTS OF POOL MAKE-UP RELIABILITY...........................                                                                                                                   31 4.1 I n t ro d u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                        31 4.2 Quantification................................................                                                                                                                    31 4.3 Results and Conclu sions of Val ue-Impact Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                  34
: 5.      ACCIDENT MITIGATIVE 0PTIONS........................................                                                                                                                   37 5.1                               Introduction..................................................                                                                                      37 5.2 Definition of Accident                                                                          Sequences..............................                                           37 5.2.1                                   Accident Sequence "A1," A Complete Loss of Pool Water Inventory Followed by a Zi rcal oy Fi re. . . . . . . . . . . .                                       38 5.2.2                                   Accident Sequence "A2," A Complete Loss of Pool Water Inventory Followed by Clad Failures but Not Z i r c a l oy F i r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 5.3 Definitions of Mitigative Measures............................                                                                                                                    39 5.3.1                                   Mitigative Measure "M1," Covering Fuel Debris With Sol i d Ma t e ri a l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5.3.2                                   Mi ti gati ve Measure "M2," Water Spray Systems . . . . . . . . . . .                                       39 5.3.3 Mitigative Measure "M3," Building Ventilation Gas Treatment System.......................................                                                     39 ix

Page 5.4 Discussion of the Efficacies of Mitigative Measures for Two Accident Sequences............................................ 40 5.4.1 Zircaloy Fires (A1): Mitigative Options...............      40 5.4.2 Clad Failure Without Zircaloy Fire (A2): Mitigative 0ptions................................................ 41 5.5 Value-Impact Assessment of a Post-Accident Spray System....... 41 5.5.1 Characterization of Post-Accident Spray Systems........ 41 5.5.2 Quantification......................................... 42 5.6  Conclusions................................................... 43
: 6.            

==SUMMARY==
AND DISCUSS 10N............................................. 47
: 7.            REFERENCES.........................................................      49 APPENDIX A..............................................................                51 X

LIST OF TABLES Table                                                                                                                     Page 3.1   Estimated Ri sks From Spent Fuel Pool Fi res. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                 17 3.2   Offsite Consequence Calculations...............................                                                       18 3.3   Onsite Property Damage Cos ts per Accident ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                    19 3.4   Nuclear Power Plant Spent Fuel Storage Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                    20 3.5   Storage 0ptions................................................                                                       24 3.6   Incremental Storage Costs Associated with Limited Low-Density Racking i n the Prima ry Pool (1983 Do11 a rs ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                             24 3.7   Checklist for Identification of Affected Attributes. . .. . . . . . .. .                                              25 3.8   Summary of Parameters Affecting Attributes for the Spent Fuel Pool I nvento ry Redu cti on 0pti on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        26 3.9   Summary of Industry Wide Value-Impact Analysis of the In vent o ry Red u cti on 0pt i on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           28 3.10  Value-Impact Sensitivity Analysis of the Inventory Reduction 0ption.........................................................                                                       29 4.1   Failure Frequency for Generic Spent Fuel Pool Cooling and Makeup Systems..................                     ..............................                                   35 4.2   Value-Impact for Generic Improvements to the Spent Fuel Pool Cooling System.................................................                                                       36 5.1   Offsite Property Damage and Health Costs per Accident..........                                                       44 5.2   Summary of Industry-Wide Value-Impact Analysis of the Post-Ac c i d e nt S p ray Sy s t em . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 xi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was performed for the Reactor and Plant Safety Issues Branch of the Division of Safety Issue Resolution, NRC/RES. The authors would like to thank Mr. E. Throm of the NRC for his technical guidance and the many helpful suggestions he provided throughout this study.
The authors also wish to thank Ms. S. Flippen and Ms. C. Conrad for their excellent typing of this report.
xiii
: 1.             INTRODUCTION The Reactor Safety Study (RSS, WASH-1400) concluded that risks associated with spent fuel storage were extremely small in comparison with severe acci-dents involving the reactor core. Since publication of the RSS, however, var-ious factors have provided a basis for reexamination of the risks associated with the storage of spent fuel. First, the storage of spent fuel rather than its shipment for reprocessing or disposal is resulting in larger spent fuel pool inventories than anticipated in WASH-1400.               Second, the accommodation of these larger inventories can involve the high-density racking of fuel assem-l blies and, third, various theoretical models have identified the possibility of a Zircaloy fire propagating from recently discharged assemblies to lower power assemblies in the event of a loss of pool water inventory. In the light of such factors, Generic Safety Issue 82, "Beyond Design Basis Accidents in Spent Fuel Pools" was assigned a MEDIUM priority in November,1983.
In a previous study undertaken at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL)I current information and models regarding the likelihood and the consequences of pool drainage scenarios were adopted to generate a risk profile of the storage of spent fuel, In this study various options intended to reduce the risk posed by nuclear power plant spent fuel pools have been considered within a value/ impact methodological framework. These options included both accident preventive and mitigative measures.
Limited low-density reracking of spent fuel, a risk reduction option which involves maintenance of recently discharged fuel batches                (i.e., dis-charged within the last two years) in a low-density configuration, is a miti-gative option which is intended to reduce radiological releases through obvi-ating the onset of self-sustaining clad oxidation in the event of loss of pool water inventory.          An assessment of the cost impact of this option was made including the costs for the provision of the additional storage space required due to earlier exhaustion of pool capacity.             These included pool, drywell, vault, cask, and silo facilities.
Of the accident mitigative options considered, one option was studied within the value impact framework due to its potentially significant risk-reduction properties.      This involved the installation of a water spray above the spent fuel pool. In the event of loss of pool water inventory, and subse-quently, fuel damage due to the generation of fission product decay heat, the pool sprays would serve the function of decontaminating the radiological re-lease.
The NRC Standard Review plant (SRP) provides guidance and defines the acceptance criteria for spent fuel cooling systems and is used by the NRC staff to determine whether a specific design complies with the Commission's Rules and Regulations. The SRP requires, as a minimum, redundant cooling sys-tems as well as redundant coolant makeup systems for the spent fuel pool. To assess the risk control efficacy of these requirements and the potential for further risk-reduction in plants complying with the SRP, a preliminary evalua-tion of the risk impact of assuming system redundancy above the minimum cur-rently required was undertaken. Such requirements affect risk through influ-encing the expected f requency with which loss of water inventory accidents occur in the spent fuel pool. Additionally, for older plants with comparable SRP requirements, the risk-reduction potential of backfits was also assessed.
1

Based upon a spectrum of assumed plant configurations, the financial impact of such modifications were also estimated.
1.1 Risk of Accidents in Spent Fuel Pools With the U.S. moratorium on spent fuel reprocessing, spent fuel storage' demands are being increased. To accommodate this growing need, existing stor-age pools are being expanded with the use of high-density storage of fuel.
Furthermore, various dry storage options are being developed and used for ex-tended storage.
To characterize the safety profile of spent fuel pool facilities, a range of postulated accident sequences was considered, and predictions of the prob-ability of occurrence of these accidents and the resulting consequences were made in NUREG/CR-4982.1      This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission in support of their technical analysis re-lated to Generic Safety Issue 82, "Beyond Design Basis Accidents in Spent Fuel Pool s . "
The objective of the current report is to identify and to assess those additions or modifications to spent fuel pools that have the potential to reduce the risk associated with the storage of spent fuel in the spent fuel storage pool.        The methodological framework of value/ impact analysis is adopted in which the risk reduction value, and the cost impact of a given plant benefit are evaluated, and cast into a numerical framework that permits the direct comparison of benefit with cost.
Attention is focused upon those accident sequences that were assessed in Reference 1 to dominate the risk posed by spent fuel storage. Consideration of those measures that reduce the likelihood of, or the consequences of the accident sequences assessed to be risk dominant is an approach that permits investigations to be directed towards the plant backfits with the greatest potential risk reduction effect.
The risk dominant sequences fall into two categories. The first category involves structural failure of the spent fuel pool due to a seismic event and the consequent rapid loss of pool water inventory. The probability of such a severe seismic event has been discussed in NUREG/CR-4982, and has been re-cently re-evaluated. 2 Data from this more recent document has been used in the present study.
The generation of fission product decay heat raises the temperature of the uncovered fuel assemblies to the point where self-sustaining Zircaloy cladding oxidation is initiated in the most recently discharged assemblies and, possibly propagation of the cladding fire to neighboring assemblies ensues. The concomitant radiological releases result in health and economic consequences both onsite and offsite.
The second category of risk dominant accident sequences differ from those just described only with respect to the initiating event. Here the structural integrity of the pool is compromised through the impact of a heavy object (i.e., the dropping of a storage cask) upon the pool wall rather than through a seismic event. The probability of a cask dropping in the spent fuel pool is 2

given in NUREG/CR-4982 conditional upon a probability of 0.1 for structural failure. The present study uses a conditional probability of.1.0 as discussed in Reference 2.
Staradard improvements in operator training, heavy load procedures, and equipment as outlined in NUREG-0612 a are part of the resolution for Generic Issue A-36 and have been assessed to significantly reduce the likelihood of the accidental dropping of heavy loads, thus reducing the risk associated with the cask drop sequence significantly.              The risk-reduction multiplicative factor associated with this resolution has been estimated to be 0.001 1 for affected sequences and has been incorporated in the present study.
The phenomenological progression of the cask-drop accident from the point of pool drainage is identical to that associated with the seismic sequence category.
1 l
l l
3
: 2.              RISK REOUCTION MEASURES Given the diversity of plant-specific design and construction of spent fuel pools, the applicability of any generic analysis of risk-reduction mea-sures is limited both with respect to the characterization of risk impact, and to the cost of implementation for any one plant. As with any generic assess-meat, therefore, the current analyses are intended only to provide a broad evaluation of the value/ impact attributes of a given plant modification.                   In the event that more detailed analyses are found to be merited, such evalua-tions may need to be carried out on a plant specific basis.
In general, risk-reduction options may be classified into one of two cat-egories reflecting the fashion in which the plant modification affects risk.
A preventive option is one intended to reduce the frequency of conditions po-tentially conducive to the release of fission products from the fuel assem-blies. The course of events leading to such conditions is defined as an acci-dent sequence. Hence, an option intended to reduce the likelihood of the loss of pool integrity subsequent to a seismic event, or to reduce the unavailabil-                           .
ity of the pool cooling systems is classified as a preventive option. A miti-gative option is one intended to reduce the magnitude of the consequences that would result from a selected set of accident sequences.                     This objective is generally achieved through reduction of the environmental radiological release associated with each of the affected sequences.                                                 <.
Given the occurrence of an accident sequence initiator (seismic event,              ,
load orop, loss of pool cooling, etc.), there exists the potential to arrest the progression of the accident at various stages of its development.                     For example, in the event of loss of pool cooling and the gradual boil-off of pool water inventory, measures taken to increase the reliability of inventory make-up will have direct impact upon the risk profile of such a sequence.                   Such a measure, characterized as accident preventive, is addressed in this report.
l Given a loss of pool coolant inventory and the uncovery of spent fuel assemblies, measures taken to reduce the likelihood of the subsequent initia-tion of self-sustaining clad oxidation will also impact upon the risk profile                       '
of pool coolant-loss accidents.                  Such a measure, involving the reracking of in-pool fuel into lower density configurations in order to promote air cooling subsequent to water loss is assessed in the current report.                      Whether this measune be characterized as accident pr eventive or accident mitigative is dependent upon whether the initiation of clad oxidation is viewed as part of the accident sequence itself, or as part of the consequence scenario.                     For definiteness, the former viewpoint will be adopted such that the low-density fuel reracking measure is viewed as an accident preventive option.
Finally, given loss of water inventory, fuel uncovery and the onset of               a clad degradation, measures may be taken to minimize the subsequent release of radiological fission products.                 Such measures characterized as accident miti-gative, actuation of installed pool sprays and the installation of filtering systems, are assessed in the current report.
: 3. SPENT FUEL P0OL INVENTORY REDUCTION 3.1   Introduction In NUREG/CR-4982  1 the radiological risks posed by the storage of spent reactor fuel at commercial reactor sites in the United States' was character-ized through evaluation of the likelihood and the consequences of identified scenarios involving loss of integrity in spent fuel pools. This section ad-dresses the potential risk reduction value and the cost impact of storage pool system modifications and of alternative onsite spent fuel storage strategies.
A series of storage concepts were considered.       The limited low density storage option is one in which fuel discharged from the reactor within the last two years is stored in a low-density configuration. The associated in-cremental costs to the utility include the replacement of high-density storage rack.s with low-density racks, and the cost of increased dry storage require-ments due to the consequent decrease in pool capacity.
The risk-reduction basis for low-density racking of fuel is the promo-tion of air cooling in the event of loss of water inventory of the pool.       The new high-density fuel storage racks restrict air flow and render recently dis-charged fuel (one to two years) susceptible to self-sustaining oxidation in the event of pool drainage.       The older style fuel baskets with large inlet holes (3 inch diameter or more per assembly) allow less impeded air circula-tion. If all recently discharged fuel (less than two years) is kept in low density fuel baskets and they are separated from the wall and the older fuel by a one foot gap then the likelihood of the initiation of self-sustaining oxidation would be significantly reduced compared to the high density storage configuration." Calculations with the SFUEL Code indicate that for plants l which use a high density storage rack configuration a factor of five reduction in the likelihood of fire initiation (given loss of pool inventory) can be achieved by improved air circulation capability."        This reduction factor is based upon the time period following discharge for which SFUEL predicted suf-ficient decay heat to initiate clad fire.
In order to obtain insight into the potential cost-effectiveness of the limited low-density reracking option, a value-impact assessment was performed following guidelines in the Handbook for Value-Impact Assessment (NUREG/CR-3568).5 3.2 Development of Value/ Impact Quantification The principal components of any value-impact assessment are the attri-butes (costs and benefits) that are used to characterize the consequences of the action proposed in Section 3.1.        The attributes described represent the factors that are affected by this proposed plant modification.      Each attribute measures the change from the existing condition due to implementation of the option.
Comparisons of the benefit and cost in sur value/ impact analysis were carried out in 1983 dollars throughout this report, since many of the avail-able data were expressed in 1983 dollars.        Our results are not sensitive to the reference year since both costs and benefits were computed on the same cost index. Furthermore, the cost escalation betwed 1983 and 1988 was only 7

9.8% (Reference 17). Our final results (Tables 3.9 and 5.2), however, include data expressed in 1988 dollars.
3.2.1   Accident Sequence Frequencies                                               q Because of the strong and reinforced concrete structure of LWR spent fuel storage pools, designed to Category I seismic criteria, initiating events that would lead to structural f ailure are extremely unlikely. However, a structur-al failure that results in rapid and complete draining of water from the poo}
could have significant consequences. The study presented in NUREG/CR-4982 concludes that the risk dominant sequences fall into two main categories.
The first category involves structural failure of the spent fuel pool due to a seismic event and the consequent rapid loss of pool water inventory. Th probability of such a severe seismic event has been recently re-evaluated.g Data from the more recent document has been used in the present study (see Table 3.1).
The second category of risk involves the compromise of the structural integrity of the pool through the impact of a heavy object (i.e., the dropping of a storage cask) upon the pool. The frequency of a cask drop onto a spent fuel pool is given in NUREG/CR-4982. The conditional frequency of structural failure of the pool is assumed to be 0.1 in Reference 1. The present study uses a conditional probability of 1.0 based upon the more recent analyses reported in Reference 2. The assumed frequencies of the accident sequences considered in the current analyses are summarized in Table 3.1. Sensitivity to these assumptions is discussed in Section 3.3.3.
3.2.2    Public Health and Offsite Property Damage The health and economic consequences of spent fuel pool accidents were calculated using the MELCOR Accident Consequence Code System (MACCS) Version 1.4. MACCS is a new consequence code developed at Sandia National Labora-tories (SNL) and is intended to replace the older CRAC2. The code models are described in NUREG-1150 (Appendix 0).6 The principal differences from CRAC2 are that MACCS uses a multipuff atmospheric dispersion model and has a new radiological health effects model described in NUREG/CR-4214. 7 Two radiological source terms were utilized to reflect a range of release assumptions. The worst case assumes an accident that results in a Zircaloy i
fire that propagates throughout the entire spent fuel inventory in the pool, l
and that the accident occurs 30 days after the reactor was shut down for dis-charge of the last fuel batch. The best estimate assumes an accident that re-sults in a Zircaloy fire that involves only the last fuel batch to be dis-charged, and that the accident occurs 99 days after the reactor was shut down. The source inventory was based on the Millstone 1 reactor as discussed in NUREG/CR-4982. I The release fractions were also based upon Reference 1.
These are 100% of the noble gases, halogens, and alkali metals, a negligible release of lanthanides and actinides, 0.2% of the alkali earths and assorted releases of other isotopes from the fuel and cladding. The source was assumed to be released in one puff with a uniform particle size distribution and a de-position velocity of 0.01 m/s.
8

The Zion site was used to represent worst case conditions with respect to population density. Hence Zion data was combined with high source term as-sumptions to characterize ' worst case' consequences. MACCS sorts meteorology-cal d'ita into 29 categories (or bins) depending on rain, stability and wind speed. Four random samples from each bin are taken.        This assures that weather sequences which can produce serious consequences are a'  d equately repre-sented (NUREG/CR-2239).8     The population data for Zion were supplied by the NRC for 16 angular and 20 radial intervals out to 500 miles. Within 50 miles the population density is 860 people per square mile.      The data also included the site-specific wind rose. The land fraction for intervals near Zion were obtained from the Zion FSAR and for large distances from a national map. For each grid element the appropriate state average land use and economic data current in 1980 was used.
For the best estimate calculations the Zion meteorology, and Illinois state average land use and economic data were employed in conjunction with a 95% land fraction uniform population density of 340 people per square mile (average of all U S. nuclear power plant sites). Hence, this site data was employed in conjunction with the best estimate source term to evaluate best-estimate consequences. No planned evacuation was modeled since this has a small effect on the total cost and dose impact. However, people were assumed to be engaged in normal activities which provides some protection from the cloud shine, ground and inhalation dose pathways. Also people were relocated at one day if their projected ground shine dose in 7 days would exceed 25 rems. An additional dose limit over 30 years was set to 25 rems.
With this information the offsite costs and public dose impact were com-puted. The offsite costs include emergency actions, decontamination, inter-diction, food disposal, and loss of use of farmland and residential areas.
These costs do not include costs associated with health effects (see Table                                                       c.
3.2).
3.2.3 Occupational Exposure (Accidental)
Exposures for a major spent fuel pool accident were assumed to be similar to those associated with the TMI-2 accident. For this acci Jent the es occupational radiation dose from cleanup was less than 4,580 man-rem.gimated                                                This exposure is small compared to the potential offsite dose impact and more re-fined quantification appears to be unwarranted.
3.2.4   Onsite Property Damage Economic risks from light water reactor (LWR) operation are dominated by                                                      '
i    onsite losses resulting fron replacement power costs.9 Severe accident risks I    also have significant contributions from plant monetary losses (i.e., repair l    and refurbishment) and plant decontamination.
1 i
The risk-dominant accident sequence as identified in Reference 1 involve:
l    (1) failure of the pool due to seismic or load drop events resulting in a com-plete loss of water inventory, (2) Zircaloy fire initiation and propagation through the spent fuel assemblies stored in the pool, and (3) loss of contain-l    ment integrity as the spent fuel pool building is breached. The consequences i
of these scenarios are expected to be similar to the Category II accident as defined in Reference 9, i.e.,    50% clad melting and contamination ~.                                                  For this 9                                                                                       --
t

case cle million.gnup       andtimes Outage    decontamination (5 to 7 years) arecosts   arefrom estimated    estimated    to be approximately EPRI-NP-3380.         The   $165 costs for replacement of the spent fuel pool ($46 million for a 400 MT pool) and costs of permanent disposal of the damaged fuel ($26 million) are also estimated from EPRI-NP-3380.
The cost of replacement power can be approximated by C = (0.13
* R + 0.12)106 $/MW year where R is the fraction of replacement energy by oil fired or noneconomical power purchases for a given NERC (National Electric Reliability Council) region. This formula includes credit for the avoided variable fuel cycle cost of the shutdown reactor. For this study R = 0.41 was used as a best estimate (national average) and R = 0.9 was used for the worst case. 5 A plant capacity f actor of 65% is factored into the above equation and a 1,000 MW generic plant was assumed.
The onsite costs are calculated from g , (Cc + Cr + Crp) e-rti    (   -e -r(t f
                                                              -t )i M1 - e-rm) m          r where U       = present (1983) value of onsite property damage, Cc = cleanup and decontamination cost, Cr = repair, repl acement of spent fuel pool, and disposal of damaged fuel cost, Crp = replacement power cost, tr = years remaining till end of reactor life, taken as 29.8, t1   = year plant starts operating s 0.0, r    = discount rate (10%), and I          m    = years plant is out of service.
The values of U must be multiplied by the accident frequency and number of plants. U reflects the expected loss due to un accident. When V is multi-plied by the accident frequency the result is the expected loss over a reactor life discounted to 1983 dollars. Table 3.3 summarizes these calculations.
3.2.5     Industry Implementation 3.2.5.1     Spent fuel storage requirements It has been assessed that the risks of self-sustaining cladding oxida-l tion for bundles in high density racks is confined to those that have been discharged from the core within the last two years.. For plants with a reload-ing period of less than two years, the fuel with the greater likelihood of cladding oxidation initiation and propagation would be associated therefore with the last two reload batches. For plants with a reload period f two years or more, the higher-risk fuel would be confined to the last ieload batch. Where two plants share a spent fuel pool and each has a reloading period of less than two years, the assumption of staggered reloading emplaces the last three reload batches entering the pool in the higher-risk category.
Limited low-density reracking of spent fuel is a risk-reduction option that 10

involves maintenance of recently discharged fuel batches (i .e. , discharged within the last two years) in a low-density configuration. This is a mitiga-tive option in that, subsequent to an accident sequence leading to loss of cooling to the fuel, implementation of the option is intended to reduce radio-logical releases through obviating the onset of self-sustaining clad oxida-tion. Adopting the high density configuration as a base case, the degree of risk-reduction achieved through a limited low density racking option can be investigated.
The cost impact of this option involves, first, the cost associated with the installation of low density racks and, second, the incremental cost asso-ciated with altered additional storage requirements resulting from earlier exhaustion of the spent fuel pool capacity. To evaluate the latter cost, the time et which additional storage will be required and the degree of that stor-age must first be evaluated both in the base case and in the case for which limited low density racking is assumed. The costs associated with fulfulling these requirements must then be estimated.
Available spent fuel and fuel pool data have been collated for all U.S.
operating PWR and BWR plants. Spent fuel management schemes have been devel-oped for the low density racking option and of evaluating the modified storage requirements. The results are presented in Table 3.4, " Nuclear Power Plant Spent Fuel Storage Data."
Data needed for completion of this collation was assembled with the aid of the DOE document " Spent Fuel Storage Requirements 1987," DOE /RL-87-11 (Sept. 1987).11 This document provides spent fuel storage inventories and capacities and utility estimates of future discharges from U.S.           commercial nuclear reactors through the year 2005.          Historical data through 1986 are presented, and projected discharge through the end of each reactor life are estimated.
Information relative to the low density storage option are reflected in Columns 12-15 of Table 3.4.
In estimating the storage capacity decrement of the storage pools, it was assumed that the fuel bundle packing area densities for PWR and BWR high den-sity racks exceed the low density rack densities by factors of 4 and 3 respec-tively. These ratios were based on the inter-bundle spacing for high and low density racks. For PWRs, the bundle center to center spacing ranges from 10.5 to 13 inches for high density racks while for the low density racks the range is 18 to 22 inches, giving area ratios ranging from 2 to 4.4.       For BWRs, these sizes are 6.5-8 inches for high density racks and 10-13 inches for low density racks, yielding area ratios of 1.5-4.       A sample of spent fuel pool capacity 12 requested by licensees indicated that the average ratio expansion amendments of modified captcity to the initial capacity was about 3.5 for PWRs and 3.0 for BWRs.      For many PWRs, however, the appropriate ratio was approximately 4 and, therefore, this value was assumed as the generic scaling factor.
Based on the pool storage capacity decrement due to conversion to low density configurations, the year in which the current pool storage space will become full (Column 13) and the additional storage space required to the end-of-life of the plants (Column 14) were adjusted relative to the base case.
11

1 l       The plants were classified into four groups based upon the year in which the additional storage space will be required. In the majority of the plants (denoted as X in Column 15), conversion to the low density option would result in a storage capacity that would not accommodate the current spent fuel pool inventory. In these plants, construction of additional storage space would need to begin concurrently with conversion to low density racking and, in cer-tain cases, this additional space would need to be in a low density configura-tion to accommodate recent fuel discharges.                                                        Several plants, denoted Y in Column 15, have sufficient capacity to accommodate the low density racking requirements presently but this space may be exhausted in a time-frame shorter than that associated with construction of additional storage space.
In estimating the design, construction and licensing time for additional storage, the lead time estimates of Reference 10 were used.
Plants denoted Z in Column 15 would have no immediate need for additional storage in the low density racking option. Based upon the lead time estimates of Reference 10, the year in which construction procedures would need to be I initiated is given in Column 15.                                                           One plant, denoted U, currently has l sufficient storage space to the end-of-life even allowing for low density
, storage of the full core reserve and the last 2 reload batenes.
1 l       It is reiterated that the approach adopted here to evaluate the modified i storage requirements, given implementation of the limited low density racking I option, is based upon a generic assessment of the relative packing densities of high and low density racks. No plant-specific variation in this ratio, nor factors associated with pool-specific geometries have been accounted for in l the assessment. Further, the projected storage requirements are based upon the current maximum storage capacities provided in Reference 11.                                                         Offsite l transshipment of fuel and onsite transfers were not accounted fo unless the spent fuel pools are connected by some means as indicated in Table 3.4.                                                    These projections are anticipated to be sensitive to adjustment of the approximated pool capacities in Reference 11 and to transshipment assumptions.
3.2.5.2    Cost estimate Cost estimate for replacing high-density storage racks with low-density racks for recently discharged fuel have been evaluated.                                                       Also the cost for required additional spent fuel storage capacity based on the storage require-ment in Table 3.4 have been evaluated for four dry-storage concepts and for additional wet-pool storage.                                                       The cost estimates were broken down into two assumptions:
: 1. Wait until capacity is required.
: 2. provide for required capacity now.
Va rious societal discount rates were selected (0, 5 and 10%) to show the sensitivity to the discount rate for future or delayed actions.
Costing data presented in EpRI NP-3380 provided the basis for the evalua-tion. This data were parameterized to facilitate calculations and involved:
: 1. Capital Costs.
: 2. Operation and Maintenance Costs (0&M).
: 3. Implementation time for design, licensing and construction (allowing for overlap).
12

The storage options selected for this study are shown in Table 3.5.
Reracking costs have been discussed in EPRI NP-3380 which involve con-struction and installation of high-density racks to replace low-density racks. This data pertained to three reracking options: low-density racks to borated stainless steel racks, low density to stainless steel racks and stain-less steel to borated stainless steel racks.
The cost of conversion from high- to low-density racks per assembly space was approximated to be equal to the cost of the reracking options considered in the EPRI report. (Each cost per assembly was approximately equal for the three options considered.)                                           Since these reracking costs were ultimately assessed to be typically one to two orders of magnitude less than the incre-mental cost of additional storage, this approximation did not introduce sig-nificant inaccuracies.
Operational and maintenance costs are incurred when the auxiliary storage capacity is put into operation.                                        From then on these costs will be constant on an annual basis for the remaining life of the reactor.                                          These costs have been estimated with the aid of EPRI NP-3380.
Table 3.6 summarizes the results of the cost assessments performed. For discount rates of 0%, 5% and 10%, the table displays the incremental cost of spent fuel storage to the end of plant use given conversion to limited low-density in-pool storage. The discounts are applied assuming that construction is initiated when required.                                          Zero discount is equivalent to the assumption that construction is initiated immediately for each plant.                                              The costs are averaged over LWR units and are provided in 1983 dollars. Data are provided for the five storage options outlined in Table 3.5.                                           Unit-averaged costs are provided for each.
Additional statistics generated in the evaluation of the net incremental costs associated with the limited low-density storage of spent fuel are pre-sented in Appendix A.                                          They may be consulted for confirmation of the summary figure provided in Table 3.6.                                          All costs are quoted in 1983 dollars.      The tables contain the following information.
Table A1:                     The incremental cost of additional storage associated with limited low-density in-pool storage under ' build now' and
                                      ' build shen needed' (10% discount rate) assumptions.
Tables A2-A6:                 Cost of additional storage assuming high-density and assuming limited low-density in-pool storage. Storage-type options:
pool (Table 4), drywell (Table 5), vault (Table 6), cask (Table 7) and silo (Table 8). Evaluated at 0%, 5% and 10%
discount rates.
Tables A2a-A6a:              Assuming high-density in-pool storage, these tables provide a breakdown of additional storage costs into construction, and operation and maintenance components for each option.
13

Tables A2b-A6b:     Assuming limited low-density in-pool storage, these tables provide a breakdown of additional storage costs into con-struction, and operation and maintenance costs for each option.
3.3 Value-Impact Assessment 3.3.1     Assumptions and Checklist for Identification of Affected Attributes Table 3.7 summarizes the affected attributes of this study while Table 3.8 summarizes the quantification of the affected parameters. Following Ref-erence 1, the mechanism for risk-reduction by the limited low-density rerack-ing option is the reduction of the conditional probability of the initiation of self-sustaining Zircaloy clad oxidation given loss of pool water inven-tory.      Hence an 80% (see Reference 1) reduction in sequence frequency is applied uniformly both to the seismic and the cask-drop categories of sequences to model the risk-reduction value of the option. It should be noted that an additional, potential risk-reduction mechanism associated with low-density racking is a mitigative nature and involves reduction of the potential radiological source term, given fuel degradation. Such an effect could be modeled in the ' worst case' conditions where participation of older fuel dis-charge in the clad fire is assumed. Since 80% sequence frequency reduction removes most of the risk (i.e., 80%) associated with the sequences, and Table 3.9 reveals that the cost impact of this option significantly outweighs its value, then the modeling of additional accident mitigative values of the option would not alter the cost / benefit insights.
3.3.2 Value/ Impact Comparison Table 3.9 presents a summary of the value-impact analysis. For the in-dustrial cost of implementation, the best estimate uses the costs associated with the wet pool storage option while the high estimate utilized dry cask storage costs. Monetary attributes in Table 3.9 were expressed in 1983 dol-lars as well as 1988 dollars to account for the escalatien of costs in this period. The cost escalation between 1983-1988 was assumed to be 9.8% (Refer-ence 17).
l The results indicate that the costs outweigh the benefits due primarily l  to the low probability of the accidents under consideration. An important factor is the probability of pool f ailure due to heavy load drops. Table 3.9 is predicated upon compliance with the guidelines which were developed for licensees to assure the safe handling of heavy loads.
These recommended guidelines include general rules for all facilities to reduce the potential for uncontrolled movement of a load or a load drop, such as by calling for:     definition of safe load paths; development of load hand-ling procedures, periodic inspection and testing of the crane; qualifications, training and specified conduct of the crane operator; and use of guidelines on rigging, if these guidelines are not part of the standard operating procedures for a f acility then plant-specific human reliability analyses may be warranted to characterize the value/ impact properties of the current option.
14

3.3.3 Sensitivity Studies The results presented in Table 3.9 are based on assumptions listed in Table 3.8. In Table 3.9 best estimate / worst case evaluations are presented.
However, other parameters might be varied to investigate the sensitivity of these parameters to the final results. Those parameters include:
: 1. Pool Failure Probability,
: 2. Discount Rate,
: 3. Monetary Conversion of Health Effects,
: 4. Plant Site Economics,
: 5. Meteorology, and
: 6. Industrial Implementation.
The sensitivity of the value-impact assessment to variations in each of these parameters is examined below and the results are summarized in Table 3.10.
: 1. Pool Failure Probability There is a large uncertainty in the risks associated with the structural failure of the spent fuel pool.      It is significantly dependent upon the magni-tude of the probability of pool f ailure due to seismic events and the proba-bility of a cask drop induced pool failure.                           Since the risk-reduction impact of low-density reracking is effected through reduction in the frequency of all pool drainage sequences by a multiplicative factor, then any fractional in-crease in the assumed frequencies of the sequences is reflected by the same factorial increase in the risk-reduction value of reracking.                          For example, if the base frequency of pool drainage sequences is increased by a factor of 100, then the risk-reduction value of reracking is increased by a factor of 100 also. Hence, in the high risk-reduction estimate case (Zion demography and high source term), increasing the assumed frequency of prol drainage sequences by an order of magnitude results in a benefit / cost ratio of 3.5.
: 2. Discount Rate l       The baseline assumption for the discount rate was 10%.                            The effect of changing the discount rate can be seen by using a 5% rate.                               The affected att ributes are offsite and onsite property costs as well as industrial implementation.      Public dose reduction is not affected since it is not discounted in accordance with the guidelinos of Reference 5. The impact of a change in discount rate is relatively small.                            The best estimate net benefit l would remain somewhat the same since both benefits and costs increase. The l best estimate benefit / cost ratio decreases to 0.028 from 0.035.
l
: 3. Monetary Conversion of Health Effects A major difficulty in the net-benefit method is the evaluation of health effects in monetary units.       The sensitivity of this particular analysis to that evaluation can be demonstrat9d by substituting values of $500 and $2,000 per person-rem averted instead of $1,000 per person-rem. The ratio estimates 6
(public dose reduction /$10   cost) are not affected by these variations. Re-vised best estimates of the net-benefit are $-1.35E9 and $-1.29E9 for $500 and 15

          $2,000 conversion respectively relative to the net-benefit of $-1.33E9 associ-ated with the $1,000 conversion factor.
: 4. Plant-Site Economics The baseline calculations adopted the economic factors of the surrounding area of the Zion plant site as a best estimate. However, the economic value of land at the Zion site is somewhat higher than that of the U.S. average.
l The impact of the economics of the area surrounding the plant site was as-                    l sessed by recalculating the offsite consequence attributes using the economy                  !
of West Virginia as input to the MACCS code.6 The economy of the West Virginia site is considered to be much below the national average. The re-sults indicated that site economics do not impact the cost benefit ratio sig-1        nificantly since it may be seen from Table 3.9 that dollar-converted health l        effects exceed economic risk by an order of magnitude.                                         l
: 5. Meteorology The baseline calculations employed Zion weather conditions. Several ad-           )
ditional severe accident calculations indicated that varying weather models caused only a small change in the public health /offsite consequences, j
: 6. Industrial Implementation                                                        i l
The incremental costs associated with spent fuel storage construction costs and overhead / maintenance is known quite accurately as indicated in Reference 10. Therefore, the sensitivity to industrial implementation was not                 {
investigated.                                                                                 !
l l                  Table 3.10 displays the results of the sensitivity studies. It can be i
seen that the net benefit is quite sensitive to the spent fuel pool failure                   ;
probability and to a lesser degree sensitive to the monetary conversion of                    i health effects. The net benefits are less sensitive to discount rate, econom-                 ;
ics, and meteorology of the plant site.                                                       ,
l l
16

L-Table 3.1 Estimated Risks From Spent Fuel Pool Fires l                                                            Probability Event                     PWR Plant           BWR Plant Structural Failure of Pool Resulting from Seismic Events                        1.8E-6/Ry*          6.7E-6/Ry Probability of a Cask Drop Caused l
by Human Error                             3.1E-4/Ry           3.1E -4/Ry Reduction in Failure Rate for Cask Drop Implementing Generic Issue A-36        1.0E-3               1.0E-3 Conditional Probability of Pool Structural Failure Given a Cask Drop          1.0                  1.0 Conditional Probability of a Clad Fire Given a Pool Structural Failure **       1.0                  0.25 Frequency of Spent Fuel Pool Fire from Seismic Initiator                     1.8E-6/Ry           1.68E-6/Ry Frequency of Spent Fuel Pool Fire from a Cask Drop Initiator                 3.1E-7/Ry           7.75E-8/Ry
        *Ry = Reactor year.
       **NUREG/CR-4982, p. 75.
}
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Table 3.3 Onsite Property Damage Costs Per Accident ($)
I Item                                                           Best Estimate                      Worst Case Cleanup and Decontamination                                                                       1.65E8             1.65E8 Repair                                                                               7.2E7              7.2E7 Replacement Power                                                                    8.67E8             1.66E9 Total Number of Operating Years Remaining.                                                                     29.8 years              29.8 years Number of Years Plant is Out of Service                                                                             5 years             7 years Expected Dollar Loss                                                                                8.24E9              1.29E10 i
19

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i          - A) -               0893440448888080884S62226608620550888688050282206620 6667882882228                            8     88899777668817688                                5527668443655 P        EOe-                                                                                        1           1              1112             1     2     2 RL( -                                             2221         1 r
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OR                      8266801674470                           0      4644656700998675548605225876276 c     DA                      0112230221111                           1      2221122233000112280012111000202 u     TE                      0000000000000                           0      0000000000000000090000000000000 N       UY                     2222222222222                            2      2222222222222222212222222222222 H               -
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3       UR                     4067255784577                           5      5745756799584785600157715390587 TA                      7878996887777                           7      8887788888777778867778787777868 E        RE                     9999999999999                           9      9999999999999999999999999999999 L       AY                     1111111111111                           1      1111111111111111111111111111111 B      T                                                                                                                                                            )
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LLVVNNKOOFFFC                           C            Y                EE        S ECC               RF12RLR                 UN1 12ATTAANHH                         LB         NNNA               TAV         G N                  _
CC         OOCOO                  I     I WRRBBOCC12RA ETSLLDDDECEEP  OOEEE OYYAC TADAI HH 0 MS UURRFFOWWSSSW W                                NNAEEWWTNN T                      NNEEEERDDNNNS       IIWWWN S
N     OOLVVAANAAKKPSIBBSSSNILLZTSNNDR N                           VVLL RRLLLTTIMMOOOYVAAEEEARRRTR                                                 NADR TTP A                      KKAALLGAAOOOU U                                 YYAAAAALOOOOORAIIRRRUNAAIOTIRAA L                      RREEEEIRRRRRR                            R P                      AABBBBBBBBBBB B BBCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDEFFFFFGGHH H AABB                        AA BB                 BBAA o3 nC

N                  99                                                                                                         9 99        09 0                      999        9             99      9             9
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Table 3.5 Storage Options Number               Storage Option                                       Special Condition-1                    Wet-Pool 2                    Drywell                                                                                                                        ,
3                    Vault                                             Fuel is Canned 4                    Cask                                               10 MTU Cask 5                    Silo                                                                                                                         !
Table 3.6 Incremental Storage Costs Associated With limited Low-Density Racking in the Primary Pool (1983 Dollars) l l
STORAGE              PER UNIT                                   ALL PLANTS OPTION        0%*        5%        10%                     0%*                                       5%  10%
P00L        2.17+7    1.67+7      1.28+7        2.34+9                                1.80+9            1.38+9 DRYWELL     9.13+6    8.24+6      6.85+6        9.86+8                               8.90+8             7.40+8 VAULT       2.07+7    1.67+7      1.28+7        2.24+9                                1.80+9            1.38+9 CASK        1.20+7    1.22+7      1.05+7         1.30+9                                1.32+9           1.13+9 SILO        1.56+7    1.22+7      9.35+6         1.68+9                               1.32+9            1.01+9
                  *Zero % discount rate corresponds to the case where additional storage capacity is built now.
Notes:   1. These costs include the cost of in-pool reracking and the incremental costs associated with the change in additional storage requirements resulting from the decrease in primary pool capacity.
!                          2. Assuming the extra storage capacity is built when required, I
two discount rates are applied.                                                                                                             l 24                                                                                                                 i i

Table 3.7 Checklist for Identification of Affected Attributes ATTRI3UTE                            QUANTIFIED                                                         UNAFFECTED
: 1. Public Health                                                             X
: 2. Occupational Exp.                                                         X (Accidental)
: 3. Occupational Exp.
(Routine)                                                                                                          X
: 4. Offsite Costs                                                              X l                                  5. Onsite Costs                                                              X
: 6. Regulatory Efficiency                                                                                              X
: 7. Improvement in Knowledge .                                                                                         X
: 8. Industry Implementation
                                       & Operation                                                               X
: 9. NRC Development                                                                                                    X(a)
: 10. NRC Implementation                                                                                                  X(a)
: 11. NRC Operation                                                                                                       X(a)
(a) Based on DOE /RL-87-11 (Reference 11) virtually all plants will require additional at-reactor spent fuel storage.                                                                 NRC costs for at-reactor storage licensing actions are not affected by this alternative.
I 25

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                                                            -Table 3.9 Summary of-Industry-Wide Value-Impact Analysis of the Inventory Reduction Optiontai.
Dose Reduction (Person-Rem)                        Evaluation ($1983)
Best                             High            Best         High Attributes                           Estimate                          Estimate (b)   Estimate     Estimate (b)
Public Health                               4.00 x 10"                         1.28 x 10 5   4.00 x 10 7     1.28 x 10 8                  l Occupational Exposure                                                                                                                      '
                                                                              / Accidental       -0                                   -0          -0           -0
                                                                              / Routine         ' -0                                  -0          -0           -0 Offsit'e Property                                                                             1.42 x 10 6     2.22 x 10 6 Onsite Property                                                                               5.54 x'10 6     4.25 x 10 7 Regulatory Efficiency                                                                               Unaffected Improvement in Knowledge                                                                           Unaffected Industry Implementation and Operation                                                                               -1.38 x 10 8   -1.13 x 10 8 NRC Development, Imple-mentation and Operation                                                                             Unaffected Net Benefit ($)                                                                              -1.33 x 109(c) 9.57 x 10 8 Benefit ($)/ Cost ($) Ratio                                                                     0.035(c)       0.15 Ratio of Public Dose Reduc-                         ~
tion-per Million Dollars 6
Cost (Person-rem /$10 )                                                                        29.0(c)         113.0 Cost of Implementation per Averted Person-rem
($/ Person-rem)                                                                              3.45x104 (c)          8.83x10 4 (a) Based upon a U.S. pool population of 108.
(b)High estimate is based on the ' Worst Case' source term release and Zion site population (see Table 3.2).
(c) Based on 1988 dollars, the Best Estimate Net Benefit Benefit / Cost Ratio,
                                                                 .Public Dose Reduction per Million Dollars Cost and Cost per Averted Person 8 Dollars, 0.032, 26.4 Person-rem and 3.79x10                             4 rem would be -1.47x10                                                                                     Dollar /
Person-rem, respectively. Cost escalation during 1983-1988 was assumed to be 9.8% (Reference 17).
28

l
                                                                                                )
Table 3.10 Value-Impact Sensitivity Analysis of the Inventory Reduction Option Public Dose Net    Reduction / Benefit /
Parameter              New Value         Benefit $ Million $     Cost    l Baseline Best Estimate                            -1.33E9     29.0      .035 Pool Failure Probability Factor of 100 Increase    3.32E9     2900      3.5 Discount Rate                       5%            -1.75E9     22.2      .028     I Monetary Evaluation of Health Effects              $500/ person-rem      -1.35E9   No Change   .020 l
l                                         $2000/ person-rem      -1.29E9   No Change   .063 Economics of the Plant j              Site                         W. Virginia                      24.5      .029
                                                                 -1.34E5l i
l 29 1                                                                                               i L--____-___-___-_-=-___-__--

Y 4..   - IMPROVEMENT OF POOL MAKE-UP RELIABILITY 4.1     Introduction
        - In the current section, the risk-control efficacy of Standard Review Plan (SRP) requirements upon pool make-up capability is characterized within a value/ impact framework.        The approach taken is one of evaluating first the risk-reduction profile of requirements exceeding those of the SRP. Second for older plants comparable to the SRP requirements, the risk-reduction potential for similar requirements is also assessed.
Th'e methods used to provide cooling for the removal of decay heat from stored assemblies in a spent fuel pool vary from plant to plant. Spent fuel assemblies are cooled and covered with water during all storage conditions.
If circulation of the pool cooling water is disrupted, e.g., due. to sta-tion blackout, pump failure, pipe rupture, etc., the water temperature of the pool would steadily increase until boiling occurred.
        ' Thermal-hydraulic analyses of the consequences of partial or complete loss of pool cooling _ capability are a routine part of the safety analysis reports. required for -licensing. Generally, these analyses address several scenarios ranging from likely to extremely unlikely conditions.                                                                                          Even under pessimistic assumptions the water level in the pool would drop only a few inches per hour. Thus, there is considerable time available to restore normal                             -
cooling or to implement one of several alternative backup options for cooling.
The NRC Standard Review Plan" provides guidance and defines the accep-tance. criteria for spent fuel pool cooling systems and is used by the NRC l staff to determine whether a specific design complies with the Commission's Rules and Regulations.
The SRP requires conformance with General Design Criteria 2, 4, 5, 44, 45, 46, 61 and 63 along with several specific criteria relating to operating temperatures and structural classification.                                      Although these requirements are very general the SRP requires, as a minimum, redundant cooling systems as well as redundant makeup systems. Thus, four failures must occur before the spent fuel pool can be uncovered. A station blackout could cause these multiple failures, but the likelihood of recovering from a station blackout before the spent fuel is uncovered (at least 24 hours) is extremely high.
4.2 Quantification L         Four " generic" fuel pool cooling and makeup systems have been examined to L  illustrate the possible range of failure frequencies for these systems.                                                                                        The l failure estimates are also " generic" in nature end may tend to overestimate the actual failure rates.         A detailed systems analysis of a specific cooling in a somewhat lower system     (including failure rate           recovery considering         actions) the time  frameis(days                       likely) to forresult recovery.                               The four repre-sentative systems are outlined below.
31

13  One full System A - Minimum cooling and makeup system required by the SRP:
}              capacity cooling train with redundant active components (i.e., re-dundant valves and pumps). One Category I makeup system and one backup pump or system (not required to be Category I) which can be aligned to a Category I water supply.
System B - Minimum cooling and makeup system with credit for makeup from fire system (Note that some plants may identify the fire system as the backup in System A).                                                                 !
System C - Typical older system comparable to current SRP requirements: One cooling train with backup active components (but backup components are required to supplement cooling about 30% of time ll); One safety grade makeup train and one non-safety grade makeup system.
System D - Typical older system (System C) with third makeup train available (e.g., fire system).
Simplified failure estimates are listed in Table 4.1 for these four rep-resentative systems. Note that systems A and B are not intended to represent actual systems. Rather, they are representative of the minimum requirements    I in the current SRP. Systems C and D are based on a previous analysis and represent older plants.
The failure rates and system failure frequencies are based on failure I
rate data from the Reactor Safety Study         " with methods similar to the Priori-tization Study.15 Specifically:
        . An 0.1 per reactor year frequency for the initiating event is based on the Reactor Safety Study estimates for f ailure of one spent fuel pool cooling train.
         . The conditional f ailure probability of 0.05 (for the second train of Type A and B) represents a relatively high common mode failure proba-bility given previously in the Prioritization Study.15
         . The conditional failure probability of 0.3 (for the second train of Type C and D) represents the assumption that both cooling pumps are necessary 30% of the time. Thus a f ailure of one pump represents a failure of the system.
         . Train 1 of the makeup system is assumed to be independent of the cool-ing system and is assigned a low common cause contribution. Note that the likelihood of the prolonged (greater than 24 hours) station black-out event is assumed to be low (<10 6 per reactor year). Otherwise station blackout could provide a common cause failure of all pumps.
          . Train 2 of the makeup system is assumed to have a high common cause contribution (-5%) since it is likely to have several active compo-nents in common with the first train of makeup.
32

4
             . The 5% conditional failure probability of the fire system is arbitrary and can only be construed as engineering judgement. The likelihood of successful cooling with the fire system after all else has failed will depend grettly upon plant specific equipment and emergency procedures.
The failure frequencies for these four systems range from 2.2 x 10-s to L 9 x 10-7 per year. Although a loss of cooling and subsequent heat ug is a vory slow event (several days), previous analyses by Benjamin et al. have snown that after the fuel is uncovered, the remaining water would block air circulation and clad overheating 'would occur even for fuel which had been cooled for 1 year. However, because of the lack of air circulation within the spent fuel holders, the oxidation reaction would be oxygen starved and clad melting would not occur. Thus, catastrophic failure of the spent fuel would not be expected. Consequence estimates have been obtained previously for this type of accident (see page 65 of NUREG/CR-4982, Cases 3 and 4). Only the noble gases were released in significant quantities. The consequences were found to be minimal (about 4 person-rem). Thus the offsite health conse-quences of this type of accident are expected to be minimal. However, the economic consequences of such an accident appear to be important.                             Since the reactor could not operate until the spent fuel pool was available, the cost of the replacement power, until the spent fuel pool building was decontaminated and the equipment was repaired, could be considerable. It is estimated that repairs and decontamination would take from one month to a year depending upon the degree of fuel damage and contamination. Replacement power was calculated based on a 1,000 MW generic plant and a 65% capacity factor. s The onsite cost would then range from 16 to 195 million dollars conditional upon a spent fuel pool accident. Integrated over the life of the plant (taken to be 29.2 years, the industry average remaining plant lifetime), the expected cost associated with gradual coolant loss sequences could be as high as $125,000 per plant (assuming failure rate frequencies for a plant with system C: see Table 4.1).
In calculating the expected averted costs associated with improved make-up systems, the product of the resultant accident sequence frequency reduction and the onsite costs associated with the accident, discounted at 10% over the l      remaining plant lifetime is evaluated.
Two alternative systems for improvement of the fuel pool cooling system                                                    I have been assessed as potentially cost-beneficial for the four system types:
              . Alternative 1 is simply another full capacity pump and associated i               valves to eliminate the need for running the cooling system without a backup pump (System C). The cost estimate for this alternative is                                                  ')
                 $50,000 (1983) based upon References 16 and 17.
              . Alternative 2 is a completely independent makeup train.                              We assume this system to be similar to the primary spent fuel pool supply train.
The hardware requirements include a Category I water storage tank (200,000 gallon capacity), pumps, controls and piping. The cost of the independent makeup train plus overhead and maintenance costs were estimated with the aid of References 16 and 17. The cost is estimated at $106(1983).
l 33

