ML20039D969
| ML20039D969 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Clinch River |
| Issue date: | 02/28/1979 |
| From: | Taylor M, Toole T, Woosley L TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20039D944 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8201060384 | |
| Download: ML20039D969 (200) | |
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g ,/ , 10 'W r _,' (s ./ , 2 3< REFERENCE 2-36 Tennessee Valley Authority I l j, Division of Envirormental Planning Water Quality and Ecology Branch 1 N 4 STATUS OF THE NONRADIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY AND NONFISHERIES BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES IN THE CLINCH RIVER PRIOR TO CONSTRUCTION OF THE CLINCH RIVER BREEDER REACTOR PLANT 1975-1978 r Prepared By l Lloyd H. Woosley, Jr.
'~
Mahlon P. Taylor Thomas W. Toole '
^
Stephen R. Wells I i F l ~- t L
, Chattanooga, Tennessee and Muscle Shoals, Alabama February 1979
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. Tennessee Valley Authority Division of Environmental Planning Water Quality and Ecology Branch STATUS OF TIIE NONRADIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY AND NONFISHERIES BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES IF THE CLINCH RIVER PRIOR TO CONSTRUCTION OF THE CLINCH RIVER BREEDER REACTOR FIANT 1975-1978 b
Prepared By Lloyd H. Woosley, Jr. Mahlon P. Taylor Thomas W. Toole Stephen R. Wells l l Chattanooga, Tennessee i and l
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Muscle Shoals, Alabana February 1979 e
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. TABLE OF CONTENTS Status of the Nonradiological Water Quality and Nonfisheries Biological Communities in the Clinch River Prior to Construction of the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant,
. 1975-1978 Chapter P,,a gg I
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . 1 II Site Cheracteristics . ................ 3 A. Site Location, Land Use, and Wastewater Discharges ............ ....... 3 B. River Flow and Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 C. Site Hydrogeology . . . . . . .......... 8 III The Preconstruction Aquatic Environmental Monitoring Program (Nonradiological and Nonfish) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 IV River Substrate Characteristics ...... ..... 18 V Clinch River Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 VI Site Stormwater Runoff Water Quality . . . . . . . . . 48 VII Ground Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 VIII Phytoplankton . .............. ..... 60 IX Periphyton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 X Zooplankton . . .... ............... 89 XI Benthic Macroinvertebrates . . . . ........ . 108
. XII Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Appendix A. Water Quality Data Appendix B. Aquatic Biological (Nonfish) Data Appendix C. River Flow and Rainfall Data Appendix D. Analytical and Sample Preservation Methods for Chemical Parameters ~
j i
a~ s t LIST OF TABLES Number Title P_aage II.A.1 Significant Wastewater Discharges in the Vicinity of the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant (CRM 0.0 to CRM 23.1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 II.B.1 Extended Periods of Zero Release from Melton Hill Das During the Monitoring Period (1975-1977) . . . . 8 Preconstruction Aquatic (Nonfish-Nonradiological) III.1 Environmental Monitoring Program, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Site (Monthly--March through October 1975). .. ......... ... ..... 12 III.2 Preconstruction Aquatic (Nonfish-Nonradiological) Environmental Monitoring Program, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Site (1976-1978) . . . . . . . 15 IV.1 Percent Composition of the Sediment Samples Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1975 ................ 21 IV.2 Percent Composition of the Sediment Samples Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1976 ....... ... . .. . .. 22 IV.3 Percent Composition of the Sediment Samples Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1977 ................ 23 V.1 Observed Temperatures and Mean Vertical Thermal Gradients in the Clinch River, in the Vicinity of the CRBRP, 1975 through 1977 ..... ..... 30 V.2 Observed Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen and Mean Vertical Discolved Oxygen Gradients in the Clinch River in tne Vicinity of the CRBRP, 1975 through 1977 ................. 36 l I V.3 Summary of Water Quality Data from the Clinch River . I in the Vicinity of the CRBRP, March 1975 through October 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 VIII.1 Phytoplankton Genera Within the Vicinity of the CRBRP Project - Clinch River, March 1975-December 1975, Indicating Different Kinds of Genera, Deviation from Mean, and Coefficient of Variation . .. ................. 65 VIII.2 Dominant Composition of Major Phytoplankton i Divisions '^hrysophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta During 1975) (March-October) ... . .. 66 11 l
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o It LIST OF TABLES (continued) Numter Title Page VIII.3 Summary of Primary Productivity (C-14), Data at Left Overbank, Right Overbank, and Channel at,CRMs 14.4, 15.4, and 17.9, Showing Mean Values, Mean Deviation, and Coefficient of Variation for 1976 and 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 IX.1 Quantitative Enumeration and Percentage Composition
. of Major Algal Divisions Colonizing Artifical Substrates in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP-1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 IX.2 Spatial and Seasonal Distribution of Phytoperiphyton l Taxa Within the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, l Clinch River-1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 I I
IX.3 Summarization of Periphyton Biomass, Chlorophyll a Content and Autotrophic Index Values Within the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1975 . 85 X.1 Zooplankton Group Totals in the Vicinity of the
< .CRBRP, Clinch River-1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 X.2 Taxonomic List of Zooplankton Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1975 . 95 X.3 Zooplankton Taxa and Seasonal Distribution of i Taxa Collected in Samples from the Clinch River, Proposed CRBRP-1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 X.4 Zooplankton Percentage Composition by Group, in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1975 . 101 X.5 Zooplankton Community Diversities, Equibilities, and Number of Taxa in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP Clinch River-1975 . . . . . . . . . 103 XI.1 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna Collected in the
! Vicinity of the Proposed CRBkF, Clinch River-1975, 1976, 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 XI.2 Temporal and Spatial Distribution of the Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1975 . . . . . . 114 XI.3 Temporal and Spatial Distributicas of the Bentbie Macroinvertebrates Collected in the Vicinity of
. the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1976 . . . . . . . 115 XI.4 Temporal and Spatial Distributions of the Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1977 . . . . . . 116 iii
d , LIST OF TABLES (continued) Number Title Page, XI.5 Macrobenthic Invertebrate Standing Crop in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1975, 1976, 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 XI.6 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Community Diversity Indices (3) and Equitability (e) Values in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRERP-1975, 1976, 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 XI.7 Benthic Macroinverterbate Fauna Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRERP, Clinch River-1975, 1976, 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 XI.8 Temporal and Spatial Distributions of Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1975 ... . . . . 122 XI.9 Temporal and Spatial Distributions of Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1976 . . . . . . 124 XI.10 Temporal and Spatial Distributions of Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected in the Vicinity of
. the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1977 . . . .. . 125 XI.11 Prevalent Benthic Macroinvertebrate Taxa Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1975, 1976, 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 XI.12 Macroinvertebrate Standing Crop in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1975, 1976, 1977 . 128 XI.13 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Community Indices (d) and Equitability (e) Values in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1975,1976,1977 . 1 30 XI.14 Benthic Macroinvetebrate Community Indices (d) and Equitability (e) Values in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1975, 1976, 1977 (Artificial Substrate Samples-Sida crystallena Included). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 XI.15 Biomass of Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1975, 1976, 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 XI.16 Biomass of Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-19 75 , 19 7 6, 19 7 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 iv
o 'h> LIST OF TABLES (continued) Title P_ age Number A.1 Site Stormwater Runoff Data, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Site (1975) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1 A.2 Site-Stormwater Runoff Data, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Site (1976-1978) . . . . . . . . . . . A-2 A.3 Ground Water Quality Data, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3 B.1.1 Spatial and Seasonal Distribution of Phytoplankton Taxa Within the Vicinity of the CRBRP, Clinch River, March 1975-October 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . B-1 B.1.2 Standing Crop Estimates and Percent Composition of the Major Phytoplankton Divisions Within the Vicinity of the CRBRP Project-Clinch River, March 1975 through October 1975, Indicating Cells / Liter-Percent Composition, Date, and Clinch River Mile from March-October 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4
- B.I.3 Phytoplankton Populations Between Station and Months in the Vicinity of the CRBRP Project March 1975 through October 1975 . . .. . . . . . . B-9 B.1.4 Chlorophyll A at Various Locations and Depths on the Clinch River During 1975 from March through October in the Vicinity of the CRBRP Project, CRM 14 . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B - 10 B.1.5 Primary Productivity (C-14) at Various Locations and Depths on the Clinch River in the Vicinity of the CRBRP Project During 1976 from March through October. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-11 B.I.6 Primary Productivity (C-14) at Various Locations and Depths on the Clinch River in the Vicinity of the CRBRP Project During 1977 from March through October . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-13 B.2.1 Zooplankton Abundance in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1975 . . . . . . . . . B-15 B.3.1 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1975' . B-19 B.3.2 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna Collected in the
- Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1976 . B-24 B.3.3 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1977 . B-27 v
4 e I LIST OF TABLES (continued) Numb-r Title Py B.3.4 Benthic Macroinvetebrate Fauna Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1975 . B-30 B.3.5 Benthic Macroinvetebrate Fauna Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1976 . B-36 B.3.6 Benthic Macroinvetebrate Fauna Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River-1977 . 3-41 C.1 Daily Discharges from Melton Hill Dam (1975) . . . . . C-1 C.2 Daily Discharges from Melton Hill Dam (1976) . . . . . C-2 C.3 Daily Discharges from Melton Hill Dam (1977) . . . . . C-3 C.4 Daily Precipitation at Melton Hill Dam (1975-1978) . . C-4 D.1 Analytical and Sample Preservation Methods for Chemical Parameters, CRBRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1 vi
o O t LIST OF FICURES Number Title m P II.A.1 Location of Clinch River Breeder Reactor Site .... 4 111.1 Sampling Locations for Water Quality Monitoring, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant, Preconstruction-Construction Phase (1975-1977). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
. III.2 Clinch River Sampling Stations for Site Stormwater Runoff, CRBRP (1975) .......... 14
. III.3 Peripheral Sampling Stations for Site Stormwater Runoff, CRBRP (1976-1973) . . . . . . . . 16 III.4 Location of Ground Water Observation Wella, CRRRP (1976-1977). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 IV.1 Dendogram Prepared by the Unweighted Pair Group Method Using Arithmetic Averages. UPGMA, Clustering Strategy l Based on the Produced Moment Correlation Coefficients. Abscissa is the Magnitude of the Correlation Coefficient. The Dashed Line is the
.520-Phenon Line. The Column to the Right Indicates the Station (CRM 14.4 1, CRM 15.4=2, CRM 17.9m3, CRM 19.0e4) and the time it was sampled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 V,1 Temperature Levels and Concentrations of Dissolved oxygen in Water Passing Through Melton Mill Das in 1975 ...................... 31 V.2 Temperature Levels and Concentrations of Dissolved oxygen in Water Passing Through Melton Mill Das in 1976 ...................... 33 V.3 Temperature Levels and Concentrations of Dissolved
, Oxygen in Water Passing Through Melton Mill Das in 1977 ...................... 33 V,4 Changes in Monthly Water Temperature of the Clinch River at a Depth of 1.5 m, CRRRP March 1975-October 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 V,5 Changes in Monthly Concentration of Dissolved Oxygen in the Clinch River at a Depth of 1.5 m, CRRRP =
March 1975 October 1977 .............. 3R VI,1 Concentrations of Suspended solids in Stormwater Runoff From the CRBAP Bite (1976 1973) . . . . . . . 51 l vii
c; . l l LIST OF FIOURES (continued) 1 Number Tit 1e g VI.2 Turbidity Levels in Stormwater Runoff on the CR8RP Site (1976 1978) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 VIII.1 Summary of Standing Crop Istimates for Phytcplankton Community Within the Vicinity of the CRERP Project Clinch River - March 1975 through October 1975 . . . 67 VIII.2 Summary of Average Chlorophyll a Values (March through October 1975) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 VIII.3 Phytoplankton Productivity Average Values for All Samples by River Miles and Months (March
. through October 1976) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 l
l VIII.4 Phytoplankton Productivity Average Values for All Samples by River Miles and Months (March through October 1977) ............. . . . . . . 71 l IX.? Average Autotrophic Index Values With 95 Percent ! Confidence Units in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRERP, Clinch River-1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 X.1 Total Zooplankton Numbers by River Mile and . Month in the Vicinity of the Proposed CR3RP-1975 . . 93 l t l l l l viii I
v o O O I. Introduction o
- e e
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I. Introduction The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), a corporate agency and instru-mentality of the United States Government, announced in January 1972 that it would be involved in a joint proposal to work with the Atomic Energy Comunission (now ERDA) and Commonwealth Edison Company of Chicago to design, develop, construct, and operate the first Liquid Metal Fast
- Breeder Reactor (LMFUR) demonstration plant in the United States. The site selected was TVA property on the Clinch River in east central Tennessee.
TVA as part of its commitments to the project agreed to be responsible for environmental monitoring of the site during the construction and operation phases. In accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA; 42 U.S.C. Section 4331 et seq) the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Com-mission (NRC) prepared a draft Environmental Statement (DES) which was
- sent to the Council of Environmental Quality (CEQ), made available to the public, and circulated for review and comment to other Governmental agencies in February 1976. The final Environmental Statement (FES) was sent to CEQ and made available to the public in February 1977. The FES was based on the information provided in the Environmental Report (ER) which was issued in April 1975 for the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant (CRBRP).
The ER included a description of a nonradiological water quality and aquatic biology (nonfish) preconstruction - construction effects
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monitoring program, which was implemented in March 1975. This pregina was based primarily on a continuation of many of the features of the baseline aquatic monitoring program conducted during the period March
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4~ . o* 2-1974 through April 1975. The program was reviewed and revised by TVA in January 1976 to reflect a more comprehensive site-specific preconstruction effects monitoring program. The revised program was conducted during the period March 1976 through October 1977. In January 1978, ERDA
-requested that all aquatic monitoring at the site be discontinued,
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except for the peripheral stormwater runoff monitoring activity, which was to contint- through October 1978. - This report presents the results of the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant preconstruction nonradiological water quality and nonfisheries biological communities monitoring program for the period March 1975 through October 1978.
v S II. Site Characteristics O e e e 4 9 e y.- , , - _ . - . , , . . _ _ _ - , -- ,. , , . , _
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II. Site Characteristics II.A. Site Location, Land Use, and Wastewater Discharges The Clinch River site is located in east central Tennessee in the eastern part of Roane County (Figure II.A.1) on a peninsula formed by a meander between Clinch River miles (CRM) 14.5 and 18.6. Opposite the site (left bank) Caney and Poplar Springs Creeks enter the Clinch River at CRM 16.9 and CRM 16.2, respectively (Figure III.2, page 14).
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Steep limestone ridges, hills, and knobs are characteristic features of the site region. A flood plain borders the western side and the southern tip of the peninsula, but is essentially absent from the eastern border. There are no perennial streams on the site; flow along valleys and gullies occurs only after periods of rainfall, s Within a 3.2 km (2 mi) radius of the site, the area censists primarily
. of woodland with small farms and residences scattered throughout the area south of the river. There are three major industrial activities located within 8 km (5 mi) of the site: (1) the ERDA Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant, (2) ERDA Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and (3) Clinch River Consolidated Industrial Park. The first two of these facilities, aleng with the TVA Kingston Steam Plant, which is about 9.7 km (6 mi) from the site, are the most significant sources of wastewater discharged to the river in the site vicinity (Table II.A.1 and Figure III.1, page 13).
The Clinch River between miles 4.4 and 20 has been classified by the
. Tennessee Division of Water Quality Control as being suitable for all designated uses (1-7)*, except for the reach between miles 12 and 20,
- Domestic Raw Water Supply 2 - Industrial-Water Supply 3 - Fish and Aquatic Life, 4 - Recreation, 5 - Irrigation, 6 - Livestock Watering and '_
Wildlife, and 7 - Navigation.
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4 , 6-which was not classificated for navigation. In the vicinity of the site the river (CRM 0.0 to CRM 23.1) is designated as a water quality limited segment presently violating water quality standards (i.e., reported viola-tions of temperature and coliform standards in the Kingston area - CRM 0.0 to 5.0). II.B. River Flow and Morphology At the site, the Clinch River is part of Watts Bar Reservoir which , is formed by Watts.Bar Dam at TRM 529.9 about 89 river km (55 mi) down-stream of the site. Flow and water level of the river at the site is regulated by the operations of TVA's Melton Hill, Fort Loudoun, and Watts Bar Dams. By the operation of the three dams, TVA generally maintains a pool elevation between 225.5 m (740 ft.) and 225.8 m (741 ft.) MSL during the spring and summer months and a winter pool elevation of 224.0 m (735 ft.) to 224.6 m (737 f t.) MSL for the remainder of the year. Water level at the site has a normal range of approximately 1.8 m (6-f t.) during the year. At a river elevation of 224.6 m (737 ft.) MSL, the maximum depth of the Clinch River between CRM 15 and 18 ranges from 4.9 m (16 ft.) to 7.9 s (26 ft.). River velocity in the site vicinity is highly variable ranging from 0 to 0.9 aps (0 to 3 fps). Since the closing of Melton Hill Dam (1963 to 1978), the average annual daily discharge from the dam has been 1,533 sad'(5,030 sfd). The maximum hourly discharge during the period was 1,556.5 cas (54,960 cfs) and the maximum daily average discharge was 990.2 ces (34,966 cis).
An evaluation presented in the CRBRP ER, showed that since the closure of Helton Hill Dam, there has been an average of 46 days per year during which no water was released from the dam. Eighty-three percent of the zero release periods (1963 to 1972) were limited to 48 hours or less. Extended periods of zeto discharge has occurred in the past as a result of a special operational request to assist in the control of Eurasian water milfoil, however, such periods are not routine events. Upstream (reversed) flows in the Clinch River at the site occur during these periods of no release from the dam. Studies have indicated that upstream velocities on the order of 0.3 mps (1 fps) can occur at the site. During the monitoring period (1975-1977) the average annual daily discharge from Melton Hill Dam was 1,744 smd (5,723 sfd). The maximum hourly discharge and maximum daily discharge were 1,556.5 cms (54,960 efs) and 942.3 cms (33,273 cfs), respectively. Appendix C provides the daily discharge records for Melton Hill Dam for the years 1975, 1976, and 1977. Table II.B.1 lists the occurrences and duration of extended periods of zero release (greater than 48 hours) from Melton Hill Dam during the monitoring period. At the site, the width of the Clinch River ranges from approximately 91 m (300 ft.) to 183 m (600 ft.). There are midriver sand gravel bars from approximately CRM 15.6 to CRM 16.1 where the river widens to about
. 183 m (600 ft.). River bed slope averages about 0.5 m (1.5 ft.) per 1.6 river km (1 mi). In the site area, CRM 15 to CRM 18, the shorelines are
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' moderately steep. During periods of elevated river stage, tree branches and other vegetation are partially submerged and overhang the edges of the river thus forming dense cover along eost sections of the river shoreline.
__m__ _ . - - - --
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Table II.B.1 Extended Periods of Zero Release From Melton Hill Dam During the Monitoring Period (1975-1977) Number of Hours
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Year of Zero Release Period of Zero Release 1975 82 1 a.m., 9/24 - 10 a.m., 9/27 69 11 a.m., 10/20 - 7 a.m., 10/23 58 9 p.m., 10/24 - 5 a.m., 10/27 83 8 p.m., 11/16 - 6 a.m., 11/20 79 12 adt., 12/12 - 6 a.m., 12/16 - 1976 61 6 p.m., 2/13 - 6 a m., 2/16 75 2 p.m., 3/27 - 4 p.m., 3/30 86 11 p.m., S/17 - 12 m., 5/21 70 7 p.m., 7/2 - 4 p.m., 7/5 1977 80 11 p.m., 2/24 - 6 a.m., 2/28 71 9 a.m., 3/7 - 7 a.m. , 3/10 139 10 p.m., 3/25 - 4 p.m., 3/31 II.C. Site Hydrogeology The most important aquifers in the valley and ridge province in eastern Tennessee are carbonate rocks. The valley and ridge section of Roane County, where the site is located, is characterized by parallel . ridges and valleys. The ridges are underlain by cherty dolomites of the Knox Group and the valleys are underlain by limestones or shale, each of which weathers more rapidly than do the dolomites. The Knox Group and the lower and middle parts of the Chickamauga Group comprise an aquifer system of carbonate rocks in the site vicinity. . The Clinch River is a ground water sink; discharge from the aquifer system . goes directly into the river or into streams which flow into the river. Ground water flow passing under the river is unlikely. Ground water i b, - y w- ,.- -
9
** ch e ".?
is primarily derived from precipitation, although it is possible that in some restricted areas recharge may occur from the river during periods of rapid increase of river stage. Generally, ground water at the site is found in weathered joints and fractures in the underlying rocks and is under unconfined water table I conditions (ground water subject to atmospheric pressure). The ridges, which cross the site peninsula, represent locations of ground water highs, provide boundaries to local aquifer systems, and are regarded as approxi-mate locations of ground water divides. The permeability of the underlying rocks at the plant site is mostly less than 244 m (800 ft.) per year, ranging from zero to 460 m (1510 ft.) per year. Movement of ground water is from topographie highs to topographic lows and is largely restricted to the upper more weathered zones of the underlying rock. Ground water levels over the site are related to depths of weather-ing (lower ground water levels occurring in zones of greatest depth of weathering and consequently higher permeability) and only incidently related to surface topography. Response of the water table to precipi-tation is rapid, which is indicative of rapid recharge. The rapid recharge
, probably occurs in areas of exposed rock and small sink holes along the ridges at the site.
O
m e 4 9 III. The Preconstruction Aquatic Environmental
- Monitoring Program (Nonradiological and Nonfish) 9
+ e b e
III. Preconstruction Aquatic Environmental Monitoring Program The construction effects monitoring was initiated in March 1975. This program was based primarily on a continuation of many of the features of the comprehensive baseline aquatic monitoring program conducted during the period March 1974 through April 1975, which is discussed in detail in the CRERP ER, section 2.7.2. This initial program, which was conducted during the period March 1975 through October 1975 included the monitoring of Clinch River water chemistry, phytoplankton, periphyton, zooplankton, and benthic macroin-vertebrate communities. Also, special surveys were conducted to monitor the impact of runoff from the site on Clinch River water quality. The composite program is summarized in tabular form in Table 111.1 and the sampling stations are shown in Figures III.1 and III.2. The construction effects monitoring program was revised in January l
- 1976 to reflect a mcze comprehensive site specific construction effects monitoring program. This program was not designed to be a continuation of the baseline monitoring program or as a preoperational monitoring program. This site specific montoring program is summarized in tabular I
form in Table III.2 and the sampling stations are shown in Figures III.1, III.3, and III.4. 4
- Data available from other related programs in the project area as described in Section 6.3 of the ER, is available for water quality (non-biological) trend assessment relative to the baseline conditions and preoperational conditions. In this report data from the TVA Regional Water Quality Management Monitoring Network station at Melton Hill Dam tailrace (CRM 23.1) was utilized for this trend assessment purpose.
r Although not identified in the ER, a monitoring station maintained by the h unessee Division of Water Quality Control is located at CRM 10.0R. 5s q les ere collected at 0.3 M (1 ft) at 90 percent for the left bank (facing the downstream direction). This data was reviewed and
. i discussed in this report. ;
w - _
. . e
.o Table lit.1 ptECONSTRUCTI'ON AQUATIC (NONFISal + INMfRAD10 LOGICAL) FNVIRONMENTAL MnNITORING E90 craft CLINCN RIVER RRkEDER REACTf41 FLANT SITE (Monthly March threegh Ortsber 1975)
Phr*!ial-ch*= kal . 88+tt s!!!1 Astet rophic a Stetten Nortaeetalt Phytoplambten Meterotrophic Stormester and Seethee L*L*R** .E*18' Lee, l p ,,,ge Subensise (ledices) Laboratory s Colliers' (Artificial teethee (.a Site' meters) (seters) (meters) _Chlorophy)ll' (meters Pheremeter- Zeepleektes' iPer iphyt on),' Substrateja go,,4g,j (seters) (met e e s) (meters] Clut 23.8 20
-(RM 19.0 I 50 0.3.1.1.5.3.5.6 CRM 17.9 50 1.3.5 I I.3.5 0.1.1.3.5 0.1.1.3.5 I 0.3.3.I.5.3.5.s 1. 3. 5 I 3.1.5 0.l.l.3.5 0.1.1.3.5 I I I I 5.25.75.95 I I I I CRM 15.4 50 0.3.l.1.5.3.5,6 8.3.5 I I.3.5 0.4.1.3.5 0.I,1.3.5 5.25.75.95 I I I I I CRM 14.4 50 0.3,1,1.5.3.5.6 Casey Creek 0.01 50 1.3.5 I I,3,5 0.1.l.3.5 0.1.3.3.5 I I I I I (CRM 16.9L)
Poplar Springe 50 I Creek 0.01 (Cipt 16.2L) Cressey Creek 0.01 50 I (CRM 14.5R) Tributerv 0.01 50 I - (CIDs 14.6L) Y
'Perrest f rom the lef t book. f acies the downstrese directies.
'Meeseremente 8 esde le s_ite for dissolved esygen, pil, temperature, end condottivity.
Measurementa I. Ca. Ms. Cl. Sosede for elkalletty (field), solide, relers, turbidity, califere. 800. C00. Carbes (10C and SOC) , estregees, pherpheree. Fe Re.
- e. 540 4 Cd. Cr. Co. Me. Pb. Ms. Nt. and Ze.
"Searles collected at surface for pH (field), turbidity, and suspended solide deterstaation.
Septeet.er, and October during ratefell events. Additteest semples cellected de March. May, June, "Phyteylenkten crop. cellected for cell comeeration and percestege composities by mejor tesen 8 emic group. Chlorophyll e estlaste of bienese steading 2eeplankten esepted by vertical tous ter species identificaties and composite bieness detereisaties.
'Artifittel perigbgton substrates (4 week e= petere) fea esteheterotrophte ledes and peseest
'Artilet tet subst rates for bent hos, semples used to queet t f y beemass ege seaposittee of esjer taneenmac groups.
'Dre.fte f or beathas and particle size analysts, semples used te quant if y bieness. numbers, se4 diversity.
, numhers, diversity, and subst rate type.
l
D 84 t He n T L t u u " m / i a n 'U S G u N " u I R 1
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T O U, - M t I N TE c ONS "J, MAA J, LH YPP " T I RN
. E)
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- ? ,
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g h - 50% SAMPLING STATIONS
- 5,25,50,75,95 % SAMPLING STATIONS l
E l4 ' f S et phS
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MILE 15 + / * - - I ' j .. t I g- I
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iLE i z q AR % SCALE I:24000 g O if2 1 MILE
- FIGURE III.2 CLINCH RIVER SAMPLING STATIONS FOR SITE STOR. WATER RUNOFF, CRBRP - 1975 a
, - . . - _ . . . = - - _
' famis til.2 P9f frWSTp00110tl AQt14 tit (InstFISN-ItonAActnt.nGICAL) INV11K4Po NI4L teel 1UplitG PlumRArt al.luv u M4WER P,tttith Rt4CitR l'l AN S 3 319.