                                                                                                                                       ?
yy  4.3 Results and Conclusions'of. Value-Imgact Study The cost / benefit: character 1stics of adding -either of. these improvements to the four generic- spent' fuel pool cooling-_ systems is - summarized in : Table                                                *
    '4.2 where a discount rate of 10% is assumed. Only improvements-to one cooling                                                    _!
system (Type C) appears to. have non-negligible economic. risk impact.                                                       The     !
    -generalized- representation Lof .the Standard Review Plan requirements indicate
    .that additional requirements would not result in cost / beneficial improvements.
Although the assessment. was based .on the 1983 dollars, minor -variations of equipment' costs due to inflation between 1983 and 1988 do not significantly.
alter the. conclusions of this study.
          ~ For those old'er plants (Type C) which operate the spent fuel pool cooling.
system without- a backup, these preliminary. evaluations indicate that the addi-                                                      !
tion of a full capacity pump or a redundant makeup train is not a cost-benefi-                                                      d cial measure (see Table 4.2). However, the estimated cost of a.. full capacity pump is approaching the- range of averted cost. Thus such an improvement may :                                 ~
be-justifiable on a plant-specific basis.
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: 5. ACCIDENT MITIGATIVE OPTIONS 5.1    Introduction This section discusses several proposed methods that might serve to miti-gate the consequences of "beyond-design-basis accidents" in commercial nuclear power plant spent fuel storage pools. Two hypothetical accident sequences',
defined in Section 5.2, have been considered. The efficacy of three mitigat-ing systems is evaluated for each of the two accident sequences. The objec-tive of these preliminary evaluations is to identify which mitigating mea-sures, if any, appear to merit more detailed analyses. A value-impact assess-ment for one of the mitigative measures is performed in Section 5.5.
It must be noted that the designs and structural details of spent fuel pools are plant specific. Also, the current inventories of spent fuel vary greatly from plant to plant. Therefore, the evaluations that follow will not apply equally to all plants.       In the event that more detailed analyses are found to be merited, such evaluations will need to be carried out on a plant-specific basis.
5.2 Definition of Accident Sequences Generic Safety Issue 82, "Beyond Design Basis Accidents in Spent Fuel Pools," was the subject of a recent risk assessment I limited specifically to accident sequences resulting in complete or partial loss of water inventory of a spent fuel pool. Initiating events for such sequences included:
                        - structural failure of pool due to seismic events, missiles or cask drop;
                        - water inventory boil-off resulting from prolonged loss of cooling water circulation capability; and
                        - partial drain down of pool due to pneumatic seal failure.
Accident sequences that were analyzed in Reference 1 ranged from cata-strophic cases which involved Zircaloy fires to less severe situations in which damage was limited to multiple cladding failures.
For purposes of this report, two sequence types have been selected to represent a bounding case with respect to the source terms involved. Less severe cases, such as partial loss of water inventory and loss of cooling capability are not discussed, since the source terms released to the environ-ment from these sequences are relatively small and thus the associated risk reduction potential is bounded by those discussed here.         The less severe accident sequences are also relatively low frequency. For both the sequences considered, it is assumed that radiation levels severely limit or preclude human access to the spent fuel pool area. Also, it should be noted that most of the accident sequences are postulated to occur simultaneously with other plant disruptive events due to common initiating causes such as seismic events. The sequences are characterized in the following sections.                                            For convenience, the accident sequences have been denoted by the symbols "Al" and "A2."
37

l 5.2.1    Accident Sequence "A1,'' A Complete ass of Pool Water Inventory Fol-lowed by a Zircaloy Fire The accident sequence, "A1," reflects an upper bound scenario with re-
    .spect to. potential radiological releases. It is based on the following assumptions:
           - structural failure of the pool results in a complete loss of water inventory;
           - the age and storage configuration of the spent fuel meet the criteria for ignition of a Zircaloy fire (see Reference 1, pp. 49-62);
           - the Zircaloy fire propagates through all of the spent fuel assemblies stored in the pool;
           - a major fraction of the U02 fuel pellets are oxidized to U 038 and relo-          i cate as a bed of rubble on the bottom of the drained pool; and                   !
           - the containment integrity of the building covering the spent fuel pool is breached.*
The fire is assumed to burn and propagate through the spent fuel inven-tory for a period of approximately eight hours, producing localized maximum temperatures in the range of 1500"C as each fuel batch successively ignites and the cladding is consumed (see Reference 18 for the temperature-time pro-files for several typical cases).
Theoretical analyses and experimental data that relate to an Al type sequence are very limited, and, in particular, no studies have been made which can be readily adapted to characterize the bed of debris resulting from a spent fuel Zircaloy fire. As far as a source term for sequence Al is con-corned, the release data obtained from the Chernobyl accident, i.e., the frac-tional releases that occurred after the initial burst release, are possibly pertinent. Such data are summarized in Section 6 of Reference 19. The Cher-nobyl fractional releases of specific isotopes differ somewhat from the esti-mates made in Reference 1, Table 4.2, pg. 69.          In particular, the cesium release fractions were an order of magnitude smaller in the Chernobyl case.
For purposes of bounding the risk reduction potential of mitigative options discussed in Section 5.3, the release fractions estimated in Reference I and utilized in Section 3 of the current document will be adopted, pending further investigation of the relevance of the Chernobyl data. The source term is               ,
obtained by convolution of the f ractional releases with the radionuclides inventory as a function of decay time (tonnes of fuel in each discharge batch).
5.2.2 Accident Sequence "A2," A Complete Loss of Pool Water Inventory Fol-lowed by Clad Failures but Not Zircaloy Fire The accident "A2" sequence, is based on the following set of assumptions:
            - complete loss of water inventory due to structural failure of the pool; i
* Spent fuel pools are normally housed in " secondary containment" areas (as, f      e.g.,    in BWRs), or in auxiliary buildings that provide only limited contain
(      ment capability; however, even limited containment, when intact, can greatly attenuate the source term. The sequence Al assumes that the building roof has collapsed as a result of the intense heat of the Zircaloy fire, and vig orous convection carries the plume into the atmosphere.                               ]
38 l

         - conditions for the ignition of a Zircaloy fire are not satisfied (see Reference 1, Tables 3.1 through 3.5);
         - the containment integrity of the building is intact;
         - pool structural damage is such that water inventory cannot be restored before extensive clad failures; and
         - all assemblies with decay times of 5 years or less subsequently suffer 100% failures of the clad pressure envelope.
The fractional releases of selected radionuclides from the fuel (gap re-leases)-are assumed to be as follows:
Noble' gases:        1.00 Cesium isotopes:     0.05 5.3 Definitions of Mitigative Measures Several measures have been proposed which might effectively mitigate the consequences or interrupt the progress of beyond-design-basis accidents in l   spent fuel pools (e.g., see Reference 1, Section 6). Design criteria for such I   systems depend'on the particular accident sequence against which protection is sought. Design details would be plant specific as appropriate for the partic-ular pool configuration.       Not all measures would be applicable to all spent fuel pools.
5.3.1 Mitigative Measure "M1," Covering Fuel Debris With Solid Materials Mitigative measure, "M1," applies only to accident sequence A1, i.e., a catastrophic accident in which the stored fuel inventory has been reduced to a bed of hot rubble.      It consists of the a contingency plan to dump massive amounts .of various solid materials into the drained pool to cover the rubble to a depth of several feet.       It is assumed that the solid materials are not stockpiled onsite, but could be obtained in a timely canner on an ad hoc basis, the materials being commonly available in all parts M the couritry.
The types of material or potential value include sand, clay, dolomite, boron compounds, lead, etc.     "M1" would consist of a generic contingency plan that:
          - specifies the types and quantities of materials that would be used;
          - conceptual studies on how the materials could be emplaced; and
          - analyses on attenuation of radioactive releases and gamma-ray shielding efficacy.
5.3.2 Mitigative Measure "M2," Water Spray Systems Mitigative system, "M2," consists of a water spray system located above the pool, having sufficient capacity to block or mitigate a given accident sequence.
5.3.3 Mitigative Measure "M3," Building Ventilation Gas Treatment System Mitigative system, "M3," consists of a building ventilation / filter system                                      1 l   designed to      reduce the concentration of airborne                            radioactivity before
,   discharge to the environment.                                                                                          ]
1 1
39

     -5.4    Discussion of the - Efficacies of Mitigative Measures for Two ' Accident Sequences This section presents qualitative evaluations of the mitigation measures for the different accident sequences.          The objective is to identify which measures, if any, appear to merit more detailed, quantitative analysis.
5.4.1    Zircaloy Fires (A1):    Mitigative Options
            'A1/M1:   An Al sequence initiated by a beyond-design-basis seismic event implies serious damage in other sections of the nuclear plant, as well as major disruption of emergency services in the surrounding . region. Given a catastrophic Zircaloy fire, the M1 measure would attenuate prolonged radioac-tive releases from the bed of rubble, but it appears dubious that the measures                                            ,
could. be implemented soon enough to prevent a major release to the environment                                           l during the first few hours of the sequence.                                                                               j The question to be evaluated here, is whether it would be cost effective to develop a generic contingency plan as a cooperative effort among all licen-sees, and, if so, how much development effort would be merited? The contin-gency plan would be concerned with an extremely low frequency, but high con-sequence. event.
The results at.Chernobyl can be used as a rough gauge of the efficacy of this measure, when carried out on a strictly ad hoc basis with apparently no                                            i advanced planning. It is reasonable to assume that a generic M1 plan could be prepared that, if ever needed, could be more effective than the Chernobyl ex-perience, i.e., be implemented sooner and provide higher attenuation of. radio-active releases.
It is our evaluation that M1 merits a small effort, perhaps a few man-months of study to determine whether a more intensive planning effort would be cost effective.
         '' A1/M2: A seismic Category I safety-grade water spray system drawing on a Category I reservoir of. water could be effective in mitigating the conse-                                                J quences of a Zircaloy fire in a spent fuel pool that has lost its water inven-tory. Such a system built to meet seismic safety standards would have a very high probability of surviving a seismic event. It would also act as a standby for an accident initiated by a shipping cask drop resulting in structural failure of the pool. A value/ impact analysis for a spray system is described in Section 5.5.
In situations where spray actuation is retarded relative to fire initia-                                         {
tion, there is the possibility that oxidation could be aggravated by the water                                          .
source. Consideration of this scenario is beyond the scope of the current analysis.
A1/M3:   No building ventilation system could cope with an Al accident                                             ,
sequence.                                                                                                             .
l 2
40

5.4.2                      Clad Failure Without Zircaloy Fire (A2): Mitigative Options                                                       i A2/M1: .In the event of a structural failure which allows the pool water inventory to drain, recovery from the accident would present difficult prob-lems even though no Zircaloy fire occurred. Radiation levels above the pool would be extremely high, preventing human entry. Structural repairs which would allow the pool to be refilled with water would be difficult, is not im-possible. Therefore, an M1 type measure might prove necessary for recovery.
The cost effectiveness of developing a contingency plan faces the same uncer-tainties as described earlier for A1/M1. It is our evaluation that a modest effort appears merited and could be included in the scope of the A1/M1 study.
A2/M2:   (See A1/M2. The same evaluation applies here).
A2/M3:    In an A2 sequence, in which the building integrity is not breached, an M3 building ventilation and gas treatment system could reduce the discharge of airborne particulate radioactivity.                                   To be effective, the system would have to be qualified to survive the A2 initiating event, and have ade-quate capacity to handle extremely large volumes of air.                                                        Removal of noble gases from the circulating air would require heroic measures - a system of cryogenic filters (e.g., liquid nitrogen cooled zeolite beds), that could be purged into high pressure cylinders at frequent intervals, and, of course, a large supply of liquid nitrogen would be necessary.                                      Investment in an effec-tive M3 system to cope with an extremely low frequency A2 accident sequence would not appear to be reasonable.
5.5 Value-Impact Assessment of a Post-Accident Spray System 5.5.1                      Characterization of Post-Accident Spray Systems Post-accident spray systems were discussed in Section 5.4 as a potential-ly significant mitigative measure for spent fuel accidents.                                                         A scoping value-impact assessment has been performed in this section to provide some insight into the potential cost-effectiveness of introducing spray systems.                                                                   This assessment is a rough approximation (order of magnitude) of a cost and benefit comparison and generally follows the guidelines outlined for "First Approxima-tion of Benefits and Costs" in NUREG/CR-3568.5 It should be emphasized that this assessment is scoping in nature due to the many assumptions involved and large uncertainties in data, especially with respect to the estimation of seismic accident sequence frequencies, and decon-tamination factors assumed for spray systems. The benefit estimate has the potential to be increased significantly through modification of assumptions with regard to cask drop frequencies.
The principal risk reduction effect of spray systems is achieved by de-
              . contaminating radiological releases thus permitting greater retention of fis-sion products in the pool and the pool building.                                        Results of analyses of l
severe reactor accidents (Draft NUREG/CR-4551, Vol . 1, in support of Draft NUREG-1150) 20 indicate that containment spray systems can be significantly effective in reducing source terms and severity of consequences of nuclear reactor accidents.
l 41 L_-_-__-__

In this assessment, it. was assumed that the major benefit of spra4 systems derives from reduction in the offsite consequences. In NUREG/CR-3673 it was estimated that' occupational exposure would be small compared to the offsite impact. of a radiological accident. The incremental contribution to risk reduction through mitigation of the accident would then be a much smaller and second order effect. I Decontamination and Replacement Power Costs would also be assumed to be minimally influenced by the use of a spray system.
5.5.2 Quantification The effectiveness of a spray system is measured by the Decontamination Factor (DF = The amount of release of the radioactive species to the environ-ment without spray divided by the amount of release with spray). Decontamina-tion factors for a fuel pool spray system are difficult to estimate without detailed calculations. A DF for containment spray systems (for major reactor accidents) was assigned a best estimate of 45 across radionuclides groups in the NUREG-1150 analysis of the Surry plant.20 That factor will be assumed for the current calculations. From Table 5.1 it may be seen that a Df of 45 has the effect of reducing offsite consequences to a small fraction of their ori-ginal levels.      In practical terms, therefore, a DF of 45 provides an upper bound upon the value/ impact ratio relative to spray effectiveness.
In > Reference   1,  seismic  initiators  and cask drop accidents were identified as potentially dominant contributors to the risk for spent fuel pool accidents.       Contributions from other sequences were assessed to be relatively     small due both to lower initiator frequencies and lesser radiological releases.       For purposes of the current scoping analysis, an accident sequence frequency was assumed corresponding to data presented in Table 3.1.
Preliminary construction and industry maintenance costs were based upon References 16 and 17. Assumed hardware requirements included a Category I water storage tank (200,000 gallon capacity) and a spray system including pumps, spray nozzles, and associated hardware. Total costs (industry wide:
108 pools) were estimated at $1.1E+8 (1983$).
The offsite consequences were calculated using the MACCS code.6 The Zion plant was selected as a reference plant since detailed population and land data were available. Two calculations were performed varying source terms and population density. The population density of 340 persons /sq. mile used in the " Average Case" is a U.S. average figure.           The average source term developed in NUREG/CR-4982 was utilized here. The " Worst Case" represents the combined effect of the worst case source term developed in NUREG/CR-4982 and a high population density (860 persons / square mile: Zion population). The Zion economic data and Zion meteorology were used for both calculations. The off-site property damage in MACCS is given in 1980 dollars and has been escalated to 1983 dollars. Table 5.1 summarizes these calculations.
Results of the value/ impact analysis are shown in Table 5.2. The table indicates a first estimate of industry-wide potential benefit of $4.2E+7 based purely upon the dollar conversion of radiological dose to the population, and l  a potential cost of $1.1E+8. The expected averted offsite economic impact is estimated to be $6.77E+6. These figures are based upon the average case release / population assumptions, and a 10% discount rate for monetary costs.
42 l

For the worst case release / population, the expected dose reduction benefit over plant lifetime (with $1000/ person-rem conversion) is $1.18E+8 and the economic impact reduction is $5.20E+7.
5.6 Conclusions Inspection of Table -5.2 reveals that for best estimate calculations, the installation of pool sprays is not a cost-effective measure. High estimates of risk-reduction (high source term and Zion demography) can be seen to result in marginally cost-effective comparisons for this option.                                                                      As a generic industry-wide analysis based upon the U.S. population of plant sites,however, utilization of Zion site demography for consequence evaluation results in an overly conservative estimate of risk-reduction properties of a given plant modification. Use of Zion demography in the 'high estimate' calculations is intended only to provide insights into the potential site-specific risk reduc-tion achievement of a given backfit.                                                               In-plant, pool-specific evaluations of risk-reduction would need to be performed, however, to reach conclusions re-garding the cost-effectiveness of any modification on a plant-specific basis.
As with the fuel reracking measure discussed in Section 3, the dominant sensi-tivity factors in the cost-benefit evaluation are the frequencies of the pool failure sequences. A given percentage increase in the assumed frequency of all sequences leading to structural failure of the pool would result in an equal percentage increase in the risk-reduction value of the pool spray op-tion. Current assumptions regarding the frequencies of the seismic and heavy load drop sequences are based upon the sequence analyses of Reference 1 and the updated seismic and load drop fragilities reported in Reference 2. The current study may easily be used to reflect alternative assumptions regarding sequence frequencies through straightforward numerical scaling adjustments of the results generated.
l 1
l
,                                                                                                                  43

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Table 5.2 Summary of Industry-Wide V91 ye-Impact Analysis of the Post-Accident Spray Systemga; Total Dose Reduction       Total Monetary Risk (Person-rem)           Reduction ($1983)
Best          High         Best        High Attributes                    Estimate (b) Estimate (b) Estimate (b) Estimate (b)
Public Health                   4.20E4        1.18E5      4.20E7      1.18E8 Occupational Exposure            -0            =0           -0         -0 Offsite Property                                          6.77E6     5.20E7 Onsite Property                                             -0         -0 Industry Implementation                                  -1.08E8    -1.08E8 and Operation Net Benefit ($)                                          -5.92E7(c) 6.2E7 Benefit ($)/ Cost ($) Ratio                               0.45(c)    1.57 Ratio of Public Dose Reduc-tion per Million Dollars 6
Cost (Person-rem /$10 )                                   3.89E2(c)  1.09E3 Cost of Implementation per Averted Person-rem
($/ Person-rem)                                           2.57E3(c) 9.15E2 a Population of 108 spent fuel pools, b
See Table 3.2 for source terms and demographic assumptions.
(c) Based on 1988 dollars, Best Estimate Net Benefit, Benefit / Cost Ratio, Public Dose Reduction per Million Dollar Cost and Cost per Averted Person-rem would be -6.92E7 dollars, 0.42, 354 Person-rem and 2.82E3 dollars /
I person-rem,respectively. Cost escalation during 1983-1988 was assumed to be 9.8% (Reference 17),
t 45
: 6.                

==SUMMARY==
AND DISCUSSION Generic analyses of various potential modifications to nuclear power plant spent fuel pools have been performed. Cast within the framework of value/ impact analysis methodology, the risk-reduction value and the cost impact of these modifications were evaluated and compared.                                 The analyses focused upon the risk-dominant accident sequences identified in Reference 1.
Both accident preventive and accident mitigative risk-reduction options were assessed. These were as follows:
: 1.            The limited low-density reracking of recently discharged fuel to de-crease the likelihood of the initiation of self-sustaining clad oxi-dation in the event of loss of pool water inventory.
: 2. The addition of a full capacity pump in one pool coolant makeup train to increase pool cooling reliability.
: 3.            The addition of a completely independent pool coolant makeup train.
: 4.             The installation of pool sprays to attenuate fission product releases in the event of fuel degradation.
Best-estimate calculations of the following value/ impact attributes were performed:                          Public dose, offsite economic impact, onsite economic impact and industry implementation and operation costs.                              Other attributes identified, such as occupational exposure and regulatory efficiency improvement were con-sidered either to be negligible contributors to the value/ impact balance or unaffected within the scope of the current project.                              A $1000/per person-rem averted conversion factor was utilized to convert dose-reduction measures into a monetary measure in the best estimate calculations.                                None of the risk-reduction measures were assessed to have a value/ impact ratio greater than 1.
A series of sensitivity calculations were performed in which various l                                           parameter inputs and modeling assumptions were varied. Factors varied in-cluded source term magnitude, site demography economics and meteorology, acci-dent sequence frequencies, cost discount rate, dose / dollar conversion and the cost of implementation to industry. The only factors with significant influ-I                                           ence upon the balance of value against impact was found to be the frequencies of the sequences that involve structural failure of the pool due to seismic events and heasy load drop events.                                The aggregate frequency of all such sequences is found to behave as a simple multiplier in evaluation of the risk-reduction value of the low-density reracking and the spray installation options.                          Hence to increase this aggregate frequency by a factor of 10, say, is to increase the risk-reduction value of each of these two plant modifica-tions by a factor of 10 also.                              In the case of low-density reracking, this aggregate frequency would need to be increased by two orders of magnitude to enter the cost-effective domain while, for spray installation, increase by a single order of magnitude would increase the value/ impact ratio above 1.                                                   It should be noted that even then, to draw inferences regarding the cost-effectiveness of a pool modification on a plant-specific basis would require plant-specific analyses.
1 Given this sensitivity to the sequence frequencies, it is important to identify the factors and assumptions that influence these frequencies.                                                  These include seismic hazard magnitudes and pool fragilities. Reference 2 provided 47

the basis for the current quantification. Additional important assumptions
           . relate to the effect of implementing the resolution of Generic Issue A-36 in
: 9. . the handling .of heavy loads in the vicinity of the pool. These assumptions I           are summarized in Table 3.1 and are based upon discussions in Reference 1.
l 48
: 7. REFERENCES
: 1. V.L. Sailor et al., " Severe Accidents in Spent Fuel Pools in Support of Generic Safety Issue 82," NUREG/CR-4982 (July 1987).
2.- P.G. Prassinos et al., " Seismic Failure and Cask Drop Analysis of the Spent Fuel Pools at Two Representative Nuclear Power Plants," NUREG/CR-5176 (January 1989).
: 3. H. George, " Control of. Heavy Loads at Nuclear Power Plants," NUREG-0612 (July 1980).
: 4. A.S. Benjamin et al., " Spent Fuel Heatup Following Loss of Water During Storage," NUREG/CR-0649 (March 1979).
: 5. S.W. Heaberlin et al .,    "A Handbook for Value-Impact Assessment," NUREG/
i       CR-3568 (December 1983).
l-  6. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, " Reactor Risk Reference Document,"
NUREG-1150, Appendix 0, Vol. 3, Draft for Comment (February 1987).
: 7. J.S. Evans et al., " Health Effects Model for Nuclear Power Plant Conse-quence Analysis," NUREG/CR-4214 (1985).
l   8. D.C. Aldrich et al., " Technical Guideline for Siting Criteria Develop-ment," NUREG/CR-2239 (1982).
: 9. R.P. Burke et al ., " Economic Risks of Nuclear Power Reactor Accidents,"
NUREG/CR-3673 (April 1984).
l  10. J.S. McCartney and R.B. Cairns, " Cost Comparisons for On-Site Spent-Fuel l       Storage Options," EPRI NP-3380 (May 1984).
: 11. DOE Richland Operations Office, " Spent Fuel Storage Requirements 1987,"
DOE /RL-87-11, UC-85 (September 1987).
: 12. P. Bleimeis et al., " Review and Evaluation of Spent Fuel Pool Expansion Potential Hazards Consideration," SAI-84-221, WA (July 1983).
: 13. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Standard Review Plan,                                                                               "9.1.3 Spent Fuel Pool Cooling and Cleanup System," NUREG/CR-0800 (July 1981).
: 14. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, " Reactor Safety Study: An Assessment I       of Accident Risks in U.S. Commercial Nuclear Power Plants," NUREG-75/104, l       WASH-1400 (October 1975).
: 15. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, "A Prioritization of Generic Safety Issues," pp. 3.82-1 through 6 (December 1983).
: 16. United Engineers and Constructors, Inc., " Capital Cost:                                                                                  Pressurized Water Reactor Plant," NUREG-0241 (June 1977).
49
: 17. R.S. Means Co. Inc., Building Construction Cost Data, 1988, 46th Annual Edition, Kingston, MA (1987).
: 18. N.A. Piscano et al., "The Potential for Propagation of a Self Sustaining Zirconium 0xidation Following Loss of Water in a Spent Storage Pool,"
Draft Report' (January 1984) PDR Accession No. 8505090480.
: 19. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, " Report on the Accident at the Cher-nobyl Nuclear Power Station," NUREG-1250 (January 1987).
: 20. A.S. Benjamin et al., " Evaluation of Severe Accident Risks and the Poten-tial for Risk Reduction: Surry Power Station, Unit 1," Draft Report, NUREG/CR-4551 (February 1987) PDR Accession No. 8703170262; M. L. Ernst, et al., " Reactor Risk Reference Document," Draft Report, NUREG-1150 (February 1987) PDR Accession No. 8703100040 (Vol.1), 8703170207 (Vol. 2), and 8703180080 (Vol. 3).
                                                                                                                                  )
l l
l 50

l APPENDIX A                                                    ,
1 Additional statistics associated with Limited Low-Density Storage of Spent Fuel.
l l
l l
l 51

                      -      _. 77767667 6 66 7                    7    77     6666      7   66766 66676676 6765 O_       ++++++++ + ++ + + ++ ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ + + ++
                  )       L-      2432828s           8    96     9   3 69 6992             4   18333        18376697 E       I       56919911           4    41     9 7      16     2965      1   14344        27949028 6757 T S A               11171933           8 99        1   2    11     115e 2 64222 85926519 R                         -
77767767 6 67 7 7 77 6666 7 66766 66676676
             .TUNK_
_     ++ + ++ + + + ++ + + + + ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ + + ++
63719634           4    33     8   8    71     5172      S   57811        82964294 O
C S_
A 35912919           5 59        1   7    15     1868      3   68733        94191916 S
I C.. 11171123           9    91     1   4    12     1154      2 53322 64826417 D-
_    77767767           7    77 7 7          77     6666      7   66766 76776677
                                      +++++++ + ++ + + + + ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ + + ++
e L l
T..      +
4 3963831 7 91655263           1 84 23 4
5 3
7 95 55 6682 4256 2   42966 9 85409 98266961 13217919
( - A   U ._
DV_
E-D-
_    12291134           1    11     1   3    12     1175      3 75333          16138511 EL              77766667 6 66 6                    7    67 6566          7   66766 66676666 6765 EL               ++++++++ + ++ + +           + + ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ ++ ++
ME              54659668           1    69     3   6 96        3991      4   32677        92895366
                      -W          81399914           8 76        8   9 93        1888      4   31977        71959639
           .N
           .E
                    -     Y.
R       11157622           6 66 7          3    81     1942      1   43111        54614386 H       D-W                                                                            66766 77777677
                             . 77777767           6 77        7   7 77 6666 7 T          .     ++++++++ + ++ + + + + ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ + + ++
L       L.
O       25723367           9    91     5   6    61     5391      6   69888        2159e698             7
           .I
           .U             O..
P 34862921 6              22     5   1   51      0785      3   87322 3 1 7 8. l.1 7 8
                 .B          . 22211173 8              11     1   3   12      2174      2 86333          11121911             1
                             . 77777767           7    77     7   7   77 7777           7 67777 76777776                      6 E                         O_       ++++++++ + ++ + + ++ ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ + + ++
TS                        L_      50037792           4    67     4   5   95 5656           2   24911        74965613             8 AN                        I -     70017745           1    66     1   5    49     4343      1   42922        17246246             9 SO NI ET                    -
S... 12222224           2    11     1   4   22 2212           3   91211        17121118             5 PP         -
MO         .                 _    77777757           7    77 7 7         77      7767      7 66766 66677676                      5 O          _                 _    ++++++++ + ++ + + + +1 ++++ + +++++ ++++++++                       ++++
CE G
K_.
S       53314436           6 66 9 29 8 5   98 68 5428      5 9976 7 59988 21933        45307834 87621165 9
6 OA TR A..
C 24452233 11112242           1    11     1 3
2   12      1192      2 78199          83721614             9 O                 -      .
YT                W-                                                             7777 7 77777 76777776                           6 TS                O-              77777767 7              77     7   7   77 I                 NT              ++++++++      + ++ + + + + ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ +++ +                                         3 CS                        L       45968828           4    47     3   9   52      5924      2   89688        69998949 AU                TU              93689869 9 25 6                    1   32      1697      4   13244        28277889             3 PO                LA AI                I       V -     12224416           3    21     1   8 33        3313      4   11311        16131118             3 CR                U-A             B-EV                        L       67777757 7              76 6       7   77 7767 7 66766 66676666 6765 G                         L       ++++++++ + ++ + + + + ++++ + +++++ ++++++++                          ++ ++63997e64             8 AR         .
E       56934461           4    14     9 7 89          6783      6   31433 RO         .              W       90125531           3    91     2   1   42      9863 8        25277        16234539             7 OF         .              Y T          .              R       91111183           1    17     7 3     11      1181      1   56166 63618583                    1 SS                        D K                                                                                          67777        77777777             7 LC                           . 77777767 7              77     7   7   77 7777           7 AA                        L.      ++++++++ + ++ + + + + 2 ++++                  +2886
                                                                                   +++++
8 99888
                                                                                             ++++++++ + 2276se19
                                                                                                             + ++                8 NR                        O-      69642274           9 57        8       17 5233          53811                             3 O
IY O -
P 83468987           9    54     8   7   54                1 4 4 8 8 1.l.5 3 TT                      -         12334463           1    21     1   3   32 5523 3             91311        11132221             1 II                      -
DS DN                N          _
AE                           _
E-D             ESD_
DKE             e6868882)4)66 23346645a8a57 6
7 4)82)4448)6)22855 6a69a4449a5a37288 6662666664644 1155336946380 HW TO CD.
WAE.
111111         2(6(43          3   2(11(1131(2(2                  1       3325113            2 E
L             ORE.
L  N DF)                  N IOS                  W V R                  OR           8266881674470                  8   46446567869986755486e5225s76276 OEA                  DA           e112236221111                  1   222112223300011228e012111e09202 RSL                  TE           e060980880809 8                    008080000600000009e000080e09800 PUL                  UY           2222222222222                  2   2222222222222222212222202222222 O            H OED                  S TH T3             E        -
T        8           P        . PPPPPPBPPB0BBPBPPPPPPPPBPPPPBPPPPBBBBBPPDPGP8 PPB SR9                  Y        .
OO1                  T        .
CF(                                    12                                                             12 123                                                          2 12YY                                       12        12        31NN
  .                                    EE12          YYY                                              OO        DI           N 1                    E            RRLL           12RRR1          2           FF        KK        REYY           LW      KUN A                    M            AALLEE1            RRR                 1LL           PP      NVSNN            OR      COI A            EEAATT DDEEEK K                            CC121             TRSAA123NE               IHA E                    N            LLVVNNKOOFFFC C                        Y             EE      S ECC            RF12RLR L                                 CC       DOCOO             I   I   12ATTAANHH                  LB      NNNA           TAV G B                    T          .
UURRFFOWWSSSW W                         WRRBDOCC12RA                OOEEE OYYAC A                    N        -   NNEEEERDDNNNS                  S   NNAEEWWTNN                ETSLLDDDECEEP TADAI T                    A                 VVLL IIWWWN               N   OOLVVAANAAKKPSIBBSSSNILLZTSNNDR                             N L
P KKAALLGAAOOOU RREEEEIRRRRRR U RRLLLTTIMWOOOYVAAEEEARRRTR R   YYAAAAALOOOOORAIIRRRUNAAICTIRAA
_   AABBBBBBBBBBB B BBCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDEFFFFFGGHH
_                  AABB                AA BB             BBAA n3 Lh l1

_        -             6 6          77666     777666766667           6 76677677677
                                                                                           + + + + +7+6+++          76677
           . ) L-O_          + +
6 7           +++ ++     + + ++++++++++
92497 e91968398492 5                               992e1685651 7 8 59227
                                                                                                                        +++   + + ++
E I              7    1       41392 297255974521 9                                                         3 6 17497 T S A
1 5 6. l. 0 2 2 1 9 9 9 8 6          11775        211981133722 6                        18211911411               1    2 1752 R                                                                      -
                       'l                                                                   '
T                6 6          77667 777685766667
                                                             + ++++++++++ + +7 +76677677666 7
N K U S              1
                                   + +
7        +++++ + 323556165499 78964
                                                                                                    + ++ ++ + + ++7 +6 +6667 479e1424337
                                                                                                                                      +
O A              3    2       49211        887368975825                     8 S 9 59369
           . C         C                                                                          3 9 6.l.8 2 2 1 8 3 8     4    4   44
_ S                    9 6          11652        221989132522                      1   16311911599               1    2 9952
_ I .           .
           .D-
_           Il                                                    -
_    7 6          77666 777776766667 7                               77677777677 7 6 77677
              . N- T.              + +          + ++ ++ + + ++++++++++ +                          + + ++ +++ ++++ + + +++
eL.
l
(     U.
A
                             . 9 8 2 3 88887 94192 781667143499 163218689999 9
1 756e7562443 9 7 79953265533 8                  1 17 48 D                1    8       11988        322111244923                     1    11411111611               1    3   11 E-    V__                            -
E-lLl D
EL 6 6
                                   + +
76667        77766+766667
                                                + + +++ + + +++8++++++                       6 66666666666 6 6 66677
                                                                                               + + + + + + + + ++ ++ + + ++
E
_ NY NW               1 2 4 6       37715 68821        678715.385373 6 2 2 4 8.3 426345 1
8 86953569537 8 68768449629 6 4
1 66 93
_ ER                   6 4          17551        11166        122511              7 86177888376 9 2 85311
           . H         D W     'l
_    6 6          77776 777775766767 7 77577777677                                             7 T
L L_
O.         2
                                   + .+
1
                                                ++++ + +594655196641 56887
                                                              + ++++++++++ + +               4
                                                                                                    + + + + ++ ++ 7+ +6 7667
                                                                                                 +51885422847                      + +
I     O_                                                                                                        9 3729 7 7          96154        715219928514                     1    55743276464               8 6      87 UP_
B-          _    9 7          11111        222113257132                     1    11511111611               2 3      27
                    -             7    7       77767 777776776667 7 76677777767                                             7 E
TS
                    - O
                    . L           9
                                   + +
4
                                                + + +++ 343691654179 87593
                                                             + + ++++++++++ +2 + 93722229958       + + ++ +++ + ++5 +6 7677        + +
AN                   I               8       61194                                                                             6 3039 SO 7                         228892913877                     7    34633354619               2    1   70 NI ET       .
S__        1    1       12141        221223225792                      1   18422211191               1    7   19 PP Il MO       .                      7 7          77656 O
CE K
S         3
                                   + +
1
                                                + ++ 777778776667 98676
                                                        ++ 326984612974
                                                             + + ++++++++++ 7 76677777766  +4 + +6 +6 ++++  66777 +++ + + + +
B15888O8544 G                A          6 3 3    6 83e5 46677 553448482967                             4   11855532215               6 9 OA TR C
1    1       11766 7
O                                          -
111114111282                      2   1551111116b               9 6      99 YT             W     tl
_ TS       - O                    7 7          77787 777776776677                            7    7 6'677777777             7 I
CS
           . N T L         9
                                   + +
9
                                                + + +++ 786621639274 57769
                                                             + + ++++++++++                        + + ++ +++ ++ +5 + 6+7777
                                                                                          + 3 + 61712278824                          ++
AU             T U              4 7 78258
_                                      4        16268       111781675823                      9   04711199293               6 8      62 PO                    A AI CR LV__
I U-           _
2 2           22122 332226223514                            3   28733311211               1    7   11
_     A          B      ll EV                    L         7    7        67666       776776776667                      7
                                                                                                 +66677766766
                                                                                                    + ++ + +6 6+ 66677
_ G         .           L          + +          ++++ + +3e7252423578
                                                               + ++++++++++ + +                                         +++1 + + ++
_ AR                    E         1    2        59567                                         1   89987775435                    S   69
_ CO                    W         1    1        71836       337228128975 6 9 1 3 3 3 3 8 6.e.7 8 3 2 15
_ OF                    Y T                  - R          1    1        91517       119112112351                      1   94311188145               7 4      85
- SS
_     K              -D 'l LC                 -        _   7    7        77776       777776777777
_ AA NR L..
O         3
                                   + +
6        27943
                                                              + ++++++++++ + + 77 +77677777777
                                                 ++ +++ +459991461611                             + ++ ++ 7+++     6 76777
                                                                                                                       + + + +++++
68766698e75 2 9 O
            .           O.        8 89 4        58317       898113274459                      1   81155518514               1    6 7243 IY           _        P_
TT           _              _   1    2        12112       222333321113                      2   11133321211               2 7 25233 II                 .        .
DS DN)            N' AEd            ESD D'                          8)4           62486)8e6446686465)6)868e5e66826)6)6)86468 Et             DK CDE ._        8a6           35746e444449564879e8e25677754499a2e8a39866 HWn             WAE.            5(4           11      6(#41111112121(1(12                             1114441           (1(4(1 TOo ORN E ._
- E Lc(
L DF)               N
_ IOS               W         _
V R                         . 9266965422342813e557568833441456886878887787560 0EA CSL         .
OR.
DA TE 0127801162222022l12002121119122200200e0e0000212 PUL       . UY 0099900098988000e080009688090e08008000000000690 22211222222222222222222222222222222222222222222
-        O    . H OED         . S
_ TH          .
T3      _     E
_ T      8    _     P             BBBBPPPPBBBBBPPPBPPBBBPPPPPBPPPPB8BBPPPPBBPPBPP
_ SR9         _ Y OO1         . T           _
CF(         .
_                                                 12
_                       12                                                      23      1212121
    .                                      Y                    E                 TT12              1   123 1                 E                      A123         YY      E      123        PP                            WW      HHLLSSO A                W                  MB               TT12K                  O       AA           K EEEOO             CCSSEEC21 A                  E TTT            CC      N12EEELEENN                         RSDDDTT           1AAIIIIE E                 N         .        ETPPPEE              KKA        NNNLLLNN123CERRRTT                               EE       TTSND L
T
                              . 12RD             ESEECCYEEOOOEIIAA                                 DEEEOO1MBBEEII ON12 B                             -
CLNNNNSLLII RRTTTCWW                                   EEERAVVVBB              I     IICCOSE A                 N              HH      OAAAUOLLRREIISSSI                           HHEEEES                  HHYRTTRR             HN T                 A             CCEBIIIARAAEENUULLLTEETTNNNTIOOOCCRGNNIIDDCI EE
              . L             TTPMDDDWCSSWWIGGLLLNNNRRDOOSLLLLAARLIIAAAANBRLL
              . P              AAOUNNNEAAAIIACCIIIOIIOOCCCYAAAAEEEIOORRUUAOVAA
              .                    HHHHIIIKLLLLLWWWWWWWNNNNOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPQQRRRSS
              .                    B9                   BB                             AAAA                             AAAABB
                                                                         ]
[

E
_                                                                                        VE 67                                                              9  RV
                                  ++ 6666766
                                       +++++++ 7+ 666+++ 7+ 6677
                                                              ++++ 667
_                7
_         O       +                                         +++                        + ER
           .)        L      5    49 7925968             7     855       8   8634     38S         1  SE
_E        I      4    77 8223329 6 691                       1   6492 964             9  ESE
_T        S                                                                              REV
           .A               2    72 5114172             1     548       1   7912 782             1      RR R      -
E E RES T            7    67 6666766 7 666                       7 6677 667               9  ORE N K           +    ++ +++++++ + +++ +318           + +++ +++                       + COR U S .        6    15     7145779         8               e 8531       6e4         3 L E C
O A          1    81     8211314         9     447       5 6888 C C                                                                   9. S. 8   _1   LLR S            3    74     5115172         2     447       1   6912 762           _    ULO I                                   -
_1   FUC F
D-                                                                                9  E L 7    77     6666766 7 667                   7 6777 777 N             +    ++ +++++++      + +++ + + ++ + +++                              + NEL 8UT.-
1
(
L A
5 6
88 99S6852 89 7548864 4
4 595       3 729 7 6342 994 42S9     628         8 3
ONU Y
OF D            3    13     7117193         2 661           1   9113     113         1  LYE E     V._                                                                            NLN ONO D             -
8     O E     L_     7    67 6666666 7                 666 6 4667 c67 E     L_      +    ++ +++++++      + +++ + + + + 1+ +++                            + H Y THL N     E. 5    81 3692681 6                 125           1582     848         8 W      6    32 2083612             1     157           4415     697         4  ITN N
E Y-R      1    52 4112952             1 e.
435 8 5671 561                     7 WIO W
H W
D-            .
D H EDT
                   -    . 7    67 6666776 7 767 7 7777 777                                     9  NEI
           ._ T              +    ++ +++++++ + +++3 + +++ + +++                                   + INW
_L        L.. 1    76 1185679                   S52 9         1761     344      .8    BI
_I        O.
O. 9    68 6766997 9                 151       4   2936 198             3  MBD OME
           .U
           .B P. .
2    93     8112214         1     171 1   1112     122         1  CON CI E B
                                                                                              ._ 9  REM
                   -        7    77 7776777 7 777 7 7777 767                                  _+
E                  O       +    ++ +++++++ + +++ + +++ + +++                                _8 ARO AC TS                 L      3    19     1425375         3     748       5   6874     8 6'3 AN                 I      5    24     5223999 7 626                   2   2336     148         6  S SO                 S                                                                              ESE NI                    -   2    23     1119111         2     111       3   1123     272         1  IER ET                    .                                                                           RIA OR PP                                                                                             9  T O S' MO                        7    77 7667776             7 667 7 6677 767 O
CE       .
K-S -
                            +
5
                                  ++ +++++++ + +++ + ++ + 2+ +++
99 4995336 9                 645           5737     786         6
                                                                                                  + NTE ENI G    .         A      7    43     8751245         4     834       6 8964       523         3  VER OA                 C                                                                              NVO TR       _                2    13     1991116         2     491 3 8913             112         1  INT O    _       ~    -                                                                              IN YT       _W~                                                677 7         7777 767             9  O PDVE TS       .                7    77 7777777 7 I
CS
           .O
           .N        T L
                            +
3
                                  ++ +++++++ + +++ + ++++ +++8592 86 2853361 5 989 9                              242
                                                                                                 +
4 ANN AI AU           TU           7    93 9336559 9                 139       1   3916     989         2  S PO                 A                                                                              ESO
~ AI CR A
LV.
I U-B.
3    35 2111221         4     911 5         1135 6677 767 244         2 8
IEP TIA IT CIS EV                 L      7    77 6666776 7 666                       7 G        _         L      +     ++ +++++++ +         +++
6
                                                                + + ++
613       S
                                                                            +  +++ 919 8414                 6
                                                                                                  + ACE PAI AR       .         E      7    17     1657229                                                  8  APT RO
           ~         W      3    33     1658111         8    753        1   6244 256 CAI OF                 Y                                                               121         9     CC T        .         R      1    12     9667115         1     469 2 6812 SS       .         D.
:     A K    .
S:P LC                             77 7776777             7    777        7   7777     777         9  RLA MA                 L-O-
7 5
                             +    ++ +++++++ + +++
58 S225376             7
                                                                + ++++
Se5       2
                                                                            +++
2532     e64
                                                                                                 +
4 OAC TN 9     146       2 4656 795               3  CA:
O' R IY TT
                   .P-O      2 3
93 4448526 35     2118331         4     211       5   1135     323         2 ACR E E RRF II DS           l- .                                                                                 OFN ES DN)          N                                                                                    WSA AEd      .ESD-                                                                                    TNR D'       DKE          6))88)8442469)6)664)2)4268)286)                                            AT Et              LD        7aa24a6665435e9a494a5a6174a571a         1(2(2312(1            2(        YR HWn          WAE.         2((12(3111111(6(1                                                       BTK TOo          ORE.                                       .
S Lc(      L     N-                                                                       . DYA E                                                                                           _     EBC DF)             N      _
R IOS             W      _                                                                    _
ADG V R                       9231127789342324817778234575188_                                        HEN OEA             OR_       91132222212211220196221222220e6.
RSL             DA_       90980990899008090089080999980e9 1222222222222222222222222222222 STI CR PUL             UY O        TE_
H                                                                                 LEI4 U
1 OED TH S      _
OeQ TI Ot PoE T3          E                                                                                    CR N T 8             P      _  PPPPPPBPPPPPPPBBPPPPPPBBPPPPPP                                          N       U SR9             Y      _
1                                     OSS OO1             T      _
MLL N CF(       .                                                                 2                     MOO     I
            .                                                 L                                     OOO 1
1 E _
_  123 12 SS 12S AA I
34 R
1A312 E 1              CPP D E
M         EEE112 AA12                 4 NE                E      KW             SSS D A                      _                              O   NL TT           ELORREO                 EEE U A      _  RRR           XX            P TTT L E               N      _  FFFKHHMEEEE1                AAI PP12ECRAAER                       . AAA     C L                         OOOOAAATTII 12HHM                               KUOBBR -                CCC     N B               T      ._ NNNOYYH            CCR      EE NYYEENNF                  CE12 A               N      _  OOORGOEHHUUEYYUUEAEELLA BUURTTLLMRRQQEJKKTTYHETTFKNN            RSS E                     III DDD I
T               A L      .
NNNAQQOUU              MRRSSRORRGG STTTLNOO                          M  NNN     )
a P      . AAAEEEHOOTTUUUUUHRUU00TAAAAOAII O                                       III
(
                            $SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTVVYWWWWWYZZ.T                     AA      AA.       ABE
            .             _ EEE AA                   AABB           EEBB