( $ 9 Fe- 1910 l
+
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.- . . _Pssoary.. llentbos Nerleental -
Fecal Pra lett av 6 t y Sulamarine ( Art s i te t e t . Dentbee 8-< !4 == _I*<=t'e=' .!e sai,' cc.,rais Co=r'e6ea m e' Ca'i'*'*** tia M,549ef t' Phot - str* s.hmmen* (orgdeef Metere Meiere Mete.e tweers tere aiet . . . cut so.o so 9s x I cett s r., so ' o. ). s . n .s.), . i,s,s ' i,3,5 o.: e.t.s,1,5 s,6 o.s. ,3,5 x s to.i t.i.s.n* o.s.s,1 e.8,i,3
.n to.i.i.e.s.38' o.a.s.1 s.s.s.),s x CnN is.6 so o.3,s,t.s.s. i.1 s o. s. t. 3,5 c.I,t,3,5 x s.6 .
s to.s,e,s.s.n* es to.3,s.i.s. n
- o.s.s.) o.3,s.1 t.nn e6 6 so d.i.e.i.s.), i,s s o.s t.1 e.t.i,3 x i.i.s o.t o.s.i,1.5 c. ,s t.s a s.6 s e, i, s. t.5. n
- 95 (W.1.0,I.5,11' o.s t.i o.s t.3 o.l.l.1 .o.l.a,1 1 Peripheral Steeuwater Dennif rept is 5 o.6' See CRM I).9s o.i 5 CitM te.to e.2 S 5
tit f 16.s0 2.6 i S C r==n.tw's t e r Well A-se . Xet W il E-6o E W il k-62 1
- Wil G-68 E beil A-to E ~
Wil N-Fo I Wels-4=to Sampled X 8Pereent f rom the lef t been, f acing the domestreme J4 sect 6en.
'Mrasurcerats me.le le site for dessolved esygce, pM, temperature, and tende,ettwity este de 6ag months of Jameery, and March thremgh October, 3Meanorceent e es.le and March through for elkalsmaty (f eeld), att regene, pheepharme, 000, TriC, eelsde, turbida ty, and tolere esce durens meethe of January October. .
**tesseremente made for 300, fecal celefore, Cd, Ca, Cl Cr Cu, Fe, Ph. Ng, Mn, Ng, Na, K, Se0s, us, 50 , and Zu ence desses months. s of January Apell, July, and ektober.
'Passary predettivity (de sit es Co, uptabe) and embeartoe phetaerter (percent leght pesbioet tee) seemuremente mede esce derdag mont he of March t hrough Orteber,
" Artificial $wbetrette f or Deathee = two eensh espaeures. Placed le du, tag monthe of
- larch, Mav. July, and September'and resesved' de May, July. September, and November, Samplee used to quantif y htoosee, numbers, and diveretty.
' Dredge f or Deathee and pertatte else me,layete once d ering me nths of Masch, May, July, and Septembes, Samples weed te quantif y
- blemass, numbers, diverette, and embetrate type,
'Initteted la June 1971.
'Elseeeters f ree an,eth of drelaege ways all located at 100 poteent free lef t beak, f ac ter the downstreae directlen.
' I'$amples analyred fet pH and temperature la the field, and emepended sellde and turbidity la the laboratory, Segling felttated
'I f n June 1976 on a snoethly beele. '
II . . 5aspf es analysed for pn and temperatore la the field and coeductivity, alkattatty, P, solids. Na,106* 8* C4, Ct Cw, Pb,'tt, lit . and ?n in the laboratory, $ampling tat tisted la June 1976 en a quarterly beste. i e i f M I .,. e e , 2
N t
, I -- - - ACCESS ROAD
' E I4 .
PAS
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/+ MILE 18 i
\
I
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l MILE 16 b l D, p0PLAR Q
%m SCALE 1:24000 O 1/2 i MILE
~ FIGURE III.3 PERIPHERAL SAMPLING STATIONS FOR SITE STORMWATER RUNOFF CRBRP - (19 76-1978) i
~
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a...l w.c, ';s . - saa w mr n FIGURE III.4 LOCATION OF CROUND WATER OBSERVATION WELLS CRBRP (1976-1977)
--ham i... .
o c+ i 1 I IV. River Substrate Characteristics a G 4 e e e I% gg "*e a w _ , , , y a 'w-
9
- IV. River Substrate Characteristics Introduction With a knowledge of the substratum of a stream or river, one can often predict the' composition of the invertebrate fauna that will be present. In general, the larger the stones, and hence the more complex the substratum, the more diverse is the invertebrate fauna (Hynes, 1970).
Sand is a relative poor substrate, but silty sand is richer, and muddy substrata may support a large biomass although the diversity is reduced. It is important to have a anuwledge of the substrate to be able to effectively evaluate the sacroinvertebrate fauna. Substrate classifica-tion permits the categorization of the various substrates. Pennak-(1971)
- classified lotic habitats according to several factors ene of which was dominant substrate. The categories he used were rubble and boulders, gravel, sand, organic or inorganic silt, coarse organic debris, and hardpan.
Cummins and Lauf (1968) provide a description of substrate particle size terminology and categories that is a modification of the Wentworth classi-fication system. The Wentworth classification included the following categories: Particle Phi
- Name Size (mm) Scale Boulder 7256 -8
. Cobble 64-256 -6,-7 Pebble 32-64 -5 16-32 -4
. 8-16 -3 4-8 -2 Granule 2-4 -1 Very Coarse Sand 1-2 0 Coarse Sand 0.5-1 1 Medium Sand 0.25-0.5 2 Fine Sand 0.125-0.25 3 Very Fine Sand 0.0625-0.125. 4 Silt 0.0039-0.0625 5,6,7,8 Clay <0.0039 9
c, . Cummins modified the classification by including the granule and a portion of the pebble (8-16 and 4-8 mm) in a category called gravel. The Wentworth classification has been used in this report. Field and Laboratory Methods Sediment samples were collected monthly from March 1975 to Octobe;r 1975, and seasonally during 1976 and 1977. One sediment sample was obtained at CRM 14.4, CRM 15.4, CRM 17.9, and CRM 19.0, using a Ponar grab sampler. The sample was stored on ice and returned to the laboratory where it was forzen until the sediment analysis could be done. Sediment composition was determined by the methodology outlined in Quality Assurance Psocedure No. WQEB-SS-2, Rev. 0 (TVA, 1978) and the data were recorded on the Phi ($) scale. The methodology used in 1975, 1976, and 1977 was the same as in the above procedural document. The percentage composition of each sample by Phi size was determined by dividing the total sediment weight into the weight of the sediment for each individual Phi size. These values were then used in a clustering-strategy known as UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method using mathematical averages) (Sneath and Sokal, 1973) to determine if the stations through time were similar. This procedure is termed a Q-mode analyses with the stations being OTU's (operational taxonomic units) and the Phi particle sizes the characters (e.g. , Clinch River mile 14.4 in April 1975 would be one OTU). The coefficient of similarity used in this cluster analysis was the product moment correlation coefficient. _ - ____-__-__ __--___ - --- .m
;, - 7; ,
Results The results of'the Phi particle analysis are tabulated-in' Tables-
~
I'/.1, IV.2, and-IV.3 for the years 1975, 1976, Land 1977, respectively. These data are evaluated'in the clustering dendogram (Figure IV.1). Different levels of correlation and groupings can be'obtained by-drawing lines across the'dendogram at selected intervals. These lines were first-termed." phenon lines" by Sneath and Sokal (1962)~and the level of the line
.can be denoted by ' simply adding the correlation value as a prefix. The level of association chosen for differentiating the associations in this -
dendogram was the 0.520 phenon line. The 0.520 phenon line defines six distinct clusters identified as-A, B, C, D, E, and F. With the exception of clusters A, E, and F, each-cluster was subdivided into at least two additional groupings. Clinch River mile 14.4 and CRM 17.9 in-1975 were distinctly unique
~
{ from any 'of the other stations, including CRM 14.4 and CRM 17.9 in 1976 ' and 1977. This is indicated by.the low similarity of clusters E and F with the others. Cluster F includes the stations (OTU's) in which the' majority of the sediment was cobble (greater than-50 percent). Cluster j E contains those stations that were less than 50 percent cobble in their-composition but were also composed of pebble sized sediments. Cluster A
- is unique in that it was the only station that was composed primarily of fine sand and silt. Cluster B is separated into those stations that included very coarse, coarse, and medium sand (cluster 1) and those sta-
- tions that ranged from 50 to 86.8 percent medium sand'in composition (cluster 2).
m a
, - - #-%+-,.- - ----- . - - + - -, w~ .- - --- + .e v-
Tablo IV.1 Percent Composition of the Sediment Samples Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1975 Particle Site CRM S nun Substrate March April May June July August September October 14.4 -6 64 Cobble 73.5 31.7 63.6 89.3 42.0 78.5 78.6 95.25
-4 16 Pebble 5.2 37.2 36.5 9.6 29.4 17.7 5.5 4.75
-2 4 Pebble 9. 6 - 24.3 -
1.1 26.0 - - -
-1.0 2 Granule 5.9 6.8 - -
2.8 2.1 10.5 - 0 1 Very coarse sand 4.5 - - - - 1.8 5.5 - 1 0.5 Coarse sand 1.5 - - - - - - - 1 15.4 -2 4 Pebble 25.1 0.0 31.8 23.4 25.9 19.9 13.4 22.1
-1 2 Granule 16.5 0.37 14.6 16.8 16.5 13.4
- 9.4 22.4 0 1 Very coarse sand 17.8 0.22 16.6 18.8 20.1 19.6 11.0 25.9 1 0.5 Coarse sand 20.4 9.5 17.6 20.3 10.7 20.0 14.2 20.7 2 0.25 Medium sand 11.8 86.8 11.3 13.1 19.4 12.1 50.4 7.8 3 0.125 Fine sand 8.4 3.0 8.1 8.1 7.4 11.4 1.4 1.0 4 0.0625 Very fine sand 0 0.05 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.2 0.2 0.1 5 0.031 Coa se silt 0.1 0.06 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.7 0.1 0.1 h Y !
17.9 -6 64 Cobble 67.6 - 95.7 88.7 - - 29.8 61.95
-4 16 Pebble 25.2 -
2.2 6.6 50.0 - 54.5 38.05
-2 4 Pebble -
16.8 2.1 - 50.0 23.6 13.0 -
-1 2 Granule 7.1 13.4 -
2.9 - 16.2 2.8 - 0 1 very coarse sand - 39.1 - 1.9 - 20.2 - - 1 0.5 Coarse sand - 27.3 - - - 17.7 - - 2 0.25 Medium sand - 3.3 - - - 13.7 - - 3 0.125 Fine sand - 0.1 - - - 4.0 - - 4 0.0625 Very fine sand - 0.0 - - - 2.8 - - 5 0.031 Coarse silt - 0.2 - - - 2.0 - - 19.0 -2 4 Pebble 22.8 12.0 22.0 20.7 27.4 19.8 16.0 17.6
-1 2 Granule 36.5 27.3 37.1 22.1 15.7 15.9 20.8 14.1 0 1 very coarse sand 30.0 .45.8 29.3 19.1 19.0 20.1 34.9 30.7 1 0.5 Coarse sand _7.5 14.1 7.0 15.1 22.3 19.5 18.2 26.4 2 0.25 Medium sand 1.9 0.3 3.0 9.7 15.2 13.7 6.1 9.1 3 0.125 Fine sand 1.3 0.1 1.6 13.3 0.5 11.0 4.1 1.6 4 0.0625 Very fine sand 0.0 0.05 0.0 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.0 0.15 5 0.031 Coarse silt 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.5 - = Absence of a substrate type in the sediment sample.
e e ' i
L
- 22-Table IV.2 Percent Composition of the Sediment Samples Collected in the vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1976 Particle Size CRM 7 mm Substrate March 8 May 8 July 13 September 8 14.4 -6 64 Cobble -
37.4 33.4 -
-2 4 Pebble 14.6 61.7 64.7 99.9
-1 2 Granule 38.0 0.2 1.1 0.1 0 1 Very coarse sand 33.1 0.1 - -
1 0.5 Coarse sand 9.9 0.2 0.3 - 2 0.25 Medium sand 3.7 0.2 0.4 - 3 0.125 Fine sand 0.2 0.1 0.1 - 4 0.0625 very fine sand 0.1 - - - 5 0.031 Coarse silt 0.1 0.2 - 0.05 15.4 -2 4 Pebble - 31.5 28.2 0.05
-1 2 Granule -
24.4 31.1 0.1 0 1 Very coarse sand 0.3 2.2 3.5 0.3 1 0.5 Coarse sand 5.2 13.0 14.2 11.0 2 0.25 Medium sand 87.0 26.8 21.9 85.1 3 0.125 Fine sand 7.2 1.8 0.7 3.5 4 0.0625 Very fine sand 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 5 0.031 Coarse silt 0.1 0.2 0.1 - 17.9 -2 4 Pebble 17.8 42.3 49.9 99.9
-1 2 Granule 40.1 38.3 40.6 0.04 0 1 Very coarse sand 27.2 3.5 5.5 0.05 1 0.5 Coarse sand 10.5 4.7 1.7 -
2 0.25 Medium sand 3.9 10.5 1.9 - 3 0.125 Fine sand 0.5 0.1 0.4 - 4 0.0625 very fine sand 0.05 0.1 0.02 - 5 0.031 Coarse silt 0.05 0.1 0.02 - 19.0 -2 4 Pebble 25.3 57.7 52.6 50.3
-1 2 Granule 37.8 14.2 40.5 25.2 0 1 very coarse sand 29.1 4.7 3.6 11.7 1.4 1 0.5 Coarse sand 5.6 8.0 3.9 2 0.25 Medium sand 2.2 14.5 1.7 6.1 3 0.125 Fine sand 0.2 0.8 0.2 2.6 4 0.0625 Fine sand - 0.05 0.03 0.2 5 0.031 Very fine sand -
0.06 0.02 , 0.06
. - = Absence of a substrate type in the sediment sample.
9
Table IV.3 Percent Composition of the Sediment Samples Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1977
. Particle Size .
CRM p am Substrate March May July 14.4 -2 4' Pebble 73.2 6.4 4.0
-1 2 Granule 2.5 6.1 0.90 0 1 Very coarse sand 1.5 6.1 1.5 1 0.50 Course sand 3.5 36.0 3.0 2 0.25 Medium sand 17.0 43.1 4.5 3 0.125 Fine sand 1.9 2.1 39.0 4 0.0625 Very fine sand 0.10 0.25 23.3 5 0.031 Silt 0.28 0.15 25.0 Collodial number 0.02 0.20 1.2 15.4 -2' 4 Pebble 12.5 39.1 26.0
-1 2 Granule 41.9 11.4 20.0 0 1 Very coarse sand 39.9 23.3 0.70 1 0.50 Coarse sand 5.3 22.0 1.5 2 0.25 Medium sand 0.29 4.1 43.1 3 0.125 Fine sand 0.14 0.31 6.4 4 0.0625 very fine sand 0.0 0.06 0.80 5 0.031 Silt 0.03 0.05 1.8 Collodial number 0.06 0.32 0.30 17.9 -2 4 Pebble 11.7 30.0 75.9
-1 2 Granule 15.1 36.0 2.1 O 1 Very coarse sand 18.7 26.0 1.3 1 0.50 Coarse sand- 25.3 7.0 1.3 2 0.25 Medium sand 28.4 1.6 1.9 3 0.125 Fine sand 0.62 0.23 4.6 4 0.0625 Very fine sand 0.04 0.03 3.3 5 0.031 Silt 0.07 0.06 9.6 Collodial number 0.07 0.92 0.0 19.0 -2 4 Pebble 9.0 60.0 66.3
-1 2 Granule 9.4 19.4- 2.7 0 'l very coarse sand 26.3 10.0 1.8 1 0.50 Coarse' sand 43.8 5.4 1.8 2 0.25 Medium sand 13.5 4.8 5.4 3 0.125 Fine sand 1.3 0.58 13.0 4 0.0625 very fine sand 0.08 0.07 3.1 5 0.031 Silt 0.27 0.08 5.8 Co:lodirl number 3.7 0.33 0.10 e
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Cluster C includes locations that were composed of sediments con-taining pebble and granule in a proportion greater than 46 percent and a greater than 21 percent composition of medium sand (cluster 1). Cluster 2 is divided into two groups on the following basis. Cluster a included
~
stations that were 60-90 percent pebble. Cluster b was a mixture of stations in which sediment was c 60 percent or greater composition of pebble and granule. Cluster D comprised two clusters, one that was composed of at least - 40 percent pebble and granule-sized sediments, while the other (cluster
- 1) included stations with sediments that were of the following composition:
pebble and granule (>50 percent), very coarse sand (>25 percent). Discussion The substrates at CRM 14.4 and CRM 17.9 were more similar to each other in 1975 as indicated by the clustering evaluation. This was prima-rily due to the substrate being of a cobble nature. River miles 15.4 and 19.0 in 1975 were similar to one another and are contained in the cluster sequence D-2. They were composed of sediments in the very coarse sand to pebble categories. In 1976 and 1977 there is no distinct groupings of river miles such as were found in 1975. Even CRM 14.4 and CRM 17.0 were distinctly differ-eat from 1975 in 1976 and 1977. In 1976 and 1977 sampling stations were removed laterally to locations that contained sediments that were more easily sampled with a Ponar grab sampler. Pebble and cobble sized sedi-ments prevent the closure of the sampler, thus making it difficult to obtain samples.
However, scuba divers reported that the area in the vicinity of the CRBRB was composed of hardpan with sediments of differing composition interspersed throughout the area. (Wade, personal communication).* The abundance of hardpan substrate could possibly account for the low diver-sity of benthic fauna. In general one would expect a more diverse fauca in the area based on sediment samples. Conclusions The substratum in the area of the CRBRP is predominantly coarse in nature with the majority of the sediment being classified as rocky. The sediments collected in 1975 indicated a similarity between CRM 14.4 and CRM 17.9. They also indicated a similarity between CRM 15.4 and i 19.0. However, in 1976 and 1977 the similarily between these stations was not as definable and is attributed to the collection of sediment samples at different locations. The presence of considerable amounts of hardpan in the area may account for the low diversity of benthic fauna. i
- Donald Wade, Biologist, TVA.
l
i IV. Literature Cited (
- 1. Hynes, H.B.N., 1970, The Ecology of Running Waters, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 555 pp.
- 2. Cummins, K. W. and 'G. H. Lauff,1968, "The Influence of Substrate Particle Size on the Micro distribution of Stream Macrobenthos,"
Hydrobiologia, 34:145-181.
- 3. Sneath, P.H.A. and R. R. Sokal, 1973, Numerical Taxonomy, W. H.
Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, 573 pp.
- 4. Sneath, P.H.A. and R. R. Sokal, 1962, " Numerical Taxonomy,"
Nature, 193:855-860.
- 5. Pennak, R. W., 1971, "Toware a Classification of Lotic Habitats,"
Hydrobiologia, 38:321-334. 4 k
'a I
! V. Clinch River Water Quality
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V. Clinch River Water Quality Introduction-As discussed in Chapter II, the water quality of the Clinch River in the site vicinity is influenced by several factors, primarily releases from Melton Hill Dam, river morphology, regional geology, ground water baseflow, land use practices, and waste discharges. The evaluation of the water quality of the Clinch River in the site vicinity is based primarily on data obtained by the sampling of three stations. In addition, samples were collected at the Melton Hill Dam tailrace as part of an existing TVA regional water quality management monitoring network. Water quality data collected by the Tennessee Divison of Water Quality Control at-CRM 10.0 as par
- of their monitoring network is also reported in this chapter. A review of these data is presented.
Field and Laboratory Methods All water quality samples were collected, samples handled, and field I analyses performed in conformance with the Water Quality and Ecology Br ach
" Standard Methods for Routine Water Quality and Aquatic Biological Field Surveys," WQEB-SS-1, dated June 1,1978, (replaced " Handbook of Standard Procedures for the Collection of Water Samples," I-WQ-74-1, dated February 1974). The analytical and sample preservation methods used for each water quality parameter is described in Appendix D. All data utilized in the evaluation of the Clinch River in the site vicinity has been entered into EPA's STORET system. Individual copies of the data are available upon i
request to the TVA Water Quality and Ecology Branch to those who do not l have access to STORET.
- Results Temperature Due to releases from Melton Hill Dam just upstream of the site and river morphology, the Clinch River in the rite vicinity is well mixed thermally in the vertical direction. The monthly means of tue observed temperature gradients along with corresponding mean temperatures and extremes are summarized in Table V.I. An evaluation of the temperature data obtained during the monitoring period shows that a maximum vertical thermal gradient of 3.4*C was measured at CRM 14.4 on April 12, 1977, when hourly flows ranged from 320 cms (11,300 cfs) to 326 cas (11,500 cfs).
Vertical thermal gradients greater than 1*C were observed when flow condi-tions ranged from 0 ens to 297 cms (10,500 cfs) during the months of March, April, June, July, and August. Normally thermal gradients were below 1.0*C with 73 percent of the vertical profile measurements having a thermal gradient of less than 0.5*C (CRM 14.4--63 percent, CRM 15.4--77 percent, CRM 17.9--77 percent, CRM 19.0--87 percent). The occurrence of larger thermal gradients was greatest at CRM 14.4. This may be due to point source thermal discharges into Poplar Creek (CRM 12.0). During periods of reversed river flow the heated surface layer from the creek entering the river will flow upstream, thus elevating river surface temperatures in the vicinity of the confluence of the river and the creek.
s Table V.1 Observed Temperatures and Mean Vertical Thermal Gradients in the Clinch River in the Vicinity of the CRBRP, 1975 through 1977 ('C) Standard Number of Mean Month Maximum Mean Minimum Deviation Observations Gradient January 10.0 6.5 3.0 1.64 31 0.0 Feb rua ry* 12.0 8.2 4.5 2.37 10 - March 15.6 9.9 7.8 1.68 71 0.2 April 15.6 12.3 10.0 1.70 68 0.4 j
~
May 17.5 16.0 10.0 1.41 70 0.1 i June 20.8 18.2 16.0 1.34 95 0.5 July 21.5 18.1 15.6 1.93 100 0.6 August 24.0 18.8 17.0 1.12 82 0.4 September 23.0 19.9 17.8 0.76 97 0.2 October 20.6 18.2 12.0 1.20 98 0.1 November
- 17.2 13.7 8.3 2.72 14 -
p December
- 12.0 9.7 7.0 1.54 13 -
1 i
- Data collected at Melton Hill Dam tailrace at the water surface only.
All other reported extremes were observed at various depths. Further evaluation of the temperature data obtained during the moni-I toring period shows that temperatures were well below the Tennessee stan-dard of 30.5'C. The maxir.um observed temperature was 24'C, which occurred l at Melton Hill Dam tailrace (CRM 23.1) in August 1977. This measurement was at the water surface. The maximum observed temperature at 1.5 m was 21*C, which occurred at CRM 14.4 on July 15, 1976, (130 cms [4,600 cfs]). Figures V.1 through V.3 show the temperature levels, as well as dissolved I oxygen concentrations, in water passing through Melton Hill Dam during
. the period 1975 through 1977.
Figure V.4 depicts the monthly temperature levels observed during the montoring period. This is a seasonal representation showing changes in temperatures at a depth of 1.5 m. In this figure the levels reported for
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. 0: J 1N 30 FEB et MlR 9t R i n.ina onn FIGURE V.3 TEMPERATURE LEVELS AND CONCENTRATIONS OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN WATER PASSING THROUGH MELTON li'LL DAM IN 1977 ..
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s Melton Hill Das represent the monthly median value observed in samples from the water surface. During the period June 1977 through October 1977 the temperature monitoring activity was expanded to include profile measurements at the left and right bank areas (5 percent and 95 percent, respectively, from the left bank facing the downstream direction). The highest temperatures (up to 23*C) and greatest vertical thermal gradients (up to 3.0*C) were observed on the right bank. Dissolved Oxygen The State of Tennessee water quality criterion for dissolved oxygen specifies that the concentration shall not be less than 5.0 mg/1- at a depth of 1.5 m (5 ft) or mid-depth, whichever is less. Exceptions may be granted in a limited section of a stream due to natural qualities of the water, cost of meeting standards compared to benefits, and treatment technology, but in no instance can the DO concentration be less than 3.0 mg/1. The dissolved oxygen environment of the Clinch River in the site vicinity was well mixed in the vertical direction. The monthly averages of the observed dissolved oxygen vertical gradients along with correspond-ing mean temperatures and extremes are summarized in Table V.2. An evaluation of the dissolved oxygen data obtained during the monitoring period shows that a maximum dissolved oxygen vertical gradient of 1.4 mg/l was measured at CRM 17.9 on July 13, 1977, (375 cms [13,250 cfs]). Vertical - 4 gradients greater than 1.0 mg/l were also observed at CRM 14.4 and CRM 15.4. Normally dissolved oxygen gradients were well below 1.0 mg/l with 70 percent
of the vertical profile measurements having a gradient of less than 0.5 mg/l (CRM 14.4--72 percent, CRM 15.4--68 percent, CRM 17.9--68 percent, CRM 19.0--75 percent). ~ Table V.2 Observed Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen and Mean Vertical Dissolved Oxygen Gradients in the Clinch River in the Vicinity of the CRERP 1975 through 1977 (mg/1) Standard Number of Mean Month Maximum Mean Minimum Deviation Observations Gradient January 12.2 11.5 9.7 0.86 32 0.2 February
- 11.6 11.0 10.3 0.38 10 -
March 13.9 11.3 9.4 0.61 67 0.2 April 10.9 9.8 8.6 0.59 67 0.3 May 11.3 9.9 7.8 0.60 70 0.3 June 10.0 8.6 4.6 1.09 91 0.4 July 9.2 7.0 5.5 0.76 97 0.8 August 9.6 7.3 4.7 0.62 94 0.1 September 10.0 6.8 3.2 1.38 94 0.1 October 8.5 7.1 5.3 0.49 98 0.4 November
- 11.2 8.4 6.2 1.48 13 -
December
- 12.8 10.0 8.6 1.88 12 -
- Data collected at Melton Hill Dam tailrace at the water surface only.