77777767            6     77     7    7    77 6666 7           66766       77777677          7
                                          + + + +++++ 9+ +91 + +5 + 5++81+ +5391 25723367
                                                                                              + + + +++++ ++ ++++++           +++
6 69888 2159e698                  7 T 5                                          6     22     5    1    51     9785     3   87322                         8 S e                      3 4 8.e.2 8 2 1                                                            3 1 7 8.l.1 7 8 O       1                22211173            8     11     1    3    12     2174     2   86333       11121911          1 C
l L                        77777767            7     77     7    7    77     6677     7   77766       77777777          7 A                        + + + +++++ +              + + + +          + + + + + + 2+ +++++ ++++ ++++ +++
T -                      41158968            5     71     7    6    71     9467         49699       56325484          6 N%                       37293055            3     83     6    4    33     7941     8   90777       54847518          3 E 5 M                        22312283            1     11     1    3    22     8711     2   11366       11231121          1 E
R       l C                        77777767            7 77         7    7 77 7777 7              67777 77777777 777 N
I
                               -          + + + +++++ +9 + 57+ + + ++ +17 + + + + +++++ + + ++++++ +++
69S42274
                               -                                           0    2           2886     8   99888       22760019          8
                         %0 ._            8 3 4 6 0 0 8.T 9 54 8    7    54     5233     1   53811       44881153          3 12334463             1    21     1    3 32 5523            3   91311       11132221          1 Y                        .          77777777            7 77         7    7 77        6676     7   77766 77777777                7 T                        .           ++++++++ + + 7+ +89 + +3 + 3+ +98 + + + +++++ +39511             ++ +++++ +++
OI                            -
34993188                                          1496     6               89075426          4 TCT                    %                07648545             8    35     5    2    24     4144     8   43322       61086349          1 A (P       H 0 NPU            D        1               43411126             1    24      4   7    25     1117     3   21677       2235113S          2 OAO            I ICC            S       l S      S       R                        77777778             7    77     7    8    77     6677     7   77777       77777777          7 REI            E                         ++++++++ + + + + + ++1 + + + + + +++++ + +++++++ +++
EGD            V                        82788381             6    29          7    18     9526     9   46877       27359707          3 VA             N%                       77087391             1    86      6   1    02     3399     1   22733       59954685          8 NRS            O        5 OOU            C-                       55734431             4    46      6   1    58     8732     6   43922       43483355          3 CTO SI         R        1 R R            E                -       77888878             8    88      8   8    88     7788     8   77877       77787787          7 ELA            T                         ++++++++ + + 1+ + + + 7 + +5 + 13+ + 6325         + +++++ + ++ +++++ +++
TAV            F                        83500095                  09                               0   58666       82605628          7 FN             A %                      08225553             0    10      0   3    34     4223     1   94788       17889514          2 AOR                      0 IO            =                    99111162             1    11      1   2    11     5511     1   78188       87817718          7 DTF                  -
NI ADS               G DK           N                     55555546             6    55      5   6    55     5555     6   55555       55565555          5 EAC               I                      ++++++++ + + + + + + + + + + + + +++++ ++ ++++++ ++++
R       A         K                     24174463             2 29         2   7    36     2466     2   04899       22083309          2 ORR         . C                     45248356             3    05      5   0    11     4997     1   93488       11301131          3 FO        )       A EFYS              R                     55667761             1    97      7   1    77     6568     1   43533       66516673          2 B TR              E                _
TIA          R                _
ESSL CONL                                    77766677             7    77      7   7     67 0666 7          76766       77776677          7 ACEO                                     + + ++++++ + + + + + + + + + + + + +++++ ++++ ++++ +++
P       DD                              74852571             3    96 6        4     84    0033     1   91222       24199612          0 SL-                      %              73837575             1    14      0   2     54    0078 6       54033       41321871          1 AW3        N         0 ETO8            O1                      11156513             1    13      3   4     83 0073        1   17344       11126412          1 CNL9          k -
AE        1     S-       l       -
0MF(            R -                     77777777             7    77      7   7     77    0077     7   77777       77777777          7 0 EON           E-                  _
                                           + + ++++++ + + + + + + + + + + + + +++++ + + ++++++ +++
TR O            V                       97205281             4    48      2   8     14    0097     8   50733       33546996          9 SCEI            N%                       40905316            9 04         0   3     70    0058     4   22077       66928567          4 NST        O         5 _
LIUP            C -                      33322237            2     35     5 8       26    0021 3       32611       32251133          2 A        O         -
NDE            E        l ONHE           R                       77778878             7     776708           78    0078 7       77877077757777078700 IATG            O                        + + ++++++ + + + + +++ + + + + + + +                           ++++++++++++++(               +
T         A     F                       70801119             7     860009           39    0033     2   44722026431654013200 ISRR            E %                                          2 540009               61    0090     9   00377083049470092800 DKOO           B         0              2 5.e.4 1 1 9 9 DCFT                                     77981151             8    890901           91    0091     7   77177066715587051600 AA S                            .
RE E TL           N D _
HYAO           ESE _
TTSO           DKD                      068688e2)4)66                    6    4)82)4448)6)22055                   6662660004644 INP           CE                    233466d5a8a57                    7    6a69a4449a5a37288                   1155336946360 0SE             WAE                      111111         2(6(43            3    2(11(1131(2(2                1      3325113         2 0NP -          ORN FEM            L DOS T CE              E                     PPPPPPBPPBB0BPBPPPPPPPPBPPPPBPPPPBBBBBPPBPCP8 PPB SW T              P OOOA              Y CLTR              T                          12                                                              12 123                                                         2 12YY                                          12       12       31NN N
     .                                          EE12            YYY                                             OO       DI
_  2                                       RRLL            12RRR1           2            FF       KK       REYY          LW      KUN A                 E                     AALLEE1              RRR                   1LL         PP     NVSNN           OR      COI
_                    M                     EEAATT DDEEEK K                               CC121           TRSAA123NE              IHA
_  E                 A                  -
LLVVNNKDDFFFC C                            Y           EE     S ECC           RF12RLR UN1
_  L                 N              .      CC        OOCDD              I   I    12ATTAANHH                 LB     NNNA          TAV B                                 . UURRFFOWWSSSW W                            WRRBBOCC12RA OOEEE OYYAC C                 T               . NNEEEERDDNNNS                    S    NNAEEWWTNN              ETSLLDDDECEEP               TAD VVLL IIWWWN                  N OOLVVAANAAKKPSIBBSSSNILLZTSNNDR T                 N               .
N
_                    A               . KKAALLGAAOOOU RREEEEIRRRRRR R U  RRLLLTTIWMOOOYVAAEEEARRRTR YYAAAAALOOOOORAIIRRRUNAAIOTIRAA
_                    L                .
_                    P                .
AABBBBBBBBBBB B BBCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDEFFFFFCCHH BBAA
                                       .                   AABB                  AA BB
_                                                                                    S
_                                                                                    [

jJ1                                                                                                                                lIiiji1llI llI     iI                         1]llll)IliI)il!I                              1!ljiilij]j1Il)i1)1)1li
~
i
                          -     -              6 6          77776
                                                             +++++777775766767
                                                                       + + ++++++++++          7 77577777677                7 6 76677
                                                                                                                  + +++++++++++           + + + + +++
                          -     -                + +                                                                    51885422847 7 9 37299
                          -     -              2      1     56887 5946551S8641 4                                        55743276464 8 6 87461 T%                         7 7          96154 715216926514                                      1 S8                                                                                                  11511111611 2 3 27722 O       1                  9 7          11111       222113257132                                1 C
l -
L           -              7 7
                                                 + +
77775
                                                            +++++777776777767
                                                                       + + ++++++++++                7 77577777777           7 6 76777
                                                                                                                + 1+++++++++++          + + + + +++
A           -
T           -              6 9          454e8 66777e246746                                          53666569989 7 6 68888 N       5.                 4      4     93457 965893221691 5 65732198255 1 7 61399 E       5=
M                         1       1     12112 222211311163                                      1   11622221111 2 5 27132 E
                .R          l C                         7 7           77776 777776777777 7 77677777777 7 6 76777 N-3 6
                                                 + +        +++++ + + ++++++++++ + +++++++++++
27943 459991461e11 7 98766698075                                2 9 8S539
                                                                                                                                          + + + + + ++
I -                                                                                                 81155518514              1         6 72434 5                 8       4     58317       896113274459                                1 e                 1       2     12112 222333321113 2 11133321211 2 7 25233 Y                     -             7 7           77777 777777767767 7 77777777777 7 6 77777 T                     -                + +        +++++ + + ++++++++++ + +++++++++++
31292 245143489338 8 64155722338 8 5 8151e
                                                                                                                                          + + + + +++
OI                       -             3 e TCT                  M                 1       4     54596 262884594298 9 75129821163 4 8 68344 AN        N       B NPU          OI                        2       1     42246 544214461364 5 43422133143 4 8 24143 OAO          I-ICC          S-l S S      .R-                           7 7           77778 777777777777 7 77777777777 7 7 77777 REI          E-                           + +
6
                                                            +++++ + + ++++++++++ + +++++++++++
19868 38l1469671e8 9 0613872538
                                                                                                                                             + 4 + 9+23529          + +++
EGD          V-                        4 1         57691 VA NRS N5 O5 2 8 75558 2 2. e. 5 3 4 8 4 9 9 4 2 9 11997428372 4 OOU          C-                        4 3           54451 876446622427 8 75644455355 6 2 45366 CTO                -
SI        R-l R R          E-                        7 8           77778
                                                            +++++887888877779
                                                                       + + ++++++++++                     6 87788877877        8 7 77888+ + + + +++
                                                                                                                   +1 +++++++++++
ELA          T-                           + +                                                                    25599943488 2 8 88573 TAV      ._ F -                         9      1     34155 3617e5889500                                          29822218196 6 6 18123 FN           A5                        9 2          78391 873129125945 5 AOR      -           e                                                                                           17911198198             1       5 88111 IO)             -                   8       1    89972 119111196791                                       1 DTFd NI       ._ G-A D S 't _
DKn . N                             6 5
                                                 + +
55546
                                                            +++++ 555555555555
                                                                       +335225359611
                                                                          + ++++++++++                     5 55555555555
                                                                                                                   +1 +++++++++++  5 5 55555+ +1 +1 +98115           ++ +
EACo .            I 17487                                                       21844423374 R Ac              K                    4       2 ORR(              C A
1      2     67862 972446148879 8 41777797996 3 2 19814 FO     )
EFYS      -       R                    1       9     66261 8S5664674358 8 55266690833 4 9 64777 B TR     . E TIA            R      .
ESSL CONL               -                   7 6
                                                 + +
76777
                                                            + ++++777667766767
                                                                         + + ++++++++++                    7 77766677677
                                                                                                                      + 698681998347 6 67677
                                                                                                                         +++++++++++          + + + + +++
ACED               -                                                                                                             6 8 27598 P DD               -                    8 9          44729 647184921566                                      4 5                  2      1     11356 597144659737 8 29936955649 4 9 12872 SLW3 A
ETO8 N
O e_
1 -              1       7     28126 211874126141 4                                        32487611521 2 6 73611 GNL9         I           -
      .AE     1     S       l -
RMF(         R                          7 7
                                                 + +
77778
                                                            ++++ 777777777777
                                                                      + 629637435761
                                                                         + + ++++++++++                    7 77777777777           7 7 77777 + + +++++
                                                                                                                       + +++++++++++
OEON         E                                                                                                                                   9 26516 TR O         V           -              6 9          31779                                           7 e8741955346 56965322126 3 7 99393 1
SCEI         N        5-                9 4          83189 374543628272 4 NST     _O         5-32341 543226311314 7 53522233243 4                                                          1          15233 LIUP       _C                           2 2 A      O                    _
NDE          E       l ONHE         R                          7+ 7e677778
                                                      ++++++++887778777778
                                                                        + * ++++++++++                       8 87777777777
                                                                                                                      + +++++++++++    7 7 77777  + + +++++
IATG        _O 6e874529 517562393952                                         1   42668844657 8 8 6eee5 T      A     F                          7 ISRR DKOO
_E
                  .B 9
_           2      7.S.9 2.e.9 8 1 342586652591 3                                    e.8 7 3 3 3. e. 9 9 9 2 9 9 4 4. l.4 8 DCFT
_           7 9ee77762 117881865671                                              1   16999977877 8 5 58999 AA S                        _
RE E TL         N D HYAO         ESE TTSO        _DKD  CE 8)4 8a6 62486)886446686465)s)e68eee68826)8)e)864e8 35746a444449564879aea25677754499a2a8a39866 INP                                                       6(441111112121(l(12                                       1114441         (1(4(1                   311 RSE        _WAE                         6(4          11 ONP-       .ORN FEW          L DOS TWCE S      T E
P BBBBPPPPBBBB8PPPBPPBBBPPPPPBPPPPBBBBPPPP8BPPBPP OOOA              Y CLTR              T                                                                                 12
                                 .                                  12                                                              23      1212121 Y                   E                              TT12           1   123 A123        YY      E    123 PP                                             WW      HHLLSSO 2
E                            KB            TT12K                                O     AA         M EEEOO           CCSSEEC21 A                                                                    N12EEELEENN                                   RSDDDTT         1AAIIIIE W                            E TTT ETPPPEE CC KKA      NNNLLLNN123CERRRTT                                         EE          TTSND E                 A       .                                                                                          DEEEOO1MBBEEII             ON12 L          .-     N         _           12RD             ESEECCYEEOOOEIIAA                                   EEERAVVVBB                  IICCOSE B                           _                  CLNNNNSLLII RRTTTCWW                                     HHEEEES I
HHYRTTRR                       HNBMM HH OAAAUOLLRREIISSSI A
T T
N A
CCEBIIIARAAEENUULLLTEETTNhNTIDOOCCRGNNIIDDCI TTPMDDDWCSSWWIQCLLLNNNRRDDDSLLLLAARLIIAAAANBRLL                                                                          EE L
P       -
AAOUNNNEAAAIIACCIIIOIIOOCCCYAAAAEEEIOORRUUAOVAA HHHHIIIKLLLLLMWWWWMWNNNNOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPQQRRRSS
                                 .                                                                             AAAA                         AAAABB
                                 .             BB                   BB nh tc l1llil

                                                 !!                                       I'                                                 l l il         lli            il   jlllllj]ll                 lII)!lll E
VE RV ER SE ESE REV RR E E
                                 -        7                                                                                RES 67 6666776 7 767 7 7777 777                                             9   ORE
                                           +    + + ++ +++++ + ++ + + ++++ +++                                        . +  COR 1    70 1185679 3                 952 0            l761 344                  8       C T       %             9    68 8766667 9 S
O 0
1 -           2    93     8112214 151         4 E.836 168                 3   L E LLR C
1     171         1    1112              122    . 1  ULO l                                                                                              FUC L
7                                                                                    F A
77 7666776 7 777 7 7T77 777                                             9   E L T-
                                 .        5
                                           +    + + 2435638 78
                                                      +++ ++++ + 4+++       854
                                                                                + ++ ++ +++                             +  NEL 8 7853 620                     6   ONU N5                    2    74     4976796 8 715                     6 4428 631                     8       OF E       5                                                                                              Y M                     3    14     1444219 2             111         2 1123 223                     1   LYE E                                                                                                      NLN R       l ONO C                     7    77 7776777 7 777 7 7777 777                                             9       O N                      +    + + ++++ +++ + + ++ + ++++ +++                                          +  H Y I                     5    08   8225376   7 005 2 2532 864                                         4   THL
                            %             2    03     4448526 6             146         2 4656 796                     3   ITN 0                                                                                              WIO 3    35     2118331 4             211 5            1135 323                  2       W D H Y                             7    77 7667776 7 777 7 7777 777                                                 EDT 9   NEI OI T
6
                                           +    + + ++ +++++ + +++ + ++++
89 1325106 6 9B4
                                                                                                  +++                   +  INW TCT                 %             9 4    9961 507                  4   BI 68 5316269 8 549 3                            4803 619                  8   WBD AN      N       0                                                                                              OME NPU         O        1            4    16 1224316 3                 111         2 2224 134                     2   CON OAO         I                                                                                                          CI ICC         S       l          .
E B S S         R-                    7    78 7777777 7 777 7 7777 777                                            _9   REW REI         E                      +    + + 5048141
                                                       ++ +++++ +9 +++              + ++++ +++                           + ARO
_       EGD         V                     5    59                           516         2 8084 083                     1       AC
_       VA          N       %.            8    29 9217990 8 226 6 4865 152                                              9  S
_       NRS         O        5-                                                                                            ESE OOU         C                  _  6     41    3116532 7 333 6 4548 447                                         5   IER CTO                            _
RIA SI      R l .                                                                                                  OR M R         E-                    7    88 8778887 8 777 8 7888 878                                              9  TOS LLA         T-  -
                                           +    + + 322e244
                                                      + ++++++ + +++          + ++++         +++                         + NTE iAV        F                     2    19                      8    407         4    6975 645                  8   ENI rN         A                     9 AOR IO) 0                 49 2 8 8.l.3 1 1        8
: e. 5 2 8 8320 281                          7   VER NVO 9    12     1661116          1    777         1    8112              171      8  INT
_       DTFd                     .                                                                                      1      IN NI                                                                                                                 D E A D S't        G                _
NDV DKn        N                _ 5    56 5555555 6 555 6 5556 555                                             7   ANN EACo           I                   +    + + ++++     +++ + +++       + ++++1 +++                                 +     AI R Ac           K                  6    46     8162553          1    479              3966 764                   6  S ORR(           C          -       5    76 3545280 3 533                         1    5390 785                  5   ESD FO      )      A                                                                                                   IEN EFYS           R                  9    51     7555567          1    646         1    5661 619                  6   TIA B TR           E                                                                                                   IT TIA        R                                                                                                   CIS
_       ESSL                                                                                                               ACE CONL                              7    67 6667766 7 666 7 7767 677                                             9   PAI ACEO                               +    + + ++++ +++ + + ++ + ++++ +++                                          +  APT P DD                              8    50     9764047 6 345                     5    4810              883     2   CAI SL-                  %            0    82 7194288 0 568 9 3860 802                                             5       CC AW3     N         8                                                                                             : A ETO8        O        1 -          2    63 7114152 2 578                         1    1171              512     1   S :P
.       GNL9      k                                                                                                        RLA
_       AE      1   S        l    -
OAC RWF(        R                     7    77 7667777 7 777 7 7777 777                                             9   TN OEON        E                      +    + + +++++++ + +++ + ++++ +++                                             + CA:
_       TR O        V                     0    45     0157081 8 209 7 7602 183                                         7   ACR N
SCEI                 %            7    55                      1    611         4 0458                 122     2   E E NST     O-       5                        6 6 2 3 2.e.1                                                        RRF LIUP        C                     3    26 2776321 5 122 3 3424 224                                             3       ES A       O                                                                                                          OFN
_       NDE         E-       l      -
WSA
_       ONHE        R                     7    88 8778777 8 777 8 7878 777                                            . 9  TNR IATG T       A O
F                     7
                                           +    + + ++++++ + + +++ + ++++ +++                                            +     AT 16     0662485 9 048                     3    0300 005                   1  YR ISRR        E        %            7    15     0440715 4             016         3 5225 405                     5   BTK DKOO        B         0                                                                                                         S DCFT                              6    11     1551984           1   565         1    7191 858                  8   DYA AA S                                                                                                               EBC RE                                                                                                             R E TL        N D                                                                                                    ADG                    _
KYAO        ESE                                                                                                    HEN TTSO INP DKD CE 0))80)8442469)6)664)2)4260)266) 7aa24 a6005435a9a494a5a6174a571 a STI CR                 _
RSE         WAE                   2((12(3111111(6(1                         1(2(2312(1                     2(      LEI            1       _
ONP-FEM ORN L
ONU                    _
ONQ T DOS                                                                                                            POE I T CE           E              -   PPPPPPBPPPPPPPBBPPFPPPBBPPPPPPP                                                      CR N SW T           P              -                                                                                    N              U OOOA           Y              -                                     1                                              OSS CLTR           T              .                                                                                    WLL N
_                                                                           L                  2                           WOO I 12              12S                                      1         OOO 123                               I                  R               1           CPP D 2                                               SS             AA           34       1A312 E                                      E A              E                  EEE112 AA12                  NME                     E               KW          SSS D M                  RRR           XX              NML TT               ELDRREO                       EEE U E              A                  FFFKHHWEEEE1                  AAI PPI2ECRAAER                                    TTT L L              N                  OOOOAAATTII 12HHW                                  KUOBBR-                       AAA C B                                 NNNOYYH           CCR        EE NYYEENNF                             CE12        CCC N A              T                  OODROOEHHUUEYYUUEAEELLA RSS E                                                L   III            I       _
T              N                       BUURTTLLWRRQQEJKKTTYHETTFKNN A   OOO                    _
_                      A                  NNNAQQOUU             WRRSSRORRGG STTTLNOD                                   T   PPP            )       _
L                  AAAEEEHO0TTUUUUUHRUU00TAAAAOAII                                              O   III             a P                  SSSSSSSS3SSSSSSSTTTTVVYWWWWWYZZ                                              T                  (       -
EEE AA                  AABB              EE8B               AA          AA      ABE                    -
n4                                                                   _
t~                                                                   .
ll f!

7 76766 77776677 777
          .                                 ++++++++ + 3++ 96+6 + + 74 +6784+6e66 77766677 7 77 7 74852571
                                                                                          + 6e33
                                                                                              + + + 1 + 91222++++ + 24199612
                                                                                                                       + ++++++ + s2      +
6   54833      41321871          19 X
e 73837575           1    14     6 2      54 9.s.78 1         11156513           1    13     3   4    83 6e73             1   17344      11126412          11 l
7 77 8e77                7   77777 77777777 777 77777777 7
                                             + +++++++       +4 + 77 + 7 +2 + 8 + 14 46
                                                                                    + + 0e97 + + + 8+ +         ++++ ++
58733
                                                                                                                            ++++++ + 91+
33548996 97265281                                                                                     45
                                  %         469 65316          9    84     9   3    79                  4   22877 66928567 5                                                         0. e. 5 8 33322237 2 35                  5   8 26 0          e21 3 32611             32251133          24 L
A     l T                77778878e7677876887888                             e7887677877977787777079760      ++++++++++
O                +++     ++++   +++++++++++++++                     +++++++++++++++
T                708    0111967666686903900e3302044722e26431654013200 e         2 5 0 4 1 1 9 9 0 2 8 5 4 0 0 9,9.e.6 1 0 0.e.9 0 0 9 0 6 9 3 7 7.e. 8 3 0 4 9 4 7 0 0 9 7798115188989S901091s8e9107077177666715587851300 66666667 6 67 6                    7    67 ee66 6 66666 66666566 6660
                                             + +++++++ +3 + 64+ + 0 + 4+ +67 + ee56 78932753
                                                                                            + + + +4 +81266   ++++ + 39080376
                                                                                                                         + ++++++ + 58+
N                                                                                                       88911      33231691          99 O     .                       %         45559619           9           0   2    58      e. s. 3 0 0 I     .                       0                                 3. e.
T                             1         43512131 2              31     9   1    21      Se21 4          31811      32371645 1630 P
O                            l 66766 66676677 6760
                                            ++++++++ + + + + + 78 ++              77 8e76 76766667 6 77 7                                             7 L
75099817 4 7e 9                         34
                                                                                        + + 6e24
                                                                                                ++ +4 + 14422 ++++ ++      ++++++
29245760   2840 + +
O                                                                                                   0   54377      43627331          98 O                             %         87517848           2           8   3    64 P                      W      5                                 6. l.                   0. e. e. 4 19179863 9              12     1   3    12      8e16        1   96255 86823211 5180
      -            T $
Y                                 l 8 77 8e77 7 77777 77777677 7778 TN                 S O                      77777778 7 77 7 IO                                           + +++++++ +6 + 24+ + 8 + 3+ +32 + +
25357763                                        0e13
                                                                                                + + +6 99277
                                                                                                           + ++++ + 71950749
                                                                                                                         + ++++++ + 69+
I      .0                                                                      73                  8   44611      28433014          37 C.
*, T        -
                                  %         79584431           1    87     3   1
: 0. e.14 PA                 C              6                                                                                    21281942          16 AR                                          22435511 3 34                  4   1    46 0e54 2 22733 CU G                                                                                      8e66        7 76766        76676677          67 7    67 EI GF          .
                        -                   76766677
                                             ++e+++      + + 66+6732 7
                                                                    ++    +6 + 0+ 27+ + ee87 + + + 1+ +06366   ++++ +91169016
                                                                                                                         + ++++++ + 11+
AN                                          21228858                                                                   98950226 8320 RO                                %         39387844           3    54     1   0 83                     2   26111 OC                                 8                                                        6. e. 7 7 T           -                      1 _      19134312           8    82 2       3 62 8e52                1   15233      19915411          91 SK           -             N              -
C       -
O      l .                                                                                  77777777          77 L                          I                77777777           7    77     7   7    77      6e77        7   77777 EM                         T                 + +++++++ +2 ++78 + 3+ +0 +88+ +0e73 29287344
                                                                                               + + +4 + 06366 ++++ + 99908536
                                                                                                                        + ++++++ + 93+
U                          C 0 66                     4   35711      19004336 FY                         U%               49425455           8    93     1
: 6. e. 5 2                                    9 T                     R       5 2   21311      21231122          12 TI                         T                22211124           2    13     3   5    13      9e11 NS                         S EN                         N       l 77777      77777777          77 PE
$D
             -             O C
                                             + +++++++ +7 +77 77777777 55558056           1    42
                                                                                           +0077
                                                                      + +72+ +76 77+e9+ 0e24         + +7 ++++ + + 56535515
                                                                                             + 6+ 55055                 ++++++ + + 56+
77     6 5      95                  0   55755      55595565          54 LH                                 %        55556655           1
: e. e. 8 8 AG                             - 6 4   8    45      0e45 5          44644      44454444          45 NI               -       -     -            44445548           5    44 OH                             -        -
I TT)                      .    )         .
INS                   SE         . .                                                                    8 66766 66646666 6260 DER             -    NMN               -   66663362 9              77     6 2 72           0e74                                         56 DRA            -
OIO                   55556657           5    55     5   7    56            56 5      55655      55565555 ARL                  CTW(
UL RCO O      D                          D.                          2    16     1   4    52      5665        8   75511      80976874          68 FE                RNL           .E         69699156                                        2201        9   90911      90990099 0992 H3           AE RD                    9990e199 0 09 90                   9 69 TT8               E H 'D O E                99900099               09 9       9 69 0000                9   90900 90990099 0990          21 S      9          YWDTE                     11122211          2    21     1   1    21      2222        1   12122      12112211 ON1                        ASH CI(
E        - )
0
                     .CDWS A EE                   75386057)6)11                 1 s
7)93)0027)1)82e77053858063 2a21 e             76a4 a33911          19959441 92 19 2                  O R 'Q S I               7655e092a2e40 358899                        1    6(12(             50(2(K4455           9693E124          23 A                 DOESL                                   6(2(41 22     2    3   12            22    1   I    2     1      5     2 ATRAB(                             11   3    3 E                    S                   =
L B                    N                                                     8   4644656700998675548605225876276 A                    W                      8266881674470                      2221122233000112280012111000202 T                    OR                     0112230221111                  1 DA TE 00000008695e0 2222222222222 2 0 00000004060006009900000000006e0 2222222222222222212222222222222 UY H                                                                                            12 S                          12                                                                           2 123                                            31NN 12YY                                       12           12 EE12           YYY                                                OO       DI        N RRLL          12RRR1           2           FF           KK        REYY         LW      KUN E                AALLEE1            RRR                 1LL              PP     NVSNN           OR      COI W                EEAATT DDEEEK K                            CC121               TRSAA123NE              IHA A                LLVVNNKGOFFFC C                        Y                EE     S ECC           RF12RLR 12ATTAANHH                     LB     NNNA          TAV N                CC       OOCOO            I   I
                 .                           UURRFFOWWSSSW W                        WRRBBOCC12RAETSLLDDDECEEP OOEEE OYYACTADAI NNEEEERDDNNNS S                    NNAEEWWTNN
                 -          T N                    VVLL IIWWWN                N   OOLVVAANAAKKPSIBBSSSNILLZTSNNDR                          N KKAALLGAA0OOU                 U  RRLLLTTIWWOOOYVAAEEEARRRTR A
L                RREEEEIRR1RRR R                    YYAAAAALOOOOORAIIRRRUNAAIOTIRAA P                AASBBBBBBEBBB B BBCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDEFFFFFC AA0B                 AA BB                BBAA n0 t0

           .                       -           .       7 6          76777       777667766767                7     77766677677 8
                                                        + +
9
                                                                     +++++
44720
                                                                               ++++++++++++
647184921066
                                                                                                                    + + + + + + + 76+ +86 +26
                                                                                                    + + +4 +69860199834
           .                              %    ._      2    1       11356       597144659737                 8    20036955649              4   0   1
           .                          - 0
                                   =1                  1    7       28126       211874126141                 4    32487611521              2 6     7
                                   -l          .
7 7          77778       777777777777                7     77777777777              7
                                                        + +
6 9
                                                                     +++++ ++++++++++++
31779       629037435761
                                                                                                                    + + + + + + + +1 +70 + 7
                                                                                                   + + +7 + 08741955346
                                          %            9                                                                                           2 4      83100       374543628272                 4    56965322126              3   7   9 5
2     2      32341       643226311314                7     53522233243              4   1   1 L
A         l T                      70700777780887778777778080877777777770707077777 O-                      + ++++ ++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++ +++++++++++
T                      706007 452905175623939 t2010426688446570800060005
                                          %            20700209810342580652291030087333009920000044148
           .                               0 70900777620117881865671010169999778770806058999
             -                     -                   6 6          66667 666867655666
                                                                                                          + 71+ 78766666666
                                                                                                                     + + + '6 .8452 5
N
                                   -                   0
                                                        + +
5
                                                                     + + + ++587954922808 19517
                                                                                  + + ++++++++++                 +18585"          + + + +7 + 3+ +5 O                                                9            49799                                                                          1 1                  334214886722                 5    08242088669 I
T 0
2 2          51351 7   8   7 1 -                                  864221457315                 1    14122233164              6   4   9 P                                           -
O                                   l 6 6          76777       777667766667                 7    77766666677              7   6 L
O                                                8
                                                        + +
8
                                                                     + + +++ 617223422401 76833
                                                                                 + + ++++++++++ + +6 + 32060511242  + + + + + + + + 7+ +          +6 O
4   8
                                   - %                 8     4      17015       310886322506                 0    20495055741              4   4   8 P                         M5
                                    -                  7     9      16114       221882132861                 3    21299999711              1   1   2
       -                T S -
Y                                       l TN                    S O                            7     7      77778       777777776777                 7    77777777777              7   6   6 IO                                                    + +          + + +++ 122195840401
                                                                                 + + ++++++++++ + +4 + 17189999402  + + + + + + + + 6+ +          +
CI                    0                              9     0      29079                                                                      3   7 AT                                -      %.          2     8      74422       177804008045                 1    62255544147              4   6   0
_ PA                    C                   0
_ AR                                -
2     4       22321      882345426235                 7    52544422432              3   4   9 CU G        -
* _ EI           .                    -
6 e          76677 777667766767                       7    77766677677              7   6 676 GF           .                                        + +          + + +++ 202230065263
                                                                                 + + ++++++++++          + +3 + + + + + + + + + + +               +
AN           .                                       6     4       05133                                        50385600465              8   0   5 RO                                       5           8     0       61996      733830291312                 3    26883822074              7   6   1 OC                                        0 T                         -               1          9 5          16914       111553116131                 3    21255411411              1   5   6 SX                        -
N C                         O          [
LA           ._               I                      7 7           77777       777777767777                7    77777777777              7   7   7 ER U
               .                T C                      7
                                                        + +          + + +++
63941
                                                                                + + ++++++++++         + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + ++
4                   012254003260                     76746000604              4   6   3 FY               _            U%                     1     5       66094       064657316416                4    26565433385              8   5   6 T        -
R           5 TI                            T                      2     1       21226       322113291212                4    32311122122              2   1   1 NS                            S EN                            N          l
_ PE)                           O                      7     7       77777       777777777777                7    77777777777              7   7   7 SDd                           C                        + +          + + + + + + ++ +++++++++ + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + ++
8    6       55552       925472555557                     35589955255              2   5   5 L
ACn H 't                                  %          9     9       55550       345777555556                9    85577755855              6   5   5 0
NIo                                                   4    4       44449       554444444445                5    44444444444              4   4   4 OHc (
I TT)                         .    )
INS                _     SE .
DER                      NMN                          8    8       66666       116777666663                 4   76677766766              6   6   6 DRA                      OIO                          5    5       55557       665555555556                 6   55555555555              5   5   5
_ ARL                      CTW
_     UL                           (
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O D                                              .
FE H3 RNL AE' RD
                                        . D.
E.          0 0
7 -
0 44920 90999 586567764629 999008910919 9
8 14856777935 99601099099 3
9 5
0 4
0 TT8                                              . 0     0      90999       999009900909                 9   99900099099              9   0   0 EHDOE.
S 9                                                   2    2       12111       111221122121                 1   11122211211              1   2   2 ON1 CI(
YWDTE. ASN
_                          E            - )
    .                     .GDWS A EE                         4)00036954)662590315416)2)12571129829)2)3)68273 a                    D R 'Q S I                      7a2          93702a933688245876e0e21312218414 e4 e0e26506 2                     DOESL                           8(8          45528(026994853898(1(09811185558(1(5(26401 A                     ATRAB -                         2     2              9   44         2         11      2   1      1111121           1 S       (                 -
E L                        N                       .
B                        W                       . 92660654223498130557568033441456836878887787560 A                        OR                           01278011022220221120021211101222002000000000212 T                        DA                           00099000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 TE                           22211222222222222222222222222222222222222222222
_                          UY H                        .
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_                                                                                                  12
_                     _                                                      12                                                 23     1212121
_                                                               Y                    E             TT12              1   123 YY                                                WW      HHLLSSO
_                                                               A123                 E      123    PP E                            KB             TT12K               O       AA          K EEEOO           CCSSEEC21
_                                W                            E TTT          CC       N12EEELEENN                    RSDDDTT         1AAIIIIE A                            ETPPPEE            KKA        NNNLLLNN123CERRRTT                         EE      TTSN
                   .                                                      ESEECCYEEOOOEIIAA                            DEEEOO1WBBEEII ON12
_                                N                      12RD
_                    .                                        CLNNNNSLLII RRTTTCWW                            EEERAVVVBB             I     IICCOSE
_                    .           T                      HH      OAAAUOLLRREIISSSI                        HHEEEES                HHYRTTRR           H N                      CCEBIIIARAAEENUULLLTEETTNNNTIOOOCCRGNNIIDDCI EE
_                                A                      TTPWDDDWCSSWWIGCLLLNNNRROOOSLLLLAARLIIAAAANBRLL
_                    .           L                      AAOUNNNEAAAIIACCIIIOIIOOCCCYAAAAEEEIOORRUUAOVAA
_                    .           P                       HHHHIIIKLLLLLMWWWWWWNNNNOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPQQRRRSS
                     .                                   BB                  8B                          AAAA                          AAAA8B
_                                                                                             3 E

    - i E
VE
                      -       -         -    7         67    6667766' 7 666                     7' 7767 677                  9   RV
                      -       -         - +             + + +++++++ + +++ + ++++ +++                                          +  ER
  ,_                  -       -         -    8         50    9764047 8                345       5 4816            883        2   SE
                      -                 8         82 7184288 8 568                         e. 3868 892 5   ESE 8-                                                                                             REV
                      -           1          2         63    7114152            2 578           1   1171          512        1      RR E E
                      -                                                                                                          RES l                      -
                      -                      7         77 7667777               7 777 7             7777 777                 9   ORE
                                              +        + + +++++++ + +++ + ++++ + + +                                         +  COR
                      -      -               8         45    8157081 8 2e9                      7   7602          183        7      C
                      -       - 5            7         55    6623291            1
: 6. l.1 4      9458 122                 2   L E
                      -      - 5                                                                                                 LLR
                             -               3         26 2776321 5                   122 3 3424     224                     J   ULO L                                                                                                      FUC A-]
F T-        .
7ee0868778777e8e77788e7878e7778 9                                                   E L O-                  +* ++ +++++++++++++++                            ++++++++++++ +                    NEL
                      - T-                   7ee16ee662485e9e64893903eee086e                                                 1   ONU
                      -      - N                                                                                             5      OF
                      -      - O             7. s. s.15.s.s.4 4.e.7 1 5.S.4. s.8 1 69 3 9 5 2 2 5.s.4 8 5. S.                    Y
                             -               68S11s1551984s1S56581s7191e858s 8                                                   LYE NLN ONO
                             -               6      .66      6557669 6 566 6 6666 656                                        8      O
                      -        -              +        + + +++++++ + +++ + ++++ + + +                                         +  H Y N                    -             2       59      7944648            9 998 6             0432 868                 8   THL O           -          N           9       15      3544638 8                344       8
: 5. e. 2 3 659            1   ITN I                      e                                                                                     3 WIO T         -            1           2       29      2111310            5     411       3   3625          185        4      W P         -                 -                                                                                          D H O         -
l -                                                                                             EDT 6       77 7667768                 7 666 7 6767 667                             9   NEI L                                   +        + + +++++++ + +++ + ++++ ++ +                                          +  INW O                                  8       43      2493758 5                718       2 5859 538                   3   BI O                      5           7         86 9196228 9 378                         3   7828 693                 1   MBD P               M      5                                                                                               OME
                    -                        5       12      111217s            1     143       1   9191          711        1   CON
           -    T 8                                             -
CI Y                          l                                                                                               E B TN        S O                          7       77      7667778 7 677 7 7777 767                                        9   REM IO                                      +        + + +++++++ + +++ + ++++ + + +                                         +  ARO CI        0            -               5       35      5775588            7     393       5   5681          633        8      AC AT                     - 5             1       95      1894168            4     551       6 9939            854        7   S PA        C                -
ESE AR                              -      1         68 599553S 7                   411       6 2647 343                   3   IER CU              -      -          -                                                                                        RIA G                           -                                                                                          OR EI                     -        -      7       67      6657666 7 666 6 6767 667                                        9   TOS GF                     -          -     +        + + +++++++ + +++ + ++++ + + +                                         +  NTE AN                     -        -      9         94    2158597            7     955       9   1887          913        5   ENI RO                         5-          7       72 4819328                 4     914       3   9232 296                 1   VER OC              -          9-                                                                                              NVO T               -          1           1         42 5193842               1     567 7         9151          491        1   INT SK C
N O -l IN eE LA                  I-                 7       77      7667777 7 777 7 7777 777                                        9   pOV ER                  T-                  +        + + +++++++ + +++ + ++++ + + +                                         +  APN U                                      3         S2    8764361            3     839       5   9873 595                 4      AI FY                  C~N U                  1       59      5417931            2 468           1   9559 398                 1   S T               R 2 2212 122                       ESe IEr TI NS                  T~S---             3       13      1663111            3     111                                    2 TIA EN PE)
SN-l               7       77      7777777 7 777                      7 7777 777                   9 IT CIS SDd                 O-C 2
                                              +        ++ +++++++ + +++ + ++++ + + +
94    5552455            1     555       1   5526 552                 3
                                                                                                                              +  ACE PAI L H 't                 -N              6         99    8557655            4     555       6 5389            551        7   APT AGn NIo OHc             -
                              -   e--        5 57 4444444               7 444 6 4547 445                             4 CAI CC A
I       (                                                                                                                  S:P TT)              .    .)          -                                                                                        RLA INS          SE          .                                                                                                 OAC DER          NMN                       3         98 7667666 9 666                         7   6178          669            TN DRA          OIO                       6         56    5555555            6 555           6 5656            555            CA:
ARL          CTM (                                                                                                         ACR UL                                                                                                                     E E RCO                                                                                                                        RRF O D                        D                                                                                                  ES FE        RNL            . E           5         85    6347182            8     642       6   9861          895            OFN H3    A E' R D                     9         09 0228e01 8 006 6 9900 099                                               WSA TT8       EHDOE                        9         09 0999000 9 009 9 9900 099                                               TNR S 9       YWDTE                      - 1         21    2221222 2 222 2                        1122          211               AT ON1                 ASN-                                                                               .
YR CI(                                                                                                                        BTK E
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-      a        DRQSI -                      6ee68a3558269a8a778a9a6149a639a                                                     R 2         DOESL-                       3((26(622117                     (2(        33(4(8616(8                     2(      ADG A         ATRAB-(                      2         12    2        11        7               2   1412                 1       HEN S                    -                                                                                        STI E                                                                                                                             CR L            N                                                                                                             LEI     1 B            W                         9231127788342324817778234575186                                                     O4ue A            OR                        9113222221221122918822122222000                                                     OPq T T            DA                        90089090990908809099090e0e09000                                                     POE I TE                        1222222222222222222222222222222                                                        CR N UY                                                                                                            N       U H                                                                  1                                          OSS
-                  S L               2 MLL N MOO     I
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                                         -   123                                      I               R           1              CPP D
                                         -                     SS               AA          34      1A312             E                  E E             -    EEE112 AA12                        N4E e                   E           KW             SSS D M             -    RRR               XX               NPL         TT      ELDRREO                      EEE U A                  FFFKHHMEEEE1                       AAI PP12ECRAAER                                  TTT L N                  00OOAAATTII 12HHM                                      KUOBBR-                      AAA     C NNNOYYH                  CCR       EE NYYEENNF                       CE12           CCC     N T                  OOOROOEHHUUEYYUUEAEELLA RSS E                                                   L   III     I N                            BUURTTLLMRRQQEJKKTTYHETTFKNN A                                            DOO A                  NNNAQQOUU                    MRRSSRORRCG STTTLNOO T                                 NP    P )
L                  AAAEEEHOOTTUUUUUHRUUO0TAAAAOAII O                                                   III      a P              -
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTVVVWWWWWYZZ T                                                           (
-                                        - EEE AA                          AABB             EEBB               AA        AA      ABE mO

_                      -        .      77777777            7   77    7   7    77        6676 7 77766                 77777777         777
                                        + + ++++++ + + + + + ++ + + + + + +++++ + + + +++++ ++ +
34993188            7   89    3   3    98        149G         0   39511       89075426         437
                           %.          07648545            8   35    5   2    24         4144        8   43322       61006349         172
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_                          l
_                                      77777778            7   77    7   8    77         a677        7   77777       77777777         777
                                        + + ++++++ + + + + + ++ + + + + + +++++ + + + +++++ + + +
82788381            6   29    1   7    18        9526         9   46877       27359707         306
                           %           77087391            1   86 6      1    02 3399                1   22733       59954085         880 5
5573 4431           4   46    6   1    58         8732 6          43922       43483355         365 L            -
A       l T                   77888878            8   88 8      8    88        7788         8   77877       77787787         787 O                    + + ++ ++++         + + + + + ++ + + + + + +++++ + + + +++++ + + +
T                   8350      0095      1   09    7   5    13        6325         0   50666 82605020               790
                           %           08225553            0   10    0   3    34         4223        1   94788       17889514         244 0
99111162            1   11    1   2    11        5511         1   78188       R7817718         718 N        .                       77766667 6 67 7 7 67                             5566        7    66766 66676677 6760 O                                 + + ++++++ + + + + + ++ ++ + + + +++++ + + +                     + ++++ + + ++
I                                05280141            6   43    0   3    65        2523         2   56022       25494083         1030 T                    %           21577750            3   44    4   4    47        9281         1   69011       58855501         4230 P                    0 O                     1          11145452            5   71    1   2    71         1142        1   63222       75814311         5190 L                -l O                -               77777777            7   77    7   7    77        6577         7   77766       77777677         7770 O                                + + ++++++ + + + + + ++ + + + + + +++++ + + + +++++ + + ++
P                                10751246            9 50 6        5    97        6799         1   47822       81549500         7620
       -                   %           23060807            4   97    6   2    14        2780         3   41999       53871740         1980 N            W       5 O                                22312114            1   12    2   5    23        1811         2   11488       11131922         1210 I    T       3 YT                       l TA       S O                         77777778            7   77    7   6    77        6677         7   77777       77787777         7770 IR                                   + + ++++++ + + + + + ++ + + + * + +++++ + + + +++++ + + ++
CU       0                           35767746            8   S6    8   6    41        7025         6   05811       37120575         2750 AG                       %           52386604                87    6   4    70         0815        2   48933       61314918         7980 PI                       0                               C.
AF     .C                            45768821            4   55 5      1    78        9676 5           33944       33413263         2830 CN     -
O  -
EC                                   77777777            7   77 7      7    77       6676 7 76766                  77777677         7770 C                                    + + ++++++ + + + + + ++ + + ++ + +++++ + + + +++++ + + ++
AK                                   39716437            3   46    3   0    43        2113         8   61599       30280143         e340 RC                       %           85102095            3   61    1   8    57        2003 6 79300                 96142938         6530 OA                       0 TR               N       1           22311114            1   13    3   4    13        1115         2   19455       11231922         1220 S                O Y            I       l LT               T                   77777777            7   77    7   7 77           6677         7   77777       77777777         7770 EI               C                   + + ++++++ + + + + + ++ + + + + + +++++ + + * +++++ + + ++
US               U                   72037143            7   79    5   8    21        3737         8   09088       46810907         6440 FN               R%                  54027593 6              89 9      4    88        1428         8   30744       96083045         8820 E            T - 5 VD               S-                  33422226 2              23 3 6         24        7621         3   22511       22342233 2330 N                N -
EW               O       l PO               C -                 77777777 7              77    7 7 77             7i77         7 77777         77777777         7770 SL                                    + + ++++++ + + + + + ++ + + + + + +++++ + + + +++++ + + ++
58125550            5   69    4   7    30        5529         3   55755       55575525         5650 LO                       %           55113359            5   10    0   8    33         5519        7   55555       55575505         5950 AT                        0 N                                    44556648            5   55    5   8 56 4456                   5   44744       44464454         4540 ON IO TI)            .    )
ISS         SE NWN.
DRR                                  66996667            2   99    P   7    16         6698        3   66966       666766R6         6460 DEA         OIO                      55556657            6   55    S   7    66         5556        6   55655       555655S5         565 AVL         CTW(
NL ROO OCD                      D           )9)002200885)                 )   ))6))130001139866                           2410791) 4206 F        RNL           . E          b8b090999999b                 b   bb9bb220119999800                           9999999b         9992 R3   AE' RD                      (9(000999999(                 (   ((9((000009999900                           9999999( 9990 TE8      EHDOE                         1    222111111                       1          222221111122                1111111          1112 ST9      YWDTE OF1              ASN CA(
E          - )
GDWS                     73764453)4)33                 3   3)39)6001)9)28022                           75096863         1410 b          .A       EE               37690078e9a55                 3   1a38a2166a0a04577                           42150468         163 2        O R 'Q S I                  79224413(5(31                 0   4(67(2226(0(76877                           83547596         446 A        DOESL                            1122       4   4   33    3   4    12              37     2   1   2       1116         2       5 ATRAB E           S       (              _
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0112230221111                 1   2221122233000112280012111000202 DA                       0000000000000 0 0000000000000000090000000000000 TE                       2222222222222 2                   2222222222222222212222222222222 UY H
S                      _      12                                                                 12 123                                                               2 12YY                                      12              12        31NN EE12           YYY                                                 OO         DI        N     1 RRLL            12RRR1         2          FF              KK        REYY           LW      KUN        K E                   AALLEE1             RRR                1LL                PP      NVSNN            OR      CDI     FC W                   EEAATT DDEEEK K                           CC121                   TRSAA123NE               IHA     LE A                   LLVVNNKOOFFFC                 C        Y                  EE      S ECC            RF12RLR         UN1 N                   CC        DDCDO            I  I     _2ATTAANHH                      LB      NNNA           TAV     G UURRFFOWWSSSW W                        WRRBBOCC12RA                     OOEEE OYYAC                   WS T             -
NNEEEERDDNNNS                 S   NNAEEWWTNN                      ETSLLDDDECEEP TADAI N               -        VVLL IIWWWN               N OOLVVAANAAKKPSIBBSSSNILLZTSNNDR A             . KKAALLGAAOOOU U RRLLLTTIWWOOOYVAAEEEARRRTR                                                     NADR L               -   RREEEEIRRRRRR                 R   YYAAAAALOOOOORAIIRRRUNAAIOTIRAA P             . AABBBBBBBBBBB B BBCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDEFFFFFCCHH AABB              AA BB                   BBAA h
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                    -       -                7    7       77777 777777767767 7                         77777777777              7     6 7777
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T                    9    1       34155       3617e5889560                 1   25599943488 2                 8    885
                  -            %             9    2       78391       673126125945                 5   29822218156              0    6    181
                    -           0
                  -                          8    1       89972       119111196791                 1   17911198198              1    5    88 7    6    676 N
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33637627507                        287 I                             -
4    8       76686       644887552564 T           -            %             7    4       13513       733383461892                 8   57236939526              3    4    512 P             =           8 O           -             1            5    4       17712       111651123821                 1   19176698319              1    1    714 L              -     -   l 7    6    777 O                                      7    7
                                                          + + +++ 777777766767 77777                       7 77777777777 O                                       + +                      ++++++++++++           + + 1 + 36255593718
                                                                                                        + + + + ++ ++ +1 + 8+ +           852 P                                      9    1       06843       669839115776
       -                       %-            3    6       18799       833885997669                 8   07419998328              5    8    515 N                 W5 -
31222111121              2    3    121 O                                      1    1       21115       332112287192                 3 I       T S YT                           l 7    7 7777 7 77777777777 TA IR S O                            7 7
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CU          0                              2    5       36605       526772424006 AC                            %            6    8       10743       617475846463                 1   94266629159              1    1 63 PI          C                 0                                                                                                         346 AF                                         3    6       454%1       114665642348                 8 63577744643 5                   1 CN                        -
O                                                                                                                                   776 EC                                         7 6          777* 7      777777767767                 7   77777777677              7 6 G                                           + +          ++ +++ ++++++++++++
661756939474
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                                                                                                         + + + + + + ++ 2+ +5 ++          332 AK                  -                      6 0          68616 0   25853222784              1    4    982 RC                  -         %            5    5       86792       479326090388 OA                            0                                                                                               3    7    129 TR                    N       1            1    9       21124       322113341242                 4   32211122722 S                     O Y                 I      l 7   77777777777              7    7    777 LT                    T                    7    7
                                                           + + +++777777777777 77777 EI                    C                     + +                       ++++++++++++ + 9+++70985222673 322317919492
                                                                                                           + + + ++ +++ 3+ +0 +483 US                    U                    5    9       19021 2 04576532953                9 8       951 FN                - R %                    8    1       67868       496658851243 E             - T         5 5   43322233133              3    1    232 TD                    S                    2    2       32235       433223312314 N                 =N-               -
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ROO OCD                           D            661          )437))81778))780722)))9)67811380088222)192 b998bb89899bb099099bbb8b99999089988009b089 F           RNl             .E             990 R3      AE' RD                         990          (999((99999((099099(((9(99999099999009(099 211211              1   11111211111221 VE8         EHDOE                          112            111       11111 ST9         YWDTE=
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A CCEBIIIARAAEENUULLLTEETTNNNTIOOOCCRGNNIIDDCI TT'     WDDDWCS3WWIGCLLLNNNRROOOSLLLLAARLIIAAAANB                                           EE L
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5     59     5848141          9    516       2   8684      883       1 8     29     9217990          8    226       8   4865      152       8  L E
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. CU       0                          0     72     8775299          2    952 9         1298      991       5         AC AC                      %           2     62     1228135          8    497       9   3331      848       6  S PI       C              e                                                                                   ESE AF                                  3     81 7225061              1    222 9         4871      625       5  IER CN                                                                                                          RIA O                                                                                                       OR EC                                  7     77     7667776          7    777 Y         7777      777       9  TOS G                                    +     ++   + ++++++     + +++ + + + ++ + + +                         + NTE AK                                  9     75     2820696          5    695       6   6594      243       8  ENI RC                      %           7     88     8762196          7    204       6   7938      134       9  VER OA                      0                                                                                   NVO TR               N      1           3     14     1113215          2    111       1   1113      123       1  INT S                O                                                                                                  IN LT Y            I T
l 7     77     7667777          7    777       7   7777 777            9  O DV P
E EI               C                   +     ++ + + + ++++ + + + +                  5  + + ++ + + +         + ANN US               U                  1     54     5764896          8    894       6   8667      549       4          AI FN           .R         %           8     34     2628225          8    315       6   8269      323       9  S E            T      5                                                                                   ESD TD           -S                     5     26     2884321          4    222       3   2325      234       3  IEN TIA N                N                                                                                          IT EW               O      l 9  CIS PO)              C                  7     77     7777777          7    777 7         7777      777 SLd                                  +     ++ + ++++++ + +++ + ++++ + + +                                 + ACE
               .                      2     96 5555065              2    555       8   5778      458       3  PAI L O 't       -          5.          7     36     1551105          6    555       3   5526      156       1  APT ATn N
ONc o                 e.,  .
6 58 6445554 0                 444       8   4558      545       5 CAI CC A
IO(                                                                                                         S :P TI)            .    )                                                                                       RLA ISS         SE                                                                                              OAC DRR         NMN.                    7     12     9669986 2 666                   1   6203      963          TN DEA         OIO                     6     67     5555555          7    555       7   5667      556          CA:
AVL         CTW(                                                                                            ACR NL                                                                                                      E E ROO                                                                                                         RRF OCD                      D          999699978)2955557855e6347449988                                                 ES         .
F        RNL           .E           808088911b9900999999f0999999988                                         OFN              6 R3   AE RD                      999099080(9900999999e0999999999                                          WSA             8 TE8      EH' DOE                    111211222              112211111122111111111                            TNR A1 9
ST9      YWDTE                                                                                               YR 1
OF1              ASN CA(                                                                                                          BTK             F E          - )                                                                                             S     O 2))50)1988894)0)316)1)6211)343)                                          DYA
    .        .GDWS A EE                    7aa40a7770567a8a161 a5a9471a164 a                                        EBC             S b        O R 'Q S I                  1((64(3556515(6(568(2(5684(329(                                         R               A 2        DOESL                      3      13    3       111      8              3   1413      1    1        ADG A        ATRAB                                                                                               HEN             E S       (                                                                                        STI             C E                                                                                                                   CR     .A L          N                 .                                                                              LEI          1P B           W                  -     9231127780342324817778234575188                                         ONU             S A           OR                       9113222221221122010022122222000                                         ONQ T T           DA                       9000080000006000000000000000000                                         POE          IL TE                       1222222222222222222222222222222                                                CR NA UY                                                                                               N            UW H                   .
1                                    OSS             C S                                                                                                WLL NI L               2                    MOO          IT 12           12S                            1          OOO             I 123                               I                R       1            CPP DD SS           AA        34       1A312       E                       ED E                  EEE112 AA12                   NNE                  E       KW           SSS DA W                  RRR              XX           NNL TT             ELDRREO                EEE U A                  FFFKHHMEEEE1                  AAI PP12ECRAAER                           TTT LD N                  OOOOAAATTII               12HHW                  KUOBBR -               AAA          CE NNNOYYH             CCR       EE NYYEENNF                  CE12         CCC          NE T                  OODROOEHHUUEYYUUEAEELLA RS3 E                                        L  III          IN N                        BUURTTLLWRRQQEJKKTTYHETTFKNN                                   A  DDD NNN A                  NNNAQQOUU               WRRSSRORRGC STTTLNOO T                                       ))
L               _  AAAEEEHOOTTUUUUUHRUU0OTAAAAOAII O                                       III           ab P               -
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTVVVWWWWWYZZ T                                                    ((
EEE AA                    AABB          EEBB           AA      AA       ABE hd C'
f{                                                          ,Il1

                          . 77766667 6 63 6 7                              67 6566 7 66766 66676666 676
                    -     .    + ++++++ + + 1+            + + + + + ++++           + +++++ ++++++++ +++
                    .     . 64659868                     C9     3     9 96        3991        4   32877 92895369                               74 T      5      81399914 9                   76 8 8            93 1898            4   31977 71959639 216 S      8 O      1      11157622                6    66 7 3            81     1942        1   43111             54614386 316 C                          :
l L           .
77767767 6                   66 6 7            77 6666 7 66766 66676666 676 A              + ++ + ++++ +                + + + +           ++ ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ +++
T             83968814                9    91     1     5    85     8430       2 93655 26582S89                                  74 NN            92351998 9 88                       8     1    13     4142       7   19855 77763422 539 EE M             11181122                9 87 7 3               11     3366       1   54133 64717596 316 E '
R     l C             67777757                7 75 6            7 77 7767 7 66766 66676666 676 N              +++++ +++ + ++ + + ++ ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ +++
I             56934461                4    14     9 7 8S            9783       6   31433              03997e64                   81 5       89125531                3    61     2     1    42     9863 8         25277 16234539 739 e
9111118a     '
1    17     7 3        11     1181       1   56166 63618583                                11 Y                   . 77766667 6 77 7 7                              77     5566       7   667S6 66776677 677 T                   .    +++ ++ +++ + ++ + + + + ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ +++
OI                      . 5472425e                6 83        8     2    s0     3547       7   81744              99629882                   71 TCT                 %.      55969293 9 99 9                           2    11     8968 8         11588              61973643                   68 AN        N 8 NPU           O     1       11269874               9     12     1     5   13      4364       2 95322 97126411                                  62 OAO           I                                 -
                                                                                                                            ~
                                                                                                                                               ~
ICC           S     l S S           R             77777777               7 77 7 7 77                    6677 7 77766 77777777 777 REI           E-             ++ + ++++ + + ++ + + ++ ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ +++
EGD           V             66277636                9    23     5     6   81      4572       5 22899                44148293                   433 VA            NN            91853125                9 97 6 2               12     8555       1   51866 52612827                                13 NRS           O     5 OOU           C             22212216               2     22 2 7           24      2211       3   11488              11141121                   131 CTO                                        -
SI        R     l              .
R R           E             77777778               7 77 7             8   77      7777       7 77777 77777777 777 ELA           T              + + ++++++         + ++ + + ++ ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ +++
TAV           F             95241167               7     49     8   7     43      31e5       8   23111              44997248                   48 FN            A N           82214491                6 89        7     1   82 8822 8 66499 52526383 814 AOR                 S IO                      23446611               4     43 3         1   46      1146       5 22722 22272232                                  26 eTF              .             -                                                                                        .
p   I ADS             G                                                                                                                   -
EAC)
DK    . N I
5++5 ++++
5 5'5546 ++ +
6     55     5     6 55        5555
                                                    ++ + + + + ++++ + ++ + ++ ++++++++ ++++
6   55555              55565555 5655 R     AS        K           24174463               2     29     2   7     36 2466            2   64899 220833S9                                249 ORRR            C           45243358               3     95     5     8   11      4997       1   93488              11391131                   35 FO A            A EFYL            R           55667761               1     97     7   1     77      6568       1   43533              66516673                   21 B TL            E TIO         R ESSD CON              .          66666667 6 67 7 7 67 8866 6 66766 66676666 666
- ACE 3 P D8 SL 9 ETO(
AW1       N O
e ._
X 1 -
                               + ++++ +++ + ++ + + ++ ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ +++
12428662 55725989 54723251 7
2 5
34
: e. 4 51 7
2 1
3 3
2 61 68 9921 31 9644 8832 7 8 33666 4    33644 52111 18346744 56129616 43412176 35 67 39 GNLN          I AE O          S 2MFI 0ECT R-l E-76767777 7                   77     7   7 77
                               + ++++++ + + ++ + + + + ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ +++
8876 7 76766 66676677 676 TR P          V-            41977532                2    21     4     1   73      e666       4   53833              66875734                 e9
- SCEO LIUE A
NS G   .C N%
O5            e.8472188 19171113 3
1 21 12 9 2 89 1
4   12 S.998 5 56055 sS19      1    16355 22859341 98826511 829 l.
NDEA        .E      l                                                                                                                           -
ONHR        .R              77777777               7 7787e7 77                    8877      7 7777787777777797778e IATO          O              ++ + +++ ++ + ++++++ + + ++++ + ++ + +++++++++++++++++
T       T     F         . 45e74494               7     268384           38      66e1      3    51288e941193819979e9 ISRS         .E     5       62199986                4    129196           41      9948      3    1922          2.p 9 9 8.s.8 8 9 6 9 8 9 DKO DCFL AA L B
: e. .
22324418                3 33S3S8 35 8035 3 22622e11261132W141e5 REE E TW          N D HYAY          ESE TTSR          DKD           86868882)4)66                       6     4)82)4448)6)22e5F                             6662669e84644 IND          CE         23346645a8a57                       7     6a69a4449a5a3728B                             1155336946388 RSE           WAE           111111             2(6(43           3     2(11(1131(2(2                   1             3325113               2       5 ONP-          ORN                                                   '
FEM           L DCS T CE S3 T E           PPPPPPBPPBBBBPBPPPPPPPPBP*#?aPPPPBBBBBPPBPGPBPPB P
OOOA             Y CLTR            T                12                                                                         12 123                                                                     2 12YY                                              12         12         31NN
    .                              EE12              YYY                                                      OD            DI            N         1 3                           RRLL               12RRR1 2                       FF         KK        REYY                   LW          KUN A               E           AALLEE1                RRR                    1LL            PP      NVSNN                    OR          COI FC W          EEAATT ODEEEK K                                   CC121              TRSAA123NE                           IHA         L E                A                                                        Y              EE                               RF12RLR                 U L
B N
LL CC"      ' NNKDOFFFCI CI UUF.OOCOOFFOWWSSSW W 12ATTAANHH S ECC WRRBBOCC12RA OOEEE OYYAC LB            NNNA                 TAV G A               T           NNEEEERDDNNNS                       S   NNAEEWWTNN                   ETSLLDDDECEEP TADAI T                N               VVLL IIWWWN N OOLVVAANAAKKPSIBBSSSNILLZTSNNDR A          KKAALLGAAOOOU U RRLLLTTIMMOOOYVAAEEEARRRTR                                                                      NA
_                  L          RREEEEIRRRRRR R YYAAAAALODOOORAIIRRRUNAAIOTIRAA P          AABBBBBBBBBBB B BBCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDEFFFFFGGHH
_                    AABB                 AA BB                BBAA n5 Cd

              .         -          P    6     76667        77766+766667                6 66666666666                  6    6   666
              .         -           + +        + + +++     +++++0++          + + + +1 + +++++++++++ + + + ++ ++
T%
S 0
1 2
6 4
37715 08021       678715.385373 6
426345 2 2 4 0.3 . . . . . . 8 06953569537 60760440629 0
6 4
1 563 03 O       2      6    4      17551       11166        122511         7    86177688376 9 2                    853 C
l
              .L                   6 6         77667       777665766667                6    66677766666               6    6   66 A               + +        + + +++     ++++++       ++++++ + ++++++                    +++++ + + + ++ ++
T              9    6      76284       326055793751                 4   69017208482               8    4   24 N       %      5    3      00100       642737392126                7    08410051372               2    1   764 E5 W              8 7         11641       111999153531                8    95211199667 9                  3   95 E
R       l C              7 7         67666       776776776667                7    66677766766 6                  6   666 N
1
                                    + +
2
                                                + + +++ 307252423578 59567
                                                            + ++ +++++++++ +            +++++++++++
89987775435
                                                                                                            + + + +1 + ++
              ,I                                                                        1                                  0   691
                            %      1    1      71836       337228120075                 0   01333386078 3                  2   15
              -             0 1    1      91517       119112112351                 1   94311188145               7    4   85 Y                            7 6         77677 777367766767                      7    77776677677               7    6 6767 OI T                             + +
0 5
                                                + + +++ ++     ++++++++++ + +++++++++++              + + + + + ++
80810       353638379421                3    82955992742               6    9   76 TCT                       %      1    6      60132       818258994092                 3   12605633154               9    3   86
_     AN            N 0 NPU               O        1     1    6      11915       221981124122                 3   21119811511               1    3   91 OAO               I
_ ICC               S       l
_ S S               R              7 7         77777       777777766767                 7   77777777777               7    6 77777
_ REI               E               + +         + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + +++++++++++                   + + + + + ++
EGD               V              7    4      27441       243043218983                 2   57778800955               1    8   61
- VA                N%             0    6      27562       943985651436                 5   96209810300               6    2   52 NRS               O        5
_ OOU                              2    1      21117       332112299193                 4   21221122122               2    8   12 CTO            _C SI         _R         l R R         _E                   7    7      77778       777777777777                 7   77777777777               7    7   77 ELA               T               + +         + + +++ + ++ +++++++++ + +++++++++++ + + + + + ++
TAV)              F              1    4      88825       002781736314                 4   56599958981               6    1   97
_ FN       d        A %            1    5      03711       351236839235                 6   33255531181               6    1   50 0
_ A IOO R 't                       4    4      33221       663443331236                 6   42344433423               3    2   23 DTFn NI        o ADSc                 G DK(              N           6    5      55546       555555555555                 5   55555555555               5    5   55 EAC)                 I       .    + +         + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + +++++++++++ + + + + + ++
R AS                 K       . 4    2      17487       335225359011                 1   21044423374               1    1   90 ORRR        .        C           1    2      07862       972440148879                 0   41777707996 3                  2   10 FO A            .
A EFYL                 R       . 1    9      66261       885664674358                 8 55266698833                 4    9 6477 B TL                 E       .
TIO              R       .
ESSD CON         ._                   6 6         66667 766667656666 7 76766666666 7                                          6 6766 ACE 3          _                  + +         + + +++ ++++ ++++++++ + +++++++++++         + + + + + ++
P      D8       _
8    1      84997       645473912369                 3   71319127169               4    8   47 SL 9                      %      8    1      08391       269419404474                 6   36551939455               0    1   41 AW1           N 0 ETO(              O        1     5    3      72474       195331692519                 2   16133265287               1    2 2127 GNLN            _I AE O              S       l RMFI              R              7    6      76677       777667766767                 7   77776677677               7    6   67 3EOT              E               + +         + + +++ + ++ +++++++++ + +++++++++++ + + + + + ++
YR       F        V              3    8      14940       812557164101                 3   03531447816               2    6   29 SCEO              N%             3    9      27523       311964324071                 7   11008321443               7    0   56 NS            O        5 LIUE              C              1    9      17916       221992146162 3                   21219911811               1    6   61 A        G NDEA              E     -l ONHR              R              7 70977778              777777777777                 7   77777777777               7    7 77777 IATO              O               + ++++++++ + ++ +++++++++ + +++++++++++ + + + + + ++
T        T        F              1    10064298           690207081695                 1   09489951446               8    8   36 ISRS              E %                 50012290                                        7   59922254245               9    7   852 DKO               B        e 1
e.22123818970                                                       12 DCFL                             3    30022211           552333221125                 5   31233322322               2    1 AA L REE E TW         .N            D HYAY         .
TTSR         .ESE                8)4         62480)806446680465)0)06800060826)0)0)86408 RSE IND      .DKD
               .WAE - .
CE          8s6 5(4 35746e444449564879a8a25677754499a2e8a39866 11      6(441111112121(1(12                         1114441          (1(4(1 ONP-         .ORN _
FEM               L            _
DOS      -
T CE                 E           BBBBPPPPBBBBBPPPBPPBBBPPPPPBPPPPBBBBPPPPBBPPBPP SW T                 P OOOA                 Y CLTR                 T
-                                                                               12 12                                                 23      1212121
    .                                     Y                    E               TT12           1    123 3                                       A123         TY      E      123       PP                        WW      HHLLSSO A                    E                KB             TT12K                 O      AA        K EEEOO             CCSSEEC21 W                E TTT          CC       N12EEELEENN                   RSDDDTT           1AAIIIIE E                    A                ETPPPEE            KKA        NNNLLLNN123CERRRTT                          EE       TTSND L                    N           12RD             ESEECCYEEOOOEIIAA                           DEEEOO1MBBEEII
_ B                                     CLNNNNSLLII RRTTTCWW                            EEERAVVVBB              I     IICCOSE A                    T        . HH     OAAAUOLLRREIISSSI                         HHEEEES               HHYRTTRR             HN
_ T                    N        . CCEBIIIARAAEENUULLLTEETTNNNTIOOOCCRGNNIIDDCI EE A        . TTPWDDDWCSSWWIGQLLLNNNRROOOSLLLLAARLIIAAAANBRLL AAOUNNNEAAAIIACCIIIOIIOOCCCYAAAAEEEIOORRUUAOVAA L        .
P        . HHHHIIIKLLLLLMWWWWWWNNNNOODOPFPPPPPPPPPPQQRRRSS
                -                  BB                  BB                           AAAA                          AAAABB nn co

E VE RV ER SE ESE REV RR E E RES
              .                      7     67 6666666 7 666 6 6667 567                               _ 8   ORE
              .                       +     + + +++++++ + +++ + ++++1 +++ _ +                              COR
              .                      5     81    3662631 6             125         1582      648     _ 9     C
              . T X                  6     32 2903612             1    157     8   4415      697     _ 4   L E S e                                                                               _     LLR O        1        1     52    4112952          1    435     8 5671 561              7   ULO C                                                                                      FUC
                         - l                                                                                 F L                 7     67 6666766 7               666 7 6677 667                   8  E L A                  +     + + +++++++ +              +++ + ++++ +++                . +   NEL T                 9     28    2972574          5   763      4   9893      895       8  ONU N%                6     83    7439138          5   529      3             198     ._ 9    OF E 5                                                             5 9 8. e.         _    Y M                 1     92 6224183             1   557      1   6712 951          _ 8  LYE
              - E                                                                                   _     NLN R.l                                                                               _    ONO C                 7     77    6666776          7   666 7        6677 767         . 8      O N                  +     + + + ++++++ + +++ + ++++ +++                               + H Y I                 7     17    1657229          8   613      5   6414      919       6  THL X         3     33    1658111          8   753      1   6244      256       8  ITN e                                                                             WIO
              .                      1     12    9667115          1   469 2        6812      121       9     W D H EDT Y               -             7     67    65f7766          7   666 7        6767      667       9  NEI T               -              +    + + +++++++ + +++ + ++++ +++                                 + INW OI                  .             2     43    7828136          3   495 6        2189      712       4  BI TCT                     %         8     88 7921486             1   451      2 8573 377              3  M8D AN          N e                                                                              -     OME NPU             O        1        2    73 6982162 2 558                     1   9192 792         . 1   CON OAO             I                                                                                =        CI ICC             S       l                                                                              E B S S             R                 7    77 7667776 7 777 7 7777 777                                  9  REM REI             E                  +    + + +++++++ + +++ + ++++ +++ - +                               ARO EGD             V                 2    82     1282253          2   766      1   1264      784    . 6      AC VA                                8    85 6528353              8   914      8 5793 636           _ 1   S NRS             N.%5 O
3 1224        113
_     ESE IER OOU             C-                3    15     1442217          4   111                           - 2
                                                                                                    . RIA CTO SI     .R           l                                                                        . DR R R        .E                     7    77 7777777 7 777 7 7777 777                                  9  TOS ELA        - T                    +     + + +++++++ + +++ + ++++ +++                                 + NTE TAV)            F                 6    93     8433248          5   923      8   7126      S13    . 7   ENI FN d            A 5               3    18     2446381          4   157      9 6569        281    . 8   VER e                                                                        . NVO A IOO R 't                        5    59 4224432              8   222 8 2548 425                   4  INT DTFn                                                                                                      IN NI      o                                                                                              O E ADSc DK(
G N
5    56 5555555              6   555 6 5556 555                   7 P
AtNeV EAC)               I               +    + + +++++++ +         +++    + ++++
479
                                                                                   ++
3966
                                                                                        - . 764
                                                                                             +         S  S AI R AS               K              6    46     8162553          1            1 ORRR               C              5    79     3545298          3   533      1   5398 785            5  ESD FO A               A                                                                                   IEN EFYL               R              9    51     7555567          1   646      1   5661 619            6  TIA B TL               E                                    .
IT TIO            R       .                                                                           CIS ESSD                                                                                                   ACE CON                 =      -      7    67 6557666              7   666 6 6666             667       8  PAI ACE 3                              +    + + +++++++       + +++ + ++++ +++                           + APT P D9                              6     33    8933519          1   868      4   6424      464       5  CAI SL 9          _         s         2    97 2969939              1   959 7        1227      486       6     CC AW1         N e                                                                                     :    A ETO(          _ O - 1 =           1    31     3331421          1   122      5 4939        231       6  S:P GNLN       .I .            -                                                                           RLA AE      O       S -l .                                                                                 OAC RWFI            R.         .      7    77     7667766 7            666 7 6767             667       9  TN OEOT            E-  -
                                      +    + + +++++++ + +++ 837      + ++++8 +++                       + CA:
TR P            V          ._     3    35     1857299          8                1951 8984 728 118 4
3 ACR E E SCEO LIUE NS N
O C
X.
S 2
2 92 13 954426.5 6 1222174 772 2 567 7
1   9132 881 1
RRF ES A       G                                                                                              OFN
_  NDEA ONHR IATO E i R
O 7
                                      +
77 7777777 7               777 7 7777
                                            + + +++++++ + +++ + ++++9 +++
777       9
                                                                                                        +
WSA TNR AT T
ISRS T       F E %
3 8
47 97 4338683 4883277 7 8   816 798 7583 9 9726 975 794       5 1
YR BTK S
_  DKO             B 6
-  DCFL                              4     36    3113321          6   111      6 2436        213       3  DYA AA L                                                                                                   EBC REE                                                                                                R E TW            N D                                                                              . ADG HYAY                                                                                                   HEN TTSR
              -_ DKD ESE             8))88)8442469)6)664)2)4266)266)                                      STI IND    .       CE             7aa24 a6655435a9s494 a5a6174 a571a                                      CR
-  RSE             WAE               2((12(3111111(6(1                     1(2(2312(1            2(       LEI       1 ONP -           ORN                                                                                    ONU FEM             L                                                                                      ONQ T I POE
-- T CE SW T DOS E
P PPPPPPBPPPPPPPBBPPPPPPBBPPPPPPP                                      N CR N U
_ OOOA               Y                                               1                                   OSS
_ CLTR               T                                                                                   WLL N
_                                                                    L              2                    WOO       I
_                                                 12             12S                          1          OOO
_   .                               123                              I              R       1            CPP D 3                                               SS             AA       34      1A312       E                    E
_ A                  E              EEE112 AA12                  NNE                E       KW           SSS D
 -                    W              RRR           XX             NNL TT           ELDRREO                EEE U
_ E                  A              FFFKHHMEEEE1                 AAI      PP12ECRAAER                    TTT L L                  N              OOOOAAATTII              12HHW                KUOBBR-                AAA C
_ B                                 NNNOYYH            CCR       EE NYYEENNF                CE12         CCC       N A                  T              OOOROOEHHUUEYYUUEAEELLA RSS E                                     L  III       I T                  N                    BUURTTLLWRRQQEJKKTTYHETTFKNN WRRSSRORRGG STTTLNOO T A               DDD NNN       )
NNNAQEOUU
_                    A                                                                                              a L              AAAEEEHOOTTUUUUUHRUU00TAAAAOAII O                                    III
(
SSSSSSSSSSS$SS$STTTTVVVWWWWWYZZ T
_            .       P ABE
                .                    EEE AA                   AABB         EEBB           AA     AA n"
cU
 .                                                                                                           lI

l    IlI1l 66666667 6 67 7 7 67 6066 6 66766 66676666 666
                                        ++++++++ + ++ + + ++ ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ +++
12428662          7    34    7 3     61     6644 8 33666              18346744         356
                                   %   55725989 2 84 2 3 68 6621                              4   33644 56129616 679 e                                                                                                   ,
1   54723251 5             51   1    2 31 5832 7 52111 43412176 394 l
76767777 7             77 7 7 77 8676 7 76766 66676677 676
                                        ++++++++ + ++ + + ++ ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ +++
41977532          2    21    4   1   73     6066       4   53833      66875734         592      .
                                  %    98472108          3    21 5                                9 2 69 0008 5 6 6. e. 5 5 22858341 187 19171113          1    12    1   4   12     0019       1   16355 98826511 829 L
A      l T           77777777678770707677000776767777707777777757776B O            ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++                                                  ,
T           450744940702603640300000103051288694119381697906 0   92199986040120106041000400301022299908888.e.089900 223244180303303080350003503022C22811261132014100 N
O                             55555556 5 56 6 6 56 0655 5 55655 55665455 5658 I                              ++++++++ + ++ + + ++ ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ ++++
T                              07873688 7             41   7    5   24     6025 2 46755 63586538 288e P                         5   13944656 2 57 4                  2 33 0094             1   79144      87672518         221.p O                         0                                                                                                 .
1   54924332 5             51   1    3 42 0632 7 42211 32311785 2145 L
L                         l E                              66666656 8 S6 6 6 66 8966 6 65655 55565566 5668 W                              ++++++++ + ++ + + ++ ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ ++++
Y           T                 12365501 S 76 9 3                    43     8998 3 63977 98327625 2416 R                     -
                                  %    22411936 6 74                8 8 73 6664 8 13611 52822722 7969 D            S W --b 11212178          1    13 3 8 15 0911                  1   17577 97954221 5316
           -         0     3-Y                               l TN                 C     O           66667767 6 66 6 7 67 0067 6 66766 66676666 6768 IO                                    ++++++++ + ++7 + + ++ ++++          + +++++ ++++++++ ++++
CI                                   07636855               62 7      5   88     0622       4   54177      87445374         5386 AT                              %    16322259 6 38               1    9 93 0053 0 58799 59895878 5459 PA                               0 AR                                   33761112 5 67 7 2                    71     0081 5 32133 22211162 1128 CU C
EI                                   66666667 6 67 7 7 t7 0066 6 6C766 66676666 6668 CF                                    ++++++++ + ++4 + 87   + ++ ++++ + +++++ ++++++++              ++++
AN                                   08374905                    2 0      38     0059       7   62411      31673935 1746 RO                              %    00891556 7             42   1    0 25 0088 7 81433 14789530 4456 OC                               0 T                                1   54613251 4             41   1    2 31 0021 6               42111      43311166 3848 SK                       N C                  O      l LA                       I           66767667 7 77 7                  7 67 0066 7 66766 66676677 6768 ER                       T            ++++++++ + ++5 + + ++ ++++          + +++++ ++++++++ ++++
U                        C           59515312               46   3    3   90 0026 6             20111      83952011 3810             .d FY                       U      %    15260560          1    07 6 3 94 0033                  3   39588 35906128 5770 T                  R      5 TI                       T-          98161993          1    11   1    3 82 0088             1   95244 87725511 7188 NS                       S EN                       N      l PE                       O           77777777 7 77               7    7 77 0077 7 77777 77777777 7776 SD            -
C            ++++++++ + ++ + + ++ ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ ++++
3e654439 0 98               1    9 32 0059             3   43188      333733e3 3430 LH                              %    78337776 9             44   4    6 67 0059 8 87588 77707747 7570 AG                              8 NI                                   11223315 2 22 2 5 23 0023 2                                11411      11141121         1318 OH I               -
TT)           -        .   )
INS             - SE          .      77778879 8             77   7 9 78          0078       8 77877 77787777 7878 DER           -
NMN             44444444          4    44   4    4   44          44    4   44444      44444444         444 DRA                  OID ARL                  CTW           _
UL                   (
RCO O D                             D FE                 RNL        .E     69699156 2 10               1    4   52 5665 8             75511      86976874        s976-H3           AE RD             99900199 0 09 9 9 09                        2201       9   90911 90990099 e992 TT8                E H 'D O E        99900099 0 09 9 9 09 0000 9 90900 90990099 e990 S 9                YWDTE             11122211          2    21   1    1   21     2222       1   12122      12112211         2112 ON1                      ASN CI(
E      - )
CDWS
    .                 .A     EE        75380957)6)1                1    7)93)0027)1)82077e53858063                            9290-a 3
                  . O R 'Q S I DOE 5L 76550e92a2a40' 358899        6(2(44 f
2 2a21a 8(12(
76a4a33911 50(2(24455 19959441 06932124 191 233 A                  ATRAB                      11   3 3 22 2 3             12          22    1   1    2     1     5    2       4 S     (
E L                    N B                    W               8266801674470 0 4644656700998675548605225876276 A                    OR              0112230221111               1    2221122233000112280012111000202 T                    DA              0000000000000 0 0000000000000000690000000000800 TE              2222222222222 2 2222222222222222212222222222222 UY H
S                   12                                                            12 123                                                       2 12YY                                    12          12       31NN EE12          YYY                                             OD      DI        N    1 RRLL          12RRR1 2                  FF          KK       REYY         LW     KUN        K E           AALLEE1           RRR                1LL            PP     NVSNN          OR     COI FC W           EEAATT DDEEEK K                         CC121              TRSAA123NE            IHA LE
_       A           LLVVNNKOOFFFC                C       Y              EE     S ECC          RF12RLR UN1 N           CC       OOCOO            I I    12ATTAANHH                  L8      NNNA        TAV G UURRFFOWWSSSW W                       WRRBBOCC12RA OOEEE OYYAC                              WS T
N NNEEEERDDNNNS        S  NNAEEWWTNN VVLL IIWWWN N OOLVVAANAAKKPSIBBSSSNILLZTSNNDR ETSLLDDDECEEP TADAI A           KKAALLGAAOOOU U RRLLLTTIWWOOOYVAAEEEARRRTR NADR L           RREEEEIRRRRRR R YYAAAAALOOOOORAIIRRRUNAAIOTIRAA P           AABBBBBBBBBBB B BBCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDEFFFFFOCHH AABB               AA BB              B8AA C
E
_    e i:

66667                                         76766666666             7    6 6
                                                    + + +766667656666 6 6                                                     7 8
                                       + +
1       84997
                                                                ++ + +++++++++++ + +++++++++++ + +
645473912369                  3   71319127169              4   8 08391 269419404474                        6   36551939455              0   1
                           %          8     1 e                                    195331692519 2                    16133265287              1   2 2 1          5 3          72474 l
7 3
                                       + +
6 8       14940
                                                                    + +++++++++++73 + 77776677677 76677 777667766767
                                                    + + + ++B12557164101                           + + +++++++++
03531447818 7 6 67677 2+ 6 +
9       27523       311964324071                  7   11008321443              7   0
                           %          3 5                                                                  3   21219911811              1   6 1     9       17916       221992146162 L
A      1 T
O 70700777780777777777777070777777777770707e77777
                                       ++++ +++++++++++++++                       +++++++++++++++ ++++++++
T           .      10100         64298063020708 1695010094899514460808036418 0
10500 122900022123818 9 7 0.e.7 0 5 9 9 2 2 2 5 4 2 4 5.e. 9 0 7.e.8 3030 022211055233322112505031233322322620101233 N                                  5     5       55556       665556544556                  6 65655555555 6                  4 O
I 8
                                       + +
7
                                                     + + + ++
74038
                                                                      + +++++++++++
024777718158                  0
                                                                                                  + +++++++++++ 1 + 0+
96414048358 T                                                                                          5   65817473781              1   5 P                       % _        9     6       55578       735753226381 O                        0_   _
115332778411                  3   15143355287              1   5 1         4     3       62465 L
L                       l 65667 E
W 6 6 6
                                       + +
2
                                                     + + + 666666655556 32995
                                                                ++    + +++++++++++
172563932388 6 66666666666 0
                                                                                                  + +++++++++++
27258012923 6 5 56666+ +
1    4 Y      T 833443915725                  1   71565543296              4   6 R                        %         3     6       46223 D       SW               5                                                                     31311111111              2   1 1     1       18111        441114142993 7
     -     0 3                  .
Y                          l 66667 776666665667                        7 66666666666 6 5 66666 TN         C O                        6 6
                                       + +           + + + ++         + +++++++++++               + +++++++++++ 6 +6 +
IO                                                               517878625253                 6   68701196937 CI                                    3     2       08885 35666664959 6                1 AT PA 0
w .
2       31058        6 8 3 2 7 9.e.6 7 3 2 2 6 AR                                    3 S           33423 113668627251                        1   92777733643 5 5 CU             -
G
                                                                                             +8 + 76766666666
                                                                                                   + + + + + +6+6++     67666 66667 766667656666                        7 EI GF 6 6
                                       + +           + + + ++920B19693071 29428
                                                                   + +++++++++++                  05502753477
                                                                                                                           + +2 +
8 AN                                    8     4 2   20318574168              2   1 RO                          %         3     7 4 5 9.d.5    0 3 4.B.8 6 7 1 3 0 5 3 OC                           0                                                                                             9 2 T                            1        5     2       62373        185321582518                 2   16132255276 SK                  N C               O       l 7   6 6 LA                  I                 7     6       76677        776667766667                 7   77766677677 ER                  T                   + +          + + + ++
78015
                                                                      + +++++++++++2 +31033404920 978094159575
                                                                                                     + ++++++++++ 8 + 0 +
U                   C                  9    6 968510181177                 0   70762810122              4   9 FY                  U%                 1    3       08319 T              R        5 3   S 1188711711             1   5 TI                  T                  1     8      16814        119882136951 NS                  S N
EN                           1 -                                                                                           7   7 PE)
SDd O
C 7
2
                                        + +
7 9
77777
                                                     + + + ++
32137 777777777777
                                                                      + +++++++++++
186927923362 7
5
                                                                                                 +77777777777
                                                                                                      + ++++++++++1 + 3 +
63723386596
                         -                                                                        57155510591              4   7 L H 't                       %         7     6       89879       548454197728                 0 AGn                          0 331222211123                  4  21222222212              2   1 NIo                                    2 2           11116 DHc (            -
I TT)               .     )         -
887777777778                 8   77777777777              7   7 INS           SE .                     8     8       77779                                                                 4   4 DER          NMN                      4     4       44444       444444444444                  4  44444444444 DRA          OIO ARL          CTW UL                 (
RCO O D                         D-                                                                9  14856777935              3   5 FE         RNL            .E     -
0     7 -     44920       586567764619                     99800099099 9 0 09090 H3                 RD             0 0           90999       999008910919                  8 0 0 TT8        A EHE 'D O E                  0 0          90999       999009900909 9                   99900099099              9 2
S 9        YWDTE                      2     2       12111       111221122121                  1  11122211211              1 ON1                 ASN CI(
E           - ) -
GDWS .
3 a
   .         .A' DRQSI DOESL-EE. 4)00036954)662590315416)2)12571129829)2)3)68273 7a2 8(8 93702a933889245876a0a21312218414 45528(026994853898(1(99811185558(1(5(26401                a4 a0a26506 9    44       2           11      2   1     1111121            1 A          ATRAB (-                    2 2 S                    .
E L              N B              W OR 92660654223498130557568033441456886878887787560 01278011022220221120021211101222002000000000212 A
T             DA TE 00099000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 22211222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 UY H
S                                                                   12 12                                                 23     1212121 Y                     E             TT12             1   123 A123         YY       E    123      PP                          MW     HHLLSSO E                        KB             TT12K                O       AA         K EEEOO           CCSSEEC21 W                        E TTT          CC       N12EEELEENN                    RSDDDTT         1AAIIIIE A                        ETPPPEE             KKA      NNNLLLNN123CERRRTT                          EE      TTS N                  12RD              ESEECCYEEOOOEIIAA                            DEEEOO1MBBEEII       IICCOS CLNNNNSLLII RRTTTCWW                             EEERAVVVBB            I T                  HH      OAAAUOLLRREIISSSI                         HHEEEES               HHYRTTRR A
N                 CCEBIIIARAAEENUULLLTEETTNNNTIOOOCCRGNNIIDDCI TTPWDDDWCSSWWICGLLLNNNRROOOSLLLLAARLIIAAAAN L
P AAOUNNNEAAAIIACCIIIOIIOOCCCYAAAAEEEIOORRUUA HHNHIIIKLLLLLWWWWWMWNNNNOODOPPPPPPPPPPPPQQ B8                   BB                           AAAA                         AAAABB C' 0
        !l

E VE
               -                               7      67    6557666 7               666 6 6666               667        8  RV
                                                +      + + +++++++ + + + + + ++ ++ + + +                                 + ER 6      33    8933519           1     808      4   6424        464        5  SE
                                       %       2      07    2969930           1     959      7   1227        486        6  ESE 6                                                                                   REV 1       1      31    3331421           1     122      5   4939        231        6     RR E E
                                  - l                                                                                      RES 7      77    7667766           7     666      7   6767 667               9  ORE
                                                +      + + + + + ++ ++ + + + + + ++++ + + +                              + COR 3      35    1857299           6     837      8   1951        728        4     C
                                       %       2      0, 2  0544261           6     772      7   0984        118        3  L E 5                                                                                   LLR 2      13    1222174           2 567          1   9192 881               1  ULO L                                                                                            FUC A        1 F
T                7887787777777670777e7877776777e 9                                           E L O                 + + + ++ ++++++++++ +++++                     +++++++++++ +                NEL T                 3e64764338683e00816e                          9e75830784e                5  ONU 0       6.e.9 9 76 4 8 8 3 2 7 7.e.7 0 7 9 8.e.0.e.9 7 2 6 0 9 7 5.p.            1 Y
OF 4s83663113321660111e6s24368213s 3                                           LYE NLN N                                                                                                                 ONO O                        -            5      56 544655e 6                  455 5 5656 546                      7     O I                        -             +      + + + + + + +++ + ++ + + ++ + + + + +                             + H Y T                                     4      35    7147990           6 900          3   9111        258        5  1HL P                             %       4      83    9863940           4     976      4   9273 778               5  ITN O                             0                                                                                   WIO 1       6      32    3112520           1     511      7   3131        291        7     W L                                                                                                                 D H L                             l EDT E                                     6      66 6556666 6                  555      6 6666 656                 8  NEI W                                      +      + + + + + + +++ + +++ + + + + + + + +                             + INW Y           T                         6      65    1043800           2     662      1   1943        209        6  BI R                             %       2      84    7323010           8     534      2   1756        224        0  WBD D           SW                5                                                                                   OWE 1      16    111421e           4     154      3   1314        122      _ 2  CON
           -         0 S                                                                                              _       CI Y                                l E B TN             C O                       6      77    6666660           7     566 7 6767 656                    _8   REW IO                                        +      ++ + + ++ +++ + + + + + + +++ + + +                               + ARO CI                                       5      7e     3338610          4     619      2   6694        469        9     AC AT                                %      5                              8     182      6   3429        211        9  S PA                                6             0. l. 6.e.0 9 3 5 0                                                 ESE AR
_                                              2      12     8118850          1     511      1   3171        656        6  IER
_     CU                                                                                                                   RIA G                                                                                                                OR EI                                                     6557666 6 666 6 6666 666                                      TOS
_                       -                      7      67                                                                8 GF                  -                     +      ++ + + + + +++ + + + + + + + + + + + +                            + NTE AN                                        6     59     8179569          1     332      0   6353        760      - 9  ENI RO                                %       2     64                      6     938      0   7084        173        8  VER OC                                0                    8 8 4 6 3 0.e.                                           -    NVO T                                 1       1     21     2331421          9     122 5 3828 239                      5  INT SK                      N                                                                                       -       IN C                   O        l
                                                                                                                      -    O DVE LA                      I                 7      67    6667766 7              666      7   6767 667               9  P ER                      T                  +     + + + + +++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + +                            + ANN U                       C                 e      88    1534199           2    293      6   0115        503        3     AI FY                      U%                1      46    4430051           1    618      4   9639 996               1  S TI T                   R T
5 2      82    8222164           2    566      1   7181        671        1  ESO IEP NS                      S                                                                                            TIA EN                      N -       l IT PE)                     O-                7      77    7777777           7    777      7 7777 777                 9  CIS SDd                     C                  +      ++    + + + ++++ + + + + + + + + + + + +                         + ACE 7      77    8338233           6    333      7   3559        532        5  PAI L H 't                             %      7      86    5774427           8    777       4  7356        379        4  APT AGn                                8                                                                                 CAI NIo                                   _   3      24    2112221           4    111       4  1324        212        2     CC OHc                                   _                                                                               :    A I      (                                                                                                             S:P TT)                   .     )        -                                                                               RLA INS               SE                 -    8      88    7777777           9    777       8  7878        778           OAC DER               NMN.               -    4      44    4444444           4     444      4  4444         444          TN DRA               OIO                -                                                                               CA:
ARL               CTW(               -                                                                               ACR UL                               -                                                                               E E RCO                                                                                                                  RRF O D                                D                                                                                    ES OFN FE             RNL              .E        5      05    6347182           0     642      6  9861         895 WSA H3         AE RD                                   0228001           0 000 0 9900                   099 9      09 TT8            E H 'D O E                 9      09 0009000 0                  000      0   9900 099                 TNR S 9             YWDTE                     1      21    2221222           2     222      2   1122        211             AT ON1                     ASN                                                                                         YR CI(                                                                                                                  BTK E             - ) _                                                                                      S GDWS _                                                                                              DYA
        .              .A'        EE            2))10)5882617)8)534)5)8831)765)                                             EBC 3              DRQSI                     6ae68e3558269e8e778e9e6149e539e                                             R 3              DOESL                     3((26(622117                (2(        33(4(e016(8                 2(       ADG A              ATRAB                     2      12    2       11        7              2   1412             1        HEN S         (                                                                                         STI E                                                                                                                      CR L                N                   -                                                                               LEI    1 B                W                   -    9231127780342324817778234575188                                            ONU A                OR                  -    911322222122112201002212222200e                                            ONQ T T                DA                       900000800000000000000000000000e                                            POE    I TE                       1222222222222222222222222222222                                              CR   N UY                                                                                                  N      U H                                                            1                                      OSS WLL N l8S                                                            L              2                       WOO    I
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C N                OOOOAAATTII              12HHW                   KUOBBR -
_                                                NNNOYYH             CCR        EE NYYEENNF                   CE12          CCC    N
_                              T                 OOOROOEHHUUEYYUUEAEELLA                               RSS E             L  III    I N                       BUURTTLLWRRQQEJKKTTYHETTFKNN A                                      DDD NNN A                NNNAQQOUU               WRRSSRORRGG STTTLNOO                            T         )
a L                AAAEEEHOOTTUUUUUHRUU00TAAAAOAII                                         O  III
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                -                      77766667 6 77 7 7 77 5566 7                                        66766 66776677 677
                                        ++++++++ + ++ + +            + + ++++ + +++++ ++++++++                    +++
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_. 5472425S         6 83 8 2 S9 55869293 9 99 9 2                        11 3647 8968 8 7   81744           99629882 11588 61973643 691 8
1           11269874 9 12                    1   5   13      4364 2 95322 97126411 621
_                          l 77777777 7 77 7 7 77 6677 7 77766 77777777 777
                                        ++++++++ + ++ + + + + ++++ + +++++ ++++++++                                   + ++
66277636 9               23 5 6          81      4572 5            22899           44148293 5           91853125 9 97 6 2                        12      8555          1   51866 52612027 136 5
22212216 2 22 2 7 24                             2211 3 11488                      11141121
_L  A      l
_T  O 77777778 7 77 7 8 77
                                       + ++++       +++ + ++ + + + +
7777 7 77777 77777777 777
                                                                                        ++++ + +++++ + +++++++ +++
T            . 95241167 7 49 8 7                        43      31S5 8            R3111           44997248 485 N                             82214491 6 99 7                      1   82      8822          9 66499 52526383 914 O                 S I
T      -
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23446611 4 43 3                      1   46      1146 5 22722 22272232 262 P
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                -                      ++++++++ + ++ + + + + ++++ + +++++                            ++++++++ ++++
L                     ._ 87267317 6 64                        5    e 8e       9281           3 77655 37988472 792S L      -          N           88793131             1   35 4 5 42 1462 5 55922 81186584 E      -          G I           11281166             1   12 2 7          14     2185 2 95433                       17136411 621S W                               .                                                                                        .
R                     .
D                             66666667 6 66 6                      7   66 5466 6 66766 66666666 8668 l _.        ++++++++ + ++
26S83886             3
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32     3948           3   85177
                                                                                                                    +++ +
71S25672 4179 5           37598314             2 58 6 6            33     4986 2 86833                       16517215 N  T M            5 O                             33524411 3 34                   4    1   48 1932 5                 21111           21291142 1625 I  S S                                                                                                                                  . -
YT
                  -        i TA     00                         86777767 6 77 6 7                        77 6577 7 66766 66676676 676S IR                                ++++++++ + ++ + + +1 + ++++ + +++++ ++++++++                                     ++++
92711 79941276 S92S CU     C                          18238827             2   73          S 42 3589 9 AG                    N           85329934 9 98 9 5 59 9726                                      1   84466 98979890 PI                    S AF         -                      68112224 9               11     9 4      11     1711           1   45266           43525314 325S CN         -                                                                                                                              -
O                     -         . .
EC         -              -       77766667 6               6' 7 7 7        67 5566               7 66766 66676677 677S G         ~                       ++++++++ + ++ + + 3+                +7 ++++       + +++++         ++++++++           ++++
AK                        _ 75867928 9 78                                  68     1175           2   25711          67832398 5398 RC         ~          5 .         33875936 8 47                   7    4   56 6875 8 25955 64337221 9788 OA 5
TR             N      1 -         11158773 8 91                   1    4 92 4353                 1   84322 86925411 611S S              O          -                                                                             .
Y I      l LT             T                  77777777 7 77 7 7 77 6677 7 76766 77777677 7778 EI             C                  ++++++++ + 7++              + +8 4+58+9575  ++++
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                                                                                                                  +++ +++++
28630978 1499
                                                                                                                                        ++++
US             U                  3877921S               65 39321984 FN             R 5                77228711 7 62                   1 e.
73     7422 6             35833 E          T      5 TD             S                  11211115             1   12     2 5      13     2211 2 19377                      11131811 N              N l-L EW             O 77777777 7778
                                                                           + +77++++
PO             C            -     77777777 7 77                   7 7          7777 7 77777 SL                          _
                                        ++++++++ + ++ + +
19813338             8   77     9 9 S1 3325
                                                                                               + +++++9 39456
                                                                                                                  +++++45157479+++ ++++
LO                                23993371 6 98 7 2                        33     7796 8 10922 88851978 7999 AT                    5 ._
N                      8_.        22224417 3 22 2 7 34                            1124           3 22422            21242121 ON                                                                                                                      '
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DRR       NMN                     77888879 8 88 8 9 88                            7788           8 77977 77787787 7878 DEA       OIO               _     44444444             4 44 4          4   44     4444           4   44444          44444444 AVL       CTM(                                                                          '
NL ROO                                                                                                                 2418791) 4286 OCD                    D_         )9)852288805)                   )    ))6))138981139866 F      RNL          .E_           b8b909989999b b bb9bb228119999899
(    ((9((999999999998 9999999b 9992       9999999(        9990 R3 A E' RD_                   (9(900999999(
TE8    ENDOE_                         1    222111111                       1      222221111122                      1111111 ST9                         _
YWDTE_
OF1            ASN CA(
E        -) _                                                                                             75896863 141e GDWS_                   73764453)4)33                    3   3)39)6881)9)28922
       .      .A                 _     37698978a9a55                    3   1 a38e2166e9a94577                           42159468 b                                 79224413(5(31                    0   4(67(2226(9(76877                            83547596 446 3      D R 'Q S IEE_ 1122 DOESL.                                      4   4   33 3        4   12           32 2         1      2       1116              2 A
E ATRAB.
S       (
L         N                 .
B        W                       82668S1674479 8 4644656766998675548685225876276 2221122233899112280912111888292 A         OR                      9112230221111                    1 T         DA TE 9999e59999099 2229s22222222 2 92222222222222222212222222222222 99e0090999999999990999809999899 UY                 -
H                  -
12 S                  .          12                                                                                     2 123 12YY                                        12           12             31NN EE12           YYY                                                    OO           DI           N RRLL             12RRR1 2                   FF           KK             REYY             LM         KUN E                  AALLEE1              RRR                 1LL             PP        NVSNN                 OR         COI F M                  EEAATT DOEEEK K                             CC121                  TRSAA123NE                       IHA A                  LLVVNNKOOFFFC C                          Y               EE        S ECC                 RF12RLR UN1 N               _  CC         OOCOO            I   I    12ATTAANHH                         LB       NNNA               TAV G
                                    . UURRFFOWWsSSW W                          WRRBBOCC12RA OOEEE                     OYYAC ETSLLDDDECEEP TA aNNS        S   NNAEEWWTNN T
N NNEEEERDDmWWN VVLL
_ KKAALLGAAoOOU U II             N OOLVVAANAAKKPSIBBSSSNILLZTS RRLLLTTIMMOOOYVAAEEEARRRTR A
L               _
RREEEEIRRRRRR R                      YYAAAAALDOOOORAIIRRRUNAAIOT AABBBBBBBBBBB B BSCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDEFFFFFGGHH P
AA8B                AA 88               BBAA
[!