All other reported extremes were observed at various depths. During the monitoring period, concentrations of dissolved oxygen were good being equal to or greater than 5.0 mg/l at all river stations. The lowest concentration observed at 1.5 m (5 ft) was 5.0 mg/l at CRM's 15.4 and 14.4 on September 16, 1975, when there was no discharge from Melton Hill Dam. Figure V.1 through Figure V.3 show the concentration of dissolved oxygen, as well as temperature levels, in the water passing through Melton Hill Dam during the period 1975 through 1977. On September 20, 1976,
June 27, 1977, August 22, 1977, and September 26, 1977, concentrations below 5.0 mg/1, were measured at Melton Hill Das tailrace (3.2 ag/1, 4.6 ag/1, 4.7 ag/1, and 3.9 ag/1, respectively). It appears that there is sufficient reaeration capacity between the das (CRM 23.1) and CRM 17.9 to increase low dissolved oxygen levels to 5.0 mg/1. Figure V.5 depicts the monthly concentrations of dissolved oxygen observed during the monitoring period. This is a seasonal representation showing changes in the concentration at a depth of 1.5 m. In this figure, the concentrations reported for Melton Hill Dam represent the monthly median value observed in samples from the water surface. Further evaluation of the dissolved oxygen data obtained durin6 the monitoring shows that dissolved oxygen saturation ranged from 56 to 111 percent. The minimum saturation level occurred during surveys performed in Sep mber 1975 (CRM's 17.9 and 19.0) and in July 1977 (CRM 14,4). The maximum saturation level occurred during surveys performed in May 1977 (CRM 15.4). Saturation levels between 105 and 109 percent occurred during surveys conducted in May 1975 (CRM's 14.4,15.4,17.9, and 19.0), March 1976 (CRM 23.1), March 1977 (CRM's 14.4, 15.4, anil 17.9), and June 1977 (CRM 15.4). During the surveys co'aducted in September 1975 and March 1977 1 there were no releases from Melton hill Dam. During the peri d June 1977 through October 1977 the dissolved oxygen monitoring activity was also expanded to include profile measure-ments at the left and right bank areas. Dissolved oxygen concentrations, saturation levels, and vertical gradients at the river bank stations were normally equal to or less than those observed at midstream.
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Other Constituents Listed in Table V.'3 are summaries of the remaining physical, nutrient, metal, and sanitary-chemical data for the Clinch River in the site vicinity. Each water quality group is discussed below. Physical Constituents Other than Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen As shown in Table V.3 observed pH values ranged from 6.5 to 8.5 S.U. , which is considered the normal range necessary to support biological com-munities and is the Tennessee pH criterion for waters used for the propa-gation and maintenance of fish and aquatic life. The river water has a high buffering capacity with total alkalinity averaging 87 ag/1. Bicar-bonate alkalinity is the predominate form of alkalinity. Turbidity and concentrations of suspended solids were normally low except after periods of heavy rainfall, with values ranging from 1.1 to 55 NTU and 1.0 to 51 ag/1, respectively. True color levels also followed .
. this trend ranging from I to 20 P.C.U. Turbidity, suspended solids, and color levels increased in the downstream direction reflecting the quality of water from small creeks and drainageways entering the river between CRM's 23.1 and 14.4 (refer to Chapter VI).
Conductivity levels and concentrations of dissolved solids were low averaging 220 umhos and 125 mg/1, respectively. Nutrients As shown in Table V.3, nutrients measured were nitrogen, phosphorus, i potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and silica. Concentrations of nitrogen in the forms of ammonia, organic, and nitrate plus nitrite varied widely during the monitoring period. Unionized ammonia concentrations, , which is the most toxic form, were well below 0.02 mg/1. Organic nitrogen
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1' o concentrations were low, averaging 0.10 mg/1. At CRM's 23.1 and 17.9, concentrations of nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen of 1.3 mg/l and 1.4 ag/1,
+ respectively, were measured. All other observations were below 1.0 mg/1.
Total and dissolved phosphorus concentrations were normally low, averaging 0.02 ag/l and <0.01 ag/1, respectively. Concentrations of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and silica were not excessive. The water is considered to be moderately hard. Metals As shown in Table V.3, except for mercury the concentrations of analyzed primary (health) constituents were less than those concentrations identified by EPA for finished drinking water. On July 15, 1976, at CRM 14.4 at a depth of 4.9 m (16 f t) a mercury concentration of 2.5 ug/l was reported. Normally mercury concentrations were below the detectable limit of 0.2 ug/1. - Except for iron and manganese, the concentrations of analyzed secondary (aesthetically undesirable) constituents were less than those concentrations identified by EPA for finished drinking water. Concentrations of iron and manganese ranged from 0.01 mg/l to 6.5 mg/l and <0.01 mg/l to 0.18 og/1, +/ respectively, and averaged 0.43 mg/l and 0.047 ag/1, respectively.
' Sanitary-Chemical The sanitary-chemical quality of the Clinch River was generally good.
As shown in Table V.3, BOD, COD, TOC, and SOC concentrations were normally low. A COD concentration of 25 mg/l was observed at Melton Hill Dam tail-
. race in.May 1976. C0D concentrations were normally below 5 mg/1.
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s Total and fecal coliform densities ranged from (10 to 7,600 per el and
<10 to 190 per el, respectively. High total coliform and elevated fecal collform densities were observed on September 16, 1975. On this date, 0.25 cm (1 in.) of rainfall was recorded at Helton Hill Dam. The high nonfecal ratio would indicate that the source of the bacteria is soil i
and vegetation. Data Collected by the State of Tennessee (CRM 10R) A comprehensive monitoring station at CRM 10 is maintained by the Tennessee Division of Water Quality Control'(data available on EPA STORET system station number 000680). Samples are collected monthly at a depth of 0.3 m (1 ft.) at 90 percent from the left bank facing the downstream direction and analyzed by State personnel.
*^
A review of these data for the period March 1975 through October 1977 revealed that water quality conditions at CRM 10R were similar to the water quality conditions measured at the upstream TVA monitoring stations. Temperature levels and dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 6.0*C to 23.2*C and 5.8 ag/l to 13.1 ag/1, respectively. Temperatures and dis-solved oxygen levels at CRM 10.0R were slightly higher in the winter months and slightly lower in summer months when compared to the upstream TVA stations, but due to a minimum number of observations, no distinct trends or causes can be identified. Dissolved oxygen saturation levels ranged from 66 to 105 percent. Higher levels of turbidity, suspended solids, and color were recorded, which relates to the increased drainage area during periods of rait : Measured concentrations of sanitary-chemical constituents and metals were similar to the upstream stations, except for lead and coliform bacteria.
,, e .
i l l A lead concentration of 50 ug/l was observed on October 4,1976. High total, fecal, and fecal streptococci coliform density ranges of 500 to 12,800; 165 to 7,955; ard 182 to 250 per 100 al, respectively, were measured at CRM 10R. The fecal to feesP streptococci ratios ranged from 0.15 to 295, thus providing no clear indication of the source of pollution. Conclusions Observed temperatures in the Clinch River were well below the Tennessee standard of 30.5'C. The tiver was well mixed in the vertical direction with thermal gradients normally below 1*C. It appears that during periods of reverse flow warmer water from Poplar Creek flows upstreau elevating river water temperatures. This was observed at CRM 14.4 with the warmest water measured at the right bank area. Dissolveg orygen concentrations of the Clinch River were good, being greater than or equal to 5.0 mg/1. The water was well mixed in the vertical direction, with dissolved oxygen gradients normally less than 0.5 mg/1. Isolated low concentrations of dissolved oxygen, ranging from 3.2 to 4.7 ag/1, were measured at Melton Hill Dam tailrace. But there appears to be sufficient reaeration capacity in the river to increase levels to 5.0 mg/l within a short distance. Dissolved oxygen percent saturation levels slid not indicate any areas of unusual oxygen production which would be attributed to widespread photosynthetic activity or areas of serious reduction in dissolved oxygen concentrations. Measured turbidity, suspended solids, and color levels increased in the downstream direction reflecting the quality of water from creeks and drainageways entering the river between CRM's 23.1 and 14.4 __-__ __ _ _.- __._____ - l
. o s a Hrasured concent rat ions of nutrients, most metals, and sanitary-chemical constituents were normally low. F.levateil concent rations of mer-cury and COD were observed on isolated occasions. Concentrations of iron sad manganese were above levels identified for finished drinking water.
The water is considered to be moderately hard. During rainfall events the river was contaminated with high total coliform densities. The high nonfecal ratio would indicate that the
, source of the bacteria is soil and vegetation.
h I ? e e t l l-
V. Literature Cited -
- 1. U.S.E.P.A. Quality Criteria for Water. EPA-440/9-76-023, July 26, 1976.
- 2. U.S.E.P.A. National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations.
C.F.R., Title 40, Part 141, V. 40, No. 248, December 1975.
- 3. U.S.E.P.A. Proposed National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations.
C.F.R.,'iltle 40, Part 143, V. 42, No. 62, March 1977. e 5 0 t ) a R
-- -. . ..._._f. _- . , . . . . , , .,_._,_ -, . _ . _ _ , _ . . _ . _ _ - . ._
VI. Site Stormwater Runoff Water Quality P l e ' l 1 l
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s 48-o VI. Site Stormwater Nunoll' Water Quality Introduction I The site is drained by several small ephemeral drainageways which carry water only after periods of rainfall or snow melt. In order to determine background conditions prior to construction activities at the site, routine monthly surveys and/or special stormwater runoff surveys were conducted. l During the period March through October 1975, monitoring stations were established in the Clinch River to measure the effect of site runoff on Clinch River water quality. In March 1976, the stations were relocated onsite to better address site stormwater runoff water quality by monitoring the water quality of four drainageways prior to mixing with the river. . Sediment generated from land erosion at the site is considered the most important runoff pollutant that affects water qu,uity in the site area. This conclusion is based on agriculture and natural woodlands being the major land use within the area of interest. Therefore, the parameters selected for monitoring were turbidity and suspended solids. These parameters are directly related to erosion and soil loss associated P with precipitation runoff. Soil particles can also transport nutrients, pesticides, organic matter, bacteria, and other pollutants. These para-meters were not measured due to the lack of background sediment load data and tLe expense involved. These parameters are not believed to be signi-ficant at the site because of the past and present land usage. 9
s . Field and Laboratory Methods Designated Clinch River stations for the measurement of stormwater runoff effects on the river were sampled on five occasions in 1975 during 1 periods of rainfall. These surveys were conducted by personnel of _the I Water Quality and Ecology Branch. During the period June 1976 through October 1977, the site drainageway stations were visited by branch per-sonnel periodically. No special surveys were conducted during periods of rainfall. In November 1977, a rainfall notification system utilizing personnel at the TVA Kingston Steam Plant was established. Assigned personnel t* the plant notified the Water Quality and Ecology Branch whenever a period.- l of heavy rainfall (0.8 cm [0.3 in.) or more per hour, or 2.5 cm [1.0 in.] or more during 24 hours) was recorded at the plant. At the authorization of the Water Quality and Ecology Branch, one of these assigned personnel collected runoff samples during these events. The temperature and pH of the water were field determined. Through August 1978, runoff' samples were also collected during routine monthly surveys. During most of the routine monthly surveys there was no flow in the drainageways. r All water quality samples were collected, samples handed, and field analyses performed in conformance with the Water Quality and Ecology Branch " Standard Methods for Routine Water Quality and Aquatic Biological Field Surveys," WQEB-SS-1, dated June 1, 1978. The analytical and sample preservation methods used fo each ' water quality parameter is described in Appendix D. A listing of the data resulting from this monitoring activity is provided in Appendix A. e t
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\ Results, An evaluation of the physical water quality of stormwater runoff leaving the rite, as determined by the sampling of site drainageways,*
showed that no clear correlation between daily total rainfall and physical water quality could be determined. The intensity of the rainfall rather
, than the total amount of rainfall had a more signif cant impact on physi-cal water quality in the drainageways. A review of raintall intensity data
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from the U.S. NOAA Climatological Data Station at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, revealed that intense rainfalls were recorded on April 18, 1978, and June 8, 1978. On these dates during and just prior to the time of sampling, rain-fall intensity ranged from 0.15 to 1.1 cm/hr. (0.06 to 0.43 in./hr.) and 0.25 to 1.2 cm/hr. (0.10 to 0.47 in./hr.), respectively. The highest levels of suspended solids and turbidity measured during the monitoring period were observed on these dates (600 mg/l and 700 NTU [ April 18], and 150 t ag/l and 250 NTU [ June 8}, respectively). Figure VI.1 and Figure VI.2 proviile a graphical presentation of suspended solids and turbidity data, respectively, at three of the drain-ageway stations. Due to a lack of flow, the drainageway that enters the Clinch River at CRM 15.5 was only sampled three times and the data was not shown on the figures. The vertical lines in the figures illustrate the range between the maximum anh' minimum values on record. The rectangles illustrate the range in which 75 percent of the data were observed, the ends of which indicate the values below which 12.5 percent and 87.5 per-cent of the data were observed. The horizontal line within the rectangle
. *The drainageways join the Clinch River at the right bank (of the site) ,
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O 15.95R 16.lR 16.5R - CLINCH RIVER MILE 1 FIGURE H .2 TURBIDITY LEVELS IN STORMWATER RUNOFF FROM THE CRBRP SITE (1976-1978)
is the median value or that value below which and above which 50 percent of the data were observed. The points on the figures are the actual values observed. Median suspended solids and turbidity values were much lower for the drainageway at CRM 16.5 due to the greater number of samplings during periods of little or no rainfall. This was the only drainageway flowing during many of the surveys. A statistical evaluation of the stormwater runoff data showed the mean value for suspended solids to be 60 mg/l with one standard deviation result-ing in values of -48 ag/l and 168 mg/1, respectively. The mean value for turbidity was calculated to be 85 NTU with one standard deviation resulting
, in values of -46 NTU and 216 NTU. The negative values obtained when the mean values were reduced by one standard deviation shows that the observed suspended solids and turbidity values varied considerably and did not plot as a normal distribution. Thus a logorithmic transformation of the data was necessary. Using the transformed suspended solids data, a mean value of 28 mg/l was calculated with one standard deviation resulting in values of 8.3 mg/l and 96 ag/1, and two standard deviations resulting in values of 2.4 ag/l and 324 ag/1. The transformed turbidity data showed a mean value of 37 NTU, with one standard deviation resulting in values of 8.7 NTU and 158 NTU, and two standard deviations resulting in values of 2.0 NTU and 676 NTU.
In 1975 five special rainfall surveys were performed consisting of sampling of the Clinch River at various locations in the site vicinity. Neither total rainfall nor rainfall intensity during the survey days can clearly be correlated to Clinch River physical water quality due to time
l s - delays between the raintall events and surveys. As an examnle, on March 30, 1975, 8.33 cm (3.28 in.) of rainfall was recorded at Melton Hill Dau. A survey was performed on March 31, 1978. The resulting suspended solids and turbidity data were the highest measured during the instream stormwater monitoring program (1975). No significant variation with horizontal loca-tion was measured.
. A determination of whether the site was the source of the suspended solids and turbidity on this date can not be made. Therefore, the data resulting from this activity is useful only for background deter-minations in the Clinch River after rainfall events and can not be directly .
\
related to site stormwater runoff quality. The data resulting from this l program is provided in Appendix A. Conclusions Rainfall intensity rather than the total amount of rainfall had a more significant impact on physical water quality in the drainageways. Surveys performed in conjunction with periods of intense rainfall resulted in the highest levels of suspended solids and turbidity measured in the drainage-ways. An evaluation of suspended solids and turbidity data showed that the observed values varied considerably and did not plot as a normal distribu-tion. Logarithmic transformations of the data provided the following results: Suspended Solids (mg/1) Turbidity (NTU) Mean 28 37 One standard deviation 8.3, 96 8.7, 158 Two standard deviations 2.4, 324 2.0, 676 e e G
. - s.
In 1975 five special rainfall surveys of the Clinch River were per-formed. Neither the total amount of rainfall or rainfall intensity could be clearly correlated to Clinch River physical water quality due to time delays between the rainfall events and surveys. In addition, a determina-tion of whether the site was the source of the suspended solids and tur-t bidity could not be made. Therefore, the data resulting from this activity
~
is useful only for background determinations in the Clinch River after rainfall events.- It is clearly shown by this evaluation that (1) rsinfall - intensity is significant to stormwater runoff quality, (2) the timing of stormwater runoff surveys is critical, and (3) stations located directly onsite upstream of any influence by the receiving waterbody, complemented with stations in the receiving waterbody, will provide the data necessary for an accurate assessment of the impact of site stormwater runoff on physical water quality in the receiving waterbody.
)
i s s . i VII. Ground Water Quality e 2 9
# e b- - - _ . _ _ , . . . - _ - . . , , _ . _ _ . .,,m. _ _ _ _ ., _ - - - - , _. . ~ _. ._ _ _ _ . , _ _ _ - . -,, ., _ . - , _ . - _ . .
..n .
o VII. Ground Water Quality Introduction As discussed i,n Chapter 11 the quality of ground water under the site is influenced by several geologic-hydrologic characteristics and controls of the region and most partacularly the site. The evaluation of the quality of ground water under the site is based on data obtained from seven onsite observation wells. One of these wells was equipped with a 1 submersible pump. The primary consideration in the sampling of wells is ! to obtain a representative sample of the formation by ensuring that the sample is r.ot excessively aerated, agitated, or mixed with stagnant water standing in the well casing (i.e., in the casing there usually is limited vertical mixing and stratification can occur). This water can also con-
, tain foreign substances due to casing corrosion or introduction through the top of the casing. The six observation wells not equipped with a submersible pump were sampled by use of a siphon-type sampler with the standing water in the casing not being removed prior to sempling. There-fore, this evaluation is in two parts, pumped and siphoned samples.
Field and Laboratory _ Methods For six of the wells a siphon-type sampler, which was a PVC pipe closed on both ends with inlet and outlet holes, was lowered into the well until it was about 3 m (10 ft.) below the static water level in the casing. The sample was brought to the surface and poured into the sample bottle. In the case of the one pumped well, the pump was permitted to run about five to ten minutes prior to sampling.
O h J '
\
Temperature and pH were determined in the field. The analytical and sample preservation methods used for each water quality parameter is des-cribed in Appendix D. A listing of the data resulting from this monitoring activity'is provided in Appendix A. 1 Results An evaluation of water quality data obtained during the monitoring period from the pumped observation well shows the physical-chemical quality of the' ground water to be good. Concentrations of dissolved solids were low, averaging 230 mg/1. The water had a high buffering capacity with bicarbonates the predominate form of alkalinity. Observed pH levels ranged from 6.2 to 7.35 S.U. Concentrations of analyzed nutrients and metals were normally' low with concentrations of metals being below detectable limits on , many occasions. Sodium concentrations up to 49 ag/l we're observed. An evaluation of water quality data from the nonpumped observation wells, which were sampled by the use of a siphon-type sampler, document that the quality of the water from these wells was poorer than the quality observed in water from the pumped well. Elev.ated concentrations of sus-- pended solids, phosphorus, and sodium were measured. Concentrations of chromium, copper, nickel, . mil zine were also observeil to be greater than those concentrations in water obtained from the pumped well. Otaerved concentrations of cadmium, lead, and manganese in the nonpumped wells i were greater than those concentrations identified by EPA drinking water criteria.1,2 4 4 e h
- - , ,, - - - , ,n. . , , -,,o. . . , - ,- , ,m~,
s Conclusions An evaluation of all ground water data clearly showed a quality varia-tion with differing sampling techniques. The sampling technique utilized for the nonpumped observation wells did not allow for the removal of the standing water in the casing. This resulted in a contaminated sample.
. The source of contamination would most likely be solids entering the casing from the host formation and corrosion of the metal casing. Additionally, acidification of a contaminated sample to a pH of 2.0 S.U. would dissolve suspended solids in the water and solubilize most metals contained in' these solids. These solids normally would not be present in a sample obtained from a well properly flushed prior to sampling. Therefore, the data obtained from the unpumped wells did not properly represent the quality of water in the formation at the site and should not be construed as such.
An evaluation of the data obtained from the pumped well showed that at the site ground water quality was good. Concentrations of dissolved solids were low, averaging 230 mg/1. Concentrations of analyzed nutrients and metals were normally low and on many occasioas below detectable limits. 1 1 e 4
- +
i VII. Literature cited
- 1. U.S.E.P.A. National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations.
- C.F.R., Title 40, Part 141, V. 40, No. 248, December 1975.
i
- 2. U.S.E.P.A. Proposed National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations.
C.F.R., Title 40, Part 143, V. 42, No. 62, March 1977. P 4 4
-e i
i D
N VIII. Phytoplankton
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, VIII. Phytoplankton Introduction Phytoplankton, consist of microscopic, unicellular, and multicellu-lar, nonvascular plants suspended in the water column and are almost enti.ely dependent on water currents for movement. The phytoplankton community in the Clinch River is commonly composed of taxa from the
~
three major taxonomic divisions: (1) Chrysophyta, predominantly diatoms; (2) Chlorophyta, green algae; and (3) Cyanophyta, blue-green algae. Two other divisions are present which usually compose less than 10 percent of the phytoplankton assemblages and are Euglenophyta and Pyrrophyta (predominantly dinoflagellates). Most energy transfers in the aquatic
, ecosystem are dependent on the fixation of solar energy by these primary producers (Goldman, 1960; Reid, 1961).
It has been established that considerable variation occurs in day-to-day phytoplankton productivity rates (Rodhe et al., 1958; Goldman, 1960). Also, a distinctive feature of linnetic phytoplankton in temper-ate lakes is the great variation between seasonal pop 41ations, which are usually significantly greater than within seasonal population varia-tions (Wetzel, 1975). However, bloom conditions at different time intervals within each season (especially summer and fall) can leave unanswered questions. Available solar illumination, nutrients, temperature, and flow are probably the four main controlling factors for seasonal or monthly varia-tions in the phytoplankton populations, diversity, biomass, and dominance
, of certain groups. *
,n . .
s' .
?.
Field and Laboratory Methods Different parameters were used to measure the phytoplanktoo community: (1) microscopic examination was used to enumerate and identify the various taxa present; (2) chlorophyll a was used for biomass determination; and' (3) isotope tracer carbon-14 was used for productivity estimates. Field
" Standard Methods for Routine Water Quality and Aquatic Biological .
Field Surveys" WQEB-SS-1, dated June 1,1978, describe the field collection methods. A brief synopsis of these procedures follows. Phytoplankton samples for enumeration, chlorophyll, extraction, and primary productivity were collected at Clinch River Miles 14.4, 15.4, 17.9, and 19.0 with a non-metallic (Van Dorn) water sampler at the desired depth of each station (usually surface,1, 3, and 5 m if depth permitted) . Phytoplankton and 0 chlorophyll samples were transferred to 1-1 Nalgene bottles. The phyto-0 plankton samples were later transferred to 100 ml Nalgene bottles and preserved with Lugol's solution. Five hundreit al of the remaining sample in the 1-2 bottle were filtered through a 1.2 pm 111ter to retain the phyto-plankton cells for chlorophyll a analysis. Each filter pad was wrapped in a Whatman filter paper and stored in a dessicator on dry ice until returned to the laboratory for analysis. After collection of the primary productivity samples, they were trans-ferred to clean 125 al pyrex bottles, and 2.0 pCi of Na2C1403 was injected into each bottle with a plastic syringe. The bottles were suspended at the collection depth by a line from a float. At the 5-m depth a dark bottle was used with the clear bottle to compensate for the amounts of nonphotosynthetic assimilation of C 24 The C 34 samples were incubated
]
62-for three hours. Liter incubation, I al of 10 percent Formalin was added to each bottle to stop the photosynthetic process and fix the products. The bottles were immediately placed in a lightproof box, and the samples upon return to shore were filtered through HA-(0.45p + 0.02p) Millipore6 filters. The filters were placed in dessicators on dry ice in the dark until counted at the TVA Radiological Hygiene Branch laboratory. Solar radiation at the water surface and through the water column was measured with a submarine photometer. This photometer consisted of an underwater sea cell and a matching deck cell for alternate surface and underwater illumination monitoring. Solar radiation was measured by a recording portable pyrohelimeter located near the incubation site for a period of 24 hours. Laboratory
" Standard Methods for the Laboratory Analysis of Aquatic Biological Samples" WQEB-SS-2, dated June 1, 1978, describe the laboratory methods.
A brief synopsis of these procedures follows: Phytoplankton samples were stored in a cool, dark place. Prior to enumeration each saeple was mixed and a 15 al random subsample was placed into a sedimentation counting chamber. Af ter a minimum of 12 hours cach sample was identified and enu- , wurated by using an inverted microscope (32 ox). The bench sheets were coded and sent to the cocputer center for final computation. Phytopigments--Chlorophyll a was extracted from each filter with
. 90 percent acetone for a period of at least 24 hours in the dark at 4' 'blorophyll absorption was determined with a spectrophotometer (narrow band, I cm light path) at optical densities of 750, 663, 645, and 630 nm using a 90 percent acetone blank. The optical densities were
computerized and chlorophyll concentrations were determined using the equations of Richards and Thompson (1952), as modified by Parsons and Strickland (1963). Primary Productivity--Carbon-14 activity on the filters was measured
~
with a thiu-window, low background, gas-flow proportional Beckman counter by the IVA Radialogical Hygiene Branch. Total inorganic carbon available for photosynthesis (og c/1) was calculated using total alkalinity (titra-metric method) values, pH, and temperatures from the conversion table - of Bachmann (1962). The C14 method adapted to this study was first used by Steeman-Nielson (1952). By comparing a ratio of total incident light with light available during the incubation period, productivity during the incubation period was extrapolated to total productivity per day (ag c/m 2/ day). Results The total number of phytoplankton taxa sampled from March 1975 through October 1975 at CRM 14.4, CRM 15.4, CRM 17.9, and CRM 19.0 were comprised of 22 Chrysophyta, 51 Chlorophyta, 12 Cyanophyta, 4 Euglenophyta, and 4 Pyrrophyta genera (Table B.I.1, Appendix B). Some genera were quite common throughout the Clinch River and were found at one or more locations during each sampling period. Melosira was found at each station except CRM 19.0 on August 1975. Synedra was documented at CRM 14.4 on every sampling trip and Stephanodiscus was documented on every sampling trip at CRM 17.9 and 19.0.
64-Chlamydomonus was documented at all locations and Scenedessus was only documented on all occasions at CRM 17.9. Dactylococcopis was sampled on every occasion at all river miles except CRM 19.0 and Anaeystis was always found at CRM 14.4 and 15.4. The genus Trachelosonas was always found at only CRM 19.0. Thest various genera of the different groups are shown in table B.1.1 of Appendix B. Genera documented within the study area only once during the study period were: Eunctia, Neidium, Staunoneis, Surirella, Stigeoclonium, Dactylococcus, Microspora, Pleodorina, Sphaerocystis, Aphanocapsa, Lyngbya, and Aphanothece. The composition of taxa found within the study area is summarized
, at each of the four stations in table VIII.I. Chlorophyta had more genera represented, followed by Chrysophyta and Cyanophyta. Cyanophyta had the highest coefficient of variation (OV) with 15.27 percent followed by Chrysophyta 14.42 percent, Chlorophyta 3.53 percent and Euglenophyta and Pyr,rephyta had no mean deviation.