            ~
                    -               7 6
                                     + +
77677
                                                   +++++ 777667766767
                                                               ++++++++++++7 +     77776677677
                                                                                      +++ 3+ +++++++ 7 6 67677 + + +++ ++
02955992742 6 9 76389
                    -M              0 5 1    6 89819 353638379421 69132 818258994992                        3   12695633154                9 3 86998 1         1    6        11915          221981124122 3                 21119811511                1    3   91621
            ~             l 777777777'77               7 6 77777 7 7           77777 777777766767 7
                                     + +           +++++ ++ ++++++++++ + + ++++++++++       2 57778899955
                                                                                                               + + ++++ 1+ 8 41969 7    4        27441          243943218983                                                       52497
                    -- 5            9 6           27562 943985651436 5                          96299819399 6 2 5
                    -         -     2    1        21117          332112299193               4   21221122122 2 8                     12122 A- i-L T-                 7    7        77778 777777777777 7 77777777777 7 7 77777 O                   +    +        +   ++++ ++++++++++ ++ + + ++++++++++                       + + +++++            97827 1    4        86825 992781736314                        4   56599958981 6                   1 N     ~T                           5        93711 351236839235 6                          33255531181 6                   1   59969 O                   M.14  .                                                                                       .
            ~                                     33221 663443331236 6 42344433423 3 2 23445
-     I                       -          4
_     T                       -                                                                            '
P O     -                       6 5           66666
                                                   +++++ 666666655656         6 66666666566        6 5 66566+ + ++ + ++
L
            -                        + +
6 9           11745
                                                               + + ++++++++++
857913936622
                                                                                      + +++ 1
                                                                                               + +++++++
55697680899 6                   4   53168
_     L              - E            1    6        92935 991113445949                        6+
82942154575 3 8 99772
-     E              - S
_     W              - I 1    8        11117          332112233133               4   21211111611                2    1    11722
_     Y                                                                                                      '
R l
66667 666666665666 6 66666666666                                                   66666
_     D                             6 6
                                     + +           +++++ + + ++++++++++ + + + +                 +6 +++++++
5
                                                                                                                  + + +++++
       -             -              1    2        49391 977169893119                        4   45591218399 6 9                      21385 W-        8    1        49526 868544948952 8 62999729539                                         3 9       25775 N  T M               S O      -                      2 3           32221 873334418217 8 52343333233               4 5 23255 I  S E YT                      l TA     0 O                        6 7           66667 776776766667                        7   76677766766 6 6 66777 IR                                 + +           +++++ + + ++++++++++               + ++ + ++++++++ + + +++++                 9    74432 CU     C                          3    3        58571          951189712952               9 96955564566                  4 99146 AG         -                                    73783          357223143969               9   33544417175                9    4 PI                  - M37 3 AF CN O
                                  -      1        68634          227119172472               2   14811176166                8    1    67111 EC                   -            6 6           76677 777667766667 7 77766677677 7 6 67677 G          -         -             + +           +++++ + + ++++++++++ + ++ + ++++++++ + + +++++                          2         27696 AK         -         -      -
9    8        93184          341725833281               8 99898337166                       1 RC                   - N-         7 7           48114          486946661359 8 89492521532 7 2 84284
_ OA         -         - 9 TR             N                                               211871124921               2   11198711411                1    3    81511 S
Y O1 I -
9 5           18814
_ LT             T- l               7 7
                                     + +
77777 777777766767 7 77777777777 7 6 77777
                                                   +++++ + + ++++++++++ + + +                  +94789189424
                                                                                                   ++++++++        + + ++++
EI C-US             U                  9 3            87929 674599229971                       4                              7    7  46283 FN             R                                 84246 969549193289 6                          34865577177               1    7    38232 TD E          T5 S-5 7
1 3
1        11115          321112288172               3   21111111111                2 7 11122 N              N              -                                                                                                             .
EW             O         l PO)
SLd C
7 6
                                     + +
7 1
77777 777777777777 7 77777777777
                                                   +++++ + + ++++++++++ + + +
92935 155697993242                       4
                                                                                               + ++++++++ + + +++++
52944431495 7 8 7    7    77777 87295 L O 't                   W-       3    2         45171         993916757855 6 99311165924 7 9 93914 ATn N o ONc S-  -
3 3            22217 332332221124 4 31233322322 2                                           1    22233 IO(
TI)          .    )
ISS       SE .                -                                                                87788877877                8 7 77888 DRR       NMN                      8   8         77779         8878888i7778               8 DEA       OIO                     4    4         44445         4444444d4444               4    44444444444                4 4      44444 AVL       CTM NL            (
ROO OCD                       D       661            )437))81778))780722                             9)67811389988222)192 F      RNL             .E          999          b998bb89899bb999999                              8b99999989988999b989 R3 AE RD                       999                                                99         9(99999999999999(999 TE8 ST9 EH'0OE YWDTE 112           (999((99999((999M11 111       11111         211                 1     11111211111221                   211 OF1            ASN CA(
E          - )
           .GDWS-                    9)8           12114)269712155231)1)14971149467)2)3)96977
    .       A' EE                    5e4           99994e917927943535a4a82323326493a9e6e45286 b      ORQSI                       9(7           99831(9193482e8254(5(34968874491(5(4(69246 122 2        11111122311                1    1        311 3      DOESL                       4    3                  1   4511121l A      ATRAB(                                              1 S
E L         N B         W                        92669654223498130557568533441456'l86878887787569 A         OR                       91278911922229221129921211181222P92999999999212 T         DA TE 90999900999999999999999999990999999999999999999 22211222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 UY H
S 12 12                                                 23      1212121 Y                       E             TT12           1     123 A123           YY       E    123 PP                               MM      HHLLSSO E                        KB                 TT12( 9              O     AA4        K EEEOO              CCSSEEC21 M                        E TTT              CC       P 12EEELEE4        99        RSDDDTT 1AAIIIIE A
N
                                -    12RD ETPPPEE                KKA ESEECCYEEOOOEIIAA NNNLLLPP123CERRRTT         DEEEOO1MBBEEII EE       TTSNO  OP12
                                 -       CLNNNNSLLII RRTTTCWW                               EEERAVVVBB               I      IICCOSE T              - HH OAAAUOLLRREIISSSI                                  HHEEEES                 HHYRTTRR             HNBMM N
A
                                 -   CCEBIIIARAAEENUULLLTEETTNNNTIOOOCCRCNNIIDDCI EE TTPMOOOWCSSMMIGCLLLNPNRROOOSLLLLAARLIIAAAANBRLL L               -   AAOUPPPEAAAIIACCIIIOIIOOCCCYAAAAEEEIOORRUUAOVAA P              -
HHHHIIIMLLLLLMMWWMMMNNNNOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPQQRRRSS BB                      B8                         AAAA                            AAAA8B w*"

E VE
_             .       . 7      67     6557766            7    666 7 6767 667                           9     RV
                               .     +      + + +++++++ + +++ + + +++ ++ +                                          +    ER
_       _             . 2      43    782e138 3                49e 6 2189              712              4     SE
_       _          2       8      88 7 8 2. l.4 8 6      1 45.l. 2 8573 377                     3     ESE
         .       _          9                                                                                            REV
         .       .          1       2      73 6982162 2 558                         1   9192 792                   1        RR E E
                 .     . l RES
                       .            7      77    7667776 7 777                      7   7777      777              9     ORE
                 -     .             +      ++ +++++++ + +++ + + +++ +++                                            +    COR
                 -     _       . 2      82    1282253             2 766          1   1294      784              6        C
_    5       8      85    6528353 8                814       6 5793 636                     1     L E
                 - . 5                                                                                                   LLR
                 .     .       . 3      15    1442217             4    111      3    1224      113              2     ULO
         .       . L- l .                                                                                               FUC
                 .                                                                                                         F A _-
                 . T                7      77    7777777 7 777 7 7777 777                                          9    E L
         .       .                   +      ++    +++++++ + +++ + ++++ ++ +                                         +   NEL
_ O ._             e      93    8433248             5 923 8            7126      e13              7    ONU N
O T_  . S.
W.       3      18 2 4 4.e.3 8 1       4   157        8 6569 261                     6 Y
OF I            -     .            5      59    4224432 8 222 8 2548                             425              4     LYE T            -     .                                                                                                NLN P                                                                                                                   ONO O            -                  6      66    5446655 6 555                     6 6666 556                      8       O
                                     +      + + +++++++ + +++ + ++++ ++ +                                           +   H Y L            -                  e      7e    8864829             3   575       4    2595      914              9    THL L            .                  7      84    8896877 9               847       7   8923 564                   6     ITN E           .          %.5                                                                                          WIO W                      1        2      15    8772181 2 457                     1   1213      983              1        W Y                         _                                                                                         D H R                      l  _                                                                                         EDT D                         _     6      67    6556665 6 686 6 6666 666                                         8     NEI
       ._      .              .      +      ++ +++++++ + +++ + + +++ + + +                                         +    INW
     - _       -                    9      98    e72e951            1    956 8         6318      725              2     BI
       .                   %        4      81 l.7 5. e.6 8 9     1    147       9   3591      153              9     WBD N       T W - 5                                                                                                     OWE O                 .             4      31    3445425 8               111       6 2539        316              3     CON I          -
CI YT                         l
                              .                                                                                        E B TA IR S
0_O._ 3.                6
                                     +
77
                                            ++
7667776 7 666
                                                  +++++++ + +++ + + +++ +++
7 6777 767                     9
                                                                                                                   +
REM ARO CU          C.        .             8      71    14375e9            8    28B       7   1132      540              4        AC AC                         %        7      72 3226416               6    112       5 6841 283                     1     S PI                         e                                                                                            ESE AF                                  7      13    1331112            2 344          2   6113      121              1    IER CN                                                                                                                      RIA O                                                                                                                   OR EC             _      _             7      67 S557766               7    666 7 6767 667                        =9       TOS C              -      _              +      + + +++++++ + +++ + + +++ +++ - +                                           NTE AK             -      .             5      79    8e14262            4    542       9   6e15      158             7      ENI RC                                  5      72 8358294 8 963 6 0346                               483             1      VER OA TR
               - N 9
1        2      63 5871152               1    457       1   8182      682             1 NVO INT S      .       - O                                                                                                         IN Y  .       _ I . l                                                                                        ._              E LT EI
_ T-
               . C-7
                                     +
77    7667776 7
                                           + + +++++++ + +++ + + +++ +++
677 7 7777 777                        _ 9
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                                                                                                                       @DV FANN US     .       -      -       . 7      94    e432564            1    e18 e         7712      539             7         AI FN TD E
       .       -T.GU.E.
R S
3 3
43 14 3983827 2 1432116            3 562 911 4
2 2164 1213 329 113 7
1 S
ES IEe    l N      _       - N.           -                                                                                        TIA EW     _       - O.l _                                                                                                 IT CIS PO)    _       . C -          . 7      77    7777777 7               777       7 7777        771          - 9 SLd    .       -      -       . +          + + +++++++ + +++ + ++ ++1 + + + - +533                                     ACE
       .              -       _     2      22    7216747            7    8e0           7694                      3     PAI L O 't .       -      . %-          5      48    9119879            7
: 8. l. 3  5   8718      978         ._ 9 APT CAI ATn            -      . 9 N o            -      .             4      35    2222221 5 122 5 2335                            213         .             CC ONc    .       -      .       .                                                                              _2         : A S:P IO(    .                                                                                                     _
TI)    .         .   )        _                                                                              _         RLA ISS           SE              .                                                                              _         OAC DRR    ._ NMN.                  .
8      89    8778887            9    777       9   7889      878         _         TN CA:
DEA    _      OIO                   4      44    4444444            4    444       4   4444      444 ACR AVL    _      CTW(                                                                                                     E E NL
       ._                                                                                                              RRF ROD OCD    _                   D        999699678)29555578556s347449688 .                                                      ES          .
F      _RNL              . E        888088011b99009999990e999999988                                                    OFN           6 R3 _AE           RD             999099068(99009999990e999999999                                                    WSA           8 TE8                                 111211222               112211111122111111111                                      TNR           9 ST9    ._ E H 'D O E                                                                                                       AT        1 OF1    .YWDTE      ASN                                                                                                 YR BTK          F CA(
E       - )                                                                                    ._               S     O 2))56)16e8894)9)316)1)6211)343) _                                                  DYA
  .          .CDWS A' EE                 7aa40a7773587e8a161 a5a9471a164 e.                                                 EBC R
S A
b           DRQSI                   1((84(3556515(6(568(2(5684(329(                                          -
3           DOESL                   3      13    3        111       8              3   1413      1      1    -         ADG A                                                                                                                      HEN          E ATRAB.
S      (                                                                                                 STI         .C E                                                                                                                          CR       A L             N               _                                                                                        LEI       1P B             W               _     923112778e342324817778234575186                                                    ONU          S A             OR              . 911322222l22i122e10e22122222000.                                                   ONQ T T       ._ DA                 ._
958888800e99e800e00e9e008869000_                                                   POE IL CR NA TE UY H
1222222222222222222222222222222__    1                                   _
N OSS UN O
        . S               _                                                                              _         WLL NI L                2                  _         WOO IT
_                     12              12S                             1        -         OOO          I
                              -     123                                  I                R      1                     CPP DD
                              .                    SS               AA          34     1A312        E        _.                  ED E          . EEE112          AA12            NNE                   E      KW          _         SSS DA W                RRR             XX              NNL TT             ELDRREO               _         EEE U A                FFFKHHMEEEE1                    AAI        PP12ECRAAER                   _         TTT LD N          . OOOOAAATTII 12HHW                                  KUOBBR -              _         AAA CE
                              . NNNOYYH               CCR       EE NYYEENNF                  C E 1 2 __
CCC NE T           . ODDROOEHHUUEYYUUEAEELLA RSS E                                                      III       IN N                                                                                             A     DDD A                       BUURTTLLWRRQQEJKKTTYHETTFKNN__L NNNAQQOUU                 WRRSSRORRGG STTTLNDD _T                                  NNN III        eb L
P AAAEEEHOOTTUUUUUHRUU00TAAAAOAII SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTVVVWWWWWYZZ                                         _O  .T
((
EEE AA                      AABB           EEBB          AA         AA.            ABE 4*

                       .          -         .      77767767 7 77 7                   7    77     6666 7         66766 76776677 677
                                                    ++ +++ ++ + + + * + ++ ++++ + +++++ + + ++++++ ++ +
                                  .                43963831          7    84     4   3    95     6682       2   42966       13217919                247 T5.                   91655263          1    23 5 7          55     4256       9 85409         98266961                441
_ S           8.
O           1         12291134          1    11     1   3    12     1175       3 75333         16138511                521
                      . C                   _-
                      .. L. A l-         77777767          7
                                                    + + ++++++ + + + + +
77     7 7      77     6677
                                                                                           ++ ++++ + +++++
7   66766       76777677 677
                                                                                                                             + + ++++++ + ++
T                     7152938e          1    84     1   9    48     4876       9 39989         22185855                7e6 N 5 E           5 84377452 9             74     6   6    48     4824       7 72788         21493481                9. p 2 W              .
22212235          1    11     1   4 22        5411       3 99366         18131911                531 E
                       - R.l
                       - C                         77777767 7             77     7   7    77     7777       7   77777       76777776                677
                       - I -
N-                     + + ++++++ + + + + + ++ ++++ + +++++ + + ++++++ + ++
45998828          4    47     3   9    52     5924       2   e9688 69998949                      394
                       -                5 .        93689969 9             25     6   1    32     1997       4               28277989 l.3244 3 2. e.
c..
                       -          -                12224416          3    21     1   6    33     3313       4   11311        16131118               331 Y       -           -         .      77777777          7 77        7   7    77 5576           7   76766 77777677 777 T                   -         .      +++ + ++++ + + + + + ++ ++++ + +++++ + + ++++++ + ++
I                   -         -      38680259          7    48     4   3    24     4419       6   54799 25765979                      347 RCT AN             N8.
5-         88832835 6             19     8   9 22        1632       3   61111       72811182                139 NPU                O           1         22412118          2 23 3          8 26        8619       4   19755       11161822                141 OAO                I ICC                S          l      _
S S                R                     77777778          7    77 7 8          77     6677       7   77877       77777777                777 REI                E                      + + ++++++ + + + + + ++ ++++ + +++++ + + ++++++ + ++
EGD                V                     96918969          5 98        9   3    44     9e27       8   43698       46741995                527 VA NRS N
OX.        5 -
70512713          3    9,3    1   4    49     8214       6 79066 71843749                        928 OOU          - C-                 .      34535421 4             36 5       1    48     4433       6   22111       22292143                172 CTO          -                    -
SI       . R                  -
C R                E          l -        77778878          7    77 7       8    78     7778       8   77877 77787777                      787 ELA              _T               -       + + ++++++ + + + + + ++ ++++ + +++++ + + ++++++ ++ +
TAV                F              .      93264451          6    49     2   2    99     9494       8 99455          92981253               e69 FN                 A          %.         32534436 7             17     5   6    93
: 6. e. 4 4  9   78744       59669162                533 AOR          -                 8 IO       -
56881132 9 87 7 2                      91     3381       1   44155       43414474                314 DTF                        -      .
NI ADS DK       - N G
55555548          6    55     5   6    55     5555       6 55555          55565555               5655
_         EAC                    I                  + + +++*++ + + + + + ++ ++++ + +++++ + + ++++++ ++++
R A .                  K                 24174463          2    29     2   7    36     2466       2   64899        22e833e9               2405 ORR)                   C                 45243358          3    85     5   6           4997       1   93488        11391131
_         FO S                   A 11
: 3. e.17
_         EFYR                   R                 55667761          1    97     7   1    77     6568       1   43533 66516673                      2144
.         B TA                   E          .
TIL                R          .
ESSL CONO                     -               66766667          7    67     7   7    67 e666           7   86766 66676677                      676 ACED           -        -                 + + ++++++ + + + + + ++ ++++ + +++++ + + ++++++ +++
P D            -'        -
62424699          3    12     7   1    16     6675       5   95322        55S67143               582 SL      3                      %         38414193          8    57     3        87     0915       4   19755                               194 AW8            N 0                                                     3,                                      6 2.r.6 4 8 3 1 ETO9               O           1         97147694          1    92 2       5    73     8664       1   93322 76723211                      628 GNL1 (             I AE                 S           l RWFN           -R
                         =                         77777777          7    77     7 7      77     8677 7 77766                77777677 777 OEOO               E              -       + + ++++++ + + + + + ++ ++++ + +++++ + + ++++++ + ++
TR      I      .                         71955159          7    e2 6       9    73     663e 6         23844        81272413               735 SCET           . V~%             -
NSP        . O N                    77846477 5             39 6       6    91 999.l. 9   81966 54559679 336 LIUO A
C~5      -
11212218          2 24        3   9 26 SS12 3                11699        11151921               141 NOEE OPHC      . - ER               [
77778878 7 77e7e8 78 8878 7 77877e777877776787e6 IATA           . O                        ++ *+++++ + + + + +++ ++ ++++ + ++++++++++++++++++++
T       R          F                     04924491          5    9e6761          18     9648       2   45211669519985994eee ISRO DKOT E %
B 8                   5 9 8 6 0.e.1 9   8 9 3. e.9 9 0 79        9. e. 6 9 5
7 4 4 8 8 9 4 2 4 3 1 9 8 4 0 1.e.4.e.S.
DCFS                                     33551132          6 5605e2             61     e661 6 33144e33313S53031386 AA             .
CET        .
E TL               N D HYAU               ESE 4)82)4448)6)22555                       6662660e64644 TTSA           . DKD                     668688e2)4)66                 6 INV        .       CE                23346645e8e57                 7   6a69e4449a5 e37298                      1155336946389 RSE            . WAE                     111111        2(6(43          3   2(11(1131(2(2                  1        3325113              2    511 ONP -          . ORN FEM            . L DOS 7 CE                   E           -     PPPPPPBPPBB8BP8PPPPPPPPBPPPPBPPPPBBBBBPPBPCP8PP8 SW T                   P           -
OOOA           -       Y           -
CLTR           -
T          .           12                                                             12
                         . I 123                                                            2
                         .                   -     12YY                                      12          12       31NN
            .            .                              EE12         YYY                                               OO         DI            N      1 4              -                   -
RRLL          12RRR1          2           FF          KK       REYY            LW      KUN              K A              - E                       AALLEE1           RRR                  1LL            PP     NVSNN             OR      COI          FC
                         .       W                 EEAATT DDEEEK K                           CC121              TRSAA123NE                IHA          LE E                      A                 LLVVNNKOOFFFC                 C        Y              EE     S    ECC          RF12RLR              UN1 L                 . N                    CC       ODCOO            I   I   12ATTAANHH                   LB       NNNA           TAV C B                                      _
UURRFFOWWSSSW W                        WRRBBOCC12RA                 OOEEE OYYAC                         WS A                      T           . NNEEEERDDNNNS                 S   NNAEEWWTNN                 ETSLLDDDECEEP TADAI T                      N               _
VVLL IIWWWN              N OOLVVAANAAKKPSIBBSSSNILLZTSNNDR A                 KKAALLCAAOOOU U RRLLLTTIWWOOOYVAAEEEARRRTR                                                       NADR L                 RREEEEIRRR9RR R YYAAAAALOOOOORAIIRRRUNAAIOTIRAA P                 AABBBBBBBBBBB B BBCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDEFFFFFCCHH AABB                AA BB               BBAA ao
                                                                                           % t I:lll               1!

7 6
                                  + +
7'7666      777776766667 7 77677777677 7 6 77677
                                                 +++++ ++++++++++++               + + + + ++++++++ + + ++ +++
                            . S S              88897       781667143499 9 756S7592443 9                                                           7 T5 .            2 3              94192 163218689899                               1   70953285533 8                                 1 S18 O
C --
1         8      11988 322111244923 1   11411111611                            1 3
l
             . L
             . A 7 7
                                  + +
77767 777776776667' 7
                                                 +++ ++ +++           +++++++++ + + + +
776'77777777
                                                                                                                ++++++++ + + +++++
7      6
             . T               8         7      51619 529898965129                               3   15S878995S5                            1      S
             . N 5             7         4      111 F. 5 313993713018                          8 99421999234 9 2
             .E         5             3
             .M
             .E 1         1      22171 332113215963 1   11522211111 1      5 R
l                                                                                              -
             .C.
N.
I 7
                                  + +
9 9 7      77767 777776776677 7 76677777777 7 6 77777
                                                 +++++ ++++++++++++ + + + + ++++++++ + + ++ +++
57769 7G6621839274                               3   61712279824                            5      7 N.      4         4      16268       1.i. 1 7 8 1 6 7 5 8 2 3 8 94711199293 6 8 62915
                   .S.
2 2      22122       332228223514 3   28733311211 1     7 Y              .        . 7 7              77777 777777766767                               7   77777777777 7                                6 T              .        .     + +            +++++ ++++++++++++ + ++ + ++++++++ + + ++ +++
OI           .                 1         4      31542       468493366948                         6 125S1359296 9 8 6S865 TCT          .     ~%          2 3              19621 652866766759                               7   31119764396 7                                9 AN         N 0 NPU OAO O~1 I            .
2         1      31129 543113357155 6 42321122122 3 5 ICC                ~                             -
S.l          -                                                              .
S S            R               7 7
                                  + +
77778     777777777777 7 77777777777 7 7 7 7'777
                                                 +++++ ++++++++++++ + + + + ++++++++ + + +++ ++
REI EGD VA E-V N N 1
2 2
3 B9917 479681137993 9 11876861978 13984       132969185592 7 99219998778 S 6 15 1     4 NRS            O       E OOU            C               4 3              43221 874334511218 9 52443343233 5                                                                1 CTO SI         R       l                                                                                         .
R R            E               7 7              77778 887777777778 8 77777777777 7 7 77778 ELA            T                  + +            +++++ ++++++++++++ + ++ + ++++++++ + + +++++
TAV            F            . 9 2              53269 62682128591S                               4 693S8343756 5 8 96996 FN             A            .                                                                    5 91244451439 2 6 79149 AOR)
IOd            -
N.
S..
3 8
3 9
85166 3 4 9 6 9 1 7 4 3 8 4.E.
56532       115887763361                         1   84629966855 7 3 45891 O IT F 't P
ADSn         . G          .
DKo      . N            . 6 5
                                 + +
55546 555555555555 5
                                                 +++++ ++++++++++++ + + + + ++++++++ + + +++++
55555555555'                          5 5 55 EACc         . I          .
R     A(         K          . 4         2      17487       335225359811                         1   21044423374                           1      1 0RR)             C          . 1        2       87882 972449148979 8 41777787996 3                                                                2
~ O S        . A          .
EFYR             R          . 1         9      66261 885664674358 8 55266698833 4 9 64777 B TA             E          .
TIL          R          .
ESSL CONO         .     -        . 7         6      76677 777667766667 7 77766677677 7                                                                6 ACED                        .    + +            +++++ ++++++++++++ + +++++++++++ + + + ++++
P D                -        -  3 8              14662       673798876S19 5                           827661469S6                           4      5 SL.3                   N       1        9       29534 590494159229 6 61769519553 9 6 19449 AW8        N5 ETO9           O1              1        5       14718       211653114931 5                           21268511411                           1      3 GNL1 (         I                                                   .
AE             S       l                                                  -
RMFN           R               7 7              77778 777777767777 7 77777777777 7 7 77777 OEOO           E                  + +            +++++ ++++++++++++ + +++++++++++ + + ++                                         +++
TR       I     V               4         4      S5628       845942938343                         4   6167885S317                           3      2 SCET           N 5             5 9              13613       839888349724 5 99798721654 2 8 18796 NSP        O       5 LIUO           C-              2         1      21121       441114271114                         8   41311122122                           3      1 A                  -
NGEE           E.l 7+ 7S877778 OPHG IATA R
             .O~                        ++++++++887777777778
                                                      ++++++++++++8 +           77777777777
                                                                                  +++++++++++       7 7+ 77777
                                                                                                            + + ++++
T        R                     1        258628S1 6158648345S7                                    4   5S868862876                           4      8 ISRO DKOT F~W E               5 98979844                   918915188328                         2   84433363236 6 9 96248 DCFS AA BS. . -
6 6SS33332 113566533351                                           1   63566644644 5 2 34667 RET E TL           N D HYAU           ESE TTSA           DKD             8)4              62486)886446688465)8)86888868826)8)6)864e8 INV           CE           8a6              35746a444449564879a8e25677754499a2a9e39866 RSE            WAE             5(4              11      6(441111112121(1(12                                    111A441                   (1(4(1 ONP-         .ORN.
FEM T CE DOS      .L E
                            . 88BBPPPPBB88BPPPBPPBBBPPPPPBPPPPB88BPPPP88PPBPP SW T              P         .
OOOA              Y         .
CLTR              T         .
l                                                         12
                            .                           12                                                                    23       1212121
  .                         .              Y                     E                  TT12                 1     123 4                           .              A123         YY       E       123        PP                                        WW       HHLLSSO A            -
E         .            KB             TT12K                     O          AA          K EEEOO                       CCSSEEC21 M         .            E TTT          CC       N12EEELEEN4                   G         RSDDDTT                     1AAIIIIE E            _    A         -            ETPPPEE            KKA          NNNLLLNP123CERRRTT                                            EE         TTS L             _ N            - 12RD                 ESEECCYEEOODEIIAA                                      DEEE001MBBEEII                 ON12 B
A T
CLNN'NNSLLII HH OAAAUOLLRREIISSSI RRTTTCWW                    EEERAVVV98 HHEEEES I
HHYRTTRR IICCOS T                 N            CCEBIIIARAAEENUULLLTEETTNNNTIOOOCCRGNNIIDDCI EE A            TTPMDDDWCSSWWIQQLLLNNNRRODDSLLLLAARLIIAAAANBRLL L            AAOUNNNEAAAIIACCIIIOIIOOCCCYAAAAEEEIOORRUUAOYAA P            HHHHIIIKLLLLLMWWWWWMNNNNDOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPQQRRRSS
_              . B8                       BB                                   AAAA                                      AAAABB d
3

E VE RV ER SE ESE REV RR E E RES
                   -        -    7     77     6666766 7           087       7
* 777      777     9   ORE
                   -        -     +     ++ + ++++++ + + + + + -                        c  + + ++     +  COR
                            -    5      68    9666852        4    585 3          e ; -      628     8      C T       5-        6      99 7549864           4              7 6 7. .*. .'   004     3   L E S        8-                                        7 2. e.                               LLR O       1         3      13    7117193        2 661          1    9113       113     1   ULO C                                                                                        FUC l                                                                                   F L                 7     77 7667776            7 667 7             7777       777     9   E L A                  +     ++ + +++       +++ + + + + + + +++ + ++                      +  NEL T -               8      89 2c64762           3    943       7    3639       511     8   ONU N       %         9      86                   3    585       6 2724          889     8      OF E       5 .                    3 3 9. e.365                                              Y W            -    3      14    1441216        3    991 3          1124       113     1   LYE E            -                                                                           NLN
_              R       l
                            -                                                                           ONO
_              C            -    7      77 7777777           7    677 7 7777 767                    9      O N            -     +     + + + ++++++ + + + + + + +++ ++ +                            +  H Y I            -    3      66    2853361        5    989       9    8592       242     4   THL
                       %-        7      93    8336550             139       1    3916       989     2   ITN e-                                   e.                                         WIO
                   -        -    3      35    2111221        4    911       5    1135       244     2      W
                            -                                                                           D H EDT Y            -        -    7     77     7667776        7    667 7          7777       777     9   NEI T            -              +     + + + ++++++ + + + + + + +++ ++ +                            +  INW CI               -             7      92    3374534        6    199       6    2241       552     2   BI TCT                   X        1      58    3641735        8    494       9    6194       464     6   WBD AN       Ne                                                                                       OWE NPU          O        l        6      17    1114214        4    991 2          1316       115     2   CON OAO          I                                                                                           CI
- ICC S
REI S
S i R
E 7
                                  +
78    7667777
                                         ++ + ++++++
7    777 7          7777
                                                                   + + + + ++++ +++
777     9
                                                                                                     +
E B REW ARO EGD          V                 9      66    9876128        2    689       7    1942        169    5      AC VA           N%                4      82 2166682           2    896 9 7689                324     3   S NRS          O        5 -                                                                             ESE OOU          C-           -    8      31    3875431        9    122 6 2549 327                    4   IER CTO                       -                                                                           RIA OR R R ELA SI bl T
8
                                  +
88 7777777           8    777
                                         + + ++ +++++ + + + + + + +++ + + +
8 7878 778              9
                                                                                                     +
TOS NTE TAV          F            -
8      96    8181562        6    477       9    8788        859    3   ENI FN           A %               2      61    6431768        9 856          8                448    4   VER AOR)                   e                                                       814. e.                NVO IOd                        1      12    8448973        1    345       1    4192 831           8   INT IN D
NIT F 't                                                                                              O DVE ADSn            G          -                                                                          P DKo         N          -   5      56 5555555           6 555 6 5556 555                       7   ANN EACc            I               +      + + ++ +++++ + + + + + + +++ ++ +                           +     AI R      A(       K              6      46    8162553        1    479       1    3966        764    6   S ORR)
FO S C
A 5      70    3545268        3    533       1    5390        785    5   ESO IEP EFYR            R              9      51    7555567        1    646       1    5661        619    6   TIA E                                                                                     IT B TA TIL         R                                                                                     CIS
. ESSL                                                                                                  ACE CONO               -       . 7      67 6557666 7              666 7 6767 667                    9    PAI ACED               -       -    +      + + ++ +++++ + + + + + + +++ + + +                          +   APT P D                -        -  2      44    5219912        5    233       9    7713        373    6   CAI SL                                    99    2714228             328       2    6812 548            3 AW8 3
Ne 5       6                           5
:CC A ETO9         O         1       2      53    e663941 2 345                  1   7162 462           1    S:P GNL1 (       I                                                                                         RLA AE           S         l                                                                               OAC RWFN         R                 7      77 7667776 7              677 7          7777        777     9   TN OEDO         E                  +      + + ++ +++++ + + + + + + +++ ++ +                            +  CA:
TR        I  V-                1      46    5552826        2    943        1    4684       368    2    ACR SCET         N         %-      6      04    9316340         8   612        8 5085 536              6   E E NSP      O         5 ~                                                                             RRF LIUO         C                  4     27    1444217         6   911        4    1415       113     2     ES A                                                                                                      OFN NDEE         E         l                                                                               WSA ONHG         R                 7      78    7777777         8   777        8 7778 777              9   TNR IATA         O                  +      + + + ++++++ + + + + + ++++ + + +                            +    AT T         R  F                 3      17    3994768         6   844        8    5263 386          5    YR ISRO         E %               3      95 7995218            5   921        3    5835       699     2   BTK DKOT         B          8                                                                                   S DCFS                            8     71     6336652        1   233        1    3961 527           6   DYA AA                                                                                                     EBC RET                                                                                                R E TL         N D-                                                                                      ADG HYAU         ESE -                                                                                     HEN TTSA         DKD-               8))86)8442469)6)664)2)4266)266)                                        STI INV         CE-            7aa24 e6855435a9a494 e5e6174 a571 e                                        CR RSE          WAE-               2((12(3111111(6(1                     1(2(2312(1               2(      LEI    1 ONP-         ORN-                                                                                      ONU FEM          L              -                                                                          ONQ T DOS                                                                                                POE    I T CE            E            -
PPPPPP.BPPPPPPPBBPPPPPPBBPPPPPPP                                           CR  N SW T            P            -                                                                         N      U OOOA            Y           -                                    1                                     OSS CLTR            T            -                                                                         WLL N L                 2                    WOO    I
                               -                 12           12S                              1         OOO 123                             I                 R        1           CPP D 4                                             SS          AA         34        1A312 E                       E A               E              EEE112 AA12                  NNE                   E        KW          SSS D W              RRR             XX           NNL TT              ELDRREO                EEE U E               A              FFFKHHWEEEE1                 AAI       PP12ECRAAER                      TTT    L L               N               OOOOAAATTII 12HHW                               KUOBBR -               AAA    C B                               MNNOYYH            CCR      EE NYYEENNF                    CE12        CCC    N A               T               OOOROOEHHUUEYYUUEAEELLA RSS E                                      L   III    I T               N                     BUURTTLLWRRQQEJKKTTYHETTFKNN A                                   DDD A               NNNAQQOUU              MRRSSRORRGG STTTLNOO T                          NNN    )
e L               AAAEEEHOOTTUUUUUHRUU00TAAAAOAII O                                      III
(
P               SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTVVVWWWWWYZZ T EEE AA                  AABB          EEBB             AA      AA      ABE aN
                                                                    %C

>                                                                                                                      lli1l!lill1))],IIllil'lljlj)l
         ;1ll!lllllII!                                             'lill'           lliil1lllI l<
                        .                    -              66766667 7 67 7 7                                    67 0e66 7 66766 66676677 676
                        -                                    ++++++++ + +             + + + ++ ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ + + +
62424609 3                          12     7    1    16                  0075 5                     95322 55e67143 502
                                                  %         38414193 0 57 3 3 07 0015 4                                                                         19755 62064831 104 0
1        97147694               1            92 2 5 73 0064                                              1   93322 76723211 628
                                            -     l -
                                 -          -         -     77777777 7 77 7 7 77 ee77 7 77766 77777677 777
                                  -                          ++++++++ + + + + + ++ ++++                                    + +++++ ++++++++                               + 81272413
                                                                                                                                                                             + +                735 71055159 7                          02 6 9           73                  0e3e 0                    23844 0 81966 5 4 5 5 0.e 7 9 336
                                  -               %-        77846477 5 30 6 6                                    03                  0. e. 9. l.
5 11212218 2 24                              3 9 26 0e12 3 11699 11151921                                                             141 L
A          l      _
T O
77778878670776708e7890e78e7e778770777877770787ee.
                                                             +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
T                    04924491050900701e1800048020452110e95199850948ee 8         5 9 8 6 6. e.16 0 8 0 9 3 0 9 0 8. e.7 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 5 0 7 4 4 6 6 0 4 2 4 310 8 4 01. e. 4. e. e.
                                                      -     3355113206056e5029610ee61060331440333133536313ee
                                 =                    -
                                 -                          65656556 6 66 6 6 56 ee55 6 55655 55565566 565e N                                                     ++++++++ + + + + + ++ ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ ++++
O                                                     22881776               8 37 3 6                      24                 0006 0                     52177        65e41188 566e I
T e-89936316 18151876 1            27 2 13 e.
3 8 95 C. 3 0076 61 61299 6885 64395571 4 9 3. e.
94522 75732111 428e P                                           1 -                              1 O                                               -
                       -                          l -
T                         -          =                66666667 6 66 6                                 7    67 6e66 6 66766 66675566 666e L                             -
                                           ~                ++++++++ + +             + + + ++ ++++ + +++++ ++++++++                                                    ++++
U                                    -
38146569 3                          25 8 9 72 0e62                                              1  77777        26713181 461e A
V
                                -              -%           44359449 7                          96     7    1    82
: 0. e. 7 4 1  34344 94925485 19 8. e.
                       -_ T- W =5
                                -                           22524411 3                          37 6 2           31                0e33 4                      21111        11118542           182e
       -                    S          3 Y                                               l TN                        0          O       -            66777767 7 77 7 7 77                                                   e077 7 66766 66676676 676e IO                   .                   -                 ++++++++ + + + + + 7++ ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ ++++
CI                      -C
_                    -            e0164402 8                          93          2 86 0095 3 e8e331 638ee798 646e AT                             -             -%           25637713 2                          37 5 3           71                0083                        25111        1 1 6 5. l.0 4 6 121. e.
PA                      _     -                AR                             -         -                67112237               1            11     1    7    13                0012                     1  65488 54543215 335e CU                             -         -
G                                           l EI                                       -                66766687
                                                            ++++++++6+67+ 7+ 7+ 67                      0066
                                                                                                     + 5++      7 66766
                                                                                                              ++++         + +++++                    66676677     676e ++++
                                                                                                                                                             ++++++++
GF                                       -
AN                                                        43483282               0            84          e 53                   0008 9                      24122        90772661  8180 2O                                              %         39254317               1            23 0 5           02 0039 2 25222 37222619 7750 0C                                               0 T                                               1         86136593 9 82 2 4 63 0e53                                                                       1  83322 65623211 5170 SK C                                N          l 7t                e077 7 76786 77776677 7770 LA                                   D-                _  77777777 7 77 7 7 ER                                   I       -             ++++++++ + +                      +15+ +8 + 0
                                                                                                              + 81
                                                                                                                 ++++0056                      + +++++ 9
                                                                                                                                                                ++++++++ ++++
85177 96268028 6350 U                                    T=                   367e6600 0 92 9             69                                         5  58611        32333526           2440 FY                                   C          %-        54221968 2                                      5
: 0. e. 5 7 T                                R5 TI                                   T-                   11212116 2                          13     2 7       14                e011 2 19588 11149821 1310 NS                    -              S-EN                                   N          l ,
ee77 7 77877 77777777 777e PE SD O
C                 - 77777778
                                                             ++++++++      7 89867788 7 07 0 8
                                                                                 + + 77         + 7+8 77 + ++32++++                005e 9 28100
                                                                                                                                                     + +++++ ++++++++       88838898
                                                                                                                                                                                    ++++       838e LH                                               %                               5            65     4    2 96 0074                                       3  18022 88868838 8180 AG                    -                   - 0             t.1226682                                  4    1    47 0048 5                                     32133       22282242 2720 NI                    -                    -              23447721 5                          44 OH                    =                    -        .
I TT)                                .    )           -
INS                          SE .                 -
7  77688 666e6636 646e DER                          NWN                          68226667 8                          44     3    7    56                0e59 DRA                          OIO                          44556648 5 55 5 8 56                                                                     56 5      44744       44474454            464 ARL                          CTW(
UL RCO O      D                                         D.                                                            52 5665                                    8  75511       80976874            6876 FE                        RNL                 . E.       69699156 2 10                              1    4 2201                     9  90911       90990099 0992 H3                    AE'RD.                          99900199               0 09 9 9 09 TT8                                                   . 99900099 0 092 9219 09                         0000      9 90900                               90990099     0990 S 9                       EHDOE.
YWDTE. ASN 11122211                                   1    1    21                2222                     1  12122       12112211            2112 ON1 CI(
E             - ) -
    .                         .GDWS A          EE                75380057)6)11                              1    7)93)ee27)1)8207705385806319959441                               929e              191 o                        D R 'Q S I                      76559092a2a40 8 2a21a 8(2(44                  2    6(12(
76a4a33911 50(2(24455            06932124 233 4                         DOESL.                          358899                                                                                                                5      2        4 A                                                    .                  11   3   3 22 2 3 12                                                       22     1  1    2      1 E
                        . ATRAB.
S          (
L                            N B                            W OR
_  8266801674470 0112230221111 0 4644656700998675548605225876276 1    222112223300011228001211100b202 A
T                            DA TE                           2222222222222 20 2222222222222222212222222222222 0000000000000                            000000000000000009000000000C000 UY H                                                                                                                                      12 S                                12                                                                                                                2 123 12YY                                                    12                                  12       31NN EE12               YYY                                                                                OO        DI         N      1 RRLL               12RRR1 2                             FF                                 KK        REYY           LW      KUN         K E                    AALLEE1                RRR                           1LL                                   PP      NVSNN            OR      COI  FC M                 _  EEAATT DDEEEK K                                         CC121                                      TRSAA123NE               IHA LE A                 _  LLVVNNKOOFFFC C                                      Y                                     EE      S ECC            RF12RLR UN1 N                    CC            OOCOO                    I   I    12ATTAANHH                                           LB      NNNA           TAV G WS UURRFFOWWS3SW W                                      WRRBBOCC12RA ETSLLDDDECEEP                    - OOEEE OYYACTADAI T                    NNEEEERDDNNNS S NNAEEWWTNN N
A VVLL IIWWWN N OOLVVAANAAKKPSIBBSSSNILLZTSNMDR KKAALLGAAOOOU                             U RRLLLTTIWWOOOYVAAEEEARRRTR NADR L
P                  -
RREEEEIRRRRRR AABBBBBBBBBBB R                          B YYAAAAALOOOOORAIIRRRUNAAIOTIRAA BBCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDEFFFFFGGHH
_                     AABB                         AA B0                                      B8AA 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                       ,l    '

7     6       76677 777667766667 7 77766677677 7                                        6 67
                                                  + +          + + + ++ + ++ +++++++++ + +5              + + ++ + + + + ++ +4 + + +
3     8       14662       673798876819                   82766146906                    5   1
                                    %            1     9       29534       598494155229               6    61760519553               9   6
                                  - 6
                                - 1              1     5       14718       211653114931               5   21266511411                1   3   4
                                -l
                                -         .      7 7           77778 777777767777                     7   77777777777               7 7 77777
                                                  + +           + + + ++ + + + +++++++++        + + + + ++ +++ + + + + + ++ + + +
                                -                4     4       05623       845942938343               4    61678850317               3   2
_      5     9       13613       839886340724               0    09798721654               2 0
                                -- %_5 2     1       21121       441114271114               8    41311122122               3   1 L
A        l T                     7e75877778688777777777888077777777777e7e7077777 O-                     + + + +++ +++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++                                      +++++++++
T-                    1e206628e166158648345 07640508688628760408092517 5
e ._
8e90979844891891518632662984433363236.e.6.e.9.e.e.6
                                 -               68660733320113566533351618635666446440562034667 6 5           65567 866556655556 6 66655568566                                      6   5 N                                            + +           + + + ++ + + +++ +++++++ + + + + + + + +++++ + + + ++++
O                                      _
1     2       32251       6634e3584198               1    51206433643               3   e
                                     %                                     891392547697                    71913521985 I
T                                0 1     2       32134                                  1                              4 l.
P                                1 -        1     0       15911       331875:11832               8    31398711611               2   1 O                                     .
                                 -l T                           -               6 6           66687 766666S55666                     7 86666666666 6                    5 L                          -                + +           + + + ++ + + +++ ++ + + + + + + + ++++++++++ + + +++++
U                            -          _   3     2       97274       9191465955e8               5    83269317698               8   8 A                           -              8 6           87652       996225249902               6    23564357894               2   2 V             T W5          - % -._        3 3           21223 192339485128                     1    82733332233 5 3
       -             S      3              -
Y                                   l TN                 0 O                          6 7          66667 776777766877                     7    76777768766               7   6 IO                              -        . + +                + + + ++ + + + +++++++++ + + ++++++++++ + + +++++
CI                 C            -
                                           -      6    4       84664       506988085541               4    86489996366               4   3
_ AT                              -
                                      %-          8    8       75212       718359335618               8    81666682544               2   9
_ PA                                  0-
_ AR                              .        -      8    1       66859       346111151412               3    25111177198               1   1 CU                              .        -
G                                    -
_ EI                                       .      7    6       76677 776667766667                     7    77766676677               7   6
_ GF                                       .       + +          + + + + + + ++ ++++++++ + + ++++++++++ + + +++++
_ AN                                        -     2    6       82521       775406229412               4    21853626821               0   4
_ RO                                  %           0    1       04620       161829048387               8    20372704932               7   5 OC                                   0 T                                   1 .         1     5      14617       219552113821               4    21255419311               1   3 SK C                     N i LA                        O               . 7    7       77778       V77777767777               7    77777777777               7   6 ER                        I               . + +               + + + ++ + ++ +++++++++ + + + + + + +++ ++ + + + +++++
U        -
T               . 4     8       17061      958726683341               9    38103552412               0   4 FY                        C         %-          2 5           81480      736556950506               3    26065498311               7   8 T                    R TI       .-               T   - 5 .-            2     1       11111      331113161113               6    31311111122               2 9 NS          .
S               .
EN                        N          l .
PE)                       O                     7     7       77778      777777777777               7    77777777777               7    7 SDd                    - C                       + +           + + + ++ + + ++++++++++ + +7 + 78489979531   + + + + +++ ++ + 0 + +++    8
_         -                        3     8       97589       176966898869
_ L H 't      _          -             %          1     0       82084       891565828808              5    78866685748               4    8 A C- n                 -             0 2
NIo        .                              -     5     5       33321       663444332247               8   42344433433                4 OHc
(
I          .
TT)                     ,
                                )            -
INS                   SE                   -
_ DER                   NWN.                 -     6 6          78775       347444186617               0   56044409590 54555554545               5 3   6 DRA                   OIO                  -    5     5       44449       664555544456               7                                  4 ARL                   CTW                  -
UL                        (           -
RCO D D FE                RNL            . D E .-       0    7 -     44920       586567764619               9   14856777935               3 9
5 H3            AE          RD-               0 0          90999       999008910919               8    99800099099                   0 TT8               E H 'D O E                    0 0          90999 999009900909                     9    99900099099               9   0 09 S     9            YWDTE                        2    2       12111       111221122121               1   11122211211                1   2 ON1                       ASN CI(
_                       E           - )
     .                 .GDMS A        EE                4)80e36954)662593315416)2)12571129829)2)3)68273 e                 D R 'Q S I                   7e2          93702a933688245876a0a21312218414 e4 a0a26596 t                  DOESL                        8(8          45528(026994853898(1(09811185558(1(5(26491 2          1111121             1 A                  ATRAB                        2    2               9   44         2        11          1 S        (
E L                    N B                    W                          92669654223490130557568e33441456886878887787568 A                    OR                         01278011022220221120021211101222002030000000212 T
DA TE 00099000000080000000000006000000000060000000000 22211222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 UY H
S                      -
12
_                                              -                        12                                                23     1212121 Y                     E            TT12             1   123 WW     HHLLSSO A123         YY       E     123    PP E                           KB             TT12K               O      AA          K EEEOO           CCSSEEC21 W                          E TTT          CC       N12EEELEENN                   RSDDDTT         1AAIIIIE A                          ETPPPEE            KKA        NNNLLLNN123CERRRTT        DEEEOO1MBBEEII EE ON12 TTSN
-                             N                    12RD              ESEECCYEEOOOEIIAA                                                IICCOSE CLNNNNSLLII RRTTTCWW                          EEERAVVVBB             I T                    HH OAAAUOLLRREIISSSI HHEEEES                HHYRTTRR
_                             N                    CCEBIIIARAAEENUULLLTEETTNNNTIOOOCCRGNNIIDDCI TTPMDDDWCSSWWIGCLLLNNNRROOOSLLLLAARLIIAAAANBRLL                              EE A
L P
AAOUNNNEAAAIIACCIIIOIIO9CCCYAAAAEEEIOORRUUAOVAA HHHHIIIKLLLLLMWWWWWWNNNNOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPQQRRRSS BB                  BB                         AAAA                          AAAABB dd

s E
VE
                     -         -         . 7     67 6557666 7 666 7                       s767 667                 9  RV
                     -         --               +     + + +++++++ + +++ + ++++ +++                                     +  ER SE
                    -                          2     44    5219912          5    233     9    7713       373           9
                     -         -5              6     99 2714228 5                328 2 8812 549                       3   ESE REV
                    -               8
                    -               1          2     53 6663941 2                345     1    7162 462                1     RR
                                                                                                  ' '                     E E RES l
7     77    7667776          7    677     7 7777 777                   9   ORE
                                                +     + + +++++++      + +++ + ++++ 1+++                               +  COR 1     46    5552829          2    943          4684       368          2     C 5           6     94    9316349 9             612     8 5985 536                   6   L E 5                                                                                      LLR L
4     27    1444217 6             911     4    1415       113          2   ULO FUC A         l                                                                                        F T                     78878e77777775887779857778e7779              9                            E L O                      + ++++    +++++++++++++++                 +++++++++++        +            NEL T              .      3891783994768869844e885263e3888                                        5  ONU 5                                                                                        OF 9           399959 7.P.9 5 2 1 8 9 5 9 9 2 1.S.3 8 5 8 3 5.S. 6 9 8 9 2               Y 8887196336652618233e1839619527S 6                                         LYE NLN ONO
                    -                          6     56 5446658 6 555 6 5656 556                                      8     O N         -                          +      ++ +++++++ + +++ + ++ ++ +++                                     + H Y O         -                          7     12    229325S 8            8S9      8 8538          452          9  THL 9721 994                   ITN I
T 5
8 4     67 8 6 2 2 3 3.S. 5 942          7                            7 WIO P         -              1           1     85    833515S 3            133      1    7283       512          1     W O         -                                                                                                    D H
                    -              l .     -
EDT T         -                          6     67 6556665 7               565 6 6667 656                        8  NEI L                                    +      + + +++++++ + +++ + ++++ +++                                     + INW U         -                          8     87    1887778          8   375 198 9    2723 7S9 646 6
6  WI tBD A         -              M.          8     15    8645539          1            6    2541 V   TM                   E                                                                                     0ME
                                -              2     41    3229428          1   318      7    2831       245          4  CON
           -  S 8 -                                                                               -
CI Y                        -l                                                                                        E B TN      O          0-                    6     77 7667778             7   666 7 6777 767                        9  REM IO                       -                +     ++ +++++++      + +++ + ++++ +++                                 + ARO CI      C'               -               3     1S    2778489          4   318      7    1622       639          8     AC AT                       - 5             8     41    9899819          5   965 8         7167       383          5  S PA                           e                                                                                     ESE AR                       -               5     25    1221118          4   132 3 6314               111          1  IER CU                       -                                                               -
RIA G                                                   -
OR EI                                       7                            7   666 7 6767 667                        9  TOS GF AN 7
                                                +    67 87 6554166
                                                      + + +++
7687772
                                                                     + ++  + +++ + + +++ +++
9   291      1    7991       479          3
                                                                                                                       + NTE ENI RO                           5           4     93 3379968             1   287      1    2529 927                1  VER OC                            8                                                                                    NVO T                            1           2     53    5652731 2 334                 1    6151       361          1  INT SK IN C              N         l O E LA ER O
I              - +2 7     77 7667776 7               677 7 7777 777
                                                      ++ +++++++ + +++ + ++++ ++ +
9
                                                                                                                       +
P APNOV U                  T-                          29    7996488          4   834      4    2e41 622                5     AI FY T
C5-R5 .
3     68    5996819 8            391      2    3254       231          1  S ESO TI                 T-             .      4     15    1433117          4   911      3    1314       113          2  IEP NS                 S - - .                                                                                         TIA EN                 N              .                                                                                IT PE)
SDd O-l C -
7
                                                +
78    7777777
                                                      + + +++++++ + +++
8 777        7
                                                                               + + +++ +++
7778       777          9
                                                                                                                       +
CIS ACE
                               -               5     e6    1886388          1   888      4    8646       781          7  PAI L H 't                   - 5             7     58    8885498          1   888 9 8679 286                        6  APT AGn                      -e                                               222 9         2641 425                4 CAI CC NIo                      -               7     51    4224432          1 OHc (                    -                                                                                          :   A I                                                                                                                  S:P TT)              .     )                                                                                           RLA INS          SE .                                                                                                  OAC DER          NMN                         7     88    5664316          8 666        5 6358          268             TN DRA          OIO                         6     57    5445554          8    444     7 4657 545                      CA:
ARL          CTM (                                                                                                 ACR UL                                                                                                             E E R'CO                                                                                                               RRF O D                                                                                                                   ES FE      RNL                . E          5     85    6347182          0 642 6 9861 895                             OFN H3  AE                    D_         9     99    0228981 0 999 9 9990 999                                      WSA TNR TT9 S 9     E YWDTE.HASN    'O O E 1.RD. 99    9 21 0999999 9 999 9 9990 999 2221222          2 222 2           1122       211 YR AT ON1                                                                                                                BTK CI(
E            - ) _                                                                                         S GDMS                                                                                                  97A m
        .         .A' ORQSI EE         -      2))19)5882617)8)534)5)8831)765) 6ee68e3558269a8e778a9e6149e539e EbC R
4       DOESL                            3((26(622117               (2(      33(4(9916(8                  2(       ADG A                                        2     12    2                7            2    1412              1        HEN E
ATRAB.
S         (
11 STI CR L            N                      .                                                                              LEI     1 B            W                      -    9231127789342324817778234575188                                           OIUS T DPQ A
T OR DA TE UY 9113222221221122918822122222099 908990809980080990999e0e9999099 1222222222222222222222222222222 FOE N
CR N I
U
_                  H                      .                                     1                                        OSS
_                  S                      .                                                                              MLL N
_                                                                               L                2                       MOO     I
_                                                             12            12S                               1          OOO
_                                              123                              I                R       1               CPP D SS            AA       34       1A312 E                            E
-                        E                     EEE112 AA12                  44E OO                   E       KW              SSS D
_                        M                     RRR            XX            P PL     TT      ELDRREO                     EEE U A                     FFFKHHMEEEE1                 AAI PP12ECRAAER                              TTT L N                     OOOOAAATTII 12HHM                              KUOBBR-                    AAA C NNNOYYH            CCR       EE NYYEENNF                  CE12            CCC     N T                     OOOROOEHHUUEYYUUEAEELLA RSS E                                          L  III     I N                           BUURTTLLMRRQQEJKKTTYHETTFKNN A                                      OODPN A                     NNNAQQOUU               MRRSSRORRCC STTTLNOO T                            P       )
a L                     AAAEEEHOOTTUUUUUHRUUOOTAAAAOAII O                                         III
(
P                     SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTVVVWWWWWYZZ T
_                                              EEE AA                   AAB8         EEBB             AA        AA       ABE D
yC