The standing crop estimates, percent composition, and most abundan. major algal divisions are summarized in table VIII.2 and table B.I.2 of Appendix B. Chrysophyta was generally most abundant during March, May, and August; Chlorophyta was most abundant duri.,g April and July; and Cyanophyta was most abundant during June, September, and October. The maximum phytoplankton standing crop occurred in October with approximately 2 million or more cells /1 and documented at all stations (Figure VIII.1 and table B.I.3 [ Appendix B]). In March and April the
, populations did not exceed 200,000 cells /1. The coefficient of variation I
65-Table VIII.1 PHYIOPIANKTON GENERA WITHIN 7HE VICINITY OF THE CRBRP PROJECT - CLINCH RIVER, MARCH 1973 - DECEMBER 1975 INDICATING NUMBERS OF DIFFERINT KINDS OF GENERA, DEVIATION FROM MEAN, AND COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION. CRM Mean Coefficient 14.4 15.4 17.9 19.0 x Deviation of Variation Chrysognyta 20 15 16 15 16.50 2.38 14.42% Chlorophyta 39 39 42 40 40.00 1.41 3.53% Cyanophyta 10 8 7 8 8.25 1.26 15.27% Euglenophyta 4 4 4 4 4.00 0 04 4 4 4 4 4.00 0 Os Pyrrophyta-4 l e e - - , -. - y ,
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(March - October) CRM March April May June July August Sectember October
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-.z-l for the four stations over the study period was 13.04 percent. Standing l
, crop estimates tended to gradually increase in the downstream direction
'from CRM 19 0 to CRM 14 4 (Table B.. I 3 Appendix B) from near 1 000 000~
, cells /1 to about 700,000 cells /K by averaging all samples throughout the i ,
sampling period. ,This pattern was not always true by observing individual monthly observations but usually followed the same trend.
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Chlorophyll a levels are summarized in Figure VIII.2 and table B.1.4
.. (Appendix B). The maximum chlorophyll a concentrations were documented f during June 1975 at all stations with values ranging from 14 mg chl a/m2 to over 21 mg chl a/m2. The chlorophyll measurements were generally-less j
from March through May than during June through October. Average values I t i generally increased downstream from CRM 19.0 with the excepticn at CRM 17.9 with values being'slightly higher than those at CRM 15.4. The com-
- / parison of the mean of all stations over the study period yielded a mean
.. s j , . coefficient of variation of 4.76 percent.
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> Figures VIII.3, Figure VIII.4, and Table VIII.3 and Tables B.1.5
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. and B.I.6 (Appendix B) summarize the phytoplankton productivity values i I for og c/m 2/ day assimilated by he phytoplankton during the sampling period i
g of 1976 and 1977. i, a l
- t;# During 1976 phytoplankton productivity values continuously increased
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, downstream on the right overbank, left overbank, and in the channel.
. October was the most productive month. Values were relatively low from Marc
- through May, increased in June, then gradually decreased from June
'- through September. Productivity values were also greater in the channel 4 e than on the right and left overbank areas. The overbank areas were generally
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SUMMARY
OF PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (C-14), DATA AT LEFT OVERBANK, RIG 1!T OVERBANK, AND CIIANNEL OF CRM'S 14.4, 15.4, AND 17.9 SHOWING MEAN VALUES, MEAN DEVIATION AND COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION FOR 1976 AND 1977 March-October CRM mg C/m / day Mean Deviation- Coefficient of Variation 1976 (Right Overbank) 14.4 537 15.4 459 17.9' 394 463 71.50 15.44%
~
(Channel)
^
14.4 630 15.4 535 17.9 492 552 71.07 12.86% (Left Overbank) 14.4 541 15.4 442 17.9 405 464 40.78 8.81% 1977 (Right Overbank) 14.4 560 15.4 409 17.9 521 497 78.28 15.76% (Channel)
. 14.4 624 15.4 494 17.9 550 556 64.96 11.68%
(Left Overbank) 14.4 503 15.4 459 17.9 468 475 24.04 5.06%
similar in productivity rates. The coefficient of variation of the means ranged from 8.81 percent'to 15.44 percent for the different areas. During 1977 phytoplankton productivity rate increased from CRM 17.9 to CRM 14.4, but decreased from CRM 17.9 to CRM 15.4. July was the most pro-ductive month except on the left overbank at CRM 15.4 where the highest values occurred during Octo sr. High values were also found throughout . the sampling reach during Psy, July, and October. The least productive months were March, April, and August at most locations. Samples were not taken during September at any stations nor at CRM 17.9 during June. The mean coefficient of variation ranged from 5.06 percent to 15.76 percent for the different areas. Tables B.1.5 and B.I.6 (Appendix B) also indicate hourly productivity 3 rates per unit volume (by depth, mg c/m /hr). In all cases available , light was reduced to less than 5 percent at a depth of 5 meters and pro-3 ductivity also diminished to less than 5 mg c/m /hr. In some cases productivity was highest at one m, rather than the surface due to intense solar radiation resulting in phyto-toxicity before the intense light rays were filtered out by the water. This was the case about half the time throughout the sampling reach. Conclusions The most common phytoplankton genera found throughout the sampling reach were Melosira, Synedra, Stephanodiscus, Chlamydomonus, Scenedesmus, Dactylococccpis, Anacystis, and Trachelomonas,. Generally the Chrysophytes were dominant mostly during the spring, the Chlorophyta during the summer, and the Cyanophytes during the fall.
. Numbers of phytoplankton generally start increasing during May with the largt:st peaks occurring in October. Highest concentrations were over 3,700,000 cells /1 at CRM 14.4 during October. Concentrations of less than 100,000 cells /1 only occurred during March at CRM's 17.9 and 19.0.
Chlorophyll a,and productivity rates generally followed the same pattern, especially with relatively lower values during March, April, and May. May was an exceptional month during 1977 for productivity rates
- with higher than usual values. The comparisons of 1976 snd 1977 produc-tivity rates show similarity with normal annual variations caused by seasonal temperature and turbidity differences in the water.
All three phytoplankton parameters (standing crop, chlorophyll a, and primary productivity) indicated a patchy distribution primarily ' con-trolled by a continuous moving flow pattern of the Clinch River with increases observed downstream from CRM 19.0 as the water mass velocity decreased and the retention time became longer. Productivity was also greater in the channel areas than in the overbank areas for sur. c. area measurements due to deeper waters, but similar for per unit area measurements. e 9
- ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ . _ _ _ ._ _______m ...__. __ __ _. _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ - - _ _ . - . - - - - . - . _
f VIII. Literature Cited
- 1. Bachmann, R. W. 1962. Evaluation of a Modified C14 technique for shipboard estimation of photosynthesis in large lakes. Great Lakes Res. Publ. No. 8:61.
- 2. Foerster, J. W., F. R Trainor, and J. D. Buck. 1974. " Thermal Effects on the Connecticut River: Physiology and Chemistry."
J. Water Poil. Contr. Fed., 46(9):2138-2152.
- 3. Goldman, C. R. 1960. " Primary Productivity and Limiting, Factors in Three Lakes of the Alaskan Peninsula." Ecol. Monogr. 30:207:230.
- 4. Parsons, T. R. and'J.D.H. Strickland. 1963. Discussion of Spectro-photometer Determination of marine plant pigments, with revised equations for ascertaining chlorophyll,s and carotenoids. J. Mar.
Res. 21:158-163.
- 5. Richards, F. A. and T. G. Thompson. 1952. The estimation and II. A Spectrophotometric Method for the estimation of plankton pigments.
J. Mar Res. 11:156-172.
- 6. Rodhe, W. R., A. Vollenweider, and A. Naumeick. 1958. "The Primary Production and Standing Crop of Phytoplankton." In: A. A. Buzzati-
- Traverse (ed.) Perspectives in Marine Biology. Berkely and Los Angeles, Univ. of Calif. Pcess. pp. 299-322.
- 7. Wetzel, R. G. 1975. Liyj ology. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 743 pp.
c
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/ . _. . .. . . - _... s 2 w 2 . +. 4 I J IX. Periphyton O l 9 h e i sv
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- - ._.____mememer.*-w,m,
t IX. Periphyton ' I Introduction i Periphyton comprises an important community of microorganisms that are attached to but do not penetrate a substrate. Wetzel (1975) in a recent definition refers to periphyton as simply the microfloral growth upon substrata, but works as early as Young's (1945) refer to a periphyton
~
as an assemblage of organisms growing upon free surfaces of submerged objects in water exclusive of those organisms belonging to the benthos. As such the term periphyton is synonymous with the term "aufwuchs" as given by Ruttner (1953). This report refers to periphyton in the same context as Ruttner. The environmental conditions that affect the phytoplankton community also influence the periphyton community. Yet the physical characteristics of the substrate are an important factor in determining the community structure. The nature of the substrate provides a suitable basis on'which
'o subdivide the periphyton biocenose. These subdivisions include epiphy-tic (plant), epizooic (animal), epidendritic (wood), epipelic (sediment),
and eiplithic (rock).
^
, The periphyton community includes autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. The former representing the segment of the community that synthesizes energy and is pred(minantly composed of photosynthesizing
, algae. The latter represents a. variety of organisms such as rotifers and fungi that depend primarily upon organic material for their nutrition.
The periphyton community is dominated by attached algae and as such are important primary producers in waterways, and often constitute the major algal biomass in streams and rivers since the plankton are poorly
developed in these waters (Wetzel, 1975). In addition, periphyton can adjust to short-term changes of environmental conditions, but long-lasting alterations are reflected in the qualitative and quantitative composition of periphyton assemblage (Sladekova, 1966). It is these qualities that make periphyton an important tool in the study of water quality. The collection and measurement of periphyton has been done on both natcral and artificial substrates. Artificial substrates provide a standardized surface for periphyton to colonize.and because of ease of replication provide a more precise estimate of standing crop. Several disadvantages include (1) the natural substrate is not duplicated, thus the community that develops may include species that are not representa-tive of the natural periphyton community, and (2) the use of artificial substrates is adversely affected by turbidity, current, wave action, , vandalism, and loss. However, Becker (1975) considers artificial sub-strates as the best method of making quantitative assessments of the - periphyton community under a wide range of environmental conditions, including organic and thermal enrichment. Field and Laboratory Methods t l f Samples of the periphyton community were obtained on a monthly basis L l from April 1975 to September 1975 using artificial substrates. Two racks l l of five 1.5 c/m Plexiglass 2 @ slides were suspended 0.5 meter beneath the water surface at CRM 14.4, CRM 15.4, CRM 17.9, and CRM 19.0. The slides were incubated for a period of four weeks before retrieval. Atter the incubat ion period, the slides were collected, placed in individual l
+- --
w r - , . " *
- ex- *rw-* -
------r*1 - --
1---e- - - - * -
** +- wr-- w- --t--*- -
-y T
plastic bags, and stored frozen until analyzed. One slide from each rack was set aside for phytoperiphyton identification. All other slides were used to determine the autotrophic index. Autotrophic indices, ash - free dry weights, and phytoperiphyton identi-fication and enumeration were done according to procedures outlined in the
. Tennessee Valley Authority's Quality Assurance Procedure No. WQEB-SS-2 (1978). The proccdures used in 1975 were the same as those outlined in the above procedural handbook.
Results The quantitative enumeration and percentage composition of the major algal divisions collected from April to September 1975 are presented in Table IX.1. A list of the t'axa coll.arted and their spatial and temporal dist ributions are given in Table IX.2. Data were not available for river miles 14.4, 17.9, and 19.0 during April; or for any of the stations during June and July because of missing substrates, and inadvertent mishandling of slides in the laboratory. The Chrysophyta (diatoms) dominated the periphyton community in both abundance and number ot - taxa. Seventeen Chrysophyta genera were collected with the number of genera per substrate ranging from six to fifteen. Achnanthes was the dominant Chrysophyta ganus with the exception of CRM 15.4 (April 1975). This taxa represented from 32.5 percent to 99 percent of the
- Chrysophyta standing crop. The genus Navicula was dominant in April (CRM 15.4) and the genera Cymbella, Melos. ira, and Synedra ennt ributed to the standing crop in May at river miles 17.9 and 19.0.
~
e e i i . . ..
~
'I Table IX.1 ,
Quantitative Enumeration and Percentage Composition of Major Algal Divisions Colonizing Artificial Substrates, in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP - 1975 Percent Dominant ** No. Taxa cells x 10 /M Composition Species Date River Mile Algal Division Chrysophyta 10 49.72 95.2 Navicula April 16 15.4 3.3 -Oedogonium Chlorophyta 1 1.71 2 78 2.5 Oscillatoria cyanophyta Pyrrophyta 0 0 0.0 . 12 407.10 95.0 Achnanthes May 22 14.4 Chrysophyta Stigeocionium Chlorophyta 2 19.24 4.5 2.24 0.5 Merisropedta , Cyanophyta 2 ' ryrrophyta 0 0 0.0 , Achnanthes d e 11 1,318.58 97.0 , May 22 15.4 Chrysophyta Stigeoclonium Chlorophyta 3 41.28 3.0
- Oscillatoria Cyanophyta 1 .06 Pyrrophyta O O 0.0 l 15 8,026.19 97.2 Achnanthes May 22 17.9 Chrysophyta Stiqcoclonium Chlorophyta 5 230.52 2.0 cyanophyta 1 3.81
- Dactylococcepsis Pyrrophyta .O 0- 0.0 Chrysophyta 14 1,977.39 80.3 Achnanthes May 22 19.0 Chlorophyta 4 486.41 19.7 Stigeoclonium Cyanophyta 1 .32
- Dactylococcopsis Pyrrophyta 0 0 0.0 Chrysophyta 9 2,243.14 73.7 Achnanthes May 22 19.0 Stigeocloniimm Chlorophyta 2 801.05 26.3 )
Cyaroohyta 2 .38
- Dactylococcopsis Pyrrt eta 0 0 0.0 t
e 4 O _ . . _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ - M
. o . . -
Table IX.1 (continued) 1 Percent Dominant ** Date River Mile Algal Division No. Taxa Cells x 10 /M Composition Species August 7 14.4 Chrysophyta a 4,461.51 99.2 Achnanthes Chlorephyta 7 36.20 0.8 Stigeoclonium Cyanophyta 0 0 0.0 Pyrrophyta 0 0 0.0 August 7 14.4 Chrysophyta 8 3,048.64 99.2 Achnanthes chloropt.yta 5 23.81 0.8 Stigeoclonium Cyanophyta 0 0 0.0 ' Pyrrophyta 0 0 0.0 August 7 15.4 Chrysophyta 9 3,676.33 99.9 Achnanthes /n Chlorophyta 1 4.76 0.1 Stigeoclonium ? Cyanophyta 0 0 0.0 Pyrrophyta 0 0 0.0 August 7 15.4 Chryscphyta 8 6,043.30 84.1 Achnanthes Chlorephyta 1 1,137.88 15.9 Stigeoclonium , Cyanophyta 0 0 0.0 Pyrrophyta 0 0 0.0 August 7 17.9 Chryscohyta 6 5,429.13 99.5 Achnanthes Chlorophyta 1 26.98 0.5 Stigeoclonium Cyanophyta 0 0 0.0 Pyrrophyta 0 0 0.0 l
Tahle IX.1 (Continued) Percent Dominant ** Cells x 10 /M Composition Specie 9 Date River Mile Algal Division No. Taxa B 3,145.55 96.9 Achnanthes August 7 17.9 Chrysophyta 1.7 Stigeoclonium Chlosophyta 2 55.55 Cyancphyta 1 45.22 1.4 Anacystis ,, 0 0 0.0 Pyrrophyta Achnanthes y Chrysophyta 7 2,637.59 97.4 Au7ust 7 19.0 2 71.42 2.6 Stigeoclonium Ch1crophyta 0 0 0.0 , Cyanophyta 0 0 0.0 Pyrrophyta 4,170.64 96.2 Achnanthes August 7 19.0 Chrysophyta B Stigeoclonium Chloreyhyta 1 150.77 3.5 , 11.11 0.3 Anacystis C3 Cyanophyta 1 ' 0 0 0.0 Pyrrophyta 9 3,688.19 93.7 Achnanthes Septer.ber 16 14.4 Chryscphyta 6.3 Stigeoclonium ! Chlorcphyta 3 245.99 1.02
- Lyngbya Cyanophyta 1 Pyrrophyta 0 0 0.0 .
Chrysephyta 9 3,258.11 99.5 Achnanthes september 16 14.4 Stigeoclonium Chlorophyta 2 5.87 0.2 Cyanophyta 1 9.55 0.3 Oscillatoria Pyrrophyta 0 0 0.0 8 947.42 87.2 Achnanthes September 16 15.4 Chryscphyta Stigeoclonium Chlorophyta 2 139.07 12.8 cyanopinyta 1 .68
- oscillatoria Pyrrophyta 0 0.0 4
+4
. ,. ..... , _ ._ _ I
Table IX.1 (Continued) Percent anulaant** Date River Mile Algal Division No. Taxa Cells x 10 /M Composition Species fl September 16 15.4 Chrysophyta 10 4,749.89 97.1' Achnanthes '( Chlorophyta 1 139.66 2.9 Stigeoclonissa l Cyanophyta 0 0 0.0 q Pyrrophyta O D 0.0 {f.i
<1 September 16 17.9 Chrysophyta 7 1,807.59 92.5 . 'Achnanthes $
Chlorophyta 1 147.59 7.5 stigeoclonium Cyanophyta 0 0 0.0 ; Pyrrophyta 0 0 0.0 ll September 16 17.9 Chrysophyta 6 2,045.64 91.6 Achnanthes t. Chlorophyta 1 187.27 8.4 Stigeocloniust 4 Cyanophyta 0 0 0.0 A,s ; 1.59
- Glenodinium Pyrrophyta 1 September 16 19.0 Chrysophyta 5 2,227.26 88.0 Achnanthes Chlorophyta 1 304.70 12.0 Stigeoclonitas Cyanophyta 0 0 0.0 Pyrrophyta 0 0 0.0 September 16 19.0 Chrysophyta 12 1,412.37 90.0 Achnanthes Chlorophyta 4 156.78 10.0 Stigeoclonius Cyanophyta 1 .25
- Lyngbya Pyrrophyta 0.0
- 1. Data were not available for June, July, and River Miles 14.4, 17.9, 19.0 during April because of missing substrates and inadvertent mishandling of samples in the laboratory.
- Percentage is less than .01.
** Dominant species frr each algal group.
1 2 0
e .. Table IX.2 Spatial and Seasonal Distribution of Phytoperiphyton Taxa within the vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1975 May June July August September April 13 3 m 1 2 8
- I 3 9m 1 3 8
- 12 3 e TAXA . t3 3 e CERYSOPHYTA xxxx xxxx Achnanthes spp. x xxxx -==- ----
Asterionella spp. - --xx ---- Calonets sp.
- x---
x xxxx -x-x xx-x Cocconsis spp. -x-- ---x Cyclotella spp.
- x-xx x xxxx xxxx xxxx Cymbella spp. xxxx xxxx Diat:xna spp.
- xxx -==-
- x-xx x=--
Freg11 aria spp. xxxx xxxx Gomphonema spp. E xxxx ^ xxxx =-x- -x-x x Gyrosigma spp. x xxxx xxxx xxxx Malostra spp. xxxx xxxx a xxxx navicula spp. xxxx xxxx xxxx Nitzschia spp. x ---- -x-x Pinnularia spp. ---- ---- Rheicosphenia spp.
- --xx ----
m =xxx Stephanodiscus spp. xxxx xxxx xxxx , Synedra spp. x CHICRCPHYTA ---- x--- ---E Ankistrodesmus opp. x--- - ---
= =---
Chlore11a opp. x--- x--- Cosmarium spp. ---- ---- Kirchneriella opp.
- --xx
- ---- x--- ---x Mougeotia spp. ---- xx--
Oedogenium spp. x x---
-==- -==-
Protococcus sp.
~ ==xx
- -xxx x-xx x--x Scenedesmus spp. ---- ----
Schroederia sp.
- -xx-
- xxxx xxxx xxxx Stigeoclonium spp. x--- ----
Tetrastrum app. x--- ---- Unidentified green CTANCPHYTA --- --xx ---- Anaeystis spp. Dactylococcorsis opp. x --xx g --x Lyngbya spp. ---- ---- Meriseepeata spp.
- x--- ---- xx--
Oscillatoria app. x xx=- PYRRCPHYTA ----
---- ---x cienodinium spp.
- 1. CRM 14.4
- 2. CRM 15.4
- 3. CPM 17.9
- 4. CRM 19.0 x = Presence of genus
- = Absence of genus Blank = Artificial substrates missing or samples inadvertently mishandled in the laboratory m .
Stiacoelonium was' the dominant Chlorophyta (green algae) (Table IX.1) i with the exception of Oedogonius being dominant in April (CRM 15.4). Twelve taxa, including one unidentified taxon, were collected during the study period. The, percentage composition'of Chlorophyta per substrate ranges froe 0.1 percent (August, CRM 15.4) to 23.6 percent (May, CRM 19.0). Scenedessus was second to Stigeoclonium in occurrence. Five genera of Cyanophyta (blue-green algae) were identified with each genus being dominant at some time during the year. The percent com-position of Cyanophyta ranged from less than 0.01 percent to 2.5 percent in April. Glenodinium was the only Pyrrophyta collected. It was collected
. in September 1975 at river mile 17.9.
Periphytic biomass, chlorophyll a concentrations, and autotrophic index values are summarized in Table IX.3. Like the quantitative enumeration, information was not obtained at some locations. However, the number of substrates available were greater than the number used for quactitative enumeration. For biomass data,124 substrates were used while 22 were used for quantitative enumeration. The autotrophic index ranged from 251.59 (August, CRM 17.9) to 602.2 (May, CRM 14.4). The mean autotrophic index and the 95 percent confidence limits for each station throughout the year are presented in Figure IX.1. l l e
-- mn-r----- +v- +-
, ,e --r ,
Table IX.3 Sussiarization of Periphyton Biomass, Chlorophyll a content and Autotrophic Index Values within the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1975 Replicate Average Biomass 2 AverageChlorophy}la_ Samples Biomass (mg/m ) Average AI Date Stetion (mg Ash-free Dry Weight /m ) 4-16-75 CRM 14.4 - 367.73 4 CRM 15.4 313.P7 0.83 CRM 17.9 - - - CRM 19.0 . 7188.53 13.23 602.02 4 5-22-75 CRM 14.4 345.37 4 - CRM 15.4 16961.13 52.16 13223.46 45.36 291.08 4 CRM 17.9 332.28 4 CRM 19.0 13225.00 43.60 - e CD CRM 14.4 - T 6-18-75 15.64 380.24 8 CRM 15.4 5316.88 5085.97 18.29 342.07 4 CRM 17.9 425.37 8 CRM 19.0 7628.94 19.24 , 9364.73 17.17 562.29 4 7-15-75 CRM 14.4 458.10 8 CRM 15.4 11889.55 26.41 23.91 415.70 8 CRM 17.9 9696.38 - - CRM 19.0 8.40 442.39 8 8-7-75 CRM 14.4 3528.00 8 2341.82 7.92 334.03 CRM 15.4 251.59 8 4017.64 16.02 CRM 17.9 261.05 8 4639.81 18.17 CRM 19.0 21.00 379.63 8 9-16-75 CRM 14.4 7885.79 8 3837.73 8.19 474.72 CRM 15.4 349.39 8 3787.07 11.03 CRM 17.9 339.25 8 4531.16 13.34 CRM 19.0
- = Artificial substrates missing or inadvertently mishandled in the laboratory.
O
I10 0- I gooo. -- 4 9 0 0-X ' w . UCL o I CRM 14.4 g, Z 800
- 2 CRM 15.4 =
- Mean 3 CRM 17.9 E 4 CRM 19.0 .
r .. G.
- O 600- _
m .. e F ~ O 500-p
'r a .
T.
.
- T 400-1 1- { ..
[. w - o 4 300-o .. 1 m w -
.. yo.
> 200-
-~ '
4 100-I 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 April May June July August Septensber STATION S Figure IX.1. Average autotrophic index values with 95 percent confidence limits in the vicinity of proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1975.
1 Discussion and Conclusions The data indicated that Chrysophytes (diatoms) are the dominan algal group at each of the stations. It also indicated that the genus Alhnanthes comprises the majority of, the Chrysophyta community and as such a majority of the entire periphyton community at times. The autotrophic index data was highly variable both temporally and . spatially. t e e o O O
] IX. Literature Cited Becker, E. D. , J. A. Strand, and D. E. Watson. 1975. Environmental Monitoring of Nuclear Power Plants, Source Book of Monitoring Methods. Battelle, IF/NESP-004, p. 411. Ruttner, F. 1953.. Fundamentals of Limnology. 3rd ed. University of Toronto Press, 295 pp. 3 Sladelkova, A. 1966. The significance of the periphyton in reservoirs
- for theoretical and applied limnology. Verb. Internat. Verein.
Limnol. 16:753-758. Tennessee Valley Authority. 1978. Standard methods for laboratory analysis of aquatic biological samples. Quality assurance procedure No. WQEB-SS-2. Rev. O. Wetzel, R. G. 1975. Limnology. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 743 pp. Young, O. W. 1945. A linnological investigation of periphyton in Douglas Lake, Michigan. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. 55:1-20. o l 9 [
X. Zooplankton I l -
X. Zooplankton Introduction Zooplankton canstitute an extremely diverse assemblage of microscopic animals suspended in the water column. In freshwater, these organisms are dominated by planktonic species of three major groups: the rotifers, and two subclasses of the Crustacea, the Cladocera, and Cepepoda (Wetzel 1975). Most zooplankton possess some swimming ability and many of the rotifers and planktonic crue.taceans secrete oil globules to reduce their specific gravity to help maintain their positien in the water column (Reid 1968). Zooplankton are important in maintaining the integrity of an aquatic ecosystem. Therefore it is important that we characterize this group of organisms when evaluating aquatic reaches such as portions of a river or reservoir. Most zooplankton function as primary consumers and make energy avail-able to higher trophic levels--i.e., larger invertebrates, fish, and other invertebrates. Because of their weak swimming ability and susceptibility to currents, zooplankton are seldom randomly distributed throughout a body of water. e Their distribution tends to be contagious, patchy, occurring in variable densities in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Turbulence gives rise to eddies and backflow that tend to keep zooplankton in an area of a river longer than the time it takes for the main water mass to pass the point of interest. In addition, most riverine zooplankton originate in still or slow flowing reaches, and are continually supplied to the river where
, they may or may not reproduce significantly (Hynes 1970). ~
b i
~
Water flow in the Clinch River at the proposed CRBRP project is - largely controlled by discharges from the Melton Hill Reservoir which is approximately 8 miles upstream. Because of the controlled cischarge from Nelton Hill, the Clinch River in the study area is more character-istic of a lotic rather than lentic water body. In general, those factors within a lotic (river) environment that affect the density and distribution of zooplankton can be classified under the headings l
\
of (1) water movement, (2) turbidity, (3) temperature, and (4) nutrients. - The effects of water movement, turbidity, and temperature on zooplankton communities has been well studied, but the effect of nutrients is little understood because of the difficulty in demonstrating the uptake of nutrients by organisms and an immediate increase in production (Ruttner 1971). The difficulty in demonstrating nutrient effects on zooplankton , is compounded by the fact that the majority of them are herbivores, the remainder predatory, and as such depend upon the nutrient uptake and production of phytoplankton. The nutrient uptake by phytoplankton and increase in their production and its relationship with zooplankton production is at best understood in general terms. 2 Cladocera feed more or less unselectively on materials caught by their complex legs, and thus, they would inevitably ingest some silt and small sand grains in highly turbid waters. Their capability to maintain their positions in the water column is decreased by ingesting - inorganic materials (Rylov 1940). The ingested inorganic material increases their weight thus effecting their densities causing them to settle out of the watar column. William (1966) stated that rotifers are also generally less common in silty waters than they are in less , turbid ones.
m- y The retention time also plays a significant role in the develop-ment of zooplankton communities. Brooks and Woodward (1956) found that the water exchange rate must be greater than 18 days for significant development to occur within a water body. Thus production in a riverine
~
habitat would be less than in a reserseir. The flushing effect of dis-i ' ' charges from a reservoir could increase the zooplanxton populations down-j stream. This would depend on the number and velocity of the discharges as well as the migration patterns of the zooplankton and the time of day. Field and Laboratory Methods Zooplankton samples were collected from four stations located on the Clinch River. Monthly samples were collected from March 1975 to October 1975 at CRM 14.4, CRM 15.4, CRM 17.9, and CRM 19.0. Duplicate vertical hauls were made using a modified half-meter plankton net i (80 u mesh) and techniques developed at TVA (Dycus and Wade 1977). The samples were preserved with formalin and returned to the laboratory. Samples were enumerated according to procedures described in Quality Assurance Procedure No. WQEB-SS-2, Rev. 0 (TVA 1978). All zooplankton were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible. The methods 4 used in 1975 were the same as those outlined in the above procedural i l document. Diversity index (3) values were calculated using the following equations (Patten 1962): 3 = IE (N /N)g log 2 (N g/N) s = number of species in unit area Ng = number of individuals belonging to the species N = total number of organisms 3 = diversity per individual
J N ~ . .,
+
' C _ ,.,
}
Equitability values (e) were calcul ted in accordance w th,the formula (Weber 1973, and Lloyd and Gherhardi 1964')'.