                                      .       77777777 7 77 7                      7     77 5576 7              76766 77777677                 777
                                      .        + +++++++ + +7        +48+ + 4 + 3+ +24+ +441?     s          + + + +++ + + + + ++ + - +++
                                      .       36600259                                                      6   54799 25765979                 347
                                      .       88632835           0     19      8 9 22                       3   61111        72811182          139 0                                                             16 3. ?.
            -                     1           22412118           2 23 3 8 26 8619 4                             19755        11161822          141 l
77777777          777
                                                                                + +8 + + + 6677  + + 7+ + + + +++ ++++++++ +++
                       .       -              77777778 7               77      7         77                     77877
                               -               + +++ ++++        + +
                               -              96918909           5     98 9        3     44     0027 8          43600        46741995          527
                               - %            76512713           3     93      1   4     49     8214        6 70066          71843740          928 5                                                                                                            172 34535421           4 35 5            1     48     4433        6   22111        22292143 L         .
A    l 77787777          787 T                  77778878           7 77          7   8     78     7778        8 77877 O                   + +++ ++++         + ++ + 2+ +      2
                                                                                        +99+ +9494+ + + 8+++90455   + + + +92981253
                                                                                                                                + + + ++ + 069  +++
T                  93264451           6     49
                                  %           32534436           7     17      5   6 93         0044        0   78744        59669162          533 0                                                                                          43414474          314 N                                      56881132           9 87 7 2                91     3381        1   44155 O
Z V               -       -              66666667 6 66 6                      7     66     4486        6   66755 66666566 6666 P              -       -               ++++++++ + 5++ 60+ 0+ + 9+ +42 + 8457            + + + +++   1
                                                                                                                   + + + +
38311
                                                                                                                                 + ++ ++ + 3810 66843701
                                                                                                                                                 ++++
O      _        -       -              60334867                                                                       14434329          2450
_                   %           81192624           6     07      5   7     39     3892 8          01200 T                         0                                                                                          21291942          1620 L                         1           34613211           2     35      5   1     39     4211        5   21177 U
A                         l 5566        7   66766 66676666 6760 V                                     66767767 S               67      7 7       67
                                               ++++++++ + +7 + 28+ +4 + 7+ +06 + +              7030
                                                                                                    + + +++ 0
                                                                                                                  + + + + 47103157 18055
                                                                                                                               + + + + + +8190    ++++
         -                                    33494479                                                                                         6680
                                  %           12261034           3     00 0        8     89     8085        2   44599        52227631 N          T W            5 7     81          3     91 2266            1   43222        43523295          2140 O                                     78161123                         1 I          S 8 YT                            l 8     77     6677 7          77777 76777676                 6776 TA             0 O                        77777768 7 77 7 IR                                         ++++++++ + ++            + + 2++7 + 73+ + 7599     + + + 3+ +++  44133
                                                                                                                        + + 41117805
                                                                                                                             +++ + + + + 0640    + ++
CU              C                         68773357           6     10 09260849          2800 AG                            %           48979960           2     43      2 0       45     0589 7          01144 PI                             e                             2 22 2            1     34     2123 2          11611        17161729          6410 AF                                        11224441 CN O                                                                          7     77     5576        7   76766 77777677                 7770 EC                                        77777777           7     77      7 G                                   -      ++++++++ + ++
45518522           0
                                                                       +
31
                                                                            + 9+ +4 + 95+ + 0612  + + + 8+ +++  56499
                                                                                                                        + + ++     + + + + +1920 00231550             + ++
AK                                                                                          7310            49944                           0670 RC OA                             %.
0 44418521           8     84      2   1     82                 7 5 1 6 2 0 2 4.e.
TR                      N      1          22311117           1      13     3 7       15     7618        3   17544        11151722           1310 S                       O-      l Y                  I 8     77     6677        7   77777        77777777           7770 LT EI US T
C U-
                                                + + + + +++ 7+77++
                                        . +77777778 84544564           1 7
90
                                                                              +5+ ++4
                                                                                          +++
68
                                                                                                   + + + 8+ +08311 1942
                                                                                                                    + + + +93544353
                                                                                                                               + + + + + + ++++ 8180
_   FN                      R%                02341780           6      13     1    0    49     5048         4  36133        28329555           6630
_        E                  T      5 21811       21271132           1520
_   VD                      S                 33424311           3      34      4   1    36      4422 5 N                       N
_   EW                      O      1 77     7    8    77 7778 7              77877        77787777 7770 PO                      C                 77777778 7 SL                   -                     + + + + + +++      0
                                                                        + + 0+ +5 +20++ 8805 39
                                                                                                 + + + +0 +56322   + ++++ 53824353
                                                                                                                              + + ++++++ ++     8050++
                         -                     35699984                                                                                         8730 LO                   -         %           93554485          5      74      3   5    54      8860        1   76100        51408322 AT                   -          0 55 5        1     69     2251        8   33144        33313353 2830 N                    -                 _   34559921 7 ON                   -                 _
ZO TI)                   .    )          .
ISS                SE . .                                                       7     23     6687 8          00111        97960878 6080 DRR         . NMN                     . 13883366           6     98      7 474 44475454 DEA       -        OIO                . 55557749           6     55      5   9 67         4457        6   55855 AVL       .
CTW
(
NL                               .
ROO                                                                             ))6))130001139866                         2410791) 4206 OCD                             D          )9)002200885)                    )
bb9bb220119999800                         9999999b          9992 F               RNL          .E            b8b000999999b                    b
(   ((9((000009999900                         9999999( 9990 R3         AE RD                      (9(000999999(                                     222221111122                 1111111           1112 TE8             E H 'D O E                    1   222111111                           1 ST9            YWDTE OF1                     ASN CA(
E         .)                                             3    3)39)6001)9)28022                        75096863          1410 73764453)4)33
       .              .CDWS A' EE                   37690078a9e55                    3    1e38e2166a0e04577                        42150468 63547596 163 446 b              ORQSI                      79224413(5(31                    0    4(67(2226(0(76877                                    2        5 O              DOESL                           1122      4   4      33     3    4    12          32     2   1    2       1116 A               ATRAB S       (
E L                 N B                  W                      8266801674470                     0   4644656700998675548605225876276 A                 OR                      0112230221111                     1   2221122233000112280012111000202 T                 DA                      0000000000000 0                       0000000000000000090000000000000 TE                      2222222222222                     2 2222222222222222212222222222222 UY H                                                                                                12
_                       S                           12                                                                                2 123 12YY                                         12          12         31NN EE12           YYY                                                   OD        DI       N      1
_                                              RRLL           12RRR1             2           FF          KK         REYY           LW     KUN        K E                  AALLEE1            RRR                    1LL            PP      NVSNN             OR     COI FC W                  EEAATT DDEEEK K                              CC121               TRSAA123NE               IHA      LE A                  LLVVNNKOOFFFC                    C        Y              EE       S ECC            RF12RLR         UN1 N                  CC       OOCOO              I    I   12ATTAANHH                     LB      NNNA          TAV G WRR8BOCC12RA                  OOEEE OYYAC                 WS UURRFFOWWSSSW W T                  NNEEEERDDNNNS                    S   NNAEEWWTNN                   ETSLLDDDECEEP               TADAI N                      VVLL IIWWWN N                    OOLVVAANAAKKPSIBBSSSNILLZTSNNDR A
L
                                            -   KKAALLGAAOOOU RREEEEIRRRRRR U
R RRLLLTTIWWOOOYVAAEEEARRRTR YYAAAAALOOOOORAIIRRRUNAAIOTIRAA                           NADR AABBBBBBBBBBB B BBCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDEFFFFFGGHH P              -
                  .                                                                                      BBAA AABB                    AA BB 43 M

            -                            7    7        77777 777777766767 7 77777777777                                                   7 6 77777
            -                             + +          + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + +++++++++++ + + + ++++
            -                            1    4        31542          46849336894e 6 125e1359286 9 9 6S865
            ~
N O
2 3           19621          6 5 2 8 6 6 7 6 6 7 5.s. 7 3 1 1.l. 9 7 6 4 8 8 6 7 9                        7
            ~               I            2    1        31129 543113357155                               6   42321122122 3 5 13143
                         - l                    .
                         -               7 7          77778 777777777777 7 77777777777 7                                                       7 777
                                          + +          + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + +++++++++++                                     + + +++++
                       --           1 2
2 3
89817 13884 4799811379e3 132869185582 9 11878861978 7 99219988778 e
1 5
4 1
8 5-             .
4 3           43221 87433451121F                               9 524A3343233 5                        1   2 L                                             -
A                                      .                                -
T - l                  7 7           77778 887777777778 8 77777777777 7 7 77778                                   ++ + + +++++
O   -                   + +          + + +++ + + +++++++                     +++ + +++++ + +++
T   -                  9    2       53269 S2582128591S                                4   693e3343756 5                      8 869 5            3    3        85166 349691743845                               5   81244451439                   2 6 7814
             -        - 9 N       -         -                  8 9           56532 115887763361                               1   84699966855 7 3 45891 O       -         -
I                          -
T        -        -        .
6 6          66667 666666655656                                7 66666666666 6 5 66666 P       -         -                   + +          + + +++ + + ++++++++++                      + +++++++++++ + + +++ + +
O        -        -                  3    6       98684           7339e9732685 e                        3715711883e                   e    1   2 8 2272 T       -
             -              N 8
6 9          16268           197651561152
: l. 45518652485 S.
L       -               1            2    1       42221           974225577277                      1   62432233133 5 3 24165 U                 -
A                    - l -
V                        - -         6 6           66667 776666766667                               7 76666666666 6 6 66677
                                -         + +          + + +++ + + ++++++++++                      + +++++++++++            + + +++++ 8      5 785O6
                               -         6    4        43511          8752e3127853                      5   73542e7e172 3    9       56349 974988137837                                1   26628417788 7 9                        6 N
O TW5 N---         6    7       79543           118779131431                      2 14898876576                     9    1   4 I    S8 -                   -                                                                .
YT                  .-l         -                                              -
TA       0        0-           -         7    7        77768 777777776677                               7 76777777777                     7    6 777 IR                      -
                                          + +          + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + +++++++++++ + + +++++
CU       C-             -                6    1        86355 98838e255985 6 468788e9855 8                                                      8 8 8 55526 74 8 99822264544 AG PI
             -          - 9 5            6 5           48478 4 8 6 7 8.l.6 6 6 2 7 8                                                           3   1 AF           -          -                1    3        11171          551222214814                      4   28133311211                   2 CN           -          -                                                                                                                  -
O EC           -          -                7 7           77777          777777766767                      7 77777777677                     7 6 77777 G                       -                 + +          + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + +++++++++++ + + +++++
AK           -          -                5    4        14278          261741789787 788541198572 6 766827e6521 6 2 6   68776431743                   2 5 4
5 RC             -        - N              9    1        76492 OA                      - e TR             - Nl -                    1    1        21117          432113346144                      5 31211122822                     3 5      1 S              - OE -
Y          - I -l LT             - T-                      7 7           77778          777777777777                      7   77777777777 7 7                        7 EI             - C-                       + +           + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + +++++++++++                                + + + ++++
US                U-              -      7    2        33678          6841636S986e                      4   4515064426e 2                      4   4 FN E
R5-T         5-5 6           47238 1 6 4 8 9 9 6 5 3 1 4.S. 6 64421931282                              1    3   33 TD                S -             -
3 2           32221          653323411216                      7 42333233233                     4    1   2 N                 N-                                                                                               .
EW                O-l 8 77777777777 7 7 77777 PO)               C -                    7    7        77778          777777777778 SLd                     -                 + +           + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + +++++++++++                                    + + + ++++
               -        -                3    1        77984          587541038611                      5 29535544991                    5     7   32 L O 't         -            W'         -
7    3        36686          1 2 2 9.e.0 1 8 8 9 1753466644534    0 8 9231119689552 33 3456 ATn            -        - O-N      o                -           -    6 6           44321          884565542341 ONc            -        -           -
IO(
TI)             .    )              -
ISS         SE            .         -
                                                                                  =
8 938 DRR         NMN                     -    3    1        34872 892086656746                               7   S8311154S13                  7 DEA         OIO                     -    6 6           5554e          665665554457 7 S4566655S55 5                                             4   4 AVL         CTW                     -                             l                    .
NL               (              -
ROO OCD                         D-           66l          )437))81778))788722                                     9)678113888882t2)192 F        RNL              .E-            99e           b998bb89899bb099e99bbb9b999998899890s9b089 R3   AE' RD-                         99e           (999((99999((099e99(((9(999999999990e9(099                    11111211111221 TE8      EHDOE-                          112               111        11111              211211               1 ST9      YWDTE-OF1               ASN-CA(
E           - ) -
GDWS -                       e)8           12114)269712155231)1)14971149467)2)3)86677
  .        .A        EE-                 5a4           09084 a917927943535a4a82323326493e9e6e45286 b        D R 'Q S I                 -    6(7           99831(918348298254(6(34966674481(5(4(69246           11111122311                  1     1 4        DOESL-                          4    3                   1   45111211                122       2 A        ATRAB-(
1 S                       -
E L           N                       -
B           W                       -    92669654223498138557568833441456886876887787568 C
OR                           01278911e22220221128021211101222902e80090900212 90099e00e80e008000890e0980000e89909e90090900809 T           DA TE                           22211222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 UY H
S 12 12                                                         23      1212121 Y                         E                 TT12            1      123 A123            YY        E    123          PP                             MW      HHLLSSO E                           KB                  TT12K                     O       AA        M EEEDO                CCSSEEC21 M                           E TTT               CC        N12EEELEENN                       RSDDDTT iAAIIIIE A                           ETPPPEE                 KKA        NNNLLLNN123CERRRTT                                  EE       TTSND N                      12RD                 ESEECCYEEOODEIIAA                                 DEEE0O1MBBEEII          ON12 CLNNNNSLLII RRTTTCWW                                     EEERAVVV8B                  I     IICCOSE T                 - HH OAAAUOLLRREIISSSI                                          HHEEEES                  HHYRTTRR              H N                   -  CCEBIIIARAAEENUULLLTEETTNNNTIOOOCCRGNNIIDDCI EE A                 . TTPMDDDWCSSWWIGQLLLNNNRRODOSLLLLAARLIIAAAANBRLL L                   . AAOUNNNEAAAIIACCIIIOIIOOCCCYAAAAEEEIOORRUUAOVAA P                   . HHHHIIIMLLLLLWWWWWWWNNNNOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPQQRRRSS BB                       8B                                AAAA                             AAAA8B 33 0c

E VE
          -                               .        7      77 7667776              7    667       7   7777        777        9   RV
          -                               - +7            ++ +3374534
                                                                   + +++++      + 6+199+ 0+    + + 2241
                                                                                                      + + + +552++          +
2 ER SE
          -                               .               92 ESE
          .                           %            1      58    3641735           8    494       9   6194        464        6
          -                           e                                                                                         REV
          .                           1            6      17    1114214           4    991 2         1315        115        2      RR E E l                                                                                         RES 7      78 7667777              7    777       7   7777 777               9   ORE
                                                    +     + + + + +++++ 2+ +689+               + 7+ +1942
                                                                                                         ++ + 169  +++      5
                                                                                                                             +  COR C
9      60    0070128                                          334            L E k               4      82 2166602              2 806          9 7609                     3
          .                           S                                                                                         LLR
                      -                            8      31    3875431           9    122       6 2549 327                 4   ULO L                                                                                                   FUC A         l                                                                                            F T                      8      E8    7777777           8    777       0   7878        778        9   E L O                       +      + +  + + +++++ + + 477        + + +9 + 8788  +++ + 859 ++         +  NEL T                      0      90    8181562           6                                         3   ONU
          .                           %            2      01    6431768           9 850          8   8140         440       4      OF
          .                           0                                                                                         Y N                                           1      12    8448373           1    345       1   4192        831        8   LYE O                                                                                                                         NLN I                                                                                                                         ONO T               -
6      67 6556665              6 566          6    6666 666              8      O
-     O T
P 0
9 4
                                                    +      + + + + +++++
34 43 0594250 0649297
                                                                                + + 168 6
2
                                                                                       + + + 2+ +++
916       3 5809 1692
                                                                                                            + ++628 178 7
8
                                                                                                                             +  H Y THL ITN WIO
-     U A
L 1           6      21    2115413           7    911       4   2428         217       3 D H EDT W
l V                                            7      67 6657766 7 666                       7   6767 667               8   NEI
                                                    +      + + + + +++++ +1 + 372        + + +1 + 4627  + ++ +++             +  INW
        -                                          8      23    9162682                                           356       9   BI
                                      %            0      89    9051032           0    408 5          9282                  9   WBD N            T W                 5                                                                          1. e. 4       OWE O                                            1      82    6191161           2 233          1    4182        731       8   CON I            S        3                                                                                                      CI YT                                  l                                                                                         E B 7    666 7          7777        767       9   REW TA IR 0 O                             7
                                                    +      + + 7667776 77
                                                                 + + +++++ +6 + 749      + + +9 + 6423  ++ + +++  188       2
                                                                                                                             +  ARO AC CU               C                               7      25    5730573 6 382          3    2127        869       6   S AG                                  %            8      09    9884243 ESE PI                                   0                                                                          252       2   IER CF 3
1      47 2662324              6 689 6             1437 RIA CN                                        .
OR O                                    _
7    7777        777       9   TOS EC                   -                           7      77    7667776           7    667 G                     -                           +      + + + + +++++ *3 + 232         + + +7 + 0558 +++ + 383  ++        +  NTE AK                   -                           2      58    3625337                                                     3   ENI RC                    -              %           5      34    1435311           1    483       4    4665        246       2   VER OA                    -              0                                                                                        NVO TR                        N          1           5      16    1113214           4    881       2    1214        114       2   IFIT S                         O                                                                                                      IN Y                    I          l                                                                                        D E 7    777       7    7777        777       9   NDV
                                                           + + 7667777
- LT                        T                      7      77
- EI                        C                       +            + + +++++ +1 + 271+ + +6 + 2365        ++ + +053++          +  ANN US                        U                      1      81    0918586                                                     5       AI FN                        R%                     4      91    5974531           2 673           4   2416        000       4   S E                    T          5                                                                                        ESD TD                        S                      7      29    2764321           7    112       5    2437        226       3   IEN N                         N                                                                                                   TIA EW                        O          l                                                                                        IT 8    777        8 7778 777                9   CIS PO)
SLd C                      8
                                                    +      + + 7777777 78
                                                                 + + +++++ +9 + 094       ++ + 5+ +++ 2761
                                                                                                             + ++ 784       1
                                                                                                                             +   ACE PAI 1      3e    3201099                                                          APT L O 't                                %           0     83    7777513           2    261        2   6523        689        8 CAI ATn                                   e N o ONc 1     61    5335553           1    334        1   3761 527               5
:CC   A IO(                                                                                                                            S:P TI)                     .        )        -                                                                                    RLA OAC ISS DRR DEA SE NWN . -
OIO 6
7 38 68 9009878 5555554 7
8 802 5 455       8 9618 4668 967 546 TN CA:
AVL                 CTW(                  -                                                                                    ACR NL                                   -
E E ROO                                                                                                                           RRF OCD                                  D           999099078)295555785500347449088                                                 ES       .
F                RNL               .E             888088011b990099999900999999980                                              DFN       6 R3          A E' R D                         999099000(990099999900999999999                                              WSA       8 TE8              EHDOE                            111211222            112211111122111111111                                   TNR       9 ST9              YWDTE                                                                                                           AT     1 OF1                       ASN                                                                                                 YR BTK       F CA(                                                                                                                                 S   O E              - ) -
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CR    .CA LEI     1P L                  N                                                                                                          ONU        S B                  W                         _   9231127789342324817778234575188                                              ONQ T A                  OR                            9113222221221122019022122222000                                              POE     IL T                  DA                            900000090000000000e000000000000                                                 CR   NA TE                             1222222222222222222222222222222                                             N       UN UY                                                                                                         OSS        O H                        _                                       1 WLL NI
              -       S                       .                                                                                  WOO     IT L                2
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                                               -                    SS             AA         34       1A312          E                  ED E                 -    EEE112 AA12                    NNE                   E         KW            SSS DA EEE U
              -              W                .      RRR            XX              NNL TT             ELDRREO
              .              A                      FFFKHHWEEEE1                   AAI        PP12ECRAAER                        TTT LD
               -             N                       OOOOAAATTII              12HHW                    KUOBBR -                   AAA    CE
              -                                      NNNOYYH            CCR        EE NYYEENNF                     CE12           CCC    NE
               -             T                       ODOROOEHHUUEYYUUEAEELLA                                RSS E             L  III     IN
               -             N                             BUURTTLLWRRQQEJKKTTYHETTFKNN WRRSSRORRGG STTTLNOO T A   DDD NNN    ))
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             .                77767767 6 67 7                        7 77 6666 7 66766 66676676 676
             .                 + + ++++++ + + + + + ++ ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ +++
_                6371ee34             4   33         8  8     71    5172       S 57811           82984294 382
             . T 5            35912919             5 59           1  7     15    1868 3 68733                 94191816
             . S 9 O      1      11171123             9 91           1  4     12    1154       2 53322 64826417 317 C                  '
_        l
_ L              77777767            7 77 7             7 77 6667 7                66766 66676676 676 A              + + ++++++ + + + +                     + ++ ++++ + +++                    ++ ++++++++ +++
T         . 26497989            9 46            7  4    58 P617 2 61499 7768729S N 5           46919788           3     29         1  2 64 6271 7 93488 28992921 319 E      5 M             11111113            1    11         1  4 12 3381 2 66344 85939617 327 E
R l
C             77777757           7     77         7  7 77 7767 7                66766 66677676 576 N              + + ++++++ + ++ + + 1++ ++++ + +++++                        ++++++++ +++
I             63314436           6 69                5    98     5428 5         21933        453S7834 N       24452233           9 29 9              3    69 9976 7 59988 57621195 689 S.. 11112242           1     11         1  2    12     1192      2 78199 83721614 Y       .             -   77787767 7 77 7 7 77 5566 7 76766 76776677 677 T       -             -
                              + + ++++++ + + + + + ++ ++++ + +++++ ++++++++ +++
OI                        -   75988925           3     35        4   5    61     34S9 6 86588 S9885441 TCT                   X       89826314           5 58 7 9 62                     9133      2 99644           15176184 AN          N 0 NPU             O      1      11291187           1     12        2 9      15 5497 3 15633                    17147521 OAO             I ICC             S     l S S             R         . 77777778           7 77 7              8    77 6677 7 77777 77777777 777 REI             E             + + ++++++ + + + + +1 ++ ++++ + +++++ 7++++++++ +++
EGD             V       -
84186155           1     25            6    87     6782          46533         69469012 VA              N 5           46797429           1    76 5           1    96 9696 7 72599                    72774188 NRS         . O 5 OOU         _ C               22323311 3 23 3                        1    26 2222          4   11811         11161131 CTO         _
SI      _R        l ._                                           8 77 7778 7 77877 77787777 777 R R         . E           _   77777778 7              77        7 ELA         . T           .   + ++ +++++ + + + + + ++ ++++ + + ++++ ++++++++                                +++
15882598 TAV         . F -         . 87342255           4    18         9   5    27     9369 7        14377 FN           . A          . 16999995          5     97 6           5    87     8899      1   98122 72699454 AOt          _         9 IrM      _         5 ._   33448811 6              54         4   1    58     1141      7 22133 22213242 182 OTF P   I AOS                G      _
DK             N      .                                     5    6 55 5555             6 55555 55565555 5655 EAC                I 55555546
                              + ++ +++++       +26 +5529+ + 2+ ++         ++++2466 + +++++     ++++++++ +++ +
2 84899 22S83399 2495 R A                K          24174463                               7    36 93488         11391131 ORR       .        C          45243358          3 95 5               8    11     4997      1 FO      )   .      A EFYS        . R               55667761           1    97 7           1    77 6568          1   43533 66516673 B TR        _      E TIA     . R           .
ESSL         _
CONL                      .                                          7    87 5966 7 66766 66676666 676 ACEO
            -             .    + ++ +++++ 8+89+67 86666667 6
                                                              + 74+ +8 ++      ++++
e825
                                                                                       + +++++
7   67266
                                                                                                      ++++++++
68892494 656
                                                                                                                         +++
P DD                      . 83222652                                    77 SL-                       . 58885586          5     68 6 3 97                  S.934     8  63955     67191727       749 AW3         N     N_
ETO6            O      e__
1      54925463          7     61        1    4    42 8S43          1   52211         43412196 GNL9            I AE      1       S     l _
RMF(
OEON        -_ E R
V 77767777 7 77 7
                               + ++ +++++ 5+ ++
43397965                76
                                                               +1 + 74 ++
77 8877 7 76766 66676677 676
                                                                             ++++ + +++++
66 e884          6
                                                                                                   ++++++++
96668         2S279894
                                                                                                                       + + +
TR O SCEI            N                               8 56            4    4    42     9925      1   96188 34982571 397 LIUP NST         O C
N.
E      8.e.8 5 8 6 9 7 11191116           1    12        2 7       14     0811 2 16555                98836511 829 A       O                                                 '
NOE             E     l 7   7777787777777767778e OP IATG HE        R
               . O 77777778 7 778758
                               + + ++++++ 1+          + + + ++ 77          + ++8877 96 8962 3
                                                                                    ++++ + +++++++++++++++++++
S8633664711947812688 T       A     _ F             9e695513                466793 ISRR         . E 5            93547793          7 889693 27 9994                           5   29533999999869993989 DKOO          _ B 9 DCFT          _               123S6611          4     339381 48 8S47                       4   21922811171131S1615S AA S RE E TK            N D HYAS            ESE                                                                                          366266e694644 TTSA          - DKD           86868862)4)66                      6   4)82)4448)6)22955 INC       . CE         23348645a8a57                     7    6a69a4449a5e37288 115533e946386         332511S                2 RSE             WAE.          111111        2(6(43              3    2(11(1131(2(2                  1 ONP-                       .
FEM             ORN.
L DOS T CE               E       . PPPPPPBPPB8BBPBPPPPPPPPBPPPPBPPPP8BBBBPPBPGP8 PPB SW T               P       _
OOOA               Y       _
12 CLTR               T        _      12               .
2 123
_ 12YY                                           12        12         31NN
  .                         _      EE12          YYY                                                    OO        DI              N S                           . RRLL          12RRR1               2           FF        KK        REYY             LW            KUN A                  E        . AALLEE1            RRR                      1LL          PP      NVSNN              OR            COI FC M        . EEAATT DDEEEK K                                CC121             TRSAA123NE                       IHA LE E                  A          LLVVNNKOOFFFC                     C         Y            EE      S ECC              RF12RLR UN1 L                 N          CC       OOCOO              I     I    12ATTAANHH                   LB       NNNA                 TAV Q B                             UURRFFOWWSSSW                      W        WRRBBOCC12RA ETSLLDDDECEEP OOEEE OYYAC TADAI A                  T          NNEEEERDDNNNS                     S    NNAEEWWTNN T                  N               VVLL IIWWWN                  N OOLVVAANAAKKPSIBBSSSNILLZTSNNDR A
L KKAALLGAAOOOU                     U   RRLLLTTIMWOOOYVAAEEEARRRTR NA RREEEEIRRRRRR R YYAAAAALOOOOORAIIRRRUNAAIOTIRAA P          AABBBBBBBBBBB B BBCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDEFFFFFGGH
                           .                AABB                     AA B8             BBAA 3
l

l iI]                      '
6 6         77667 777665766667 7 76677677666 7 6 66677
                                                        + +         +++++ ++ + + ++++++++ + +++++++++++                                        + + +++++
479e1424337 6 9 59366 1    7      78964 323556165490 7 T
S 0
3 2          40211 687360975625 8 3 19 6.l.0                              221038 16311911599 4     4 2 98521 44498 O           1                        9 6         11652 221989132522                                                                  1 C
l L                                    7 7         77667 777776766667 7 76677777667 7 S 76677 A                                     + +         + + + + + +++++ + ++++++ + + + + + +++++++ + + +++++
T                                    S 2         79307 441618244835 2 45148172743 3 2 48831 19811 N
E 5
3    8      54787 4 1 7 3 3 4 9 5.e.3 5 9 1 38554433880 3 9 W                                    1    1      11731 221112183542 2 16411111881                                                     1      3 18822 E
R
_                             l C                                    7 7         77656 777776776667 7 76677777766 6 6 66777 N                                     + +         + + + + + ++++++++++++ + +                            +81588868544
                                                                                                                             + + +++++++ + +3 +6 93850             + +++
I                                    3    1       98676 326984612674                               4 5
e 6 3 1     1 46677 553448482997 4 11796                  111114111282 11855532215 6 6 2 15511111168 9 6 72168 99111 Y
T 7 6 5
                                                        + +
77777 777777766767 7 77777777677 7 6 77677
                                                                    + + + + + ++++++++++++ + +++++++++++ + + + + +++
62621 951227269869                               1     82587465756                  1      8 43968 OI                 -                                  1 TCT                     %                        6 6          13033 333325605698 6 13153297388 7 8                                                               11495      _
AN      N            8 31211111711 2 3 12832 NPU         O            1                       1     9      21119 432112244133 6                                                                                          _
OAO         I ICC S S S-R l
7 7          77778 777777776777 7 77777777777 7 6 77777                                                                    -
                                                                     ++ +++ ++++++++++++ + +++++++++++ +                               + +++++
CEI         E-                                    + +
CD     V                                    4     5      75229 363799849210 9 76767477981 6                                                          7      62925      -
WA NRS N
O 5
8 2          72761 698542322520 6 97786575836                                                    4       3 77908           -
OOU         C                                    3 2          22111 542223319116 7 31222222122 3 9 12143 CTO SI     R           l                                                                                                                                                   _
R R         E                                    7 7          77778 777777777777 8 77777777777 7 7                                                               777,77 ELA         T                                     + +          +++++ ++++++++++++ + +++++++++++                              + + ++ ++
42867798755                  3       8      68478 TAV         F                                    8 8          37327 416433095091                               1 FN          A-           %                       7 5          69905 575233509296 0                                   24644418117                  5 3 85951 AOR                      0 2 23456 IO)            -                            5 5          33221 773S54441239                               1     52355543533                  4 DTFd                -
NI ADS      't       G                                                                                                                                              55555 DKn          N                              6 5          55546 555555555555 5 55555555555 5                                                            5 EACo              I                                + +         +++++ ++++++++++++     335225359611
                                                                                                             + + + ++++        + + + ++ +
21644423374                  1         1
                                                                                                                                                                        +++++
90115 R Ac              K                               4    2      17487                                            1 3 2 10814 ORR(              C                              1     2      87862 972448148879 0 41777707996 FO       )        A                                                                                                                                          9 64777 EFYS              R                               1    9      66261 885664674358 8 55266698833 4 B TR              E TIA          R ESSL CONL                          -                   6 6         66667
                                                                     +++ +776667656667
                                                                                + ++++++++++++            7 7676666S666
                                                                                                                 + + + + 7++++++++
6 67676 + + + ++++
ACEO                          -                    + +
P DD                          -
4    6      61740                   525412723488 2 2216578144e 5                                           8   42314 SL-                      %                        3 2         41513                   843525795514             2 87862869251                      3          3 53807 AW3    N             0-ETO8        O             1                       8 4         73487 116442792521 4 16144376399                                                     1         2 21317 CNL9        I-             l AE       1  S-                 -
RWF(        R                                     7 7
                                                         + +
76678
                                                                     +++++777777766767
                                                                                ++++++++++++              7 77777777777
                                                                                                              + + +5 ++ +++++++7 6 67777+ + + ++++
OEON        E TR O         V        -
5    1      63853 817748244204                                     94426094041 7 8 86861 SCEI        N             %                       8 3         23720 291220567011 6 61332243156                                                     1         3 78198 NST    O             5 21211111111                   2 6           61111 LIUP        C                                     1    1      18911 321113146183 5 A        O NDE         E            l ONHE        R                                     7+ 70077778
                                                             + +++++++      777777777777
                                                                                 ++++++++++++          7 77777777777
                                                                                                               + + + +7 ++++++++
7 777T7           + + +      ++++
IATG        O T        A  F                                     6 60006961 086219958547 6 16256689083                                                            1         6 90296 ISRR DKOO E
B 0                       2   3 0.e. 2 3 1 9 5 122898038929 7 19199996059 6 4 40022211 662333321136 7 41333322422 3 8
1 87994 12334 DCFT AA S RE E TK         N D HYAS         ESE TTSA         DKD                                  8)4         62480)866446680465)s)06808060826)0)0)86408 35746a444449564879aoa25677754499a2a8a39866 INC          CE                              8a6 RSE          WAE                                  5(4         11        6(441111112121(l(12                                1114441              (1(4(1                311 ONP-         ORN FEW          L DOS T CE              E                               BBBBPPPPBBBBBPPPBPPBBBPPPPPBPPPPB8BBPPPPBBPPBPP SW T              P OOOA              Y CLTR              T 12
                                       -                                      12                                                        23          1212121 Y                               E             TT12           1   123 S                                                        A123          YY                E    123 PP                             WW          HHLLSSO A                 E                                     KB              TT12K                         O     AA         K EEEOO                CCSSEEC21 W                                     E TTT           CC                N12EEELEENN                  RSDDDTT              1AAIIIIE E                A                -                    ETPPPEE                       KKA       NNNLLLNN123CERRRTT                            EC             TTSND L                N -                             12RD             ESEECCYEEOOOEIIAA                                      DEEEOO1WBBEEII             ON12 IICCOSE B                                 -                    CLNNNNSLLII RRTTTCWW                                    EEERAVVVBB                  I A                T                               HH OAAAUOLLRREIISSSI                                      HHEEEES               HHYRTTRR                        HNBMM T                 N                              CCEBIIIARAAEENUULLLTEETTNNNTIOOOCCRGNNIIDDCI EE A                              TTPWDDDWCSSWWIGGLLLNNNRROOOSLLLLAARLIIAAAANBRLL L
P AAOUNNNEAAAIIACCIIIOIIOOCCCYAAAAEEEIOORRUUAOVAA HHHHIIIKLLLLLWWWWWWWNNNNOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPQQCRRSS BB                    BB                                  AAAA                              AAAABB 3o 0t
                     .'                    ,lIll('llll                          llllltlIlll                       il   ll               llllll               i!!l'              l

j                iil!'
E VE RV ER SE ESE REV RR E E RES 7     67 6666766 7 666 7 6677 667                                               9     ORE
                                        +     ++ +++++++ + +++8 + ++++ +++                                              +    COR 6    15     7145779               318        0   8531 604                      3        C T               %        1     81     8211314          0    447 5 6808 908                               1     L E S                0                                                                                             LLR O                1       3     74     5115172 2 447                    1   6912 762                      1     ULO C-                                                                                                             FUC F
L. l                     7     77 6666776 7 667 7 8777 767                                               9     E L A          -
                                        +     ++ +++++++ + +++ + ++++ +++                                               +    NEL T                        7     63 5601855 6                 312        3 3715 758                        2     ONU N               %        2     22     1107514         6 991 5 3155 248                                   3        OF E               5                                                                                              Y M                        3     14     9337114 2 561 2                      8113           152         . 1      LYE E                                                                                                              NLN R.l                                                                                                           ONO E                          7     77 7667776 7 667 7 6677 767                                               9        O N                         +    ++ +++++++ + +++ + ++++ +++                                                +    H Y I                        5     09 4995336 9 645 2                          5737           786            0    THL
                             %         7     43     0751245         4    834        6 8964 523                        3     ITN 0                                                                                             WIO 2     13     1991116 2 491 3                      8913           112           1         W
                      -                                                                                                     D H Y                                7 EDT 77 6657766 7    667 7 7777 767                                            9     NEI T                                +     ++ +++++++     + +++ + +++ + +++                                          +    INW OI                                   5    57 4738684 2    642 0 3707                                 474            0     BI TCT                        %         1    11     5079939   0 850 4                     0244 082                     0     WBD AN      N              0                                                                                              OWE NPU       b-               1        5     17     9192192 4 561 2 1214                                194        -   2     CON OAO         I -                                                                                                              CI ICC         S              l                                                                                   ._         E B S S         R                       7     77 7667776 7 777 7 7777 777                                             _ 9    REW REI        E                         +     ++ +++++++ + +++ + ++++ +++                                               +   ARO EGD        V                        4     86 4901303              4    430 8 8629                    281            5        AC VA          N              %        8     56 1206002              1    138        3 6875 234                        0    S NRS        O-                                                                                                            ESE OOU CTO C-    -
5 6     29 2553328             7     111        5 1327 215                        3    IER RIA
_     SI     R-l                                                                                                           OR R R        E         -
7     78 7777777 8 777 8 7778 777                                               9    TOS ELA        T                         +     ++ +++++++ + +++ + + +++ +++                                              +   NTE TAV        F                        3     56 8199253 3 929 8 3376                                    174           7     ENI FN         A              %         2     13     0879954 3 282 2 8853 090                                           1    VER AOR                       0                                                                                              NVO IO)                             9     61 5224442             1     223       1    2651 517                     5     INT DTFd                             .                                                                                           IN NI                                                                                                                       D E A D S 't      G                                                                                                          NDV DKn       N                     5     50 5555555 6 555 6 5558 555                                           - 7      ANN EACo          I                      +     ++ +++++++ + +++ + ++++ +++                                              +        AI R Ac          K                     6     46     8162553         1     479       1    3966 764                     0     S
- ORR(          C                     5     70 3545200 3 533                       1    5390 785                     5     ESD
- FO      )     A                                                                                                          IEN EFYS          R                     9     51 7555567             1    646        1    5861 619                     6     TIA B TR          E                                                                                                          IT TIA       R                                                                                                          CIS ESSL                                                                                                                     ACE CONL                                      e,+ 7+++++++
6557666    7 666        7 6767                               .8
                                                                                +++ - 667 7                                                                                    PAI ACEO                                 +                    + +++  + ++++                                             +    APT P DD                                9        2 0682826 6 870                     1    0527      169            . 7       CAI SL-            -
                           %          0     "91    4175381         0   051    0  2337 104                            3        CC AW3    N              0                . .                                                                           :      A ETO8       O              1         2     44 4432621 2 223                       1    4141 341                     9     S:P GNL9 1     I                                                                                                             RLA AE         S             l OAC RMF(       R                    -   7     77 7667766 7 666 7 6777 767                                              9     TN OEON       E                    -    +    ++ +++++++ + +++ + + +++ +++                                         . +       CA:
TR O       V-                       6     84     0859058         1    771        6    8585          153            9     ACR SCEI       N%                       6     35 3650514             6 085 9              9721          056            7     E E NST    O5                                                                                                            RRF LIUP       C -                      3     15     1223194         4    667 2 8214 182                               1        ES A       O                                                                                                                OFN NDE        E             l WSA ONHE       R                        7     7F     7777777 8 777 7 7778 777                                          9    TNR IATG       O                         +    ++ +++++++ + +++ + ++++ +++                                               +       AT T       A  F                        8     00 2990574             9 630           1    0013          067            3    YR ISRR       E             %          5     80 1889718 0 899 3                          0900 587                     9    BTK DKOO       B             0-                                                                                                    S DCFT                              _
6     41     4113331         1    111        9 2541 314                       3     DYA AA S           -                                                                                                        EBC RE                                                                                                                  R E TK HYAS TTSA INC N D_
ESE.
DKD CE 0))80)8442469)6)664)2)4260)266) 7aa24a6005435a9a494e5a6174a571a ADG HEN STI CR RSE        WAE-                     2((12(3111111(6(1                        1(2(2312(1                   2(            LEI       1 ONP-       ORN-                                                                                                         ONU FEM        L                                                                                                 .          ONQ T DOS                                                                                                                 POE I T CE          E                -
PPPPPPBPPPPPPPBBPPPPPPB8PPPPPPP                                                         CR N SW T          P                -                                                                                        N         U OOOA          Y                -                                      1                                                 OSS CLTR          T                -                                                                                        MLL N l                                                           L                 2                               MOO       I 12            12S                                   1                OOO
    .                                 123                               I                 R           1                   CPP D S                                                  SS            AA          34       1A312 E                                     E      _
A             E                     EEE112 AA12                  NNE                    E           KW                  SSS D            _
M                     RRR            XX            NNL TT               ELDRREO                -
EEE U E             A                     FFFKHHMEEEE1                 AAI PP12ECRAAER                             .          TTT L L             N                     OOOOAAATTII 12HHM                                 KUOBBR-                           AAA C B                                   NNNOYYH            CCR       EE NYYEENNF                        CE12                CCC N A             T                     OOOROOEHHUUEYYUUEAEELLA RSS E                                                 L     III       I T             N                          BUURTTLLWRRQQEJKKTTYHETTFKNN WRRSSRORRGC STTTLNOO A     DDD NNN A                     NNNAQQOUU                                                                     T               )
a L                     AAAEEEHOOTTUUUUUHRUU0OTAAAAOAII                                               O     III
(
P                     SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTVVVWWWWWYZZ                                               T EEE AA                   AABB           EEBB                AA        AA            ABE 0*
0#
1I{

_                    _      .       _  66666667 6 67 7 7 67 0066 7 66766 66676666 676
_   + + ++++++ + + + + + ++ ++++ + + ++++ + + ++++++ + ++
_  83222652           8 89      4   8   77      0025        7   67266       08892404           656
                                %. 58885506 5 66                6   3    97     0034        0   63955       67191727           740 0-1      54925463           7    61   1   4    42     0043        1   52211       43412196           315 l
77767777 7              77   7   7    77     0077 7 76766 66676G77 678
                                        + + ++++++ + ++ + + ++ ++++ + + ++++ + + ++++++ + ++
43397965           5    76   1   4    06 0084 6 96600                    20270894           269
                                %      00858607 8              56   4   4    42     0025        1   06188       34982571           397 5
11191116           1    12   2   7    14     0 011       2 16555 98836511 829 L
A       l T               7777777807077070807700 07707077777077777777077700 O                + + + ++++     +++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++
_                      T               906955130104607030060006203008033064711947012600 93547793070880603027.e.000405029533099999869093900
_                               0 123366110403303010460004704021922011171131016100
                 -                     55545456           5    55   5   6 55 0054               5   54544       55554455           5550
_     N
                                        + + ++++++ + ++ + + ++ ++++ + + ++++ + + ++++++ + + ++
14567706           2    87   8   8   17      0035        6   26455       09384808           5680 O                        %       40691670           6    04   7   2   51      0047        2   27277       82779527           0390 I                         0 T                         1      22391911           1    26 5     1   16      0016 2 29766                11145332           1310 P
O l
55555556           5    56   6 6 56          0055 5 55655                55565555           5650 K                                 + + ++++++ + + + + + ++ ++++ + + ++++ + + ++++++ + ++ +
_     S                                47897456           0    61   1   8   71      0068        2   57044       45572844           1470 A                        %       76766141           1    63   2   4   04      0010        8   44933       54640279           7070 C                W5 T               -           55945533           5    61   1   3   61      0064        5   53133       43412185           2140
       -               3 -
Y        S                   l TN                   O               66666657 6 66 6                  7   66 0666 6 S6666 35665566 5660 IO       0                       -    + + ++++++ + ++ + + ++ ++++ + + ++++ + + ++++++ + + ++
CI                                   71617736           4   76    1   6   95      0001        0   34055       28463974           3520 AT       C                   %       47951131           7    39   8   1   76      0018        6   43788       27343863           3720 PA                           0 AR               -
                           -           11223371           1   22    2   1   23 0032             1   11511       19157421 7310 CU            =            -
G EI                                   66666667 6              67   7   7   67      0066        7   66766       66676666 6760 GF                                    + + ++++++ + + + + + ++ ++++ + + ++++ + + ++++++ + + ++
AN                                   43520681           2   73    8   5   21      0088        5   47599       25146086           5260 RO            -
36474485           4    48   5   2   87      0013        0   42844       46090784           6480 OC                           %
0 .=
T                            1       54925453           7    61   1   4   42      0043        1   S2211       43412186           3140 SK                   N C                O l
LA                   I               66767777           7    77   7   7   77      0077        7   76766       66676$77           6766
_ EC                   T                + + ++++++ + + + + + ++ ++++ + + ++++ + + ++++++ + + ++
U                    C               84321433           0    03   9   9   42      0020 0          41777       75520508           5610
_ FY                   U%              77718604           8    55   2 0     31      0025        1   03944       80470470           0830 T                R 5
TI                   T               99191116           1    12   2   7   14      0011        2   16455       88836511           8290 NS                   S EN                   N       l PE                   O               77777778           7    77   7   8   77      0077        7   77777 77777777 7770 SD                   C                + + ++++++ + + + + + ++ ++++ + + ++++ + + ++++++ + + ++
43643341           4    06 9     1   29      0054        7   65344       44464474           4440 LH                           %       81224482           5    65   3   2   93      0071        3   08911       88838838           8980 AG                            0 NI            -                      12336611           4    33   3   1   36      0037        4   21822       11171131           1510 OH I
TT)             .      )
INS         SE DER         NWN.                     99003397           1    e0 0     7   03      0003        1   99599 99939903 9290 DRA         OIO                      33444434           4    d4   4   4    44          44     4   33433       33343343           343 ARL         CTW UL                 (
JC0 D 0                              _
FE       RNL               .ED_      69699156           2    10   1   4    52     5665        8   75511       80976874           0876 -
H3   AE' RD                      99900199           0    09   9   9    09     2201        9   90911       90990099           0992 TT8      EHDOE                       99900099           0    09   9 9 09          0000 9 90S00 90990099                          0990 S      9 YWDTE                       11122211           2    21   1   1   21      2222        1   12122       12112211           2112 ON1                  ASN CI(
E            -)      _
GDWS _
             .A          EE            75380057)6)11                1   7)93)0027)1)820770538F8083                                 9290-a       O R 'Q S I ._               76550092a2a40                8   2a21 a           76a4a33911             19959441           191 5                                . 358899                                            50(2(24455             96932124           233 A        DOESL.
ATRAB S          (          .
11 6(2(44 3   3    22 2
2 8(12(
3    12          22     1   1    2      1      5     2       4 E
L           N B           W                        82668016744J0                0   4644656700998675548605225876276 A           OR                       0112230221111                7   2221122233000112280012111000202 T           DA                       0000000000000 0                  3300000000000000090000000000000 TE                       2222222222222                2   2222222222222222212222222222222 UY H                    -
S                      -      12                                                             12 123                                                          2
_  12YY                                     12          12        31NN
_       EE12          YYY                                              OO        DI        N     1
                                   . RRLL           12RRR1        2           FF          KK        REYY           LW      KUN        X E               AALLEE1            RRR                1LL            PP      NVSNN            OR      COI     FC M               EEAATT DDEEEK K                          CC121               TRSAA123NE               IHA     LE A               LLVVNNKOOFFFC                C        Y              EE      S ECC            RF12RLR         UN1 N               CC       OOCOO             I I   12ATTAANHH                    LB      NNNA           TAV G UURRFFOWWSSSW W                       WRRBBOCC12RA OOEEE OYYAC                                   MS T               NNEEEERDDNNNS S NNAEEFWTNN                                   ETSLLDDDECEEP TADAI N                    VVLL IIWWWN             N   OOLVVAANAAKKPSIBBSSSNILLZTS4NDR                            2 A               KKAALLGAAOOOU U RRLLLTTIWWOOOYVAAEEEARRRTR                                                  ' ADR L               RREEEEIRRRRRR                R   YYAAAAALOCOOORAIIRRRUNAAIOTIRAA P               AABBBBBBBBBBB B BBCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDEFFFFFGGHH AABB              AA BB               8BAA
[

                            -        . 6 6         66667 776667656667                       7   76766666666 7 6 67676
                           -         .      + +         + + +++ 525412723488
                                                                    + + ++++++++++ + 2+ +22165781448  + + + + + + + ++      5
                                                                                                                                 +
0
                                                                                                                                    +4 4    6      61740
                           - %             3 2         41513        843525795514                2 87862869251 3                  3   5 0-                                                                                               2   2
                           - 1             8    4      73487 116442792521                       4   16144376399             1 l
7 7         76678 777777766767                       7 77777777777               7    6 677
                                            + +         + + +++ 817748244204
                                                                     + + ++++++++++ + 5+ +              + + + + ++ + ++
94426094841             7
                                                                                                                                +8 +8 5    1      63853                                                                     3   7
                           - 5             8    3      23726        291220567011                6   61332243156             1
                           - 5                                                                                              2 6      6
                            -              1    1      18911        321113146183                5   21211111111 L
A       l T                  7  676677778e777777777777876777777777778787877777
                                            + ++++      +++++++++++++++                 +++++++++++++++                +++++++++++
O T                  66609869610086219958547060162566895830106098296 29309231950122898038929070191999960590608087994
                -               0
                -                          48499222110661333321136070413333224220301012334 5   55555555455             5    4   4
                  =
6 5
                                            + +         + + +++ 555555544545 F5556
                                                                    + + ++++++++++ + 8+ +13628592354 399228441454
                                                                                                      + + + + + + + ++      4
                                                                                                                                 +
1
                                                                                                                                    +46 N                                    7    4      88289 O                         %          6 2         01118        545439131071                7   16053244901             3    6   27 I                          S                                                                                          4 2 55132 T                     - I .          1    1      31231        432118334273                9   62811122943 P                     -        -
O                     -   l 4   5
                            -              5 5         55556        66555655,5555               6 65655555556 5 K           -         -               + +         + + +++     + + +++++ ++ + + +          9
                                                                                                   +52311453894
                                                                                                      + + + + + ++ + 4+ +7 + 62 S                     =              4    9      90883        856834919194                                            8    7   5 A                     -   %          5    4      60003        211446591685                9   35518519671               .
C                 W        5                                                                                                   1 T                             4 5         64664        116551811439                1   15165565487 9                7
       -                3 Y          S                  l -
6    5   56 TN                    O                  6 6         66667 666666665666 6 66666666666
                                                        + + +++ 877710217017
                                                                     + + ++++++++++ + 3+ +92311165174 + + + + + + + ++           + +98 IO         0                              + +                                                                                  4 2    8      57223                                                                2 CI                                                                                                32388865587             2    4   83 AT         C-                  %         3    7      54922        475354626122                6 PA                -            0 4   31322211221             2    2   4 AR                -                      1    2      11111        441223213123 CU                -       -
G                                                                                                                     7    6 676 EI GF
                             -             6
                                            + +
6      66667 59621
                                                                    + + ++++++++++ +72 + 76766666666
                                                        + + +++ 776667856667 099083699405
                                                                                                     + + + + + +++++ + +7 ++96 66311437439             1 AN                -                      7    4 1   74751746117             3    2   4 RO                -            %         1    1      19381        836404454314              .
OC                              0                                                             4   16144376398             1    2   2 T                               1        8    4      72477        116442792521 SK                    N C                 O        l 7    6   6 LA ER I
T 7
                                            + +
7 93795
                                                                    + + ++++++++++ +75 + 77777777777 76677 777777766667
                                                        + + +++ 591292352814                         + + + + + ++ + ++8 +6+ +25 58968438554 U                     C                  0    6 171219446770                4   50122142045             0    3   6 FY                    U%                 8    2       19118 T                 R         5                                                                                         1 6      6 TI                    T                  1    1       17919       321112146973                5   21211111113 NS                    S EN                    N        l 7   77777777777             7    7   77 PE)
SDd O
C 7 7
                                            + +
3 8
                                                        + + +++ 777777777777 77778 41049
                                                                    + + ++++++++++ +0 + 74978823576 600865334424
                                                                                                     + + + + + ++ + ++9 +4+ +4 84 L
AGn H't                        %
0 1    0       02083       68156582,8806               3   78766685737             3    8 4    4       22211       552333221136                7   31233322322 3                1   1 NIo OHc I      (
TT)                 .    )
INS           SE .                                                                            3   09900099e99 0                9   9 DER           NMN                        1    1       99998 229600099903                      4   43344433d33             4    3   33 DRA           OIO                        4     4      33334       443444433344 ARL           CTW UL                  (
RCO O D                             D-                                586567764619                9   14856?77s35             3    5   4 FE         RNL               .E -        0    7 -     44920                                                       1 9    0 090 H3    AE' RD-                       0 0          90999       999008910919                8   99000e99099                  0 090 0      90999       999009900909                9   99900099099             9 TT8        EHDOE -                       0                                                    1   11122211211             1    2   21 S      9   YWDTE                         2 2          12111       111221122121 ON1                    ASN CI(
E              - )
               .GDWS A'EE                       4)00036954)662590315416)2)12571129829)2)3)68273 a
DRQSI                         7a2          93702a933688245876a0a21312218414 45528(026994853898(1(09811185558(1(5(26491                a4 a0a26506 5          DOESL                         8(8 9   44         2          11    2   1     1111121           1 A          ATRAB(                         2   2 S
E L            N B
A W
OR 92660654223498130557568033441456886878887787560 01278011022220221120021211101222002000000000212 T             DA TE                       _
00099080000000000000000000000000000000000000060 22211222222222222222222222222222222.222222222222 UY H
S 12                              1212121 12                                              23 Y                    E               TT12          1   123 A123         YY      E      123 PP                           WW      HHLLSSO KB             TT12K                 O      AA       K EEEOO           CCSSEEC21 E                                              N12EEELEENN                   RSDDDTT         1AAIIIIE M                      E TTT           CC                                                      EE      TTSND
           =
           =             A                      ETPPPEE             KKA        NNNLLLNN123CERRRTT        DEEEOO1MBBEEII ON12
           =             N                  12RD             ESEECCYEEOOOEIIAA                  EEERAVVYBB            I     IICCOSE
           -                                    CLNNNNSLLII RRTTTCWW                         HHEEEES            HHYRTTRR             H HH     OAAAUOLLRREIISSSI T
N                 CCEBIIIARAAEENUULLLTEETTNNNTIDODCCRGNNIIDDC A
L P
TTPMDDDWCSSWWICGLLLNNNRROOOSLLLLAARLIIAAAAN AAOUNNNEAAAIIACCIIIOIIOOCCCYAAAAEEEIOORRUUAO HHHHIIIKLLLLLWWWWWMMNNHNOOOOPPPPPPPFPPPPQQR BB                  BB nh oc AAAA                       AAAABB

E
                  .                       7 VE
-                                                67 6557666                7    666      7 6767 667                 8   RV
-                                         9
                                           +      + + +++++++
52
                                                                     + +++ + ++ ++           ++ +                    +  ER 0682826             6    870      1    0527      169         7   SE
                                     %    0 21    4175381            0    051       0    2337      104         3   ESE 0                                                                                  REV 1    2      43    4432621            2 223          1    4141      341         9      RR E E l
7      77 RES 7667766 7 666                     7 6777         767         9   ORE 6
                                           +      + + +++++++ + +++
84
                                                                                + ++ ++ + + +                        +  COR 0859058            1    771       6    8585      153         9      C
                                     %    6      35    3650514            6 085 9             9721      056         7   L E 5                                                                                  LLR 3      15    1223194            4    667 2 8214               182         1   ULO L                                                                                            FUC A        l F
T              7007807777777080777070777807770                                           9 O               + + + + ++++     +++++++++++++++                                             E L T
                                                                                                 ++++++++ +             NEL
                                    %     8000302990574090639010001300670 5 0 0 8 0 0 1 8 3   ONU OF 0                      8 9 7 1 8 0 0.f.8 9 9 0 3.e.0 9 0 0 0 5 8 7 0. .- 9         Y 6O04104113331010111090254103140                                           3   LYE
                                                                                                                 -      NLN 5      55    5335550            5
                                                                                                                 .      ONO 444       5   5555       545      . 7       O N                                   0
                                           +      + + 2688430 94
                                                        +++++++ + 4+++748 + + 4 +++          9655
                                                                                                  + + +029- +           H Y O                             %
                                                                                                                 - 5    THL I                             0 7      13    4579360            4    305       4   8236       162      - 7    ITN T                                                                                                          -      WIO P
1     1      18   1878210             5 287 2            1314       143      - 2       W O                            l
                                                                                                                 -      D H 5      56                                                                     EDT 5446550             6    455       6 5656         555        7    NEI K                                    +     + + + ++++++         + +++ + + +++ + + +                           +  INW S                                _ 3      99 5664090                0    049      5    6225       340        4    BI A                            %     3      72    1186160             8    450      0 2066 906                 4    WBD C                   W         5                              .
OME 3      52 6651840                1   722       1    5151       417        7    CON
       -                  3                                                                                                CI Y                                l E B TN                      O              5      66 6556666 6                  555       6 6666 656                 8   REW
_ IO CI
                                          +      + + + ++++++         + + + + + +         +++ + +    +              +  ARO
_                 -                      5      53    0990640             0   461       0    9560      249         9       AC AT                               X     7      34    1884230            9    451       3    5769      548         4   S PA                           - e                                                                                     ESE AR                           -         6      37    3443320 6 286 5 1326                             221         2   IER CU                           =
RIA G                                                                                                                OR EI                           =         7      67    6557666            7    6S6 6 6767                               TOS
                                                                                   + + 1 + +++ + +667
                       =
8 GF AN
                       =       -
7
                                          +      + + 6703516 34
                                                       + ++++++ + 1 + +                                   +         +  NTE e92            1282      016         9   ENI RO                               %     0      10    2074171            0 040          8    0317      004         0   VER OC                               0                                                                                   NVO T                                1     2      43    4432621            2 223 9             4141      341         9   INT SK                      N                                                                                               IN C                   O       l
                                                                                                                       )      E LA ER I
T 7      77    7667766            7 666          7    6777      667     -9 MDV U                       C              3
                                          +      + + 4293288 21
                                                      ++ +++++ + +           + + + ++ ++ ++ +                       +  ANN 3    e20       6    5528      155         2      AI FY                      U%             6      33    2649464            4              8 4629         645         7   S T                   R       5                                           e. 6 3                                   ESD TI                      T              3      15    1222184            4    667       2    8213      982         1   IEN NS                      S                                                                                      _
TIA EN                      N -     l IT PE)                     O              7      77    7777777            8    777       7    7777      777         9   CIS SDd                     C               +      + + + ++++++ + +2 + 444       + + + +++ ++ +                       +  ACE 1      73    1446244                           8    4247      548         8   PAI L H 't                          %      5      45    8885498            0    888       7    8575      285         6   APT AGn                -
0                                                                                   CAI NIo                   -                6      49    3113321            1    111       8    1539      314         3      CC OHc                   -                                                                                               :     A I      (
TT)                                                                                                                  S:P
                       .     )                                                                                         RLA INS         -
SE .                                                                                       -       OAC DER               NMN                  3      15    e990009            5    999       4    9205      091     -       TN DRA               OIO                  4      44    d334443            4    333       4   3444       434     .       CA-ARL               CTW                                                                                                ACR UL                     (
E E tCO         -
RRF O D         -
D                                                                                       ES FE                NL           .E      5      85    6347182            0    642       6    9861      895             OFN H3            E' R D               9      09    0228001            0 000          0 9900         099             WSA TT8               HDOE                 9      09 0009000 0 000 0 9900 099                                            TNR S      9          WDTE                 1      21    2221222            2    222       2   1122       211       _
AT ON1                     ASN                                                                                          YR CI(                                                                                                                  BTK E         -)                                                                                             S GDWS                                                                                               DYA
    .               A'       EE          2 $10)5882617)8)534)5)8831)765) e 5
RQSI OYSL 8'ee68a3558269a8a778a9a6149e539a 3((26(622117                  (2(        33(4(9016(8               2(
EBC R
ADG A                 T" AB                2      12    2      11          7              2   1412            1          HEN S        (
E                                                                                                                    STI CR L                 N                                                                                                  LEI      1 B                 W                    9231127780342324817778234575188 .                                             ONU A          -
OR                   9113222221221122010022122222000-                                              ONQ T T                 DA                   9000000000000000000000000000000-                                              POE      I TE                   1222222222222222222222222222222                                                  CR    N UY                                                                                                 N        U
                -   H                                                         1                                        OSS S                                                                                                  WLL N L                2                       WOO      I 12              12S                              1            OOO 123                                  I                R       1               CPP D SS               AA         34      1A312         E                     E E              EEE112 AA12                     NNE                   E       KW              SSS      D
             -            W              RRR             XX              NNL TT             ELDRREO                    EEE U A              FFFKHHMEEEE1                    AAI PP12ECRAAER                               TTT L N              OOOOAAATTII 12HHW                                  KUOBBR -                   AAA      C NNNOYYH             CCR         EE NYYEENNF                   CE12            CCC      N T
N OOOROOEHHUUEYYUUEAEELLA RSS E                                             L   III      I A                     BUURTTLLWRRQQEJKKTTYHETTFKNN NNNAQQOUU               WRRSSRORRGG STTTLNOO T A                 DDD NNN      )
           =              L P
AAAEEEHODTTUUUUUHRUU00TAAAAOAII O                                             III       a SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTVVVWWWWWYZZ T                                                      (
EEE AA                      AABB           EEBB           AA       AA         ABE 3
0'

7              5566        7 76766             76776677           67 77
                                                                             + 4+ +5 +77 77767767           7           7
                                                 ++ + +++++
75988925           3
                                                                    + +  35                 01
                                                                                                + +3409+ ++ 6+ 80588   + ++++ +09885441  ++++++ + +53
                                     %          89826314           5     58    7       0     62      0133        2     09644         15176104           72 0                                                                                               17147521           63 1          11291187           1     12    2 9           15      5497        3     15633
{
7     77777         77777777           77
                                                 + +++++++ +71 77+25 + +
77777778                       7
                                                                                     +86 +77    + +6877
                                  -             04186155                       1             87      6782
                                                                                                         + + +7 +46533     +++++ 09469012
                                                                                                                                      + +++++++ +        49
                                     %          46707420           1     76    5       1     96 9606             7                   72774108            19 5
7 2 5 0. e.
22323311           3     23    3       1     26 2222 4                 11811         11161131            14 L
A       l T                  77777778           7     77    7       8 77 7778                 7     77877 77787777                    77 O                   + ++ ++++
873     42255
                                                                + +4
                                                                       +18 + +0 +5 + 27+ +98+60 ++ 7+ +++++            14377
                                                                                                                                        ++2590++++
                                                                                                                                   ++1580            +++
9 T                                                                                                       72600454            9
                                     %          16999995           5     07     6      5     87      8890        1     98122 0                                                               1141        7 22133             22213242            1 33448811           6     54     4      1     58 N        -
O                                                                                                   5 55655 55565555 5550 4355 I
T
                                                 ++ + +++++ 56 + 55 55555556 23034092
                                                                          + + 54 + 76+5619 02
                                                                                              + + 4263 ++++ +1 +++++   29977
                                                                                                                                   +++++++
66211022
                                                                                                                                                 + +++   2 P                                                                                                   8     24833         63439116            9 O                        %          74462598           0 09 9              1     02      0768 0
K                       1          77824321 3               47     7 2          41      1621        6     42111         43512266 2750 S
A        -              l 4455        6 55655 55665566 5660 66 C                           =
                                         =       + +++++++ +51 +66 66656656 39020600                 70
                                                                             + +60 +67 ++    85
                                                                                                   + 9392
                                                                                                       + + + 1 + 65577   ++ +++ 12480367
                                                                                                                                       ++++++++ ++3
              -                                                                                                                                          3
                                     %          44715363           5     05      5     6     15      7724         4    13877          851068,31 N     T W               5 8             1     4     12      6499        1     97355          97137511           6 O        -                         111911S4                 11 I     S3 YT            -              l TA IR 0 O                          66666667 6 66 6
                                                 + +++++++ +
21785502
                                                                        +00 + 1+ 70+ +66     78
                                                                                                  +5566+ +6 66666 9724
                                                                                                               ++1 +62299 66666666 6666
                                                                                                                           +++++ 52488606
                                                                                                                                        + +++++++        7 CU         C                                               1 3     18      8696 2            14477          28621752            4 AG                           %           94074413          6     22      2 PI                            0                                                                           3 22922             21292132            1 AF                                       23436611 2 33                   3     1     45       4335 CN O                                                                               77       5566        7     76766 76776677 6770 EC             -                         77767767 7              77      7     7 G                                        + + + + + + 0 ++97 + +6 +3 + 68+ + 3731 98124527
                                                                                                       + + + 9+ +45644     + +++++        + +++++++ 6 55356384 AK                                                         5     47      6     8     50 9002              1     06433         02163993            4 RC                            %          78806382 DA                            0 12      2 8         15       4497 3 15633                    17147411            6 TR                   N        1          11291177          1 S              - O                                                                                                                       .
Y         - I           l 7      8    77       6677        7     77766 7T777777                    7 7     77 LT EI T
C U
                                                  + + + + + + +2 + 10+ + 6+ + + 61+ + +
77777778 69491791                               1
                                                                                                         + + +3 + +++++ + +++++++ + +8 9203              59633         01351470 US                                                                                                        9     61177         62644087            0 FN E
R%
T         5 24596210           0     65     3      1     84 86.S.5         -
1 22313311           3 23         3      1     28      2212        4     11899         11161121 TD              - S N               - N EW                   O        l 77877         77777777            7 PO SL                 -
C
                                                  + + ++++++78 + 77 77777778 93267742
                                                                          +
96
                                                                              ++ 7 8
                                                                                     +82 + 77  + + 7777 08
                                                                                                       + + + +75 +90499 4475
                                                                                                                          ++ + + +87270747
                                                                                                                                         +++++++ +4 2     64     2      4     41      8854        8                   40408221            8 LO                             %         83552284                                                               6 6. P. 9 9 AT                             0 44     4      1     58      1149        6     22122         22292242 1720 N                                        23448811           6 0N 2O TI)                .      )       -
ISS           SE . -                                                      1     9     24      9915         3    99600          99959919            9 DRR           NMN                 .      00114499           3     11 3344         4    33444          33343343            3 DEA           OIO                  -     44444434           4     44      4     4     44 AVL           CTb (               -
NL                           -
ROD                                      )9)002290885)                    )     ))6))130001139866                              2410791)            4 OCD                            D                                                                                               9999999b            9 F          RNL              .E           b8b000999999b b bb9bb220119999800(     ((9((000009999900                              9999999( 9990 R3    AE' RD                        (9(000999999(                                1        222221111122                    1111111             1 TE8        EHDOE                            1   222111111 ST9        YWDTE OF1                   ASN CA(
E             -)                                            3      3)39)6001)9)28022                             75096863 COWS                       73764453)4)33                    3      1 a38a2166a0e04577                            42150468
           .         .A' EE                       37690078a9a55 0      4(67(2226(0(76877                             83547596 b          DRQSI                         79224413(5(31                                 12          32      2     1   2         1116        2 5          DOESL                             1122      4    4    33      3      4 A           ATRAB (
S E
L            N                     -
0      4644656700998675548605225876276 B            W                     -
8266801674470                   1      2221122233000112280012111000202 A            OR                          0112230221111 T            DA TE 0900000000000 02 000000000000000009000000000000 2222222222222                          2222222222222222212222222222222 UY H                                                                                                         12 S                               12                                                                                      2 123 12YY                                            12          12           31NN EE12           YYY                                                        OO          DI        N
_   RRLL          12RRR1             2              FF          KK           REYY             LW     KUN RRR                       1LL            PP         NVSNN              OR     COI E               _   AALLEE1                                         CC121                  TRSAA123NE                IHA W               . EEAATT DDEEEK K                              Y              EE         S  ECC             RF12RLR A               . LLVVNNKOOFFFC                    C 12ATTAANHH                        LB       NNNA           TAV G N                   CC       OOCOO             I     I OOEEE OYYAC
_                            ._ UURRFFOWWSSSW W                               WRRBBOCC12RA ETSLLDDDECEEP                               TA
                                              . NNEEEERDDNNNS                    S     NNAEEWWTNN
_                            .        VVLL IIWWWN                 N OOLVVAANAAKKPSIBBSSSNILLITSNNDR RRLLLTTIWWOOOYVAAEEEARRRTR
_                _              *             . KKAALLGAAOOOU U RREEEEIRRRRRR                    R      YYAAAAALOOOOORAIIRRRUNAAIOTIRAA
_             0                  AABBBBBBBBBBB                    J      BBCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDEFFFFFGC AAOB                      AA BB               BBAA
_                                                                                                oo
_                                                                                                oo

7     6      77777 777777766767 7                           77777777677               7   6   776
                                                     + +
5
                                                                   + + + ++ + + + +++++ + + + +1 + + + + + + +++++ + + + ++++
1      62621         951227209809                     02507405756               1   6 43900
                                         %           6     6      13033         333376605098                 0   13153297388               7   8   114 0
1          1     9      21139         432112244133                 6   31211111711               2 3     1283 l
7     7      77778         777777776777                 7   77777777777               7   6   7777
                                                      + +
5
                                                                   + + + ++ + + + +++++++++ + 9+ + + + + + +++++ + + + ++++
75229
                        -                            4                          363799849210                     76707477981               6   7   6292
                        -                %           0     2      72761         698542322520                 6   97786575836               4   3   7790 5
3 2          22111         542223319116                 7   31222222122               3 9     1214 L
                        - A              l
                        =T                           7     7       77778        777777777777                 8   77777777777               7   7   7777 O
T                  8
                                                      +
8
                                                            +      + + + ++ 416433095091 37327
                                                                                  + + + ++++++++ + +1 + + + + + + +++++ + + + +++
42867798755               3   8   084
                                          %          7     5       69905        575233509296                 0   24644418117               5   3   8595 0                                                                                 .
5     6       33221        773554441239                 1   52355543533               4   2   234 N                                                               .
D 2    _                                          5     5       55556 655555555556 6                          55555555555 5                 4   555 T    _
                                                      + +           + + + ++ + + + +++++++++ + + + + + + + +++++ + + + ++++
P                                               0 0           48654        824579038051                 8   87749603200               2   7   1956 O                                    %          1     4       54735        037419426020                 5   27195255971               7   4   7636 0
K                                    1          3     2       74461        188337811511                 1   85833355176 7                 8   472 S
A                                    l C                                         _     5     5       66666 666656655556 6 66666666566 6                                          5   5656
                                                      + +           + + + ++ + + + +++++++++ + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + ++++
       -                    -                        1     2       61248        296291848530                 0   44760523029               3   4   2031
                          -               %          5     6       31102        305085631454                 1   60511011441               4   3   943 N        _                    W       5 O        _             -                        7     8       11113        221191154952                 3   11111111711               1   2   9181 I        .
3 YT                        -             l TA                               O                 6      6      66666        666666666666 6 66666666666                                 6   5   663 IR                                           _      + +           +++++ + + + +++++++++ + + + + + + + +++++ + + + ++++
CU                                           _
6      8      70039        661053550214                 2   92100001512               2   3   7197 AC                                       %         9      6      61087         491562961987                0   70411155395               9   8   2849 PZ                         -
0 AF                                                  1     3      23318        683333321126                 7   32344422322               2 6     2233 CN                           -
O EC        -                -                       7      6      77777        777777766767                 7   77777777677               7   6   7767 G         _
                             -                         + +          + + + ++ + + ++++++++++ + + + + + + + +++++ + + ++ + ++
OK                         -                        2     7      88166         872999482379                5   26763149870               3   8   9552 RC             _            -            %          6     3      02021         222214584077                8   02043286178               8   7   002 OQ        _
                              -             c TQ                          - N           1         1     9      21119         432112234133                5   31211111711               2 3     1282 S                                O V                      =I           l LT                          - T                     7     7      77778         777777776777                7 77777777,777              7   6   7777 EI                               C                   + +          + + +++ + + ++++++++++ +                      + + + + + + + ++ +     + + + ++++
US                               U                  6 6          34126         057794197356                8   16186360249               2   4   6816 FN                               R%                 9     1      61651         476431218417                3                             3   1   659 E                           T        5                                                                    8 6 6 6 5 4 6 4. P. 2 4 TD                               S                  2 2          22111         542223318115                7   31222222122               3   9   1213 N                                 N EU                               O        l PD)                              C                  7     7      77778         777777777777                7   77777777777               7   7   7777 SLd                                                  + +          + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + + + + + + + +++ + + + + + ++++
8     1       66348        915961024114                2   62456643360               4   1   7097 L O 't                                    %         5     2       36684        802890188079                4   82300096885 2                 3   5351 QTn                                        0 N o            _                                   5     5       33211        673444431238                9   42355533423 4                 2   234 ONc                                           .
IO(           _
TI)          .
_                .     )         .
ZSS           _
SE              .       .
DRR                    NMN                    . 2 2           00990        330111109905                5   19022200100               1   9   901 DEA                   OIO                     . 4     4      44335        444444443344                 4  43444444444               4   3   3444 AVL                   CTW                     -
NL                              (         -
ROO
                                                                    )437))81778))780722)))9)67811380088222)192 OCD F
R3 NL E' R D .
                                         .E  D..       661 990 990 b998bb69599bb099099bbb8b99990089988009b089 (999((99999((099099(((9(99990099999009(099 TE8                                                 112             111       11111           211211             1   11111211111221 ST9 OF1                      WDTE. DOE.
ASN CA(
E              -)
GDWS                         0)8          12114)260712155231)1)14971140467)2)3)06077
     .                                 EE              5 e4         09004 a917927943535e4 e82323320493a0a6a45286 b                  E 'Q S I                         0(7          99831(919348208254(6(34966674481(5(4(69246 45111211            122      2   11111122311              1   1 5                        0ESL                       4     3               1 A                                RAB                                      1 S          (
E L                         N 3                         W                         92860654223498130557568033441456806878887787560 A                         OR                        01278011022220221120021211101222002000000000212 T                        DA                         000990000000000000000000000000000000000000000J0 TE                        22211222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 UY H
_                            S
_                   _                                                                                12
_                   _                             -                          12                                               23       1212121
_                                                 -            Y                      E              TT12           1   123 A123          YY       E     123      PP                       MM       HHLLSSO
_                                    E                       KB              TT12K                 O     AA         K EEEOO            CCSSEEC21
-                                    W                       E TTT           CC        N12EEELEENN                  RSDDDTT          1AAIIIIE A                       ETPPPEE             KKA        NNNLLLNN123CERRRTT                         EE      TTSND N                 12RD               ESEECCYEEOOOEIIAA                           DEEEOG1MBBEEII ON12 CLNNNNSLLII RRTTTCWW                             EEERAVVVB6            I      IICCOSE T                 HH      OAAAUOLLRREIISSSI                         HHEEEES              HHYRTTRR             HNB N                 CCEBIIIARAAEENUULLLTEETTNNNTIOOOCCRGNNIIDDCI EE A                 TTPMDDDWCSSMMICGLLLNNNRROOOSLLLLAARLIIAAAANBRLL L                  AAOUNNNEAAAIIACCIIIOIIOOCCCYAAAAEEEIOORRUUAOVAA
                   ..                P             . HHHHIIIKLLLLLMMWWMWWNNNNOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPQQRRRSS BB                   B8                           AAAA                         AAAA0B ca 0u

E VE
                         .                        7      77     6657766          7    667      7   7777      767           9  RV
                         .                         +      + +   ++ +++++      + +   ++ + + +++3707    ++ +   474
                                                                                                                           +
0 ER SE
                         .                        5      57     4738684          2    642      0
                                        %         1      11     5079939          0    850      4   0244      082           0  ESE e                                                                                     REV
                         -              1         5      17     9192192          4    561 2        1214      194           2     RR E E l                                                                                     RES 7    777      7   7777      777           9  ORE
                                                          + + 7667776 7      77
           -                                       +            + + +++++ + + ++ + ++++               + + + 281 8629                    5
                                                                                                                            + COR C
           .                                      4      86     4981303          4    430      8
                                        %         8      56     1208002          1    138      3   6875      234           0  L E 5                                                                                     LLR 6      29     2553328          7    111      5   1327      215           3  ULO L                                                                                           FUC A     l                                                                                        F T               7      78     7777777          8    777      8   7778      777           9  E L O                +      + + +    + +++++ + + ++ +                 e+++      + + +         + NEL T               3      56     8199253          3    929      9   3376      174           7  ONU
                                        %         2      13     0879954          3    282      2   8853      090           1     OF 0                                                                                     Y
           .             .                        9      61     5 224442         1    223      1   2651      517           5  LYE N                    .                                                                                                  NLN O                l                                                                                                      ONO I                    .                      5      56     5445554          6    555      5   5556      555           7     O T                    .                       +      + + + + +++++ + + ++ + ++++             + + +                     + H Y P                  -                        4      51     6532590          5    630      1   7171      078           7  THL O                    -
                                        %         0      81     6419882          1    242      9   5453      901           6  ITN 0                                                                                     WIO K    -                            1         9      22 2337528              1    223 6        4531      249           5     W S                  -
D H A    .
                         .              l
                                            .                                                                                 EDT C                       -
6      66     5556655          6 555         6 6666        556           8  NEI
           -                                       +      + + + ++ ++ + + + + ++ + ++++ + + +                               + INW
       .                                          0      33     9100641          9    468      2   5699      710           1  BI
                                        %         5      06     2105447          1    542      4   0405      527           3  MBD N              T W                5                                                                                     OME O                                           1      14     9221192          3 567 2           1113      971           1  CON I              S S                                                                                                         CI YT                                    l     _
E B TA                 0 O                      _   6      67 6666665 7 666 7                        6667 666                8  REW IR                                          _    +      ++ + +++++ + + +++ + ++++ + ++                             . +      ARO CU                                              1      16     2330150          5    587      2   9872      847           6     AC
           .C                                 _
AG                                    % _       6      72     9442566          0    487      0   6792      734           7  S PI           .
0 _                                                                                  ESE AF                        -                     2      41     3113439          1    111      1   2431      313           3  IER CN                       -                                                                                                  RIA O                                                                                                                       OR EC                        -                     7      77     6657766          7    666      7   6777 767                9  TOS G                         -                      +      ++ + ++ ++ + + + +++              + ++++    +++
7264      165           4
                                                                                                                            + NTE ENI AK                       .                      6      26     7420096          0 9
302      3 043           9  VER RC                        -
                                        %         0      19     2049908               639      3   8233 OA        -                            0                                                                                    NVO TR                              N      2        5      16     9192192          3    569 2        9214      194           1  INT S                               O                                                                                              IN Y                           I     l                                                                                _    D E 777      7   7777      777        .9    NDV LT                              T
                                                          ++ + 7667776
                                                                  ++++++7 + + + +873+ ++++
7      77 EI                              C                +                                               + + +                    + ANN US                              U               9      80     5806816          2             4   7113      214           2     AI FN                              R%              6      42     6086899 8             027      1    5762     132       _ 9 S
E                           T      5                                                                             -      ESD TD                              S               6      29     2543217          6    111      5    1327     215           2  IEN N         .-                    N                                                                                           TIA EW             -                O     l                                                                                     IT PO)                             C               7      78     7777777          8    777      8   7778      777           9  CIS SLd                                              +      ++ + ++++++ + + + +             + ++++     + + +                  +  ACE 7      83     9757783          2    431      8    6574     349           9  PAI L O 't                                 %        9      62     6666413          2    161      1    5312     686           7  APT ATn                                     0                                                                                   CAI N      o                   -                    8      51     4224442          1    223      1    2651     416           4     CC ONc                        -        -                                                                                        :    A IO(                                                                                                                          S:P TI)                           .    )                                                                                         RLA ISS                   SE                                                                                                     OAC DRR                   NMN.                 . 5      27     1991119          7    990      6    9327     193               TN DEA                   OIO                  . 4      44     4334443          4    334      4    3444     434               CA:
AVL                   CTW                  .                                                                                 ACR NL     -                       (       .                                                                                 E E ROO                                                                                                                          RRF OCD                                    D.       999099078)295555785500347449088                                                 ES       .
F                  RNL               .E .       888088011b990099999900999999988                                              OFN       6 999099000(990099999900999999999                                             WSA       8 TE8 R3
_AE'RD.
_EHDOE .                         111211222              112211111122111111111                                TNR AT 9
1 ST9 OF1             _YWDTE.         ASN.                                                                                         YR BTK       F CA(             _
S    O
              .         E             .)                                                                                       DYA CDMS                       2))50)1008894)0)316)1)6211)343)                                             EBC       S
    .                 .A             EE            7ee40a7773567a8e161 e5e9471 a164 e                                          R         A b                  D R 'Q S I                    1((64(3556515(6(568(2(5664(329(
1413          1            ADG 5                  DOESL-                        3     13     3      111        8             3             1 HEN       E A                  ATRAB S            (                                                                                         STI     .C E           -                                                                                                                   CR     A L                      N                    -                                                                                LEI    1P ONU
_ B                      W                         9231127780342324817778234575188                                                       S A                _     OR                        9113222221221122010022122222000                                             ONQ T T           . DA                                 9000000000000000000000000000000                                             POE    IL
_              -         TE                        1222222222222222222222222222222                                               .CR  NA
               -         UY                                                                                                           UN H                                                             1                                        ' 4S     O S
L               2
                                                                                                                               'w L L W0O NI IT
_                   12             12S                           1              O0O       I 123                                 I              R       1                CPP    DD SS             AA        34      1A312       E                     ED E               EEE112 AA12                    NNE                 E       KW               SSS DA W               RRR             XX             NNL TT            ELDRREO                    EEE U A               FFFKHHMEEEE1                   AAI                                          TTT LD N               OOOOAAATTII                12HHW         PP12ECRAAER.
KUOBBR CE12 AAA CE NE NNNOYYH             CCR        EE NYYEENNF                                  CCC T               OOOROOEHHUUEYYUUEAEELLA RSS E                                            L  III    IN N                      BUURTTLLVRRQQEJKKTTYHETTFKNN A                                       DDD NNN A               NNNAQQOUU                WRRSSRORRGG STTTLNOO T                                    ))
L               AAAEEEHOOTTUUUUUHRUU00TAAAAOAII O                                           III     eb P           . SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTVVVWWWWWYZZ T                                                  ((
EEE AA                     AABB          EEBB          AA      AA           ABE
                                                                                         ))
qc

7    77      6666      7   66766 66676676 676
                                          ++++++++ + 68+6696 77767667 24328208
                                                                    + + 79 + 3+ +     69
                                                                                            + 6992
                                                                                               + + + 4+ ++  16333
                                                                                                                   +++ ++++++++
163760e7
                                                                                                                                        + 322
                                                                                                                                            + +
T %                      56919911           4     41      0     7    16      2060       1  14344        27949028           675 S           0                                                                                                              419 O           1            11171933           8     99      1     2    11      1154       2  64222 85926519 C
l 76777676           677 L
A 77777767
                                          ++++++++ +
7     76
                                                                    + + + +
7     7
                                                                                       + + 6666 77
                                                                                              + + 7+ +7 + 66766
                                                                                                              ++++ + +35192888
                                                                                                                           + + +++++ + 299   + +
T                        91898194           6     22       4    4    90      2430          66500 N 5                     69028727           3     39       1    4    73      3857       6  96444        93261349           780 E           5                                                             .
17121819           521 W                       11211133            1    19       1    3    11      4399 2 77255 E
R          !
7  67777        76777776           677 C
N-I -
77777767
                                           ++++++++ + 74 + 77 00037792                 67
                                                                     + + 74 +7 5++77  95
                                                                                           + +7777
                                                                                                 + + +
5656       2
                                                                                                            +++++
24911
                                                                                                                       ++74905e13
                                                                                                                            + +++++ +++     866
                              %           70017745            1    60       1    5    40      4343       1   42822       17246246           926 0                                                                                          17121118           521 12222224            2    11       1    4    22      2212       3   91211 Y                                    77767777            7    77       7    7    77      5566       7   76766       77776677           677 T                                     + + ++      + + ++       + + 4+ +
82            0
                                                                                     +21 + +1084 + + +9 + 05466
                                                                                                              + +++++ 70845356
                                                                                                                           ++++++++ + 759    + +
OI                                      32853776            7 TCT                         %           22965209            4    59       8    2    63      2063       6   32868       30529518           105 AN           N 0 6            6596       3   17444       11149621           931 NPU             O=1                     22291115            1    12       2         14 OAO             I -
ZCC             S - 1 7   77777       77777777           777 77777777                          7    7    77      6677
                                           + + + +++++ 4+ 77 S     S         R                                           7
                                                                   +    + 7+ +0 + 28+ +8498     + + + 9+ +++++         + 66177767
                                                                                                                         + + +++++ + 378     + +
REI EGD VQ
            .E
            .N V
                                  -       07682709 12237375            1 28 00 9 9             32      6233 7 37488 26233       28458445           614 NRS       _O                5 3322           21711       21261132           152 OOU       _C                            33423319            3    34       3 9 36                       4 CTO       _
SI           R                                                                                                      77787777           787 R     R         E--l                     ++++++++ + 78+ 77 77778878
                                                                   +     + 73+ ++8    78      7778
                                                                                        + + 8040 7
                                                                                                + + + 3 +++++
77877
                                                                                                                     + +82903208
                                                                                                                           + +++++ + 309     + +
ELA             T-   -
TAV             F                       83134492                  10           2    20                     67086 FN              A =%                    63970078            1     42      0    8    80      3380       9   01266       94121527           888
_ AOR                          0 71      2261 7         44144       33414363           313 IO                -                  45661121            7 66          6    1
_ DTF                    -
NZ ADS         -
G             -
55565555           5655 55     5555       6   55555 EAC DK
            =
              -      N I                     ++++++++ + 62 + 55 55555546 24174463
                                                                     + + 52 + 76++36+ +2466+ + +2 +++++
29                                       04899
                                                                                                                       + 22083369
                                                                                                                          + ++++++ + 2495      + ++
R     A   =         K                                                                                                  11301131           3817 ORR       -        C                    45243350            3     05      5     0    11     4997       1   93488 FO      ) =         A                                                                                                                     2144 EFYS               R                    55667761            1     97      7     1    77     6568        1  43533       66516673 B TR                E TIA             R ESSL      -
66766 66676676 676 7     7    67 0066            7 CONL QCEO                                     + + ++++++ 63+ +67 66766667 18
                                                                       + +3 +8 ++99 + +           + + + +39622 0090 6
                                                                                                               ++++ + 33380528
                                                                                                                           + ++++++ + 845     + +
P DD                                    88171906                                                                        19687160           747 26      0062 0        31500
            - ON 0%
SL-                                     52113379            5     20       8    5 AW3                                                                         3    52 0043            1  73222        64512219           416 ETO8                         1          76135472            7     72       1 GNL9            I -
QE      1        S           l 7  76766       77776677            777 7    77      0077
                                                                  +77 RWF(      .R                            77777777            7              7 OEON      - E                            + + ++++++ +
71451485                  06
                                                                       + +1 +7 ++05 + +           + + +3 +96411 0010
                                                                                                               ++++ + 93596540
                                                                                                                           + ++++++ + 886     + +
TR      O        V                                           1 SCEI      -N                 %           44219739            9    81       9    5    64      0055       2  43800        21290916           013 NST          O           5 13       2 6       14      0011       2  19488        11138621           131 LIUP             C                       11211115            1 Q       O NDE              E           l 77777778             7    770708             77      0077       7  77777077777777077700 ONHE             R IATG             O                       + + ++++ + 7+ +
39780057
                                                                         + + + +++
410707             06
                                                                                              ++
e665
                                                                                                    + + 2++768990715058650587S0
                                                                                                                + + +++++++++++++++++++
V       A        F                                                                                      9 ISRR             E %                     03967753            1    820903             40      0047          1.G.9 4 4 0 8 7 9 7 5 3 8 9 0 5 8 8 0 0 DKOO             B            0 5 450401                58      0057       4  32933022292242027200 DCFT                                     33447721 AA S                     -
RE E TO             N            D=
HYAL       - ESE                                                                                                       6662660004644 VTSI             DKD            -        06868802)4)66 23346645 a8a57 6    4)82)4448)6)22055 6a69a4449a5a37288                       1155336948300 ZNS             CE                                                     7 2(11(1131(2(2                   1       3325113         2      511 RSE              WAE                     111111         2(6(43             3 ONP -           ORN FEM             L DOS T CE SW T E
P PPPPPPBPP3BBBPBPPPPPPPPBPPPPBPPPPBBBBBPPBPGPBPPB OOOA               Y               .
12 CLTR               T               .         12                                                                              2 123
                                      =    12YY                                            12        12         31NN EE12            YYY                                                 OO        DI        N        1 S
RRLL           12RRR1              2            FF        KK         REYY          LW      KUN          K E                    AALLEE1             RRR                      1LL          PP       NVSNN           OR      COI        FC A                                                                                       CC121              TRSAA123NE              IHA        LE M                    EEAATT DDEEEK K                                           EE       S ECC           RF12RLR            UN1 E                  A                    LLVVNNKOOFFFC                     C          Y L                  N                    CC        OOCOO             I     I     12ATTAANHH                   LB      NNNA          TAV C MS WRRBBOCC12RA ETSLLDDDECEEP OOEEE OYYAC TADAI B                                    _  UURRFFOWWSSSW W Q                  T                    NNEEEERDDNNNS                      S    NNAEEWWTNN V                   N VVLL IIWWWN                   N OOLVVAANAAKKPSIBBSSSNILLZTSNNDR A
L KKAALLGAAOOOU RREEEEIRRRRRR                  RUBBCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDEFFFFFGGHH RRLLLTTIWWOOOYVAAEEEARRRTR YYAAAAALOOOOORAIIRRRUNAAIOTIRAA NADR P                   AABBBBBBBBBBB B
_                                         AABB                     AA BB              BBAA 0"
4" l                                                    ll