~
1 e=S - S F SI = number of species expected ic 'a sample S = number of species in a sample _ The calculation of diversity (d) values and equitability values did not include immature forms with the exception of Daphnia inmaatures. , Results n. Figure X.1 depicts the tecporal and sp tial abundance of the total-
\
zooplankton population. Thepopulationwas.lowat'allstaticusin'hiarch and April with a large increase in abundance in May. Thelarg[' increase - of rotifers in May was primarily the cause of the increase in total zoo-plankton during this month. The popu'lation dropped in June and increased in July, and remained fairly stable at all stations during July, August,
.~
and September, with the exception of greater abundance at river miles 14.4 in July and 17.9 in August. In October, again due.to otifers; the total J
~
l zooplankton population increased approximaiely twofold over the-months,of July, August, and September. The figure a so illustrates that temporal '
'f
~
XI variation is much greater than spatial variation. - ]' i ' ~ l Total zooplankton numbers ranged from 2,523/m3 (CRM 15.4, March.1975)
\ ~
'J to 172,093/m3 (CRM 19.0, October 1975)(Table X.1)- . / , ,- -
i A total of 95 zooplankton taxa (43 Rotifera,,28 Cladocera', and 19 ' f l Copepoda) were collected from the Clinch River within the vicinity of the , t proposed CRBRP project. A list of the different zooplankton species l\ collected during 1975 are presented in Table X.2. Table X.3 provides a - ' l 1
'A +..
1 ,.
..s o . r .s
---~
't s.
- r
, ..i. -
;, y . ,
~,
_ . 7. 9- .u n.
, 's -
'N ,
- y /
-- 4
< / ! ,
\' 4 ,- -
-- s
)-%e -- --- +
l
. I Table X.2 I, Continued)
Taxa COPEPODA Diaptomus mississippiensis Marsh D_. pallidus Herrick D_. reighardi Marsh D_. sanguineus S. A. Forbes Elaphoidella bidens coronata (Sars) Ergasilus spp. Eucyclops agilis (Koch) Harpacticoida Macrecyclops albidus (Jurine) Mesocyclops edax (Forbes) Nauplii Nitocra lacustris (Schmankewitsch) Paracyclops fimbriatus M (Rehberg) Trope.yclops praminus (Fisher) G D 9
?
e 4 k
.m. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
z D hCI 1 e r R naaaax- - - - aa- aa= - = ~ a= = - x- = - aE a- aa- - = aa- - - n3 - - e 3 b E aaa- ax- - - - xa aa= - = = a= = - = - - - aE x- - - - - = aax- - mz = o 3 a= - - = - - - aE x- - - - - - aa- za= - t X aaa- ax- - = - - a- aa= - - = ' c 8 a= - - - - - aa= - - aa- - O E aaa aaa- = - - a- - a- - - = - - - - - - aE x-r e 4 S aaa- a- - - - - - a ma- - - - a- - - m= - aI x- - m- - maa= - u- a- - b - - - - aaa= - a- a-m a E aaa- a m- == u au- 3 xx a- - - - - = - mE x- - e aa t p 3 E aaa- a a- = = xa- aa= - - = - a- - - - - - - aax- - - - - aaa= m e a E aaa- a- - - - aa- aa= - - = a- - - - - - - aE xm- - - ud aa= - a- aa S e aa- a- amu- m- - - - aa= - ma auum- m - - uax- - au - - aa = - ama- - t s 3 E ama- a a- a= - - - am= - - m a- - - - a- - aR x- - aa . = aa= - xaa u u - a- - = a- - - maa a 5 ga E aaa - aa - a= xa- aa= - a a3 - - - aN a-7 u aaa- - 9 A a E saa- aa - - - - x - ux= - - a- aa- - - - - nae m- - - - - - uxx 1 aP a- - - m- w mR e axxx a x- - - - x ax- - a u1a- - - - - - ax= - = aa- - aB - u- - = ax= - = aa- - TR y e E a x- x x- - - - x- ax a a- - - a- - - aE a-C l um- - - x- a- - - . - = ax- - - aa - - f u 3 aa- x x- = - - - - x - - - - - - aE a-od J a - - - - - - - aE a- - - - - = aa- - - au- - e a E a- xx= - - - - a- aa- - aa ns oo i p t o ur a- - - - - - - aN x- - m- - = axm- - ax - - bP i e E a- m- mua- - - xm- an- - = - r , e 3 E a- auaaa- s- - a- aa- - = 3 a- - - m- - - aE a- - a- - - ax- - - ax- -
- t r n u-se u 2 E a- aaaau- a- - a- aa- - - aa - - - a- - - aE aE - - - - - ax- - - a=
i v J ax- - - a- - - Di 1 E a- m - maa - a= - u a- - - - aX - - - - - - - aE aE - u- m R l ah nc 3 on si e E aza,aa- - = = - - - - uxm- a x- - - - - - - uE a* - - - - - ax- - ua= u-X al
- - - - - ax- - - ax- -
eC y s I aaa= - a- - = axa - xua- - - x- - - - - - m aE a-e S a - - - m - - ma - - - l e M 3 xaaa- - a- - = a- - xa- - u- - - - - - - - - - aE a * - u-b dh - - - - = - - xxx* - - - - M ma - - - am- - a nt 8 xaaE - - a- - - mm- aax- - - m-T a m ao xr af T e t - = a- - - - - - - - - - x- a - - . - - - - = - - - 3 x* - - - - - - - = - - a- - - 1 ns 1 s x a- - u- = - - - - - xmx a- - - - - - - - - - - xaa* - - - - = a- = x a- - - ot r p a- a3 - a= - - - - - x- a a- = - - - - - - - - - I u- - - - - = am - - - a- - - k g t 2 A - ==a - - - a- - - na 3 - - xa- a a- - - - - x- - - - - = - - - - - - zxa* - m-aS l pn oi - o axx - - - - - - - u = x u- - - td t u- aa- u x- - - - - x- x- - - - - - - - - - - = e h xu- - - - x- - - - - - - - - - - - - = - xxx* - - - - - - x= x- a - - - t c s a= aa- a c r e a a - = aa - - ux- - - - - x - - - - - - - - - - - - - xx= - - - - - - a= x- u- m-l M a- u-l 3 - = aa- 3ux- - - - - x a- u- - n- - - - - a- - axm- - - - - - - x= x o C s i s n s s e a i s i a r a r s .in pr u n o n a e r a i s . r . o l s u p po u t c p a s i . p .i f h u n e p . oc o s i p u n . p g e u s t a ap i r . . . o r o .ta l o p p p apo ppt m n n r i t p s n c p pp b a e s pt u s a a_t a, a ta it lo s t s n n e l a s a d e u a p . a mspt pe pp os a a i n p m l a r a e a
.su pt pn oe t
a phU dim u s . pa a pi p s a a c a d ar s a k n s a s tf u e d l a c i s s a c s i s a e a n pe a d a r sn a t r e a n c o u t e t a i s e c i o lu sss i t i r s a c h u t a e r i yi,ag sa T h i d n n p c a n r n d e gl r u r i i t i l l s i l t c rr io io e a lyd u a d e o h a i i r oph n a l o gl h s l h yd a m n t a tp e ly c t c An d d v a b l t l h h ai n i o t n r l c n e c a r P c t a i o u r ir a o o a R a e r h i u a a a u u a o e c c hl n o a r r e i o i lo ta o r a P o s ur n r a eh t h h r El h pc bbcch qrh l po o ph i l mts a f msl cceA r o gt e t y a nc sc c t C c n a o t n n
.la .er . . .
i F p a pl n n ic l x .lo o . y .ir r o
.e o .o o pu iF . . a He A a o
. . .l l
. . r . . . . . .
I s F A A [ B B k B B B k B c C C C c E E r r G H k H,F KiKK[I MMMPPPPHRSSYTC 7 K
,,f i
'
- e , o o Table N.3 (Continued)
March April May _ June July August September October 8 2 5 4 I a3 4 3 2 ee 3 3 9 4 1 a9 6 8 2 9 4 32 94 3 2 34 L N RA Alona costata ---- -- -- ==-- E ax= ==== ==-- ---. ==== A. rectangula ---- -- == ---- ---3 - ---- ---- ---- Boemina longirostrie zxxx xxIE xxxx xxxx xxxx xxaa auax xxaa Camptocereus rectirostris --== - --- ---- ---- --u- x--- m--- -=== ceriodaphnia spp. ---- - --- ---- ---- aaam --aa =--= =--- C. acanthina ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- x=-- ---- ---- C. lacustris ---- -=== ==-x azau aaau aamx xaaa aaaa . C. quadranquia ---- ---- ---- ---- --x- xxxx ---. ---- Chydorus spp. ---- w-=u aaaa xxau x-m- -au- ---- ---- Daphnia less. ---m ---- amxa mxxx saau aaaa aaaa ax-- D. galeata mondotae ---- ---- - m-- ---- ---- ---- ---- --x-D_. parvula --ax xam- u-am ---- --ax xzax --b -m-- D. pulem ---- ---- ---- M E z3 ---- ---- - --- ---- D. retrocurve x=-- -==- E amx xxsa aam- axxs aaaa aaas Diaphanosome leuchtenbergiantum ---- ---- axxx xxxa mxxx aE aa aNI a EERE 11yocryptus opp. - - .,- ---- ---- ---- -m-- au-- ---- -- - - i I. spinifer ---- ---- ---- .--- -x-= ---a
===- Eaz- l Leptodora kindtit ---- ---- xaxx xxaa maxx auaa a=xa aaua >
Molna spp. ---- ---- ---- ---- -a3 - xaa3 ---- ---- M. micrura ---- ---- ---- ---- xxxx aaax ---- ---- M. minuta ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- x--- ---- ---- Pleuromus opp. ---- ---- ---- ---- -x-- --- - ---- *--- tas . P,. denticulatus ---- ---- ---- -x-- ---- ---- - --- ---- P. hamulatus ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- aaam ---= ==-- Scapholebris king! ---- ---- xa-- -- -- ---- --ax --- - ---- Sida crystallina ---- ----
---x ---- axxx xa-- ax-u --am (DPEPODA Calanoide xaua xxam xxxx xaaa aaaa emaa aaua zaxx Cyclopolda xxxx xxxx xamx xxaa maaa aamx xaaa amaa cyclops varicans rubellus ---- ---- axxx ---- ---- -ax- -m-- ----
C. bicuspidatus thomasi axxx xxxx xxxx xxxx ---- x-ax ---- ---- C. vernalis ---- amxa -xaa aamx xxxa aama rama amxx Diaptomus mississippiensis ---- ---- - --- -m-- ---- -- -- ---- ---- D. pallidus auxx xxxx xaaa uu-a 3-xx xxxx xaaa aaaa
- g. rolghardi ---- ---- ---- x--- - - -- -m-x -aa- --x-D. sanguineus --== -xxx xxxx ---3 ---- --- - ---- -- -
Etapholdella bidens coronata ---- ---- ---- - --- =u-- - x-x ---x ---- Ergasilus opp. - --- ---- ---- - --- --- - - -m- --3 - E--- Eucyclops agills --- - ---- - --- -- -- - --a a-ax =--- ---- Harpacticoida ---- = =-= = --= ==-x a==- ---. *--- x=-- Macrocyclops albidus. ---- ---- - x-- -- -- ---- - --- ---- ---- Mesocyclops edam - --- xau- aam- aaaa aama auaa aaaa axxx Nauplii xy au xamx xxx1 axK E E E I E xE E E E E aE EE E E i Nitrocra lacustris -- == --- - - --- -- -- - --- - --- 3--- - -- Paracyclog fimbriatus poppel - --x ---- - --- ---- - --- -- -- --- - - ==- Tropocyclops pracinus ===- -- -- - x-- ---- - --- - --m -x-x -ama Notes 1 - CRM 14.4 2 - CRM 15.4 3 - CRM 17.9 4 - CRM 19.0
~
-100- -
listing of the temporal and spatial occurrence of the different zooplank- - ton taxa collected. Table X.4 lists the percentage composition of each major zooplankton group. The Rotifera were the dominant organisms in abundance at all stations from March 1975 to October 1975 with the excep-tion of April when the Cladocera were dominant. The Rotifera ranged from 1704/m3 (CRM 19.0, April 1975) to 155,875/m3 (CRM 19.0, October 1975) (Table X.1). The Rotifert comprised up to 94.6 percent population in July 1975 (CRM 14.4) and a low of 13.6 percent in March (CRM 17.9) (Table X.4). The predominant Rotiferan taxa based on percent (84 to 100 percent) occurrence were Asplanchna amorpha, Branchionus angularis, B. budapestinensin, Conochilus unicornis, Keratella cochlearis, K. crassa Ahlstros, K. earlinae, Polyarthra spp., and Synchaeta stylata. However, based on percent abundance, Asplanchna herricki, C. unicornis, . Polyarthra spp., S. stylata, and K. earlinae were the dominant organisms. Numbers per cubic meter for individual zooplankton taxa are listed in Appendix B, Table B.2.1. The total rotifer population was least abundant in April and most abundant in May and October. The five taxa previously mentioned as being most abundant comprised 90.6 percent of the rotifer population and 73.8 percent of the total zooplankton population in May at CRM 14.4. They comprised 85, 78, and 82.1 percent of the rotifer popula-tion at river miles 15.4, 17.9, and 19.0, respectively, and 74.1, 68.0, and 72.6 percent of the total zooplankton population at the respective river miles in May. In October, three taxa, Branchionum angularis, Keratella earlinae, and Polyarthra spp., comprised 84.2, 86.7, 87.2, and 81.4 percent of the rotifer population; and 74.3, 66.7, 77.0, and 73.8 percent of the total zooplankton population at river miles 14.4, 15.4, . 17.9, and 19.0, respectively.
- + - - -- - - , - - , , ---4 .-- - r v
-1 01 -
Table X.4 zooplankton Percentage Composition by Group, in the vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1975 Clinch River Mile Date Group 14.4 15.4 17.9 19.0 March 11 Rotifera 78.8 73.3 76.6 83.5 Cladocera 12.4 15.3 12.0 8.5 Copepoda 8.8 11.4 11.4 8.0 April 16 Rotifers 19.8 18.5 13.6 19.0
. Cladocera 60.2 60.5 54.8 45.2 Copepoda 7.0 21.0 31.7 35.8 May 22 Rotifera 81.4 87.1 86.9 88.5 Cladocera 15.9 10.4 9. 7 , 8.7 Copepoda 2.7 2.5 3.4 2.8 7
June 18 Rotifera 70.8 73.3 82.1 79.3
. Cladocera 21.0 14.9 11.9 12.0 Copepoda 8.2 11.8 6.0 8.7 July 15 Rotifera 94.6 92.2 92.7 91.5 Cladocera 2.0 4.4 4.2 4.1 Copepoda 3.3 3.4 3.1 4.4 August 7 Rotifera 91.3 84.1 90.0 89.2 Cladocera 3.7 8.4 6.6 6.7 Copepoda 4.5 7.5 3.4 4.1 September 16 Rotifera 78.9 81.2 78.4 78.7 Cladocera 9.9 7.3 9.6 9.6 Copepoda 11.2 11.5 12.0 11.7 October 19 Rotifera 88.2 76.9 88.3 90.6 Cladocera 2.1 3.4 2.1 1.7 l
Copepoda 9.7 19.7 9.6 7.7 Note These percentages are calculated from actual numbers and not significant numbers in Table 1.1. i
~ ... . - - . -
~
-102-The Cladocers were the dominant zooplankton group at all stations on April 16, 1975. However, the largest standing crop of Cladocera was col-lected ca May 22, 1975 (Table X.1). 8 ranged from 386 (CRM The numbers /m 15.4, March 1975) to 27,082 (CRM 14.4, May 1975). The percentage composi-tion of Cladocera rangdd from 2.0 percent (CRM 14.4; July 1975) to 60.5 percent (CRM 15.4; April 1975). The most dominant cladoceran throughout the year was Bormina longirostris (Muller). In April when cladocerans were the dominant group, Bormina lonairostris comprised 99.7, 99.5, 99.7, and
- 99.6 percent of the cladoceran population at CRM 14.4, CRM 15.4, CRM 17.9, and CRM 19.0, respectively.
Nauplii, Calanoid immatures, and Cyclopoid immatures were the dominant copepods collected. Copepod numbers ranged from 287/m2 (CRM 15.4, March 1975) to 20,824/m2 on October 19 at the same river mile. Percent composi-tion varied from 2.5 percent (CRM 15.4; May 1975) to 19.7 percent (CRM 15.4, October 1975). At no time were the copepods the dominant zooplankton group. With respect to the difference in the number of taxa collected at each station, there was little difference from station to station in the same month, but there were greater differences from month to month (Table X.5). The values of d are a reflection of both the number of taxa and the number of individuals contributed by each of these taxa to the total number of organisms. The diversity inder ranged from 1.38 (CRM 17.9, April 1975) to 3.764 in June 1975 at the same river mile (Table X.5). Variation between stations within a given month was not as great as between the different collection dates.
l
-103-
. Table K.5 Ecoplankton Comununity Diversities, Equibilities, and Number of Taxa '
in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1975 Survey Clinch River Mile Date
- 14.4 15.4 ,17.9 19.0 March 11 6 taxa 21 15 17 19 5 2.429 2.701 2.337 2.400 e 0.35 0.60 0.40 0.38 April 16 0, taxa 19 19 20 13 d 1.516 1.460 1.379 1.697 e 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.32 May 22 6, taxa 32 32 33 33 d 2.957 3.051 3.100 3.021 e 0.34 0.37 0.37 0.35 June 18 9 taxa 34 37 34 34 3 3.327 3.699 3.764 3.682 e 0.42 0.51 0.58 0.55 July 15 #, taxa 31 33 36 33 d 3.608 3.143 3.452 3.114 e 0.57 0.38 0.44 0.37 August 7 6, taxa 43 43 42 47 d 3.073 3.547 2.855 3.145 e 0.28 0.39 0.24 0.27 September 16 6, taxa 32 32 33 31 d 3.590 3.565 3.420 3.362 e 0.54 0.53 0.46 0.47 October 19 0 taxa 28 28 31 33 5 2.4R2 3.072 2.442 2.856 e 0.28 0.43 0.24 0.31 E = diversity indes e = equitability e
- km 'm imi d -
.m., .. ~ m. _- .
-104-l
+
Discussion
\
3 The total zooplankton abundance at the proposed CRBRP site is much greater than that found in the vicinity of the Bull Run Steam Plant (TVA 1976), which is located at approximately CRM 48.0. Bull Run, unlike the
- CRBRP sites, is located upstream from Melton Hill Reservoir. Helton Hill I
provides the quiet, slow moving waters that are conducive to zooplankton reproduction. As such, Melton Hill acts as a reserve pool of organisms . for the ritwr downstream. Large numbers of zooplankton are added to the downstream population from Melton Hill during discharges from the penstocks and navigation locks. Thus a greater number of zooplankton than at Bull Run. The rotifer population increased at both Bull Run and_the CRBRP stations during May 1975 indicating the environmental conditions were 4 conducive to rotifer production on the Clinch River in May. However, the increase of rotifers in October did not occur at Bull Run. Rotifers dominated the zooplankton population at both sites during 1975. Bossina lonairostris was the dominant cladoceran at both Bull Run and CRBRP during 1975, thus indicating that the Clinch River provides good, if not optimum, conditions for this species. Diversities we a higher at all four stations on March 11, 1975, than on April 16, 1975, even though the total number of taxa at each station were similar. Individuals were more evenly distributed among the taxa on March 11, 1975, than on April 16, 1975, thus the higher diversities. The increase in d values in May was due to the increase in the number of taxa and the increase of individuals within these taxa. However, the overall population decreased in June, but the diversity values increased. As indicated by the (e) values the distribution of individuals was more equal i
l
-105-
. among taxa on June 18, 1975, than on May 22, 1975. Thus the increase in d even though the number of zooplankton in May 1975 was auch greater than in June. This same effect occurred in October 1975. The total population in October 1975 was primarily due to three species of rotifera. Thus an unequal distribution of individuals among the taxa is reflected in the decrease of the diversity index, d.
. Conclusions Rotifers were the predominant zooplankton at all stations with the exception of April 1975, when the Cladocera were the dominant group.
Seasonal effects on rotifers are quite dramatic with large abundances occurring in May 1975 and October 1975 for some species and May 1975,
', August 1975, and September 1975 for others. Five species were primarily responsible for rotifer abundance throughout the year.
t One species of Cladocera, Bosaina longirostris, was found on all sampling dates and was the dominant Cladoceran at most stations throughout the year. Diversity indices did indicate seasonal changes in' number of taxa and abundance within those taxa. I.arge numbers of zooplankton are added to the downstreas population from Melton Hill reservoir during discharges from the penstocks and navigation locks.
. There were no dramatic differences between the four stations with respect to the zooplankton population. The predominance of five rotifer l
species and one cladoceran species should provide a good basis on which
~
to determine effects of construction and operation of a plant. Any major l
e t O
-106- .
shifts in abundance of these species or replacement of them by others . would provide a key to determine possible environmental changes. A shift from a predominant rotifer population to either a cladoceran or copepod population would also be an excellent criteria to assess any effects, natural or sansade. . i 1 a l l
- -107-X. Literature cited Brook, A. J. and W. B. Woodward. 1956. Some observations on the effects of water inflow and outflow on the plankton of small lakes. J. Annual Ecology 25:22-35.
Dycus, D. L. and D. C. Wade. 1977. A quantitative-qualitative zooplankton sampling meth'od. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 52:2-4. Hynes, H. B. N. 1970. The Ecology of Running Waters. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 555 pp. Reid, G. K. 1961. Ecology of Inland Waters and Estuaries. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 375 pp. Ruttner, F. 1953. Fundamentals of Lisnolog. 3rd ed. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 295 pp. Rylov, V. M. 1940. On the negative effect of mineral seston on the nutrition of some planktonic Entomostraca under conditions of river flow (Russian). Dokl. Acad. Nauk. U.S.S.R. 19:7-104. Tennessee Valley Authority. 1976. Response of biological communities of Melton Hill Reservoir to thermal effluents from Bull Run Steam Plant. Part I. 490 pp.
. 1978. Standard methods for laboratory
- analysis of aquatic biological samples. Quality Assurance Procedure No. WQEB-SS-2.
Wetzel, R. G. 1975. Limnology. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 743 pp. i k o
XI. Benthic Macroinvertebrates e 6 0 9 9 e k
-108- . II. Benthic Macroinvertebrates Introduction 3
All organisms living in or upon the bottoa substrates of a body of water are collectively termed benthos (Reid 1961). Benthos, as discussed in this section, has been limited to aquatic ascroinvertebrates that are retei rd on a standard No. 40 mesh (340 m openings) sieve and live at least part of their life cycles within or upon available substrates in a body of water. The prevalent benthic macroinvetebrate assemblage in the Clinch River is comprised of freshwater class, aquatic insects (chironomid aidges, sayflies, caddisflies, etc.), and aquatic worms. The life history of some of these individuals is long and spans more than a year (class), while others vary from a few weeks (chironomid aidges) with several generations per year. Hynes (1970) reports that the ecology of stream insects is still largely exploratory and descrip-tive, and linnologists are beginning to understand some of the reasons for particular distributions in relation to substratus, temperature, seasonal cycles, etc. The availability of food, nature of the sediments, and flow patterns generally constitute the primary factors determining benthic macroinverte-brate microdistribution (Cummins 197S). Cunnins also states that food is the ultimate determinant of macroinvertebrate distribution and abundance in nonperturbated waters. The majority of ascroinvertebrates are nonselective feeders (Hynes 1970), taking in a wide range of food substances of acceptable particle
~
. dimensions. Macroinvertebrates primarily comprise four fundamental groups (Cunnins 1975):
__.._-__.____m.
-109-
- 1. grazers and scrapers--herbivores feeding on attached algae;
- 2. shredders--large particle feeding detritivores;
- 3. collectors--both suspension (filter) and deposit (surface) fine particle feeding detritivores; and
- 4. predators--carnivores.
The general ascroinvertebrate functional categories--grazers, shredders, 4 collectors, and predators--serve as interrelated, carbon dioxide producing,
~
temporary storage bins for organic compounds. Thus, the role of sacroin-vertebrates in the overall structure and function of a river ecosystem is the conversion of reduced carbon compounds derived primarily from the sur-rounding land (allochthonous material), supplemented by instream carbon fixation (autochthonous material), into temporary storage in their own [ tissues and into carbon dioxide (Cummins 1973). Benthic macroinvertebrates serve as a source of food for fish and other higher aquatic life. These animals are often studied because of
/
the dependency on the bottom fauna of fish. If the bottom fauna are destroyed, the fish will ultimately suffer. However, there are several other reasons why bottom fauna are studied. First, many species are sensitive to pollution and respond quickly to it. Second, many have a relatively long and usually complex life cycle of a year or more, and I their presence or absence helps describe environmental conditions over a period of time. This is further enhanced by the fact that many have an attached, or sessile, mode of life and are not subject to rapid migrations, they serve as natural monitors of water quality. I i
. -110-l Field and I,aboratory Methods The benthic macroinvertebrate populations in the vicinity of the pro-posed Clinch River Breeder Reactor Project were sampled using artificial substrate samplers and a Ponar grab sampler. Sampling statior.s were located at CRM 14.4, CRM 15.4, CRM 17.9, and CRM 19.0. Ten Ponar grab samples were collected monthly at each station from March 1975 to Septembe- 1975, and seasonally (March, May, July, September) in 1976 and 1977. Artificial sub-strate samplers were used monthly from April 1975 until November 1975 and seasonally (May, July, September, November) in 1976 and 1977.