6 6        77666 777666766667 6 76677677677                                         7    6 76677
                              + +        + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + ++
6 7        92407        001068398492              5   90201505651                   7    8   59227 T %        7    1     41302        297255974521              9   15610221900                   3    6   17407 S     0 O     1    8 6        11775        211981133722              6   18211911411                   1    2   17521 C
l L          7 7        77666 777776766667                     7   76677777677                   7    6 76677 A           + +        + + ++ + + + ++      ++++++++ + + + + +             ++ + + + + + + + + ++++
T          9    9     44157        516611058451              7   06780438462                   1    8   27997 N%         2 0        66635        3284     42199276         0   30466543401                   4    3   53422 E     5 W          1    1     11968        221112284842              1   19311111911                   1    4   18922 E
R    l C          7    7     77767        777776776667              7   76677777767                   7    6   76777 N           + +        + + +++ + ++ +++++++++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++++
I          9    4     87593        343691054179              2   93722229908                   5    6   30302
                       %     7    8     6,1104       228002013077              7   34633354610                   2    1   70536 0
1    1     12141        221223225792              1   18422211191                   1    7   19122 Y                      7    6     77777 777777766767                     7 77777777677                     7    6   77677 T                       + +        + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + ++
OI                         9    3     15283        648553985514              9   10440899413                   1    7   09840 TCT                  %     5    7     44372        924327720424              5   17454298520                   8    4   43705 AN          N    0 NPU             O    1     1    9     21116        332112246143              4   31211111722                   2    4   12832 OAO             I ICC             S    l S S             R          7 7        77777 777777777777                     7 77777777777                     7    7   77777 REI             E           + +        + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++++
EGD             V          6 9        17367        951781817802              4   33469626195                   9 0      11503 VA              N%         0    4     36339        834878942147              7                                 8    1   33252 NRS             O    5                                                           4 4 4 1 0 8 1 9 1 0.e.
OOU             C          3 2        32229        553223311216              6 42333232233                     3    1   23244 CTO SI          R    l R R             E          7 7        77778        887777777778              8   7777* 177777                  7    7   77777 ELA             T           + +                                                                                 + + ++++ +
TAV FN F
A %
9 1
7 2
                                         + + +++ 487319919536 50671 84528
                                                     + + ++++++++++ +70 +30634 000807327420
                                                                                    +6 +  - * - +16566
                                                                                                     + + +6 3 E '4 4 2 9 6 6 8 8
7 5
8 51367 09541 AOR                   0                                                                    . . . . . . .
IO)                    6 7        45431        115675652351              1   73577754644                   5    2   44678 DTFd NI ADS        't     G DKn           N        6 5        55546        555555S55555              5   55555555555                   5    5   55555 EACo              I         + +        + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++++
R      Ac         K        4    2     17487        335225359011              1   21044423374                   1    1   90115 ORR(              C        1    2     07862        972440148879              0   41777707996                   3    2   10814 FO        )       A EFYS              R        1    9     66261 885664S74368                     8 55266698033                     4    9   64777 B TR              E TIA           R ESSL CONL               -    -  6 6        66677 776667666667                     7   76766666677                   7    6   67676 ACEO               -    .   + +        + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++++
P DD                       6    8     72493        532141636391              7   88061928706                   8    1   46598 SL-                   X    2    4     79108        842956220344              9   99206182420                   4    7   16100 AW3         N e ETO8            O     1    8    4     93615        118442913721              3   18254488311                   1    2   31418 GNL9            I AE        1     S     l RWF(            R          7    7     77777        777777766767              7   77777777777                   7    6   67777 OEON            E           + +        + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++++
TR O            V          9    9     30034        330733430040              5   98247988677                   3    7   41883 SCEI            N%         8    4     71472        620446992482              7   15154376209                   5    5   45320 NST         O     5 LIUP            C          1    1     11119        331113158193              5   31311111121                   2    7   82122 A         O NOE             E     l OPHE            R          7    70077778 777777777777                        7 77777777777                     7    7 77777 IATG            O .         + ++++++++ ^ + ++++++++++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++++
T         A     F          2 20039478              109381530918              0   97901186592                   7    2    85832 ISRR            E-%        5 5.e.0 2 2 4 8 6    262895413738              1   68822275078                   5    2   30026 DKOO            B 0 DCFT                       4    50033321 883445432247 9 52455533533                                            4    2 24555 AA S RE E TO            N D HYAL            ESE
_ TTSI            DKD        8)4        62480)806446680465)O)06800060826)0)0)86408 INS           CE       8a6        35746a444449564879aSa25677754499a2a8a39866
_ RSE             WAE        5(4        11       6(441111112121(I(12                      1114441              (1(4(1          311
_ ONP -           ORN
_ FEM             L DOS
_ T CC              E        BBBBPPPPBBBBBPPPBPPBBBPPPPPBPPPPBBBBPFPPBBPPBPP
_ SW        l       P OODA              Y CLTR              T
_                                                                       12
-                                                12                                               23         1212121
    .                               Y                     E             TT12         1    123 6                                 A123         YY       E     123     PP                        WW         HHLLSSO A                 E             KB             TT12K                O     AA       K EEEOO                 CCSSEEC21 M             E TTT          CC       N12EEELEENN                RSDDDTT               1AAIIIIE E                 A             ETPPPEE            KKA        NNNLLLNN123CERRRTT                           EE       TTSND L                 N        12RD            ESEECCYEEOOOEIIAA                         DEEEOO1MBBEEII                        ON12 B                               CLNNNNSLLII RRTTTCWW                         EEERAVVVBB                  I     IICCOSE A                 T        HH OAAAUOLLRREIISSSI                           HHEEEES               HHYRTTRR                 HNBMW T                 N      - CCEBIIIARAAEENUULLLTEETTNNNTIOOOCCRCNNIIDDCI EE A      -
TTPMDDDWCSSWWICGLLLNNNRROOOSLLLLAARLIIAAAANBRLL L      . AAOUNNNEAAAIIACCIIIOIIOOCCCYAAAAEEEIOORRUUAOVAA P      - HHHHIIIKLLLLLWWWWWWMNNNNOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPQQRRRSS
_          - BB                  BB                         AAAA                             AAAABB j
f

E VE RV ER SE ESE REV RR E E RES 6677 667            9    ORE
                                                  +++++++ +77 +666 7
7 5
                                    +     + + 6666766 67 40    7925960              855
                                                                        ++ +8 ++++   8634
                                                                                             +++380      1
                                                                                                          +   COR C
T       %'            4      77 8223329 6               691        1    6402 064            0    L E S - 0                                                                                            LLR O - 1                 2      72    5114172        1     548        1    7912 782            1    ULO C                                                                                                FUC l
F L                     7      77    6666776        7     667 7           7777       767      9    E L A                      +      + + +++++      ++ + + + + + + +++                + + 811
                                                                                                  +       +   NEL T                     8      75    3935760        7     861        4    2142                2    ONU N%                    6      31    9541727        2     512        0 0260          357      3        OF E 5                                                                                              Y W                     2      13    9336115 2            881 2           1113       192      1    LYE E                                                                                                NLN R       l                                                                                        ONO C                     7      77    7776777        7     777        7    7777       767      9        O N
I                     3
                                    +      + + 1425375 19
                                                  + ++++++ 3+ 748    ++ + 5+ +       6874
                                                                                          +++ 863
                                                                                                +++      8
                                                                                                          +   H Y THL
                     %             5      24    5223990        7     026        2    2336       148      6    ITN 0                                                                                       WIO
_                                  2      23    1119111        2     111        3    1123       272      1        W D H EDT 667 7           7777       777      9    NEI Y
T 7
                                    +      + + 6667766 77
                                                  + ++++++ +
7640640 7
7
                                                                    +++
934
                                                                              + 6 + 9426
                                                                                      +++ + 830 + +      0
                                                                                                           +  INW BI OI                      -        8      69                                                             9    WBD TCT                 %            1      12    8210095 2            481        9    2246       038 AN      N e                                                                                              OME NPU        O        1            4      15    9113293        3     771        1    1213       113       1   CON OAO        I             -                                                                                      CI ICC        S        l -
E B S      S   R                     7      77    7667777 7 777                   7    7777 777             9   REW REI        E                      +      ++ +++++++
4860530
                                                            + +5
                                                                    ++
180
                                                                           + +2 +++  6742
                                                                                            + +356+       3
                                                                                                           +  ARO AC EGD        V                     0      88 7    2107       593       2   S VA         N%                    8      81    4302530        2     561 NRS        O        5 .                                                                                     ESE OOU        C              .      5      28    2664321 6            112         4   2436       215       3    IER CTO                      .                                                                                   RIA SI     R        l                                                                                        OR R R        E                     7      78    7777777         8    777         8 7778 777               9    TOS ELA        T                      +      + + +++++++ + 4 + 328       ++ + 9 + 1052  +++ + 955  + +      6
                                                                                                           +   NTE ENI TAV        F                      5     63    6759854 FN AOR DTFd NI IO)
A%
0 2
S 44 81 9553120 6336763 3
1 280 334 2
1 3944 4871 790 628 4
6 VER NVO INT D E IN A D S 't   lGN                                                                                               NDV 6 5556          555      7    ANN EACo DKn I
5
                                     +            +++++++ + 61 +555 56 5L55555
                                           + + 8162553                 ++ + 1 + 3966 479
                                                                                      +++ + 764  + +      0
                                                                                                           +
S AI R Ac           K                  6      46                                                             5    ES)
ORR(           C                  5     70     3545200        3     533        1    5390       785 FO       )     A           .
IEM TIA EFYS           R           .      9      51    7555567        1     646        1    5661       619      6 B TR           E           .                                                                                 IT R           .                                                                                 CIS TIA                                                                                                     ACE ESSL                                                          7     666        6    6767       667       8   PAI CONL ACEO 7
2
                                     +      + + 6557666 67 10
                                                   +++++++ +4 +++
4372680              728
                                                                              + 7 ++++4632
                                                                                             + + 009 +
                                                                                                           +
6 APT CAI P DD SL-AW3    N 0
8      47    7166123        7     438        8    7365       584       5
:CC   A O                            42    4542731        1     233        8    5141       341       9   S:P ETO8                 1            1 RLA GNL9        I OAC AE       1  S        l 7777       777       9   TN 666        7 RMF(
OEON R
E 7
                                     +
77    7667776
                                            ++ +++++++
2484442
                                                             + 71+++  195
                                                                           + ++++9    9271
                                                                                           + + 114+        7
                                                                                                            +  CA:
ACR TR O        V                     1      64 205        7    2048 207             9   E E SCEI        N%                    2      51    5316810        1 RRF NST    O        5 1313       112       1       ES LIUP       C                     3      15    1333115        4     799 2 O
OFN A                                                                                                            WSA N)E         E        l 7 7778          777       9   TNR OMHE IATG R
O -
7
                                     +
78 7777777 8
                                            ++ ++++++*        + 8 +++
777
                                                                            + 4++++         + +822+         +      AT T       A  F                     2      10    28S1O46              236             1857                 5   YR ISRR       E        %            8      31    5335330        0     264         7   1510       623       8   BTK S
DKOO       B 0 222 9           3751       425       4   DYA DCFT                             6      61    5225542         1 EBC AA S                         -
R RE                                                                                                      ADG E TO       N D                                                                                               HEN HYAL       ESE                                                                                               STI TTSI       DKD                    0))80)8s42469)6)664)2)4260)266) 7aa24 a6d05435a9a494 a5a6174               a571 a                              CR INS       CE                                                                                   2(       LEI      1 RSE        WAE                    2((12(3i11111(6(1                      1(2(2312(1 ORN                                                                                               ONU ONP -                                                                                                        ONQ T FEW         L              -
POE     I DOS                g CR   N T CE           E              _   PPFPPPBPPPPPPPBBPPPPPPBBPPPPPPP                                            N       U SW T           P                                                   1                                         OSS OOOA           Y                                                                                             WLL N CLTR           T L                  2                      WOO     I
                               .                    12           12S                                1           OOO
                               . 123                              I                  R        1             CPP D SS            AA         34         1A312 E                          E 6                           .
A              E            . EEE112 AA12                 NNE                     E        KW            SSS D W             . RRR            XX           NPL        TT         ELDRREO                  EEE U TTT L E              A            . FFFKHHWEEEE1                AAI        PPi2ECRAAER L              N             . OOOOAAAT*eII           12HHW                      KUOBBR -                 AAA     C B                            . NNNOYYH           CCR       EE NYYEENNF                      CE12          CCC     N A              T             . ODDROOEHHUUEYYUUEAEELLA                               RSS E           L    III     I T               N            .           BUURTTLLWRRQQEJKKTTYHETTFKNN NNMAQQOUU             WRRSSRORRGG STTTLNOO T A                             ODO P   NP  )
A            .                                                                                        a L            . AAAEEEHOOTTUUUUUHRUU00TAAAAOAII O                                          III
(
P            .
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS$TTTTVVVWWWWWYZZ T
                                . EEE AA                 AAB9            EEBB             AA       AA        ABE
                                                                         )
u 'd

66766667           6     67    7 7 67          0666       7  66766       66676676          676
                                ++++++++ + ++      3
                                                         + + 3++ 8 ++++
18            99 0090
                                                                              + ++ + 6+ +39622   +++ + 33380528
                                                                                                         + ++ + + + +845 88171906
                         %      52113379           5 20 8          6   26 0062 0             31500       19687100          747 0
                    - 1         76135472           7 72        1   3   52      0043       1  73222       64512219          416 l
77777777           7 77        7 7 77 0077 7 76766 77776677                                777
                                ++++++++ + ++           + + ++     ++++05
                                                                            + ++ + + 3 + 96411
                                                                                             ++ ++++++      + + +
93596540          886 71451485           1     06    1   7           0010 5
44219739           9     81    9   5   64 e.055      2   43800      21290916          013 11211115           1     13    2 6     14      e011 2        19488       11138621          131 L
A        l T               77777778670770708677t'007767677777377777777077700                               +++++++++++
O               ++ ++++      ++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++
T               3976005707041070700600065020768990715 05865058700
                         %      039677 0                 5 3.e. 1 0 8 2 0 9 0 3.e.4 0 0 0.e.4 7 0 9 0 1 9 9 4 4. e.8 7 9 7 5 3 8 9 0 5 8 8 0 0 334477210504504010580005704032933022292242027200 66655566           6 66 6          6   66 6655 6 65655 65665566 5660 N                         ++++++++     + ++ + + ++ ++++ 79        + ++++ + + + + +++++ + + ++
O                         03337020           2     21    9   8           0088       7   66922      93463654          6710 I                  %      63460517           2     44    8   6   07      0088       6   44044      15139318          9630 T                   0 P                   1     11269714           1     14    3   5   14      0094       1   16444      18133221          6210 O
l O             -
6666d667 6 66 6 7                      67      6666 6         66736      66676566          9660 L             -       .   ++++++++ + ++3 + + ++ ++++                + +++++ ++ 0 + 70788+++++ + +++                  9550 I             -
                            -   01229980                 64    5   5   99 0075                           08834672 S                  %-     87513924           8     59    1   5   20                 3  53011       02003489          7210 W        5                                                     e. 0 2 9 T                      33634321           3     48    8   1   41      0042       4   32122      32311853          1830
       -        3 Y      S               l TN            O               67777767           7     77    7   7   77      0077 7 66777 66676676                       6760 IO     0                      ++++++++ + ++           +22 + ++
9
                                                                   ++++
6   74
                                                                            + 0053
                                                                               +++ 8 ++ ++7921t + + + +87945399
                                                                                                           ++ + +++        5880 CI                            02776656           1 AT                                                                   98                     38222      04888278          8900 PA C               %
0 71964481           3     60    8   1
: e. 010     1 AR                            91112245           1     12    1   5   12      0022       1   98311      86834318          4280 CU G
EI                  -         66666667 6               67    7 7     67 0066 6 66766 66676666 6760 GF                  -          ++++++++ + ++          +94 + +4 +1 ++++      +0001
                                                                                 +++ ++6 +74588 + +++ ++     + + +++
48941194          8740 AN                            8501S489           1                   21 RO                      %     99754654           3 76        4   0   22      0077 9         85155      90453902          0140 OC                      0 T                       1     54824362 6               51    1   3   42 0032 8              52211      44412187          4150 SK            N C      - O         l LA         - I                77767777           7     77    7   7   77      6077 7 76766              66676677          6770 ER         -T                  ++++++++        + 3++ 47+ +9 + 2 + 76  ++++0080 0
                                                                                  + + ++ ++   36733
                                                                                                    + + +31662051
                                                                                                            + + + ++ +1640    +++
U             C               94917455 90497152          0300 FY            U%              00544315           5     32    0 0      13     0002       8   10788 T         R         5 TI            T               11181114           1     12    2 5      13     0011       1   17355      99926611          9210 NS            S EN            N        l PE            O               77777777           7     77    7   7   77      6077 7         77777      77777777          7770 GD         - C                 ++++++++ + ++ + + ++8 ++++               + ++ + ++ +                       +e + + + ++ + +++
67094468           6     29        8    32     0012       4   37688      66666676          6960 LH                      %                        8     21    0   5    42     0037 7         20722      0 0 0 8 0 0 0. e. 0900 AG                      8     e.2 0 9 2 2 0.E.
NI                            22325528           3     33    3 8      35     0035 3         22622 22252232 2420 OH I
TT)         .    )
INS       SE .                                                        99                    22733      22222272          2720 DER       NMN                 23779927           2     88    7   7           0091       1 DRA       OIO                 55556658           6     55    5   8 56             57    6   5575C      55575555          565 ARL       CTW UL           (
  ?CO O D                     D _                                                                 75511      80976874          0876 -
_ FE     RNL            .E      69699156            2    10    1   4    52     5665       8 H3 AE        RD           99900199            0    09    9   9    09     2201       9   90911      90990099          0992
_ TT8    E H 'D O E             9990e099 0               09    9   9    09 0000           9   90900      90990099          0990 S 9    YWDTE                  11122211            2    21    1   1    21     2222       1   12122      12112211          2112 ASN
_ ON1
_ CI(
E          - )
GDWS                                                                                                           9290 -
    .      .A      EE           7F380057)6)11                  1   7)93)0027)1)82077053858063 3     O R 'Q S I             76550092a2a40                  8   2a21 a 6(12(
76a4 a33911 50(9(24455 19959441 96932124 191 233
_ 6      DOESL                  358899         6(7(44          2 A      ATRAD                           11    3    3    22    2   3    12          22     1  1    2     1      5     2       4
- E S      (
L         N                 -
B         W                 . 8266801674470                  0    4644656700998676548605225876276 A         OR                . 0112230221111                   1  2221122233000112280012111000202 T         DA                  0000000000000 0 0000000000000000090000000000000 2222222222222222212222222222222 TE                  2222222222222                  2 UY H
S                        12                                                              12 123                                                          2
                              . 12YY                                       12          12        31NN EE12           YYY                                              OO       DI        N     1 RRLL           12RRR1           2          FF          KK        REYY         LW      KUN       K E               AALLEE1             RRR                 1LL            PP     NVSNN           OR      COI     FC W              EEAATT DDEEEK K                            CC121              TRSAA123NE              IHA     LE A              LLVVNNKOOFFFC                   C       Y              EE     S ECC           RF12RLR         UN1 H              CC       OOCOO              I   I   12ATTAANHH                   LB     NNNA          TAV     G UURRFFOWWSSSW W                          WRRBBOCC12RA OOEEE UYYAC                                WS T              NNEEEERDDNNNS                   S   NNAEEWWTNN                ETSLLDDDECEEP TADAI N                   VVLL IIWWWN                N OOLVVAANAAKKPSIBBSSSNILLZTSNNDR                           NADR A
L KKAALLCAAOOOU U RRLLLTTIWWOCOYVAAEEEARRRTR RREEEEIRRRRRR                   R   YYAAAAALOOOOORAIIRRRUNAAIOTIRAA P              AABBBBBBBBBBB B BBCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDEFFFFFCCHH AABB                 AA B8              BBAA 2
5

                -                             6 6         66677 776667666667                      7 76766666677 7                   6 67676
                -                              + +        + + + + 532141636391
                                                                        + + + +++++++++ +         7
                                                                                                      +88961928706
                                                                                                          + + + ++ +++ ++      8
                                                                                                                                   +1 + 46598
                                                                                                                                          +++++
                -                   .         6    8      72493
                .                   .         2    4      79198 842956229344 9 99296182429                                     4    7 16189 8
1              8 4         93615       118442913721                3    18254488311             1    2   31418 l .                                                                                             7    6 67777
                                    .         7 7         77777 777777766767                      7 77777777777
                                    .          + +        + + + ++330733439e49
                                                                          ++ + +++++++++
5
                                                                                                  + +98247988677
                                                                                                          + + + ++      ++++ + 3
                                                                                                                                   +7 + 41883
                                                                                                                                          +++++
                                    .         9    9      3ee34 5              8    4                  626446992482   7                 15154376299             5    5   45328 7l.472
                .              5 2    7   82122
                                    .         1    1      11119       331113158193                5    31311111121 L
A     l T                     7  e78e77778e777777777777e7877777777777e787e77777
                                               + + + +++ +++++++++++++++                    +++++++++++++++                 +++++++++++
O T                     282ee394786189381530918e96979e118659267e2885832 5.
9 5 9 5.S. p 2 2 4 8 6 9 2 6 2 8 9 5 4 1 3 7 3 8. e. 1 9 6 8 8 2 2 2 7 5 8 7 8 9 5. S.2 9 3 8 9 2 6
                  -                           4858e333218883445432247s9s52455533533s4s2824555
                  -                           6    5      65667 666556655656 6 66665566566 6                                        5   56566 N          -                            + +         + + + + + ++++++++++++ + +                 +54251537945
                                                                                                          + + + + + ++++ 2+ +2 + 65659    + +++
O          -                           0    2      29912       2991025825e9                4 27285665869             9    7   47425 I
T 5
8 2    9 e6318 6 7 6 7 1 1 9 1 7 3.l.3 c
9 33821 1
P          -            1              1    8      27121       321996222152 6                   41519811622             2    1 O          -
                  -            l n                                                                                                                                66666
                  -                           6 6
                                               + +
86667
                                                           + + +766667665666
                                                                     ++ ++++++++++++ 7 66766666666
                                                                                               + +1 + + 6+ 5+ + + ++++ 5+ +            +36832
                                                                                                                                           + +++
l          -                  .                                                                                              4 I          -                   -       7    3      91823        213432256567                    656e1296436 S                                      2 9         36983 628771629052                      4    36928898276             3    1   03623 W     5 5   .-                                                                  93144333354             6 5      17365 T                        .       3    3      42442 194331517327                      1
         -        - 8                 .
Y        S-                l .
7 76777777777 7 6 G7777 TN            - 0                 .       6 7         76767 777777766677
                                                           +++++ ++ + +++++++++              + +8 + 68834451453
                                                                                                        + + ++++ +++ + 9+ +2 +++              +
IO       0-                       .        + +                                                                                      35341 CI             -                  .       9    9      24685        213232112759 AT                                                                                            2    39199986731             4    6   25896 9
PA C-9 4
66286 5 8.e.6 7 3 7 9 4 2 4 4           3    28211111111             1    1   31112 AR                                        9    1      19186        331112172712 CU                                .
G                             -
EI             -                          6 6         66667 776667666667 7 76766666666                                     7    6   67666 CF             -                           + +         + + + + + + + ++++++++++ + 8 + +                + + + + +++++ +9 + 4+ +98e69 54816291807
                                                                                                                                           + + +
AN             -                          6    9      55561        95343e119887 52686317745             1    5   72364 2O 0C 0
9    5      7,1 7 7 8 4 1 5 9 6.S.2 0 7 9 9 1       2 T               -
1            7    3      73484        116332712511               3    17143376298              1    2  21386 SK                   N              -
C                O      l       -
LA                   I              . 7    7      76777 777777766767                      7    7T777777e77              7   6   07777 ER                   T              .       + +        + + + + + + + ++++++++++4                 + 512271892e8
                                                                                                         + + + +++ +++++9 6+ + 1: 8168      ++++
U                    C              -      6 8        97631        118861881987 FY T
U R       X.
S
                                        -      5   1      23039 632105364024                       3   22110832355              8    0 d.7865 71111 TI                   T              .      1   1      18116        221112147172                4   21211111911              1    7 NS                   S l ..
EN                   N                                                                         7   77777777777              7    7  77777 PE)                  O              -      7   7      77778        777777777777 SDd                  C              .       + +        + + + ++        + + ++++++++++ 2 + 36177735149 996159446669
                                                                                                         + + + +++++ +++8 6+ + 66591      +++++
                      -                        7   3      13861 L H 't            -          5             5   5      23108        672221739083                8   39722275348              8 9 05226 ACn NIo OHc
: e.      .
3   3      22221 442333222225                       5   32233322322 3                 2   22333 I      (                        l TT)                .    )            .
INS         SE            . .                                                                  2    92588854935             7    2   24898 DER         NWN                      - e 8             23223       673888532268                                             5    5   55556 DRA         OIO                            S    6      55559       665555555557                7    53555555555 ARL         CTW UL                 (
tCO O D                          D-                                                                9    14856777935             3    5   49771 FE       RNL              .E               6    7 -    44926       586567764619 H3  AE RD                             9 0         90999       999008910919                8    99800099099 9 0 09090 TT8      E H 'D O E                        9    0      90999 999009900909                      9 99900099099 9 0 09690      1    2   21212 S 9      YWDTE                             2 2         12111       111221122121                1    11122211211 ON1                   ASN CI(
E            -)           -
GDWS -
      .        .A' EE-                         4)8ee36954)662590315416)2)12571129829)2)3)68273 93782a933688245876a0a21312218414 a4a6a26566 a       DRQSI                             7a2 3        DOESL                             8(8         45528(026994855898(1(99811185558(1(5(26491 2                 2    1     1111121           1             211 A         ATRAB                            2    2              9    44                  11 S           (
E L          N                         -
B             W                       -    92668654223498138557568033441456886878887787568 A           OR                             01278611022220221120021211101222002000000006212 08e99600008e80000000000000000000006000000006860 T           DA                             22211222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 TE UY H                       -
S                         -
12
                                          .                        12                                                23     1212121
                                          .           Y                     E             TT12            1   123
                                          .           A123         YY       E    123 PP                              WW     HHLLSSO E               .         KB             TT12K                O      AA         K EEEOO           CCSSEEC21 W                 .       E TTT          CC       N12EEELEENN                   RSDDDTT         1AAIIIIE A                 -       ETPPPEE             KKA      NNNLLLNN123CERRRTT                         EE       TTSND N                 -   12RD            ESEECCYEEOOOEIIAA                           DEEE0O1WBBEEII        ON12 IICCOSE
                                            -       CLNNNNSLLII RRTTTCWW                           EEERAVVV8B             I T                 . HH 0AAAUOLLRREIISSSI                            HHEEEES               HHYRTTRR            HNBWW N               . CCE9IIIARAAEENUULLLTEETTNNNTIOCOCCRCNNIIDDCI EE A
L TTPWDDDWCSSWWICGLLLNNNRROOOSLLLLAARLIIAAAANBRLL AAOUNNNEAAAIIACCIIIOIIOOCCCYAAAAEEEIOORRUUAOVAA P                 .
HHHHIIIKLLLLLMWWWWWWNNNNOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPQQRRRSS
                                            -   8B                 B8                          AAAA                         AAAABB 3n uc

I m
V V
0 7
2 8
                                    +
67 6557666 7 10     4372680 666 6 6767 667
                                          ++ +++++++ + +++ + ++++ ++ +
4 728 7 47 7166123 7 438 8 7365 584 4632 009 8
6 5
                                                                                                      +
E VE RV ER SE ESE REV 1    1     42 4542731              4  233 8       5141 341             9     RR m-E E l
RES 7     77 7667776 7 666 7 7777 777                                 9  ORE            _
                                    +     ++ +++++++ + +++ + ++++ ++ +                                + COR            _
1     64     2484442         1   395     9   9271      114        7     C           _
2     51     0316810         1   265 7 2048 207                   9  L E 5 ._                                                                      LLR 3     15     1333115 4           799 2       1313      112        1  ULO L                                                                                FUC A     l F
T           7007807777777080777070777807770                                   9  E L O            +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++                                   + NEL T           2001002881046080236040185708220                                   5  ONU
                              %                                                                      8     OF 0    8 0. e.3 1 0 5 3 3 5 3 3 0 0 0 0 2 6 4 0 7 0 1 5 1 0 0 6 2 3 0       Y 5096105225542010222090375104250                                   4  LYE NLN ONO 6     56 5446650 6 555                   6 6656 556               8     O N                           +     ++ +++++++ + +++ + ++++ ++ +                                + H Y            -
O                          1     16     3852840 5           721     1   5072 058             7  THL            _
I                    %. 3     93 9611590 6 530                   4 2634.-     304       7  ITN WIO T
P O
l 0
1    1     84 9556160 2 155                   1   1292 732 1
D H EDT W          -
O                          J     67 6557660 6 566 6 6666 656                                 8  NEI L                           +     ++ +++++++ + +++ + ++++ +++ _                               + INW I                          7     30     9782670         7   988     8   8298 883          _  9  BI S                    %     5     32 2081400 - 7 863 0                   4185      287        7  WBD           _
W     5                                                                    _     OME T                  2     41     4431530 8           411     6 3838 365            _  4  CON
         -             S                                                                          _        CI Y           S            l .                                                                        E B TN                 O           6     77 7667770 7 666 7 7777 767                                 9  REW IO          0                   +     + + +++++++ + +++ + ++++ + + +                              + ARO CI                             0     08 6332040 6 284 6 5949 823                                 1     AC         -
AT          C            %     2     58     1223260         3   660 0 0985 664                   6  S PA                        0                                                                         ESE AR                             5     23 2332210 - 3             154     3 1213        111        1  IER CU                           .                                                                      RIA O                        -                                                                      OR EI                           - 7     67 6557666 7 666 6 6767 667                                 8  TOS GF                              +    + + +++++++ + +++ + ++++ ++ +                                + NTE AN                             9     26 5651890             7   198     6 9098 794               9  ENI RC                       %     6     52 7510553 4               373     4   4162 742             7  VER OC                        0                                                                         NVO T                        1     1     32 3442521             1   223     7   4131      241        7  INT SK        _        N                                                                                   IN C     _
O   j                                                                            D E LA                 I           7     77 7667766 7 656 7 6777 667                                 9  NDV ER                 T            +    ++ +++++++ + +++ + ++++ + + +                                + ANN U                  C           5     34     9392982         3   217     8   6185      567        9     AI FY                 U     %     9     19     0975220 2           741     1   4209      841        4  S T              R     5                                                                          ESD TI                 T           2     13     1222185 3 678 2 9212 892                             1  IEN NS                 S                                                                                TIA EN              =  N     l                                                                          IT PE)                O           7     77 7777777 7 777 7 7777 777                                 9  CIS SDd                C            +     ++ +++++++ + +++ + ++++ + + +                               + ACE
                                 . 0     18     6669006         1   666 8       6910      069        4  PAI L H 't                   %     3     80 3001180             4   000 6       0531      008        2  APT AGn                       0                                                                         CAI NIo                            5     37 3223322 7 222 6 2437 323                                 3     CC OHc (                                                                                         _      :    A I                                                                                                   S:P TT)              .   )                                                                              RLA INS            SE                                                                                   OAC DER            NMN             9     29 9228762 0 222 6 2699 722                                    TN DRA            OIO             6     67 5555555 8 555 7 5657 556                                    CA:
ARL            CTW                                                                                  ACR UL               (       -                                                                      E E RCO                                                                                                 RRF O D                      D-                                                                            ES FE          RNL        .E-     5     85 6347182 0 642 6                     9861 895                OFN H3      AF RD              9     09 0228001 0 000 0 9900 099                                    WSA TT8         E H 'D O E         9     09 0009000 0 000 0 9900 099                                    TNR S 9         YWDTE              1     21     2221222 2 222 2                 1122      211              AT ON1                ASN                                                                              YR CI(                                                                                                 BTK E      -) _                                                                                S DYA
      .            GDW
                  .A     EES ~_    2))10)5882617)8)534)5)8831)765)                                      EBC a          D R 'Q S I _       faa6863558269a8a778a9a6149a539a                                      R a           DOESL_             3((26(622117               (2(     33(4(9016(8             2(        ADG A           ATRAB_             2     12     2     11        7           2   1412          1         HEN S     (       _                                                                      STI E                                                                                                      CR L              N                                                                                    LEI 1 B              W               9231127780342324s17718234575188                                      ONU A              OR              9113222221221122e10012122222000_                                     ONQ T T              DA              9000000000000000e00000000000000-                                     POE I
           -       TE              1222222222222222222222222222222.                                        CR 4 UY                                                                                   N       0
           -       H                                                1                                   OSS S                                                                                    WLL N L              2                    WOO I 12            12S                         1           OOO 123                              I              R      1             CPP D SS            AA      34      1A312 E                         E E           EEE112 AA12                  NNE                E      KW            SSS D W           RRR            XX            NNL TT          ELDRREO                 EEE U A           FFFKHHWEEEE1                 AAI PP12ECRAAER                         TTT L N           OOOOAAATTII 12HHW                            KUOBBR-            _
AAA C NNNOYYH            CCR       EE NYYEENNF               CE12_ L  _    CCC N T           DOOROOEHHUUEYYUUEAEELLA RSS E                                        III     I N                                                                           _A    DDD A
L BUURTTLLWRRQQEJKKTTYHETTFKNN_T NNNAQQOUU              WRRSSRORRGG AAAEEEHOOTTUUUUUHRUU00TAAAAOAII                 STTTLNOO_O            NNN III
                                                                                                                )
a P                                                                                        (
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTVVVWWWWWYZZ_T EEE AA                   AA8C        EEBB          AA      AA_
ABE sn uc ll

7 7 77 5586                7 76766 77776677 677 77767777
                                  + + ++ + + +      7 7
                                                       +77 82
                                                            + ++4
                                                                    +
0
                                                                       +21 ++ 1084
                                                                                 + + + 9+ 65466
                                                                                              + +++++ 70045356
                                                                                                            + + + +++++ 759      +++
32853776 X     22965209           4    59 8       2           2063 0 32800 30520518                          105 e                                             S. 3
_               1     22291115           1    12     2 6      14     6596 3         17444        11149621           931 l
77777777           7    77     7   7    77     6677       7   77777 77777777                  777
                                  + + +     + + + 4+ +28 + +7 +9 + 28+ ++8498      + + +9 +37460+ +++++ 60177767
                                                                                                             + + + +++++ 378     +++
07682709
                           %     12237375           1    00     9   9    32     6233       7   26233        28458445           614 5
33423319           3    34     3   9 36 3322 4                21711        21261132           152 L
A     l T           77778878           7    77     7   8 7S        7778       7   77877        777     87777      787 O            + + + +    + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + + 3 + +++++ + +82903268             + +++++ +++      389 T           831344 92          8    10     3        20     8840           67666
                           %     63970078           1    42     0   8    80     3380       9   01266        94121527            008 0                                                                               33414363            313 45681121           7    66 8       1    71     2261       7   44144 N
O                      _
I                        66666667 6 66 6                    7    66 4465           6 66855 66666666 6660 T                         + + + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + + ++ + + 9 + 52811             +++++ + +36380763
                                                                                                               + +++++ ++++     3150 P                        57183876           9    01         8    90     5407 O                  %     09396190           3    19     8   2    11     8406       0 76900          02529343            9560 0
_       O                   1    54612211           2 35 5          1    38 6429           5   21899        323T1144            1530 L
I                  l S                        66766667 6 67                  7   7    67 5566           7   66766 66676666 6766
                                  + + + + + + + + + + + 7+ + + + + + + 5+ +89300                  +++++ +93117148
                                                                                                               + + +++++ +9610    + ++
48769300           6 22        0        50 9307
_             %     39282475           6    11     1   7    36     4109       0   97888        39479896            1310 N      T W          5 64714397            4170 O                        99169832 6              81     1   2 91 4374              1   54133 I      S 3 YT                     l 6770 TA                                                   77     7   7    77     8677       7   77777 77777777 IR 0 O
                                  ++++++++ + +74 +49+ +5 + 8 + 20 77777767
                                                                          + ++3268 + + +0 ++++ 18833
                                                                                                       + + +    +++++ + +++
69252558            8316 CU         C                 18650076 41714154 AG PI 0
92080626 0              43     3   6    37     2499       4   45488                            715. e.
AF                           12324477           2    22     2 7      33 3222 2             11411        11151121            9410 CN O
EC                           77767767           7    77     7   7    77     5566       7 76766 76776677                     6770 G                             + + +     + + + 3+ +73 + +6 + 2+ +00 + +2687+ + + 8 + 23466   + +++++ 72515603
                                                                                                            + + + +++++ +4020       +++
AK                           22577560 RC                      %                            23     2   9    35     5563       5   06911        68151174            2520
_   OA                      0    7 7 3 6 2. e.7 9 2                                            15333        17137511            7210 TR               N      1    11271184           1    12     2   4    13     5475       2 S                O Y            I     l 77 7 7          77 6677 7 77766 77777777 7770 LT EI T
C            ++++++++ + 77+ +
77777777
                                                              + 7+ ++     + + 3398 88
                                                                                 + + + 4+++++  39122
                                                                                                        + + 21767970
                                                                                                              ++++++ + +++      1190 US               U           77999339                16         3 63883048 2860 FN               R%          12967530           4    29 8       1    36     2968       7   61422 E            T 6                                                                                                        1310 TD               S           22212217 2 22 2 7 24                           3211       3   1 1599       11141121 N                N EW               O      l PO               C           77777778 7 77 7 8 77 7777                                 7 77777 77777777 7770 SL                            ++++++++ + 4+ +        71
                                                              + 8+ ++
5
                                                                          ++ +6684 04
                                                                                   + + +3 +59433  + ++ + 23741750
                                                                                                              + ++++++ + 61S0     +++
75580865 LO                      %    70884400           1    98     6   0    53     0080       5   65588        52487363            0930 AT                       0 N                            23336621           5    33 3       1    46 2237 5             22722 22262232 2520 ON IO TI)            .    )
ISS           SE                                                                                         42475313           2238 DRR           NWN.           57225525            8   22     1   5    55     2228       0   54186 DEA           OIO            55667759            6   66 6 9 67 5567                    7   55855        55575565            575 AVL           CTW(
NL ROO                                                                                                      2410791) 4206 OCD                     D    )9)062200885)                   )  ))6))130001139866                        9999999b           9992 F          RNL        .E     b8b000999999b                   b  bb9bb220119999800 R3     AE RD             (9(000999999(                  (   ((9((000009999900                        9999999( 9990 222221111122                 1111111             1112 TE8        E H 'D O E           1   222111111                         1 ST9        YWDTE OF1              ASN CA(
E      -)                                                                                  75096863           1410 CDWS           73764453)4)33                   3   3)39)6081)9)28022
      .          .A     EE       37690378 a9a55                  3   1 a38a2166a0a04577                      42150468            163 b          O R Q' SI         79224413(5(31                   8   4(87(2226(0(76877                       63547596            446 6          DOESL                  1122       4   4    33     3   4    12         32     2   1    2       1116         2        5 A          ATRAB(
S E
L             N B             W               82668e1674470                  8   4644656700998675548605225876276 A             OR              0112230221111                  1   2221122233000112280012111000202 T             DA              0000600000068                  6   0960880080000000090000800000000 TE              2222222222222                  2   2222222222222222212222222222222 UY H
S                   12                                                                12 123                                                             2 12YY                                       12         12        31NN EE12           YYY                                               OO         DI        N      1 RRLL           12RRR1          2           FF         KK        REYY            LW      KUN         K E           AALLEE1            RRR                  1LL           PP      NVSNN             OR      COI      FC W           EEAATT DDEEEK K                            CC121              TRSAA123NE                IHA      LE A           LLVVNNKOOFFFC C                         Y             EE      S ECC             RF12RLR          UN1 N           CC       OOCOO             I   I   12ATTAANHH                   LB       NNNA           TAV C WS UURRFFOWWSSSW W                         WRRBBOCC12RA OOEEE OYYAC T           NNEEEERDDNNNS                  S   NNAEEWWTNN                 ETSLLDDDECEEP TADAI N               VVLL IIWWWN                N OOLVVAANAAKKPSIBBSSSNILLZTSNNDR A
L KKAALLGAAOOOU RREEEEIRRRRRR U RRLLLTTIWWOOOYVAAEEEARRRTR R YYAAAAALOOOOORAIIRRRUNAAIOTIRAA                     NADR P           AABBBBBBBBBBB B BBCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDEFFFFFGGHH AAB8                AA BB              BBAA 34 u%
l

7    6      77777 777777766767 7 77777777677                                     7   6 77677
                                + +        + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + + + + + + + +++++ + + +++++
9    3      15283        648553985514              9   10440899413               1   7   09840 X        5 7         44372 924327720424                     5   17454298520               8   4   43705 e
1       1    9     21113         332112246143              4   31211111722               2 4     12832 l
7    7     77777 777777777777                      7 77777777777                 7   7 77777
                                + +        + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + ++ + + + + +++++ + + +++++
6    9     17367         951781817802              4   33460626195 9                 0   11503
                      %        0    4     36339         834878942147              7   44410819100               8   1   33252 5
3    2     32229 553223311215                      6 42333232233                 3   1   23244 L
A    l T             7    7     77778         887777777778              8 77777777777                 7   7   77777 O              + +        + + +++    + + ++++++++++ + ++ + + + + +++++ + + +++++
T             9    7     50671         487319919536              7   36356616566               8   5   51367
                      %        1    2     84528         060807327420              0   06344429668               7   8   09541 0
6 7        45431         115675652351              1   73577754644               5   2   44678 N
O I                          6    6     66667 666666656656 6 66666666666 6                                        5   66666 T                           + +        + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + ++++ + + +++++ + + +++++
P                          8    0     68002         212779371969              9   07791690843               3   2   74742 O                 %        4    9     00122         018646051266              3   47408588401               6   5   01708 0
O                  1       2    1     53341         865225681385 8 63532233154                              5   5   35164 L
I                 l S                          6 6        66667 777667766667 7 76766666666                                      7   6 66677
                                + +        + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + + + + + + + +++++ + + +++++
_                         0    1     02309         344608136126              4   70553224115               4   3   67977
                      %        0    8     16395 750870277283                      6 28006297730                 0   5   43221 N    T W          5 O                          6 6        97762         111771132631              1   16198877598               1   1   69611 I    S       3 YT                    l TA       0 O                   7 7        77777 777777776777                      7   77777777777               7   6   77777 IR                              + +        + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + + + + + + + +++++ + + +++++
CU       C                     6    1      94G15        017140457641              2   32811172811               3   8   88332 AG                     %       5 9        71929         810783882298              7   93222277597               1   4   48614 PI                     e SF                             1    2      12116        452222217113              3   21233311211               2   4   11233 CN O
EC           _                 7    6     77777         777767766767              7   77777777677               7   6   77677 G            -                  + +        + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + + + + + + + +++++ + + +++++
AK           -                 4    3      04161        630896924247              5   72932201612               5   2   98142 RC          -         %        3    8      91030        169091149138              7   43821065076               2   9   08040 OA           -         0 VR               N     1       1    7      11115        321192234132              3   21111111611               2   3   11722 S                O Y            I    l LT               T             7    7      77777        777777776777              7   77777777777               7   6   77777 EI               C              + +         + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + + + + + + + +++++ + + +++++
US               U             6    1      01078        617813743626              0   65954439464               5   0   67238 FN               R%            4    8      49663        183007709503              1   17321031512               8   5   63620 E            T     5 TD               S             2    1      21117        432222219114              5   31222222122               2   9   12133 N                N EW               O     l PO)              C             7    7      77778        777777777777              7   77777777777               7   7 77777 SLd                             + +         + + +++ + + ++++++++++ + ++ + + + + +++++ + + +++++
3    6      66161        540279566997              2   04545544755               5   0   73035 L O 't                 %       6    3      02601        560114530127              0   13022242071               6   4   50937 ATn                     0 N o                            4    4      33221 553443332236 7                        42344433423              3   2   23344 ONc IO(    _
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ROO OCD                    D-      661         )437))81778))780722)) . )67811380088222)192 F        RNL         .E        990         b998bb89899bb099099bbb8'b99999089988009b089 R3   A E' R D              990         (999((99999((099099(((9(99999099999009(099 TE9      EHDOE                 112           111        11111          211211            1   11111211111221                  211 ST9      YWDTE-OF1              ASN -
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                 .                           7     77    6667766 7 667 7 7777 777                                  9  RV
                 .                            +     ++ +      +4  ++++ + + ++ + ++ ++ + + +                         + ER
                 .                           8     69 7646640               7    934    6    9426       836        0  SE
                                    %        1     12                       2    481    9    2246       038        9  ESE 0                    8 2 1 0.e.9 5                                                REV 1        4     15    9113293            3    771    1    1213       113        1     RR E E l                                                                                 RES 7     77    7667777            7    777    7    7777       777        9  ORE
                                              +     ++ + ++++++ + + ++ + ++ ++ + ++                                 + COR 8     88    486S536            5    180    2    6742       356        3     C 5        8     81    4302539            2    561    7    2187       593        2  L E 5                                                                                 LLR 5     28 2664321 6                  112    4    2436 215              3  ULO L                                                                                        FUC A      l .                                                                                  F T               7     78    7777777            8 777       8    7778       777        9  E L O                +     ++ + + + ++++ + + ++ + +++ + + ++                               + NEL
                 .           T               5     63    6759854            4    328    9    1952       955        6  ONU
                                    %        2     44                       3    280    2    3944       798        4     OF 9 5 5 3 1 2.e.
e                  .                                                              Y
                         .                   8     81    6336763            1    334    1    4871       628        6  LYE N            .                                                                                            NLN O                                                                                                         ONO
_           I         _                      6     66 6556665 6 666 6 6666 666                                     8     O T                           -     +     ++ + ++++++ + + + + + ++ ++ + ++                                + H Y
_           P                                8     83    2542795            2    882    6    8225       896        1  THL O                       %        0     24                       1    451         9288 269              7  ITN 0                    8 2 0 0 3. e. 3                e.                            WIO O                       1        5     29 2226425 5                  112    3    2425 226              3     W L                                                                                                         D H I                       l                                                                                 EDT S                                6     67 6667766 7 666                     7    6767 667              8  NEI
                                              +     ++ + ++++++ + + + + + ++++ + ++                                 + INW
             -                               5     67    8714947            2    311    7    5470       679        7  BI
                                    %        4     29    8331887            4    628    0    8156       272        5  WBD N                W      5                                                                                 OME O                                8     82    7111161            1    344    1    6181       741        8  CON I                3                                                                                           CI YT       .                  l                                                                                 E B TA                   O               7     77    7667776 7               677    7    7777       767        9  REM IR       -                            +     ++ + + + ++++ + + + + + + + ++ + ++                             + ARO CU                                   7     61    9533756            0    117    2    5236       693        6     AC AG                          %                    9334362 7               521    5               886           S PI            _
0 4     76                                        7./ 1 4 4
ESE AF       -
                 -                           1     35    2992326            4    911    4    1335       282        2  IER CN       -                                                                                                    RIA O                                                                                                         OR EC                                   7     67 6657766               7    666    7    S777 677              9  TOS G                                     +     ++ + + + ++++ + + + + ++++ + ++                                 + NTE AK                                   7     85    5326256            6    157    5    9247       560        3  ENI RC                          %        6     33    8034689            7    022 8       8810       501        5  VER OA                          0                                                                                 NVO TR                   N      1        3     94    7192172            2 669       1    9113        813       1  INT S        -
O                                                                                           IN LT Y    -
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l 7     77 7667776               7    777    7    7777        777       9  O DVE P
EI                   C                +     ++ + + + ++++ + 3+ + + + +++              + + ++                + ANN US                   U               5     51    3156655                 562    5    7382        677       7 S
AI FN                   R%              9     91    7070462            8    126    6    5611        840       3
-           E                T      5                                                                                 ESD TD                   S               4     26    1543218            4    111    3    1325        114       2  IEN N                    N                                                                                        TIA EW                   O      1                                                                                 IT PO)              .C                  7     77    7777777            7    777    7    7777        777       9  CIS SLd        -                          +     ++ + + + ++++ + + + + + + + ++ + ++                             + ACE
                 -               .           8     03    7326161            7    811    6    6826 362              0  PAI L O 't                      %        7     77    9669864            6 269       3    5137        904       0  APT ATn                          e                                                                                CAI N      o                             6      48   3223332            8 222       8    2548        325       4
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AVL             CTW                                                                                           ACR NL                  (                                                                                     E E ROO                                                                                                           RRF OCD                         D-       999099678)295555785500347449888                                             ES         .
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NACPGAMSN                                                        U.S. NUCL EM C 81ULATOR Y COMMISStDN 9 REPQA f NUM9td (Ass 9asf er FtOC. e88 For he , st ear, Thet NUREG/CR-5281 E"E                                CZLIO2RAPHIC DATA SHEET BNL-NUREG-52180                                       I Set INSTRUCTS 0N5 oN TMt Divinst
: 3. TITLE anno SuSTITLt                                                                                3 LEavtSLANE Value/ Impact Analyses of Accident Preventive and
   !!itigative Options for Spent Fuel Pools e Daf t MEPORT COMPLETED MONTH                           viAM
. Auf,,0. .,
January                           1989 J.H. Jo, P.F. Rose, S.D. Unwin, V.L. Sailor,                                                                 " "'"
* o^" "'o" 'au*o K.R. Perkins, A.G. Tingle                                                                                 g h                   !           1 89 T Pt ,0aM,No oacA.ZATiON NAMt ANo MAiuho Aoon n ,,. <. c ,                                            . PaostCTn AsAi=Oaa v=T NvMesa                             j Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, NY 11973                                                                                        FIN A-3963 I
i 10 SPON50 ming ORGANIZATION NAME AND MA LING ADDRE$$ ifaarbse E.Cemet
* 11. TVPt OF REPORT Division of Safety Issue Resolution                                                                    Final                                                 !
  . Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research                                                                                                                        !
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission                                                                ..PtaiooCovin o,,-          . .,
l Washington, DC 20555 13 SUPPLEMENT ARY 8 eof ts 13 A38 TRACT (200 sr.res or asas, A series of value/ impact studies were performed for accident preventive and mitiga-tive options intended to reduce the risks posed by the storage of spent fuel at nuclear power plants in spent fuel storage pools. Options studied included ifmited low-density reracking of spent fuel, installation of water sprays above the spent fuel pool, and the installation of redundant cooling and/or makeup systems. The results of these studies indicated that the measures were in general not likely to be cost effective. The reason                                                                     i for this is due to both the low likelihood of a spent fuel pool accident that could                                                                         i result in a significant radiological release and high cost of proposed modifications.
These insights are largely contingent upon compliance with guidelines developed for licensees to assure the safe handling of heavy loads in the vicinity of spent fuel pools thus reducing the likelihood of the structural failure of the pool and rapid loss of water inventory due to a cask drop event.
44 DOCuMtNT ANALvses . . Et vwORD5tDESCRiPTOR6                                                                                      16 AvAstasiuT v Spent Fuel Pools                                     Zircaloy Fire                                                                    '[)'$$ted g $
Value/ Impact Analysis                               Generic Safety Issue 82 Reracking to SEcumiTY CLASSIFICATION trhe es,el
  . iotNT,,itawtN ENoto naMs                                                                                                            Unclassified
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