Barbecue baskets filled with stones served as artificial substrates. 3 Each basket had a volume of 7675.2 cm , and was allowed to be colonized for two months before retrieval. The Ponar grab samples and the artificial substrate samples were washed in the field on a standard No. 40 mesh (340 pm opening) wash screen, placed Jn a plastic bag, tagged, and preserved with 10 percent Formalin. The samples were then returned to the Water Quality and Ecology Branch laboratory for processing. The benthic fauna was identified and enumerated to the lowest taxo-nomic level possible. The results were recorded as mean number of organisms per a for Ponar samples and mean number per substrate sampler for artificial substrates. The benthic organisms were separated into solluscan and nonsolluscan categories and wet weight biomass was obtained
~
for each group. The organisms were blot dried with absorbent paper and then weighed on a Mettler P1200N electrical balance. Biomass was recorded as sa per a for Ponar grab samples and og per artificial substrate for artificial substrates. l
-111- -
Diversity index (3) values (Patten, 1962) and equitability values (e) (Weber,1973; Lloyd and Gherlardi,1964) were calculated for the data collected (see Chapter I for a description of these calculations). Results Ponar Grab Samples - A total of 25 benthic macroinvertebrate taxa were collected from March 1975 to September 1977 (Table XI.1). Insects were the most diverse group (17 taxa) with the freshwater class having two taxa and the flatworms three. There was one taxa represented in the following groups: aquatic worms, mussels, scuds, and b; /ozoans. Five taxa, 4 Limnodrilus elaparedeianus, Chironomus sp. , Dicrotendipes sp. , Cyrnellus fraternus, sud Corbicula manilensis, were collected during each year of , the study. However, Corbicula manilensis was collected more frequently than any other taxa during 1975, 1976, and 1977. (Tables II.2, XI.3, and XI.4.) The percent occurrence for Corbicula manilensis was 91, 81, and 75 percent for 1975, 1976, and 1977, respectively. The percent occurrence for one other taxa (Dicrotendipes) was 25 percent in 1975 with the other
- taxa being sporadic and infrequent in their occurrence during the study period. The abundance of Corbicula manilensis ranged from 0.0/m at 2
several stations to 141.3/m at CRM 19.0 in September 1976 (Appendix B, Tables B.3.1, B.3.2, and B.3.3). Total benthic macroinvertebrate standing crop was low during the study period (Table XI.5) with a range of 0.0/m2 2 l at several stations to 152.2/m at CRM 19.0 in September 1976. Diversity index (3) values (Table XI.6) are indicative of the number of taxa collected at each station and the numbers within each taxa. Diversities ranged from 0.0 (indicating the presence of only one taxa) at several stations to 2.650 at CRM 14.4 in September 1977.
~
u e
-112-Table II.1 \
Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna collected in the vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1975, 1976, 1977 (Ponar Grab Samples) 1975 1976 1977 Annelida Clitellata Tubificidae Limnodrilus claparedeianus Ratzel x x x Arthropoda Crustacea Amphipoda Cragonyx - - x Insecta Diptera ChacLoridae (Non-biting mosquitoes) Chaoborus x x - Chironmidae Chironomus x x x C. tentans Fabricus - x - Dierotendipes x x x Eriocera - - x P_arachironomus - x - Pentaneura x - - Procladius - - x Psectrocladius - - x Rhectanytarsus - - x Xenochironomus - - x Ephemeroptera Hexagenia bilineata (Say) - x - Caenis - - x Hemipfera Corixidae - - x Megaloptera Sialis - x - Trichoptera I,eptoceridae x Psychomysidae x Cyrnellus fraternus (Banks) x x l i Bryozoa x - -
. Mollusca Bivalvia Heterodonta Cyrenidae Corbicula manilensis x x x Sphaeridae Sphaerium - x -
Unionidae Quadrula postulosa - - x i
. .. . . , . . . y------v-------
-113-
- Table XI.1 (Continued) 1975 1976 1977 Platyhelminthes Turbellaria .
Tricladia Planarridae x - - Cur.: foremanii (Girard) - x x Dugesia - - x x = Taxa collected ,
- = Taxa not collected t
t e
o Table XI.2
- i Temporal and spatial Distribution of the Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected in the vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1975 (Ponar Grab Samples)
F March . April May June July August September October 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 Bryozoa xxx x--- ---- ---- ---- ---- r--- ---- 1 Clitellata Limnodrilus claparedianus ---- ----
--xx ---x ---- ---- ---x x---
l Diptera Chaoborus- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---x ---- Chironomus ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- x--- xxxx x--- Dicrotendipes x--- x--- x-xx x-xx x--- ____ ____ ____ e Pentaneura ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
--x- ----
O
---- -..- ..x_ ____ am Tanytarsus ---- ---- ---- ----
e Heterodonata Corbicula manilensis xxxx xxxx xxx- x-xx -xxx xxxx xxxx xxxx Trichoptera Cyrnellus fraternus x-x- x--- x--- ---- ---- ---- xx-- ---- Turbe11 aria Planariidae ---x ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 1 - CRM 14.4 2 - CRM 15.4 3 - CRM 17.9 4 - CRM 19.0 x = Presence of taxa
- = Absence of taxa Note: No organisms present in Ponar grab samples - J-3e, CRM
-115- .
Table II.3 Wral and Spatial Distributions of the Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected in the vicinity of the Proposed C3tBRP, Clinch River - 1976 (Ponar Grab Samples) March May July September 1234 1234 1234 1234 Clitellata Limnodrilus elaparodianus ---- ---- --x- ---x
- Diptera ,
Chaoborus ---- ---- xxxx ---- Chironomus- ---- x--- ---x --x-Chironomus tentans ---- ---- x--- ---- Dicrotendipes ---- x--- ---- x--- Parachironomus ---- ---x ---- Ephemeroptera ---- Hexagenia bilineata ---- ---x ---- , Bettrodonta x-x- xx-x xxxx xxxx Corbicula manilensis Sphaerium ---- ---- -x-- ---- Megaloptera Sialis
---- ---- ---- x---
. Trichoptera Cyrnellus fraternus ---- ---- ---- x-x-
'lurbellaria
---- ---- x-xx cura foremanii ----
1 - CRM 14.4 i 2 - CRM 15.4 i 3 - CRM 17.9 4 - CRM 19.0 Note: No organisms present in Ponar grab samples at CRM 15.4 in March, CRM 17.9 in May, and at CRM 19.0 in March. 4 o - i
. ...,-,m.. _ . . _ . ._,_,.-7,, ___y._ _ _ _ , .. , . . , , , . -mm - -
a 0
-116-Table XI.4 Temporal and Spatial Distributions of the Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1977 (Ponar Grab Samples)
March May . July September 1234 1234 1234 1234 Amphipeda Crangonyx ---- ----
---x ----
Clitellata Limnodrilus ---- ---- ---- - xx , Diptera Chironomus
---- ---- x--- - --
Dicrotendipes ---- ---- ---- x x-Eriocera ---X ---- ---- - -- Procladius ---- ---- ---- X -- Psectrocladius - --- -==- ---- x -- Rheotanytar sus - --- ---- ---- x -- Tanytarsus x--- ---- ---- _ --
. Xenochironomus x--- ---- ---- - --
Ephemeroptera Caenis ---- ---- ---- x -- Hemiptera - Corixidae ---- ---- ---- x -- Heterodonta Corbicula manilensis -xxx xx-x x-xx x xx Quadrula postulosa ---- ---x ---- - -- Trichoptera Cyrnellus fraternus ---- ---- ---- x x-Leptoceridae ---- ---- ---- - x-Turbellaria cura foremanii --x- ---- --x- - -- Dugesia ---- ---- ---- x -- 1 - CRM 14.4
- 2 - CRM 15.4 3 - CRM 17.9 4 - CRM 19.0 Note: No organisms present in the Ponar grab samples at CRM 15.4 in July
- and at CRM 17.9 in May.
. x = Presence of Taxa
- = Absence of Taxa Blank = Samples were missing
. e i
-117- -
Table XI.S i Macrobenthic Invertebrate Standing Crop in the Vicinity af the Proposed CRERP, Clinch River - 1975, 1976, 1977 (Mean Number /M )
-_ Clinch River Mile Year Month 14.4 15.4 17.9 19.0 1975 March 37.9 16.3 45.2 3.6 April 81.6 5.4 3.6 S.4 May 50.6 1.8 28.9 29.0 June 18.0 0.0 9.0 30.7 July 5.4 1.8 1.8 3.6 August 14.4 1.8 1.C 5.4 September 21.8 18.1 59.7 50.7 October 25.3' 14.5 1.8 5.4 1976 March 1.8 0.0 3.6 0.0 May 21.8 1.8 0.0 7.2 July 9.0 18.0 41.5 21.7 September 27.1 9.0 39.8 152.2 1977 March 5.4 7.2 10.8 7.2 May 10.8 5.4 0.0 3.6 l July 16.2 0.0 25.3 23.6 i
l September 48.7
- 19.9 65.2
- September 1977 ramples at CRM 15.4 missing.
- o .
-118-Table XI.6 Benthic Mscroinvertebrate Coemunity Diversity Indices (3) and Equitability (e) Values in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1975, 1976, 1977 (Ponar Grab Samples)
- Clinch River Mile Month 14.4 15.4 17.9 19.0 Year
- 3 e 3 e 5 e 5 e 1975 March 1.933 1.25 0.992 1.20 0.638 0.57 1.000 1.20 April 1.497 0.89 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 May 1.222 0.93 0.000 0.00 1.271 0.98 0.336 0.65 June 1.000 1.20 *
- 0.722 0.90 1.331 1.07 July 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 August 0.544 0.80 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 Sept. 0.812 0.67 1.292 1.00 1.006 0.48 1.402 0.85 Oct. 1.530 1.23 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 1976 March 0.000 0.00 *
- 0.000 0.00 C.646 0.88 0.000 0.00 *
- 1.500 1.20 May July 1.922 1.25 1.522 1.20 0.677 0.60 0.814 0.63 Sept. 2.173 1.20 0.000 0.00 1.453 0.88 0.418 0.48 0.000 0.00 0.650 0.88 0.811 1.00 1977 March 0.918 1.10 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 *
- 1.000 1.20 May 0.918 1.10 *
- 0.748 0.93 0.389 0.70 July
+ 1.968 1.04 0.182 0.60 Sept. 2.650 0.97 *
+ September 1977 samples missing at CRM 15.4
- No organisms present in the Ponar grab samples.
Note: A diversity index value (3) or 0.000 indicates the presence or only one taxa in the samples collected. e D
e .' f
+
.s .
~~~
-119- _
~ '
Artificial Substate Samples - [ Artificial substrate samples were collected frca all statiocs in 1975 with the exceptions of CRM 14.4 in April, MS and September; CRM 15 4 in ' July; and CRM 19.0 in June. In1976theonlystationnotcolleetedwat} CRM 19.0 in July. Because of the artificial subst' rate samplers not being' S retrieved or not being covered by water, samples were collected only' 5 of 'a g
^
possible 16 times in 1977. Samples were collected at CRM 14.4 in September; CRM 17.9 in July and September; and CRM 19.0 in September'and November. . 3 A total of 57 taxa were collected during 1975, 1976 sand 1977 (Table XI.7) with the following taxa were collected every year: Chirocont$s sp. , ' Cyrnellus fraternus (Banks), Corbicula manilensis Phillippi, and Cura
. . ~
foremanii (Girard). '- The spatial and temporal distributioa of the taxa for 1975, 1976, .
, i and 1977 are listed in Tables XI.8, XI.9, and II.1C,,respectively. The
_ *f prevalent species collected with artificial substrates in 1975, 1976, and ' b .
' /
1977 are listed in Table XI.11. The percent occurrences are based upon _ an orgsnism being collected a possible 27 times in 1975, 15 in 1976, and w 5 in 1977. l 1 In 1975 the prevalent taxa in'clude an Ephemeroptera, Stenonesa (70.4 percent); two genera of Chironomids, Chironomus (63 9 percent) and ' Dicrotendipes (59.3); a freshwater clan, Corbicula manilens(s (59.3 percent); ' and one Trichoptera, Cyrnellus fraternus (55.6 percent). The percent , i composition of the above species was somewhat similar in 1976, with
- Chironomus being 80 percent, an increase of 16 percent.
m . Table XI.12 lists an estimate of the sacrobenthic standing crop
- recovered from artificial substrates. The estimates are given with and
- without Sida crystallina included in the data because it is a littoral
3 .; ,
- .m-3.< ; *; g; ~ L - _
, w ,-
% k I g s s,
+ -
s
._~ T'A . J f 20 ,
5 Table XI.7 g thic Macroinvertebrate Fauna Collected in the vicinity A -- _ of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1975, 1976, 1977 w. (Artificial Substrates)
- , 1975 1976 1977 tA Annelida. . .,
s D '., -
' ^ Clitellata (011hocharta) i
-Haplotaxida ,
f-Tubificidae - - x Lanabriculidd's
~~
LumbricylidAn, - - x
,' Tubificidae -
ss Branchiura _sowerbyi Beddard x x - I
, , . LimngrilusJ : x x -
J~ , Limnodrilus c)Af* Mdianus Ratzel " - x - _' Hirudinea (leeches) x - - ArtAropoda' ,, Crustacea , Amphipodd' Crangonyk' '- - ' x - - T Cansaarus '- x - - Cladocerg ," Sidacrystailin[ Muller * - x - - Decapoda e ,- A,
.Cambarus j ._/.' ,
x - -
^ Orconectes s
x - -
; Iscyxia s g i
f Lirceus - d /- x - - Insect.a. ' . i Colyoptera Dubiraphia - - x Diptera Chironomidae - - x l
\
;. / *.; Ablabes:nyia. ',, x -
x i, - Chironomus ' x x x T
C. tentaas. x - -
l s , Cricotopus ' - - x i _Crn tochironsmus - x x Dierotendipes x x x 5 a
.' ~
Endochironceas - - x l y\ < a Eukiefferiella - -
x i - e j, ', Glyptotendifes - - x Parachirorcmus - X x N Pentaneura x x - x Polypedilum - - x s v Procladius x - -
~s Psectroc4adius - - x 4-g, ,Rhootanytarsus - - x i
Xenochironomus x - x
~
6 l
,q;. ,
.-.-m-s-. , . v -
i - i> c 4
- p. *
- 121- .
Table XI.7 (Continued) 1975 1976 1977
- - x Simulidae Ephemeroptera Caenis ,
x - - sinalans - x - C_. x Hexagenia bilineata (Say) - -
-Stenocron x - x Stenonema x x. -
S. tripuncatum
- x -
Tricorythodes - - x Megaloptera Sialis
- - x Odonata Argia x - x Macromia x - -
Trichoptera Agraylea - - x cheumatopsyche x - - Cyrnellus fraternus (Banks) x x x Hydroptila - - x Hydrosyche - x - Neureclipsis - x x . Polycentropus - - x Bryozoa x - - Coelenterata . Athecata Hydra americana (Hyman) - x - Mollusca - Bivalvia beterodontida Corbicula manilensis Phillippi x x x x - x Sphaerium. Gastropoda Mesogastropoda Pleurocera canaliculatum (Say) - - x Platyhelminthes Turbe11 aria
-Tricladida Planariidae x x x
Cura foremanii (Girard) - - x Dugesia tigrina (Girard)
* - Sida crystallina is not a true benthic organism, but was found in large ne bers on some of the artificial substrates.
x = Taxa collected
- = Taxa not collected.
me
*-%r-'g- +q g y- e--,ri- .yg g w-y-9 y- y g + . - - + - =y g- m-y u-ew**' mea
Table XI.8 Temporal and Spatial Distributions of Benthic Macroinvertebrates - in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1975 (Artificial Substrates) April May June July August September October Hoyamher 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 Amphipoda (scuds) Cra ngonyx --- --- x-- - -- ---- .-_ __ _ ____ Gammarus --x --- --- - -- ---- --- ---- ---- Bryozoa -xx -xx x-x x -x ---- --- ---- ---- t-Cladocera sida crystallina . --- --- --- - -- ---- --- -
.-- xxxx Decapoda Camba rus --- --- ---
x -- ---- --- -x-x ---- Orconectes - - -- --- -x- - -- ---- --- ---- ---- Diptera - Chironomidae (midges) Chironomus --- --- --- x xx xxxx x-x xxxx xxxx C. Tentans --- --- --- - -- X-X - --- ---- xx-X Dicrotendipes --x xxx xxx x xx xxxx --- ---- X --x 2, Pentaneura --- --- x-- x -- x-x- -xx ---- -xx- pj 3
--- --- --- - -- ---- --- ---- xx-- '
Procladius , Xenochironomus --- --- --- x -- ---- --- ---- ---- Epheme roptera (mayflies) Caenis --- --- --- - - - - ---- --- -x-- ---- Hexagenia bilineata --- --- --- - -- ---- --- ---- xx-x steno.iema --x xxx x x xx xx xxx xxx x-xx Hirudinea (leeches) --- -x- --- - -- ---- --- ---- ---- Isopoda Lirceus --- x-- x-- - -- ---- --- ---- - --- Odonata Argia '-- --- --- - -- -x-- --- ---- ---- Macromia --- --- --X - -- ---- --- ---- Oligochaeta Branchiura sowerbyl --- --- --- - -- ---- --- ---- x-xx Limnodrilus x-- -x- - -- x -- ---- --- x--- ---x
Table XI.8 (Continued) April May June July August September October November 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 Pelecypoda Corbicula manilensis --- -x- --- - -- xx-- xxx xxxx -xxx Sphaerium --- --- --- - -- --x- --- x--- ---- Trichoptera (caddisflies) Cheumatopsyche --- --- - - .
-x ---- x-- ---- ----
3 Cyrnellus ---
-x- x-x x x- -x-- xxx x-xx x-xx
! Psychcmiid (Genus A)
, Turbellaria
! Cura foremanii --- --- --- - -- ---- -x- x x x. x x-x-4 I ~ Note: 1 - CRM 14.4 2 - CRM 15.4 3 - CRM 17.9 , 4 - CRM 19.0 $ x = Presence of Taxa y
- = Absence of Taxa Blank = Sample was not recovered or was found above waterline i
%4 r
x
-124-Table XI.9 Temporal and spatial Distributions of Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected in the vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1976 (Artificial substrates)
May July September November 1234 1234 1234 1234 Taxa Amphipoda (scuds) Ga marus ---- x-x ---- ---- Athecata Hydra americana -xxx --- ---- xxxx Cladocera sida crystallina x-x- xxx x-xx x--- Clitellata Branchiura sowerbyi ---- --- -x-- ---- Timnodrilus -x-- --- ---- ---- Limnodrilus elaparodianus ---- --- ---- xx-- Decapoda Camharus ---- xxx ---- ---- Orconectes ---- --- --x- ---- Diptera
~
Chironcenidae (midges) Chironomus- x--x xxx xxxx x-xx
. Cryptochironomus -x-- --- ---- - --
Dicrotendipes --x- -x- ---- X- -- Parachironomus x-xx xxx x-xx x--- Pentaneura ---- x-- x--- x--- Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Caenis simulans ---- -x- ---- ---- Stenonema --x- xxx x-xx x-xx Stenonema tripunctatum x--x --- ---- ---- Heterodonata Corbicula manilensis xxxx -xx -x-- xx-- hirudinea (leecnes) ---- --x ---- ----
*sopoda Lirceus --x- --- ---- ----
Trichoptera (caddisflies) Cyrnellus x-xx --- xxxx x-xx Hydropsyche ---- --- ---X --XX Neureclipsis ---- --- -- -- xx-x Tricladida cura foreLanii ---- xxx x-xx x-xx 1 - C m 14.4 2 - C m 15.4 3 - C m 17.9 4 - Cm 19.0 x = Presence of taxa
- = Absence of taxa Blank = Artificial substrates were not reccvered or were found above waterline.
-125- ,"
Table XI.10 Temporal ano spatial Distributions of the Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected in the vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1977 (Artificial Substrates) May July September November Taxa 1234 1234 1234 1234 Amphipoda' (scuds) Crangonyx x x x- - Cladocera Sida crystallina - x xx - Clitellata Lumbriculidae - - x- - Tubificidae - - x- - Coleoptera Dubiraphia - x -x - Decapoda Cambarus
- x -- -
Diptera Chironcunidae (midges) - - -- x Ablabesmyia x x -- Chironouras x - x- -
- x x- x Cricotopus ,
- x --
h tochironomus - - xx x Dicrotendipes Endochircnomus
- x -- -
- - -- x Eukiefferiella Glyptotedipes - x -x x Parachironouras x - -x -
Polypedilum - - -x -
- - xx X Psectrocladius Rheotanytarsus
- x -x x Xenochironomus -- -
Simulidae Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Stenacron x x xx - Tricorvthodes x - -- Heterodonata Corbicula manilensis - x xx - Sphaerium
- - x-Isopoda -
Lirceus x - -- Megaloptera -
- x --
Sialis Mesogastropoda Pleurocera canaliculatum - - x- - Odonata - Argia
- x --
I
u . . . . . .
-126-Table XI.lO (Continued)
May July September leovember Taxa 1234 1234 1234 1234 Trichoptera (caddisflies) Agraylea - - x xx x Cyrnellus - x xx- x Ep optila x - -- - Neureclipsis - - -- x Polycent-opus x - -- x Tricladida
- Cura foremanii x - -- -
Dugesia tigrina - - -- x 1 - CM 14. 4 2 - CM 15. 4 3 .C M 17.9 4 - CM 19.0 x = Presence of Taxa
. - = Absence of Taxa Blank = Artificial substrates were not recovered or were found above waterline.
e 1 9
, - e . . ,__
~ 5
-127-Table XI.ll Prevalent Benthic Macroinvertebrate Taxa Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch' River - 1975, 1976, 1977 (Artificial Substrate Samples)
Taxa Percent Occurrence 1975 70.4 Stenonema Chironomus 63.9 Corbicula manilensis 59.3 Dicrotendipes 59.3 Cyrnellus fraternus 55.6 1976 Chironomus 80.0 Cyrnellus fraternus 66.7 Parachironomus 66.7 Ste nonema 66.7-Corbicula manilensis 60.0 Cura foremanii 60.0 Sida crystallina 60.0 Hydra americana 46.7 12 3 80.0 Dierotendipes 80.0 Stenacron Agravlea 60.0 Corbicula manilensis 60.0 Cragonyx- 60.0 Crictopus 60.0 Crvnellus fraternus 60.0 Glyptotendipes 60.0 Psectrocladius 60.0 Rheotanytarsus 60.0 Sida crystallina 60.0
- Note - There were 27 collections in 1975, 15 in 1976, and 5 in 1977.
b e O
,. m y
. -128-
. Table XI.12 Macroinvertebrate Standing Crop in the Vicin gi of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1975, 1976, 1977 (Artificial Substrates) (Mean Nimber/ Substrate)
Clinch River Mile 14.4 15.4 17.9 19.0 Year Month 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
*
- 1 2 1975 April 1 - - -
May *
- 21 -
19 - 25 - 74 *
- June 28 - 44 - -
*
- 13 19 July 14 - - -
August 8 - 10 - 42 - 18 - September *
- 11 - 16 -
16 - October 19 - 18 - 11 - 33 - November 15 750 3 463 21 557 9 1289 1976 May 7 43 5 - 9C- 95 9 - 746 *
- July 29 658 16 75 18 September 16 43 2 - 13 3 8 29 November 61 65 5 - 1469 -
1355 - 1977 May
* *
- 16 *
- i- July * -
September 55 87 *
- 46 52 46 138
* * * * *
- 25 -
NovemWer
* - Artificial substrates were not recovered or were found above the waterline.
- - Sida crystallina was not collected in the samples.
1 - Sida crystallina not included in the-data. 2 - Sida crystallina included in the data. 9 0
- __ _. v o
-129-zone zooplankton species often found attached to the substrate. The standing crop ranged from 1 per substrate (CRM 15.4 and 17.9, April 1975) to 1469 (CRM 17.9, November 1976). The two highest standing crop esti-mates (1469 per substrate and 1355 per substrate) resulted from collecting large numbers of Hydra americana, a freshwater coelenterate. Standing crop estimates for individual taxa are given in Appendix Tables B.3.4, B.3.5, and B.3.6.
Table XI.13 lists the diversity index (3) and equitability (e) values for organisms collected with artificial substrates without Sida crystallina data included. Table XI.14 lists diversity index and equitability values for only those stations at which Sida crystallina was collected. The diversity values ranged from 0.000 at CRM 15.4 and 17.9 in April 1975 to 2.989 in September 1976. When Sida crystallina was included in the cal-culation of 3, the value usually decreased. This occurred because of the substantial numbers of Sida crystallina. The addition of one spccies that is very abundant compared to the other taxa will decrease the value of 3 because of the unequal distribution of the number of organisms between taxa. This is illustrated more dramatically with the 3 values at station CRM 17.9 in September 1976 and November 1976. The value of 3 was 2.321 and 2.573 with and without Sida crystallina included in September 1976. However, when evaluating the number of taxa and the distribution of organ-isms among those taxa, only eight taxa were present, but the organisms are quite evenly distributed among the taxa. The 3 values are relatively high compared to the others which can be somewhat misleading because in November 1976 six taxa were collected at station 17.9, but one taxa, Hydra americana was 85 tires as abundant as the next dominant taxa. The 3 value was 0.149. This same condition occurred at CRM 19.0 during November 1976. '
-130-e
. Table XI.13 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Cmununity Indices (3) and Equitability (e)
Values in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1975, 1976, 1977 (Artificial Substrate Samples - Sida crystallina excluded) Clinch River Mile 14.4 15.4 17.9 19.0 Year _ Kanth 5 e 5 e 3 e j_ e 1975 April *
- 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 1.311 1.15 May *
- 0.213 0.40 0.420 0.50 1. 0C 5 0.36 June 1.515 0.45 0.059 0.55 0.273 0.33 +
- July 1.477 0.44 *
- 0.744 0.38 0.049 0.22 August 1.618 0.98 0.942 0.46 1.282 0.43 1.614 0.78 September *
- 1.375 0.64 2.108 1.20 1.770 0.88 October 2.348 1.15 1.809 0.75 1.647 0.80 2.148 0.98 November 2.299 0.74 2.228 1.10 1.863 0.67 2.284 0.72 1976 May 2.089 1.12 1.733 1.08 0.395 0.33 1.192 0.47
. July 2.301 0.96 2.396 0.89 0.233 0.13 September 2.312 1.12 1.930 1.25 2.321 1.12 2.245 1.07 November 2.513 0.71 1.818 1.15 0.149 0.18 0.189 0.17 1977 May July 2.955 1.09
*
- 2.645 0.79 September 2.989 0.74 2.841 0.77
* * * * *
- 2.613 0.60 November
* - Artificial substrates missing or found above the water line.
e
.. ,. .g
E a
-131-
~
Table XI.14 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Comutunity Indices (5) and Equitability (e) Values in the vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1975, 1976, 1977 (Artificial Substrate Samples - Sida crystallina included) Clinch River Mile 14.4 15.4 17.9 19.0 Year Month 5 e 5 e 5 e 5 e 1975 November 1.314 0.32 0.652 0.26 1.144 0.33 1.261 0.30 1976 May 0.973 0.40 - - 0.657 0.23 - - July 0.349 0.16 1.270 0.32 0.223 0.13 - - September 1.806 0.64 - - 2.573 1.16 1.441 0.50 November 2.694 0.74 - - - - - - 1977 September 2.827 0.62 - - 2.610 0.60 - - Note: This table includes only those stations that Sida crystallina was collected 1tt. -
- = ,Sida crystallina not present in the sample.
e 4
, ,- . . s . -132-Biomass Biomass estimates are presented in Tables XI.15 and XI.16. The esti-mates were reported in ge/m2 (Ponar) and og per substrate (Art. Sub. Sampler).
The molluscan biomass ranged from 0.00 gs/s at stations where no specimens were collected to'177.10 ge/m2 (CRM 19.0, October 1975). Samples at the latter contained Corbicula manilensis and Quadrula. The predominant mollusc 2 was Corbicula manilensis. The large biomass of 79.48 ge/m at CRM 190 in May 1977 can be attributed to the presence of one Quadrula postulosa. 2 Nonmo11uscan biomass estimated ranged from 0.00gm/m to 0.19 gm/m2 ,t CRM 19.0 in June 1975. The biomass estimates from the artificial substrates were less than f
- those obtained by the Ponar grab sampler. Values ranged from 0.00 mg/
substrate to 1345.42 (CRM 17.9, July 1976) for solluscan biomass. Bio-mass estimates ranged from 1.90 mg/ substrate (CRM 15.4, September 1976)
' to 2839.12 ag/ substrate (CRM 17.9, July 1976).
Discussion l l l The taxa found during this study were substantially different from f those found by Westinghouse in the 1975 CRBRP ER. However, this would be expected because of the different station localities and habitats. Weber (1973) compiled a taxonomic listing of some benthic macroin-vertebrates that had been described as being tolerant, faculative, or intolerant to organic wastes. The following organisms or groups of f organisms that were collected would be classed accordingly. I i l
n
-133-Table XI.15 Biomass of Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1975, 1976, 1977 (gn/a - Wet Weights) (Ponar Grab Samples)
Clinch River Mile 14.4 , 15.4 17.9 19.0 Year Month M NM M NM M NM M NM 1975 March 14.34 0.06 14.33 <0.01 3.33 0.06 8.79 <0.01 April <0. .)1 0.04 0.11 0.00 0.62 0.00 23.23 0.00 May 6.87 0.15 1.42 0.00 2.10 0.55 0.00 0.11 June 26.25 0.03 *
- 4.50 <0.01 <0.01 0.19 July 0.00 0.01 0.14 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.83 0.00 August 26.99 0.02 21.46 0.00 1.41 0.00 48.14 0.00 September 7.99 0.05 61.81 0.04 23.91 0.02 16.53 0.11 October 2.41 0.01 5.39 0.00 0.36 0.00 177.10 0.00 1976 March 0.03 0.00 *
- 0.05 0.00 *
- May 1.05 <0.01 0.03 0.00 *
- 0.06 0.09' July 10.94 0.07 3.91 0.08 16.45 0.05 3.15 0.04 September 0.38 0.04 0.18 0.00 0.10 0.01 1.23 0.03 -
1977 March ~ 0.00 < 0. 0) 21.7) 0.00 45.89 <0. 01 0.00 0.05 May 29.17 0.' 24.32 0.00 *
- 79.48 0.00 July 9.46 <0.01 *
- 0.00 0.02 0.00 <0.01
- September 40.46 0.04 + + 0.00 0.02 0.00 <0.01 M - hollusca NM - Non-molluscan macroinvertebrates
* - No organisms present in the ponar grab samples + - Samples were missing i
9 4 _ - , _ _ r..,- -w
l -134-I '
. Table XI.16 Biomass of Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1975, 1976, 1977 (ag per artificial substrate sample - wet weights)
Clinch River Mile 14.4 15.4 17.9 19.0 Year Month M NH M NM M NM M NM 1975 April *
- 0.00 3.03 0.00 0.59 0.00 11.00 May *
- 0.00 43.47 0.00 984.73 2.46 85.67 June 46.11 33.21 0.00 945.19 0.00 145.69 *
- July 0.00 32.64 *
- 0.00 '22.50 0.00 37.05 August 10.6 36.09 8.30 32.65 8.98 113.53 0.00 56.47 September *
- 327.26 14.48 237.12 41.26 291.06 64.85 October 29.74 81.63 81.25 44.16 36.51 8.24 19.02 505.77 November 0.00 190.24 169.77 100.85 126.17 163.82 547.71 197.21 1976 May 27.49 93.88 8.87 4.21 11.31 87.19 11.02 19.58 July 0.00 1342.54 58.00 509.57 1345.42 2839.12 *
- September 0.00 55.96 24.74 1.90 0.00 1064.14 0.00 18.17 November 4.98 94.78 7.43 8.07 0.00 377.06 0.00 900.05 1977 May * * * * * * *
- July * * *
- 0.00 61.43 *
- September 77.73 282.78 *
- 893.96 117.21 2.05 113.46 November * * * * *
- 0.00 48.59 M - Mollusca NM - Non-Molluscan macroinvertebratps
- Artificial substrates were not recovered or were found above the water line 4
, s.
-13%- ,
Organism Classification Obligochaeta tole rant Cammorus facultative Decapoda facultative Chironomidae intolerant to tolerant Ephemeroptera intolerant to tolerant Odonata facultative Chironomids and mayflies are considered intolerant to tolerant depending on the species. The genus Argia was classified as intolerant by the list-ing; however, Tennessen (personal communication) considers it facultative. Cyrnellus fraternus a net spinning caddisfly that builds its retreat in a depression of a rock by spinning a flattened silk roof (Wiggins, 1977) is indicative of rocky substate. Several other caddisflies collected also are indicative of rocky substrate. In addition, the presence of Cura foremanii and Dugesia tigrina also indicate the presence of a rocky sub-strate. In general, it can be said that the presence of the net-spinning caddisflies also indicate an area where heavy sedimentation does not occur. This would provide several indicators for the effects of sedimentation during construction. It is difficult to compare the significance of percent composition and diversity when they are based upon different numbers of possible occurrences. Samples were collecced monthly in 1975 and seasonally in 1976 and 1977. It is also difficult to compare the 1975 data collected with a Ponar sampler with that uf 1976 and 1977 because of the different substrate sampled in 1975. The selectivity for organisms of the two different sampling schemes is the reasta for the difficulty in making any comparisons. This is especially true in 1977 when only 5 artificial substrate collections were made out of a possible 16. Yet, 32 taxa were collected in 1977 as compared to 29 taxa in 1975 and 17 taxa in 1976. The increase in taxa numbers in 1977 was primarily due to the collection of chironomids.
r*
-136-In general the diversity indices were indicative of benthic macro-invertebrate populations that were not very diverse. Evaluation of the data reveals that the number of taxa at any one station was not substantial.
This was true of Ponar samples as well as artificial substrate samples. Equitability (e) values from zero to greater than 1.0 occurred frequently, in samples collected with the Ponar. An "e" value greater than one occurs when the distribution in the sample is more equitable than the distribution resulting from the MacArthur model. This occurs in samples containing only a few specimens with several taxa represented (Weber 1973). Weber also states that samples containing less than 100 organisms should be evaluated with caution when using the diversity index (d) and (e) equi-tability values. Equitability values obtained from artificial substrate samples exceeded 1.0 a few times also. Therefore, some caution again must be used in evaluating diversity index values for artificial substrate samplers. The low diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates was also reported by Westinghouse in the 1975 CRBRP ER. The biomass estimates for solluscan biomass are somewhat less than those reported by Westinghouse in the ER. The nonsolluscan data is quite similar. However, the estimates were obtained at different river miles and by different sampling methodology. The biomass estimates from the artifical substrates were less than those obtained by the Ponar grab sampler. In general, the nonsolluscan biomass was greater than the molluscar. when artificial substrates were used. This indicates a selectivity for nonsolluscan sacroinvertebrates by the artificial subst rate samplers. One would expect this because only small specimens of molluscs could penetrate the basket interspaces to colonize the substrate.
-137-t 1
The substrate size range throughout the area was mostly granule to cobble with hardpan substrate prevalent throughout the area. This type of substrate is probably one of the limiting factors for the sacroin-vertebrate populations. , One difficulty in using artificial substrates is the low recovery percentage, caused by vandalism, displacement of samplers by high water velocities, and the difficulty in locating the samplers if markers are destroyed. It is also difficult to obtain good samples with the Ponar
=
grab sampler in the substrate that is found in the area of the proposed CRBRP. Conclusions The data obtained using a Ponar grab sampler and artificial substrates indicated a sacroinvertebrate population that is not very diverse and also low in numbers. In general, the fauna collected indicated a habitat that is substantially rocky in nature. The taxa collected differed excensively from those reported by Westinghouse in 1975. However, this was attributed to different station locations and habitat types. i Biomass and quantitative estimates indicate a selectivity of artifi-cial substrates for nonsolluscan sacroinvertebrates. Several taxa could be used as indicators of excessive organic pollu-tion and heavy sedimentation in the area. l l l l
o .
-138-
. XI. literature Cited
- 1. Cuammins, K. W. 1975. "Macroinvertebrates." In River Ecology, ed.
by B. A. Whitten, University of California Press, pp. 170-181.
- 2. Cummins, K. W. 1973. " Trophic relations of aquatic insects." Ann.
Rev. Ent. 18:183-206.
- 3. Weber, C. I. 1973. Biological Field and Laboratory Methods for Measuring the Quality of Surface Water and Effluents. U.S. Environ-mental Protection Agency. EPA-670/4-73-002.
- 4. Hynes, H.B.N. 1970. The Ecology of Running Waters. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 555 pp.
- 5. Wiggins, G. B. 1977. Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera). University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 401 pp.
O 4 6
III. Summary and Conclusions O i 4*
. . -139-XII. Susmary and Conclusions River Substrate Characteristics Sediment samples were were collected at CRM 14.4, CRM 15.4, CRM 17.9, and CRM 19.0 on a monthly basis from March to October 1975 and a seasonal basis in 1976 (March, May, July, September) and 1977 (March, May, and July).
The substratum in the area of the CRBRP is predominantly coarse with the majority of the sediment being classified as rocky. The sediments collected in 1975 indicated a similarity between CRM 14.4 and CRM 17.9. They also indicated a similarity between CRM 15.4 and CRM 19.0. However, in 1976 and 1977 the similarity between these
~
stations was not a. definable and is attributed to the collection of
- sediment samples at different locations.
The presence of' considerable amounts of hardpan in the area may account for the low diversity of benthic fauna. Clinch River Water Quality Observed temperatures in the Clinch River were well below the State of Tennessee standard of 30.5'C. The river was well mixed with thermal gradients normally below 1*C. It appears that during periods of reverse flow warmer water from Poplar Creek flows upstream elevating river water temperatures. This was observed at CRM 14.4 with the warmest water measured at the right bank area. 6 b ' - ' - ' - _______________.-______.___._________.____m.
-140-Dissolved oxygen concentrations of the Clinch River were good, being greater than or equal to 5.0 mg/1. The water was well mixed in the ver-tical direction, with dissolved orygen gradients normally less than 0.5 mg/1. Isolated low concentrations of dissolved orygen, ranging from 3.2 to 4.7 ag/1, were" measured at Melton Hill Dam tailrace. But there appears to be sufficient reaeration capacity in the river to increase levels to 5.0 mg/l within a short distance. Dissolved orygen percent saturation levels did not indicate any areas of unusual oxygen production which would be attributed to widespread photosynthetic activity or areas of serious reduction in dissolved oxygen concentrations.
Measured concentrations of nutrients, most metals, and sanitary- , chemical constituents were normally low. Elevated concentrations of mercury and COD vere observed on isolated occasions. Concentrations of iron and manganese were above levels identified for finished drinking water. The water is considered to be moderately hard. During rainfall events the river contained high total coliform densities. The high nonfecal ratio would indicate that the source of the bacteria is soil and vegetation. i Site Stormwater Runoff Water Quality Rainfall intensity rather than the total amount of rainfall had a more significant impact on physical water quality in the drainageways. Surveys performed in conjunction with periods of intense rainfall resulted in the highest levels of suspended solids and turbidity measure.d in the drainageways. An evaluation of suspended solids and turbidity data showed - 1
.. -- --_-_-_-_--_____-____________________-________-._-______-____________________-_A
-141-that the observed values varied considerably and did not plot as a normal distribution. Logarithmic transformations of the data provided the following results:
Suspended Solids (ag/1) Turbidity (NTU) Nean 28 37 One standard deviation 8.3, 96 8.7, 158 Two standard deviations 2.4, 324 2.0, 676 In 1975 five special rainfall surveys of the Clinch River were per-formed. Neither the total amount of rainfall or rainfall intensity could be clearly correlated to Clinch River physical water quality due to time delays between the rainfall events and surveys. In addition, a determina-tion of whether the site was the source of the suspended solids and tur-bidity could not be made. Therefore, the data resulting from this activity is useful only for background determinations in the Clinch River after rain-fall events. It is clearly shown by this evaluation that (1) rainfall intensity is significant to stormwater runoff quality, (2) the tLaing of
~
stormwater runoff surveys is critical, and (3) stations located directly onsite upstream of any influence by the receiving waterbody, comple-mented with stations in the receiving waterbody, will pro 7ide the data , necessary for an accurate assessment of the impact of site stormwater runoff on physical water quality in the receiving waterbody. Ground Water Quality An evaluation of all ground water data clearly showed a quality variation with differing sampling techniques. The sampling technique utilized for the nonpumped observation wells did not allow for the removal
-142- ~
of the standing water in the casing. This resulted in a contaminated sample. The source of contamination would most likely be solids entering the casing from the host formation and corrosion of the metal casing. Additionally, acidification of a contaminated sample to a pH of 2.0 S.U. , would dissolve suspended solids in the water and solubilize most metals contained in these solids. These solids normally would not be present in a sample obtained from a well properly flushed prior to sampling. There-fore, the data obtained from the unpumped wells did not properly represent the quality of water in the formation at the site and should not be construed as such. An evaluation of the data obtained from the pumped well showed that at the site ground water quality was good. Concentrations of dissolved solids were low, averaging 230 mg/1. Concentrations of analyzed nutrients - - and metals were normally low and on many occasions below detectable limits. Phytoplankton The most common phytoplankton genera found throughout the sampling reach were Melosira, Synedra, Stephanodiscus, Chlamydomonus, Scenedesmus, Dactylococcopis, Anacystis, and Trachelomonas. Generally the Chrysophytes were dominant mostly during the spring, the Chlorophyta during the summer, and the Cyanophytes during the fall. Numbers of phytoplankton generally start increasing during May with the largest peaks occurring in October. Highest concentrations were over 3,700,000 cells /1 at CRM 14.4 during October. Concentrations of less than 100,000 cells /1 only occurred during March at CRM's 17.9 and 19.0.
o . . .
. -143-Chlorophyll a_ and productivity rates generally followed the same pattern, especially with relatively lower values during the months of March, April, and May of each year during the monitoring period. May was an exceptional month during 1977 for productivity rates with higher than ~
usual values. The' comparisons of 1976 and 1977 productivity rates show similarity with normal annual variations caused by seasonal temperature and turbidity differences in the water. All three phytoplankton parameters (standing crop, chlorophyll a, and productivity) indicated a patchy distribution primarily controlled by a continuous moving flow pattern of the Clinch River with increases observed downstream from CRM 19.0 as the water mass velocity decreased and the retention time became longer. Productivity was also greater in the channel areas than in the overbank areas for surface area measurements due to deeper waters, but similar for per unit area measurements. Periphyton 0 One hundred and twenty-four Plexiglass artificial substrates (64.6 percent recovery), incubated for four weeks, were analysed for chlorophyll a, concentrations in 1975. In addition, 22 (45.8 percent of the original) artificial substrates were analyzed for algal-division percent composition, total numbers, and generic composition. The data indicated that Chrysophytes (diatoms) are the dominant algal group at each of the stations. It also indicated that the genus Achnanthes comprises the majority of the Chrysophyta community and as such a majority of the entire periphyton community at times. The autotrophic index data was highly variable both temporarily and spatially.
, ,, , - - - , , . - ' , v
-144- -
Zooplankton Sixty-four samples were collected during 1975 to characterize the zooplankton population in the vicinity of the proposed CRBRP project. These samples revealed a diverse and abundant fauna throughout the study area with seasonality a major influencing factor on species occurrence and abundance. Rotifers were the predominant rooplankton at all stations with the exception of April when the Cladocera were the dominant group. Seasonal effects on rotifers are quite dramatic with large abundances occurring in 1975 during the months of May and October for some species and May, August, and September for others. Five species were primarily responsible for rotifer abundance throughout the year. One species of Cladocera, Bosmina longirostris, was found on all sampling dates and was the dominant Cladoceran at most stations throughout the year. Diversity indices did indicate seasonal changes in number of taxa and abundance within those taxa. There were no dramatic differences between the four stations with respect to the zooplankton population. The predominance of five rotifer species and one cladoceran species should provide a good basis on which to determine effects of construction and operation of a plant. Any major shifts in abundance of these species or replacement of them by others would provide a key to determine possible environmental changes. A shift from a predominant rotifer population to either a cladoceran or l copepod population would also be an excellent criteria to assess any effects, natural or manmade. - i L_
a -, 4
-145-Benthic Macroinvertebrates Bentb4.c macroinvertebr te fauna in the vicinity of the proposed Clinch River Breeder Reactor project was sampled on a monthly basis in 1975 and a seasonal basis in 1976 and 1977 using a Ponar grab sampler and artificial substrate samples.
The data obtained by both methods indicated a sacroinvertebrate population that is not very diverse and also low in numbers. In general, the fauna collected indicate a habitat that is substantially " rocky" in nature. This term implies a range from gravel to pebble sized substrate. The taxa collected differed extensively from those reported by Westia; house in 1972. However, this was attributed to different station locations and habitat types. Biomass and quantitative estimates indicate a selectivity of artificial substrates for non-molluscan sacroinvertebrates. Several taxa could be used as indicators of excessive organic solution and heavy sedimentation in the area. e b . _ _ , _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ . _ _ . _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ . . _ - - _ . - - --
?
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Appendix B Aquatic Biological (Nonfish) Data e e e
i O Table B.1.1 SPATIAL Ale SFATNAL DIS"fRIMrrRN T E9ffR41hAfffN TAXA WI11t!M M VICTWITY & 11E Cseur CLIMll RIVt3t, MAR 111975 - OcnWER 1975 May 22 June 19 July 15 August 7 September 16 October 15 March 11 April 16' 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 e_grYSr#HY"yt XXXX XXX XXX XXXX X b.chr. a.=.t het e XXXX XXXX XXXX K X XXXX n.s te r.onat ila X X e ttrueva XX X X ,
.,.g, .Jges X XX XXXX XX
.*se; . r e s e X XX X X
- X X X XX X XXX XXX XX
. m;;. X X X X
; ist'.9 e XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX
., ,7g g. . . n XXX X t.unn
- a X XXX XX >
erag;.ar a XXX XX XX X X XX
.g;.
- r;een.a XX X XXXX XXX XXXX XXXX !
Gyrcta W XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXX g gog;ga XXX X X XXX XXXX X XX X XXX XXXX I gavt : 21 a 3 15 w idkwe X X X X sitsschts X p., 4 t au s cr.e . s XXXX XX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX , Stepnanodiscae X l Surtrel;. XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XX X Synedra X XXXX Synura X X Tabellaraa C,H'ADOPMYTh
~ X X X X scanthoe' sera X X XXX XX X X XXXX XXX Actinastrum X X XXXX XXXX X XXXX XXXX Ank ist roce sems X X X X X Arthrodessus Aste rocrecus X XXXX XXX 80t r 70C'Ac u s X XXXX X X X X Carteria XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX Chlam #t.?v2nas X XX XXXX XXX X X Chlorell. X X
Chlorococcum XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX X X XXXX X X e:hlorogt,n t um XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX X X XXXX X X Chodatella XX Closteristium XXXX XXXX XXXX X X XI I Closterlopsis X X XXX XXXX closterium X X XX XXXX XXX X XX Coelastrum Colenhinia X XX X X XX XXXX XX X Crucagenta g pactylose cus
l l I Table 8.1.1 - Ctn't l l l March 11 April 26 May 2.' June is July 15 August 7 September 16 October 15 i 1234 1234 ) 234 1234 1234 1234- 1234 1234; { Dictyoephaerium X XX X X XXXX XXXX XX XX XXXX XXXX Elakatothria XX X X X X X XX XX Franceia 'M M M XX XX XXXX XXXX Glocoactinium XX X X X XX Colenkinta X XX XX X XX X XXX XXXX XXXX XXXX t Gonium X X ! Xirchneriella I XX X XX XX XX X X XX XXXX XX X l Micractiniuse X XX XXXX X X X X XX X X XXXX X XX l Microspora X ' Mougeotia X X XXX X X XX Oncystis XXMM XXX X X XXX XXXX XXX X XXXX XXXX Pandorina X/X XX X XXX X XX X X X X X Pediastrum XX X X X X XXXX l i Platydorina Pleodorina X X XXXX XXXX Y' w Planktospaeria X X Protococcus X X XX XX XXXX Pteromonas X XXX XXXX XX X XXXX XX X XXXX Pyrasimonas XXXX X Quadrigula X XX X X X X Scenedessus X XXXX XXXX XXX X X XXX XXXX XXXX XXXX l Schroederia XX X X XX X XX XX XX X X l Selenastrum XX X X Spaerocystis X Staurastrum I X l Stigeoclonium X Tetradeseuo X X Tetraedron XX XXXX XX XX X X XX XXXX XXXX Tetrastrum XX X X X X Trenbaria X X X X XXXX X XX X XXXX XX X Trochiscia X X XXX Ulothrix XXXX XXXX X X Other X X CYANOPHYTA Anshaena X X X X X X X Anacystis XXXX X X XXXX XXXX XXXX XXX X XXXX XXXX Aphanizomenon XX Aphanocapsa X Aphanothece X O 9 9 9
*
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3 Table B.1.1 - On't I March 11 April 16 May 22 June 19 July 15 August 7 September 16 October 1s e 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 Chroccoccus X X XX X XXXX Dact ylococcr4s t s XXXX XXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX j Gloeocapsa Gomphosphaeria X X XX Lyngbya e X Merismopedis XX XX XX XX XXXX X XXiX XXXX Oscillatorio X X XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX EUGLENOPHYTA Cryptoglena X XX X XX XXXX Euglena XXXX XXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX
-Phacus XXXX XXXX Trachelomonas XXXX X X XX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX es PYSpOPHYTA h Ceratius X X X X X XX XXXX Glenodsntum .
X XXX X X Gymnodinius XXXX XXXX XXX XXXX XXX X XX XXXX' Peridinium X X X X 1 - 000 14.4 2 - Det 15.4 3 - Oct 17.9 4 - Oct 19.0 (Blar* spam iraticates organism m W fasul)
B-4 . Table B.l.2 STANDING CR0P ESTIMATES AND PERCENT COMPOSITION OF THE MAJOR PHTIUPLANKTON DIVISIONS WITHIN THE VICINITY OF THE CRBRP PROJECT - CLINCH RIVER UtCH 1975 THROUGH OCTOBER 1975 Clinch River Major Standing C p Percent Date Mile Algal Division (Fo./L = X10 ) Composition March 11, 1975 14.4 Chrysophyta .046 45.9 Chlorophyta .002 2.0 Cyanophyta .043 42.7 Euglenophyta .002 1.6 Pyrrophyta .008 7.7 15.4 Chrysophyta .075 60.7 Chlorophyta .002 2.0 Cyanophyta .033 26.7 Euglenophyta .005 4.0 Pyrrophyta .008 6.7 17.9 Chrysophyta .062 62.5 Chlorophyta .006 5.8 Cyanophyta .020 20.2 Euglenophyta .002 2.5 Pyrrophyta .009 9.1 19.0 Chrysophyta .028 47.3 Chlorophyta .001 2.1 Cyanophyta .014 23.3 Euglenophyta .002 3.4 Pyrrophyta .014 24.0 April 16, 1975 14.4 Chrysophyta .053 35.0 Chlorophyta .079 51.7 Cyanophyta .006 3.8 Euglenophyta .001 0.5 Pyrrophyta .014 9.0 15.4 Chrysophyta .030 19.8 Chlorophyta .093 60.8 Cyanophyta .005 3.1 Euglenophyta .006 4.1 Pyrrophyta .019 12.2 17.9 Chrysophyta .031 14.4 Chlorophyta .162 75.8 Cyanophyta .003 1.5
'uglenophyta .001 0.4
/yrrophyta .017 8.0
s , - . . .- B-5 Table 3.1.2 (Continued) Clinch River Major Percent Date Mile _ Algal Division StandingCrp (No./L = X10 ) Ccumosition April 16, 1975 19.0 Chrysophyta .019 19.1
. Chlorophyta .061 59.5 Cyanophyta .001 0.8 Euglenophyta .002 1.5 P}rrophyta .019 19.1 May 22, 1975 14.4 Chrysophyta .306 60.7 Chlorophyta .115 22.9 Cyanophyta .083 16.6 ,
Euglenophyta .000 0 Pyrrophyta .000 0 15.4 Chrysophyta .364 50.8 Chlorophyta .202 28.1 Cyanophyta .150 20.8
, Euglenophyta .0004 0.1 Pyrrophyta .002 0.2 17.9 Chrysophyta .293 37.9 Chlorophyta .341 44.2 Cyarophyta .134 17.3
. Euglenophyta .003 0.4 Pyrrophyta .001 0.1 19.0 Chrysophyta .221 41.7 Chlorophyta .201 37.8 Cyanophyta .107 20.2 Euglenophyta .001 0.2 Pyrrophyta .001 0.2
- June 18, 1975 14.4 Chrysophyta .264 20.7 Chlorophyta .412 32.2 Cyanophyta .589 46.0
, Euglenophyta .012 0.9 Pyrrophyta .003 0.2 15.4 chrysophyta .213 18.2 Chlorophyta .330 28.9 Cyanophyta .595 50.9 Euglenophyta .019 1.7 Pyrrophyta .005 0.4 n -
s, . o
}
a . . . M 1-4 Table 8.1.2 . (Continued) Clin:h River Major Standing Crop Percent Date' Mila Algal Division (No./L = X10 )6~ Composition June 18, 1975 17.9 Chry'sophyta .151 12.0 Chlorophyta .387 30.7 Cyanophyta .694 55.1 Euglenophyta .023 1.9 Pyrrophyta .005 0.4 19.0 Chrysophyta .074 9.7 s Chlorcphyta .223 29.2 Cyanophyta .446 58.4 Euglencphyta- .017 2.2 Pyrrophyta' .004 0.6 July 15, 1975 14.4 Chrysophyta .142 19.9 . Chlorophyta .408 57.4 Cyanophyta .151 21.3 Euglenophyta .009 1.3 Pyrrephyta .001 0.1 15.4 Chrysophyta .156 20.3 Chlorophyta .403 52.3 Cyanophyta .201 26.2 .
. Eugler.ophyta .008 1.0 Pyrrophyta. .002 0.2 17.9 Chrysophyta .119 13.1 Chlorophyta .447 49.2 i Cyanophyta .329 36.3 Euglenophyta .010 1.1 Pyrrophy ta .003 0.3 19.0 Chrysophyta .153 18.0 Chlorophyta .369 43.2 Cyanophyta .316 37.0 Euglenophyta .015 1.7
,~ Pyrrophyta .001 0.1 Aug. 7, 1975 14.4 Chrysophyta .142 57.4 Chlorophyta .078 31.8 Cyanophyta .023 9.5 Euglenophyta .003 1.3 Pyrrophyta .000 0 w =-.,.,-s y- vv-w.,,e- .-wm.-.- w i.e --
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B-7 Table 3.1.2 (Continued) Clinch River Major Standing Crop Percent Date Mile Algal Division (No./L = X10 6) Composition Aug. 7, 1975 15.4 Chrysophyta .173 43.6 Chlorophyta 1.308 34.9 Cyanophyta .076 19.1 Euglenophyta .009 2.2 I Pyrrophyta .001 0.2 17.9 Chrysophyta .138 49.9 Chlorophyta .079 28.5 Cyanophyta .057 20.5 Euglenophyta .003 1.0' Pyrrophyta .000 0 19.0 Chrysophyta .144 30.7 Chlore- hyta .208 44.3 Cyanophyta .113 24.1 Euglencphyta .004 0.9 Pyrrophyta .000 0 Sept. 16, 1975 14.4 Chrysophyta .155 12.6 Chlorophyta .412 33.5-Cyanophyta .645 52.3 Euglenophyta .014 1.0 Pyrrophyta .007 1.0 15.4 Chrysophyta .140 14.4 Chlorophyta .309 31.7 Cyanophyta. .513 52.7 Euglenophyta .010 1.0 Pyrrephyta .002 0.2' 17.9 Chrysophyta .139 11.2 Chlorophyta .360 29.0 Cyanophyta .718 57.9 Euglenophyta .018 1.4
' Pyrrophyta .006 0.5 i
19.0 chrysophyta .139 18.1 l 40.7 Chlorophyta .312 cyanophyta .291 37.9
.021 2.7
- Eugtenophyta
.006 0.7 Pyrrophyta i
e l 1
B-8 . Table 3.1.2 *
'(Continued)
Clinch River Major- Standing Crop Percent Date Kile Algal Division (No./L = X106) r.r-pnsition oct. 15, 1975 14.4 Chrysophyta .845 22.8 Chlorophyta 1.216 _32.8 Cyanophyta. 1.619 43.7 Euglenophyta .023 0.6 Pyrrophyta .002 0.1 15.4 Chrysophyta .565 21.4
-Chicrophyta .820 .31.1 Cyanophyta 1.231 46.7 Euglenophyta .018 0.7 Pyrrophyta .003 0.1 17.9 Chrysophyta .549 27.9 Chlorophyta .636 32.3 Cyanophyta .744 37.8 Euglenophyta .036- 1.8 Pyrrophyta .004 0.2 19.0 Chrysophyta .558 25.3 Chlorophyta .740 33.5 Cyanophyta .883 40.0 Euglenophyta .021 1.0 Pyrrophyta .003 0.1 e
Table B.I.3 PitTIOPIANK' ION POPUIATIONS BE'1 WEEN STATIONS AND MOffrHS IN THE VICINITY OF THE CRBRP PIKXTECT MARCH 1975 THROUGH OCTOBER 1975 , Mean' Coefficient April May June July August September October 5 deviation of verlation March _ A19a1 cells / liter x 10 '
.101 .152 .594 1.280 711 .247 1.233 3.706 .992 14.4
.123 .153 718 1.169 769 .396 .974 2.637 .867 15.4
.214 772 1.260 .908 .277 1.240 1.969 .842 3.y ,9 ,o99 $
19.0 .060 .102 .532 .764 .854 .470 .768 2.205 .719 0.03 13.04%
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5-11 Table 8.1.5 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (C-14) AT VARIbUS LOCATIONS AND DEPTHS ON THE CLINCH RIVER IN THE VICINITY OF THE CRBRP PROJECT DURING 1976 FROM MARCH THROUGH OCM BER ag C/m /Hr Depth (meters) March " April May June July August September October CRM 14.4 (Right Bank) 0.0 11.44 29.67 14.52 37.81 28.60 27.02 23.86 61.10 1.0 5.21 27.37 20.40 44.33 18.40 22.78 17.74 50.53 3.g 0.92 8.41 10.60 11.90 3.81 6.86 3.90 14.84 mg C/m / day 90.14 544.32 318.98 871.10 550.78 433.80 351.86 1132.20 CRM 14.4 (Channel) 0.0 14.81 29.35 14.07 39.10 35.52 22.86 21.58 61.45 1.0 12.37 27.51 17.84 44.67 17.50 22.63 17.98 47.58 3.0 0.90 7.84 10.15 11.80 4.31 6.05 3.48 13.88 5.g 0.68 3.22 4.74 9.62 2.53 2.80 1.30 3.45 og C/m / day 177.59 633.50 387.64 1072.45 665.52 479.34 381.67 1245.71' CRM 14.4 (Left Bank) 0.0 10.82 28.93 19.22 42.74 25.64 24.79 23.93 57.82
. 1.0 6.18 28.76 21.24 35.66 20.95 24.37 16.89 53.96 3.g 1.02 9.36 9.80 11.92 4.68 5.56 4.57 15.89 mg C/m / day 98.01 566.80 337.85 776.91 590.48 433.53 347.30 1174.93 CRM 15.4 (Right Bank) 0.0 20.51 22.96 18.13 31.80 22.99 23.62 19.48 42.32 1.0 7.97 23.15 18.52 32.77 17.16 23.41 16.18 39.15 3.g 1.32 6.48 9.06 11.18 4.78 5.52 4.74 10.85 mg C/m / day 146.85 445.96 3Q2.50 682.51 507.07 416.99 321.33 847.81 CRM 15.4 (Channel)
O.0 20.91 24.81 17.09 31.78 24.35 24.25 17.93 39.76 1.0 3.87 22.29 16.97 32.20 19.32 23.40 14.03 41.75 3.0 0.68 6.33 9.38 11.35 3.50 5.45 4.40 11.26 5.g 1.01 2.97 3.83 3.62 3.16 1.92 1.93 4.48 mg C/m / day 116.26 520.36 372.80 810.32 619.37 477.38 337.88 1023.18 l t t L~
._. .- x . - . .
B-12 . Table B 1.5
-(Continued)
(eg C/m /Hr) Depth (meters) March April Mc.y June July August September October CRM 15.4 (Left Bank) 0.0 20.25 24.69 ~ 16.91 27.00 21.40 25.49 18.27 42.08
- 1.0 7.60 21.40 16.56 31.80 17.06 21.47 15.18 39.14 3.g 1.45 7.28 8.23 12.47 2.42 4.87 4.29 12.88, og C/m / day 142.70 437.91 273.61 659.49 467.22 396.11 100.12 865.48 CRM 17.9 (Right Bank) 0.0 13.14 19.48 16.33 26.57 21.52 19.36 14.56 41.41 1.0 4.68 19.45 17.47 27.25 14.63 21.79 13.50 36.74 3.g 0.64 5.88 8.06 5.86 1.69 5.44 3.96 10.82 mg C/m / day 88.79 379.16 279.54 537.39 415.16 380.15 261.08 809.46 '
CRM 17.9 (Channel) 0.0 14.48 19.45 16.15 26.42 22.95 29.34 19.50 42.75 1.0 5.73 16.52 16.55 26.22 17.62 26.24 14.78 40.96 3.0 0.73 4.99 8.03 6.75 1.40 5.66 4.56 13.12 5.g 0.65 2.43 3.48 1.67 0.81 3.17 2.35 5.19 mg C/m / day 112.02 397.15 345.15 606.21 501.01 544.88 359.05 1067.42 CRM 17.9 (Left Bank) 0.0 14.07 17.66 15.57 19.91 19.94 28.69 14.05 30.11 1.0 4.66 17.92 16.50 23.44 19.07 25.22 14.52 38.93 3.g 1.03 6.47 9.25 7.40 2.04 5.67 5.43 13.40 mg C/m / day 94.00 357.04 275.30 470.24 490.18 459.97 283.95 811.44 i l l t
,- r - - - - ae e
\ ..--n., . -s. _ B-13 4 Table B.l.6 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (C-?.4 ) AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS AND DEPTHS ON THE CLINCH RIVER IN THE VICINITY OF THE CRBRP PRCkTECT DURING 1977 FROM MARCH THROUGH OCTVBER - mg C/m /Hr Depth (meters) March April May June July August September October CRM 14.4 (Right Bank) 0.0 12.46 13.15 29.36 22.32 59.35 66.74 53.4C 1.0 20.29 1.48 33.15 27.56 58.87 36.29 54.41 3.0 1.96 9.01 3.45 16.25 3.30 8.15 5.0 2 mg C/m / day 99.66 85.50 595.96 427.16 1090.75 750.28 867.5! CRM 14.4 (Channel) 0.0 14.77 7.99 37.38 32.23 37.90 40.36 54.6: 1.0 16.55 0.61 46.08 -29.36 46.60 46.06 38.3-3.0 3.55 0.25 10.37 2.56 16.26 2.67 8.9(' 5.0 2 0.70 0.25 4.02 1.41 9.27 2.23 4.0f ag C/m / day 243.50 44.95 913.82 509.08 1061.58 797.41 794.St CRM 14.4 (Left Bank) 0.0 8.60 7.32 31.80 34.81 26.73 1 . 34 68.52 1.0 20.56 1.51 34.38 27.64 36.58 13.42 72.64 3.0 5.88 0.75 19.87 1.76 20.86 2.73 8.72 5.0 mg C/m / day 249.69 53.04 707.73 462.87 724.01 193.68 1130.51 CRM 15.4 (Right Bank) 0.0 9.70 8.37 29.84 28.35 33.71 20.93 46.8* 1.0 11.88 0 '9 10 33 3% 02 38.44 22. 36 29.lt 1.45 _4:42 st . 2 t4 4.05 4. 4o 5.97 3.59 5.5* 3 mg t'/m / day ~64.h5 1 44.9's 523.22 542.40 e54.02 391.89 541.1: CRM 15.4 (Channel) 7.85 27.42 24.82 46.81 26.28 41.8: 0.0 9.01 42.1: 13.89 1.21 33.95 24.73 42.09 20.58 1.0 4.8 0.1% 9.84 3,25 6.68 3.95 h0 4.08 3.6 1.33 0.76 3.20 2.98 5.52 2.40
%.0' 450.35 856.48 447.25 724.3
- mq t*/m*/ day 211.HI 'd.32 710.3a
3-14 . Table B.1.6 (Continued) og C/a /Hr Depth (meters) March April May June July August September October CRM 15.4 (I.ef t Bank) 0.0 8.81 8.65 29.30 25.35 48.62 44.10 55.01 1.0 17.74 1.80 - 25.40 28.06 56.11 20.57 37.59 3.0 4.51 0.82 4.55 2.76 7.86~ 1.21 2.18 mg C/a / day 216.16 62.42 465.14 439.14 945.28 445.61 d40.29 CRM 17.9 (Right Bank) 0.0 13.62 12.93 36.77 62.08 35.73 37.67 1.0 14.22 1.67 42.39 47.62 35.99 34.95 3.0 4.38 0.85 10.52 8.16 2.44 8.02 mg C/m / day 197.90 78.15 750.72 898.87 611.75 589.90 CRM 17.9 (Channel) 0.0 5.91 12.17 41.26 59.53 43.55 36.59 1.0 8.51 1.29 31.33 43.46 40.32 40.76 3.0 3.16 0.99 7.46 6.48 3.68 8.33 s 5.0 0.90 0.20 0.94 3.87 3.10 2.33
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. 6 Corbicula manilensis 1E 10 1n n-in ;7 14.4 Sept , Chironomus 18: 10 18.2 0-91 34.4 15 Corbicula manilensis lE 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 i _
l l B-20 , Table B.3.1 (Continued)
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No./m2 Standard Station Month Taxa IX n i Range Deviation Cyrnellus 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 14.4 Oct. Chironomus 54 10 5.4 0-36 12.1 14 Corbicula manilensis 108 10 10.8 0-36 15.2 Limnodrilus claporedianus 91 10 9.1 0-91 28.8 15.4 Mar. Bryozoa 73 10 7.3 0-73 23.1 11 Corbicula manilensis 90 10 9.0 0-36 15.1 15.4 April Corbicula manllensis 54 10 5.4 0-36 12.1 14 15.4 May Corbicula manilensis 18 10 1.8 0-19 5.7 21 , e. 15.4 June No organisms present 17 15.4 15.4 July Corbicula manilensis 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 7 I I 15.4 Aug. Corbicula manilensis 18 1C 1.8 0-18 5.7 6 15.4 Sept. Chironomus 54 1C 5.4 0-18 8.7 15 Corbicula manilensis 109 10 10.9 0-91 28.7 i l
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= 6
. =,
B-22 . Table B.3.1 (Continued) No. /n'2 Standard Station Month Taxa IX n i Range Deviation 17.9 Sept. Chironomus sp. 54 10 5.4 6-1, 8.7 15 Corbicula maailensis 489 10 48.9 18-109 29.9 Dicrotendipes 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 Pentancura 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 Tanytarsus 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 17.9 Oct. Corbicula manilensis 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 14 19.0 Mar. Corbicula manilensis 18 10 1.8 O-18 5.7 11 Planariidae 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 19.0 April Corbicula manilensis 54 10 5.4 0-36 12.1 14
, 19.0 May Dicrotendipes 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 21 Limnodrilus clarapedianun 272 10 27.2 0-163 58.7 19.0 June _ ,C_orbicula__manilensis 36 10 3.6 0-18 7.6 17 Dicrotendipes 90 10 9.0 '
O-36 12.7 Limnodrilus clarapedianun 181 10 18,1 0-101 57.3 19.0 July Corbicula manilensis 36 10 3.6 0-18 7.6 7
B-23 s Table B.3.1 (Continued) s No./m2 Station Month Taxa IX n x Range g on 19.0 Aug. Corbicula manilensis 54 10 5.4 0 B.7 6 19.0 Sept. Chaoborus 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 15 Chironomus 54 10 5.4 0-18 8.7 Corbicula manilensis 326 10 32.6 0-127 45.1 Limnodrilus clarapedianus 109 10 10.9 0-109 34.4 19.0 Oct. Corbicula manilensis 54 10 5.4 0-18 8.7 14 ! a l - l L
B-24 Table B.3. 2 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Tauna Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1976 (Ponar Grab Samples) No./m2 Stsndard Station Month Taxa EX n x Range Deviation 14.4 Mar. Corticula manilensis 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 8 May Chironomus 36 10 3.6 0-18 7.6 14.4 8 Corbicula manilensis 182 10 18.2 0-91 38.4 14.4 July Chaetorus 36 10 3.6 0-36 11.4-13 Chironomus tentans 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 Corbicula manilensis 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 Dicrotendipes 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 14.4 Sept . Corbicula manilensis 73 10 7.3 0-73 23.1 8 Cura foremanii 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 Cyrnellus fraternus 72 10 7.2 0-36 12.6 Dicrotendipes 72 10 7.2 0-54 17.4 Sialis . 36 la 3.6 0 7.6 15.4 Mar. No organisms present 8 -- ---- 15.4' May Corbicula manilensis le IC ).8 0-18 5.7 8 4
! 72 1C 7.2 0-36 12.6
_._ 15,4 Ju19 ch ehm e 13 Corbicula manilensis 36 10 3.6 0-18 7.6
,. ., u ': D w '; . . .
.B-25 I Table 3.3.2 (Continued)
No./m2 todard
- Station Month Taxa ,
Ex n i Range Deviation-i Sphaerium 72 10 7.2 0 15.2 t 15.4 Sept. Corbicula manilensis 90 10 9.0 0-54 17.5
- 18 4
l 17.9 Mar. Corbicula manilensis 36 10 3.6 0-36 11.4 8 4 17.9 May No organisms present i 6 July Chaoborus 36 10 3.6 0-18 7.6 17.9 1 361 10 36.1 0-73 24.2 13 Corbicula manilensis Limnodrilus clarapedianus 18 10 1.8 0-18 . 5. 7 54 10 5 .' 4 0-18 8.7 17.9 Sept. Chironomus Corbicula manilensis 154 10 25.4 0-73 28.8 l 8 Cura foremanii 72 10 7.2 0-54 17.4 Cyrnellus fraternus 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 i i 19.0 Mar. No organisms present 8
~
36 -10 3.6 0-18 7.6 J10 May C'orbicula manilensis e u. .n.,4. 5434..... 'la 10 1.8 0-18 5.7
B-26 . Table 3.3.2 (Continued) No./m2 Stat!.on Month Taxa IX n X Range , 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 Parachironomus Chaoborus 18 10. 1.8 0-18 5.7 19.0 July Chironomus sp. 18 10 1.8 0-16 5.7 13 Corbicula manilensis 181 10 18.1 0-73 22.7 Corbicula manilensis 1413 10 141.3 0-471 168.6 19.0 Sept. b Cura foremanii 18 10 1.8 0-19 5.7 Limnodrilus clarapediant s 91 10 9.1 0-73 23.2 me m a m l -
B-27 Table 5.3.3 Benthic M5croinvertebrate Fauna Collected in the vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1977 (Ponar Grab Samples) No./m 2 Station Month Taxa IX n X Range Tanytarsus 36 10 3.6 0-36 11.4 14.4 Mar. Xenochironomus 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 15 Corbicula manilensis 108 10 10.8 0-54 17.4 14.4 May 9 Chironomus 54 10 5.4 0-36 12.1 14.4 July Corbicula manilensis 108 10 10.8 0-36 15.2 14 Caenis 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 14.4 Sept. 162 10 16.2 0-54 23.2 7 Corbicula manilensir: Corixidae 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 , Cyrnellus fraternus 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 Dicrotendipes 72 10 7.2 0-54 17.4 Dugesia 54 10 5.4 0-36 12.3 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 Procladius 109 10 10.9 0-73 23.1 Psectrocladius Rheotanytarsus 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 Corbicula manilensis 72 10_ 7.2 0-18 9.3 t 15.4 Mar. 6 ( 15 15.4 May Corbicula manilensis 54 10 5.4 0-36 12.2
- 9 i
L
~ . B-28 Table B.3.3 (Continued) No./m 2
- Standard Station Month Taxa IX n X Range Deviation 15.4 July No organisms present 14 15.4 Sept. No organisms present 7
17.9 Mar. Corbicula manilensis 90 10 00 01 A o5 15 Curs foremanii 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 17.9 May No organisms present 9 17.9 July Corbicula manilensis 199 10 19.9 14 Cura foremanii 54 10 5.4
?
17.9 sept. Corbicula manilensis 91 10 9.1 0-73 23.2 7 Cyrnellus fraternus 18 10 1.8 O-18 5.7 Dicrotendipes 54 10 5.4 0-36 12.2 _ Leptoceridae 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 Limnodrilus 18 10 1.8 0-18 5.7 Mar. Corbicula m.ui11ensis 54 10 5.4 0-36 12.2 15 Eriocerca IR 10 1.H 0-10 5.7
-.=
19.0 May Corbicula manil.mei= 13 i. 1.8 0 - 15' 5 7
. ' :.:.; w L,. u-.-- 's:-
+ . , i i- B-29 I .
?
Table B.3.3-(Continued) J No./m2
.- Standard 4
Station Month Taxa IX a. I Range Deviation 9' Quadrula postulosa 18 10 1_E O1A E7 19.0 July Corbicula manilensis 218 10 21.8 0-73 29.5 14 'Crangonyx 18 ' 10 . -l. 8 0-18' 5.7 19.0 Sept . Corbicula manilensis 634 10 63.4 0-163 624 4 _ 7 r.imrtodrilus 18 10 -1.8 0-18' 5.7 I i e
'I e
e
' 1 1 .
9 i 9 e e
. _ _ _ , _ _ _ _ _ = _ . . . . _ - _ - . . . _ - _ . _ _ _ - . _ . . . . .. - . __
. e, B-30 Table B.3.4 Bent} ' Acroinvertebrate Fauna Collected in the Vicin; . of the Proposed CRBRP, (*: inch Rivir - 1975
, (Ar+ificial Substrate Samples)
No./m 2 Station Month Taxa T.x n Standard X Range
, Deviation CRM 14.<l June Atlabesmyia 2.00 3 .6667 0-1 0.57735 14 Bryozoa 1.00 3 .3333 0-1 0.57735 Corbicula manilensis 11.00 3 3.6667 0-9 4.72582 Crangonyx 1.00 3 .3333 0-1 0.57735 Cyrnellus 7.00 3 2.3333 0-6 3.21455 Dicrotendices 59.00 3 19.6667 12-26 7.09460 Lirceus 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.57735 Stenonema 2.00 3 0.6667 0-1 0.57735 July Ablabesmyia 1.00 3 0.3333 0 0.57735 21 Bryozoa 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.57735 Cambarus sp. 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.57735 Chironomus sp. 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.57735 Cyrnellus fraternus 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.57735 Dicrotendipes 30.00 3 10.0000 3-14 6.08276 Limnodrilus 4.00 3 1.3333 0-4 2.30940 Xenochironomus 2.0C 3 0.6667 0-1 0.57735
- ,. Chironomus tentans 2.0c 3 0.6666 7 0-1 0.57735 6 Chironomus 8.0C 3 2.66667 0-8 4.61880 Dicrotencipes 13.0C 3 4.3333 3 0-9 4.50925 Pentaneura 2.0C 3 0.66667 0-1 0.57735 Sept. Chironomus 22.0C 3 7.33333 5-9 2.08167 15 Corbicula manilensis 8.0c 3 2.66667 1-4 1.527s1 Cura 5.0C 3 1.6666,7 1-2 0.57735 Cyrnellus fraternus 6.00 3 ~2.00003 1-3 1.00000 Limnodrilus' 10.00 3 3.33111 n-in m 771;n
_ . _ . ._ _ a
B-31 Table B.3.4 (Continued) No./m 2
- Standard Station Month Taxa IX n X Hange Deviation 5.00 1 1.AAAA7 17 n 0 715 Sphaerium Oct. Branchiura 22.00 3 7.33333 0-12 6.42910 14 Chironomus tentans 2.00 3 0.66667 0-1 0.5773C _
Chironomus 9.00 3 3.00000 2-4 1.00000 Cura 2.00 3 0.66667 0-1 0.57735
?.no 1 0 AAAA' o1 0.97719 cvrnellue fraternne Dicrotendipes 2.00 3 0.66667 0-1 0.57735 Hexagenia bilineata 3.00 3 1.0000C 1-1 0.00000 ~
Procladius 1.00 3 0.3333] 0-1 0.57735 Stenonema 1.00 3 0.33332 0-1 0.57735 CRM 15.4 April Limriodrilus 2.00 3 0.666667 0-2 1.1547 14 May Dicrotendipes 62.00 3 20.6667 11-39 '15.8850 21 Lirceus 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 Stenonema 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774
. June Dicrotendipes ] 30.00 3 43.3333 28-74 26.5581 17 Orconectes 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 Aug. Chironomus 1.00 3 0.3333: 0-1 0.57735 6 Corbicula manilensis 2.00 t 3 0.66661 0-2 1.15470 l ,
Cyrnellus fraternus 1.00 3 0.3333: 0-1 0.57735 Dicrotendipes 25.00 3 8.3333: 5-13 4.16333
- Pentaneura 1.00 3 0.3333:i 0-1 0.57735 2.0^ 3 0.6666Y 0-1 0.57735
! san
- e k -o rne,.,w,
' - 15 Chironomus 1.00 3 0.3333:t 0-1 0.57735 i
Corbicula manilewein 72.00 1 7 17719 7o n e-m e I
B-32 Table B.3.4 (Continued) s No./m 2
- Standard EX n X Range I4viation Station Month Taxa 7.onnnn 1-1 1 nonnn f=- e a m ,= 6.00 3 cvrnelius 3 0.33333 0-1 0.57735 1.00 Stenonema 1.00 3 0.33333 0-1 0.57735 Oct. Caenis 1.00 3 0.33333 0-1 0.57735 14 Cambarus 3.00 3 1.0000C 1-1 0.00000 Chironomus 24.00 3 8.0000C 6-10 2.00000 Corbicula manilensis 19.00 3 6.3333 5-8 1.52753 Cura 5.00 3 1.6666- 1-3 1.15470 Stenonema 1.00 3 0.3333: 0-1 0.57735 Nov. Ablabesmyia 2.00 3 0. 6666~< 0-1 0.57735 10 Chironomus tentans 1.00 3 0.33331 0-1 0.57735 Chironomus 1.00 3 0.3333: 0-1 'O.57735 Corbicula manilensis 4.00 3 1.3333: 1-2 0.57735 Hexagenia bilineata 0.3333: 0-1 0.57735 Procladius 1.00 3 1.00 3 0.3333:;3 0-1 0.57735 CRM 17.9 April Bryozoa
! 14 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.57735 May Bryozoa 52.00 3 17.3333 16-19 1.52753 15 Dicrotendipes 3.00 3 1.0000 0-3 1.73205 Stenonema ! 5.0C 3 1.6667 0-5 2.8868 f June Bryozoa 2.00 3 0.6667 0-1 0.5774 17 Cyrnellus fraternus l l 214.00 3 71.3333 39-114 39.9501 Dicrotendipes f l 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 l Stenonema l 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.57735 l July Chironomus l 1.On 1 o il71 0-1 0 5773E 14 Cvrnellus fraternus
B-33 Table B . 3.4 (Continued) No./m 2 _ Standard Station Month Taxa IX n X Range Deviation Dicrotendipes 34.00 3 11.3333 4-17 '6.65833 I 1.00 3 0.333 0-1 0.57735 Macromia 2.00 3 0.6667 0-2 1.15470 Stenenema 2.00 3 0.6667 0-1 0.5774 Aug. Argia sp. 2.00 3 0.6667 0-1 0.5774 6 Chironomus tentans 32.00 3 10.6667 4-23 10.6927 Chironomus Dicrotendipes 85.00 3 28.3333 15-50 18.9297 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 Pentaneura
~
Sphaerium 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 2.00 3 0.666667 0-1 0.57735 Stenonema Cheumatopsyche 3.00 3 1.00000 0-3 1.73205 Sept. Chironemus sp. 19.00 3 6.3333 1 5-9 2.30940 15 15.00 3 5.0000 ) 4-6 1.00000 Corbicula manilensis 5.00 3 1.66667 0-4 2.08167 Cyrnellus fraternus l 2.00 3 0.66667 0-1 0.57735 Pentaneura 3.00 3 1.00003 0-2 1.0000 e enonema 2.00 3 0.66667 0-1 0.57735 Oct. Chironomus 11.00 3 3.66667 2-5 1.52753 14 Corbicula manilensis 18.00 3 6.000C 3 3-9 3.00000 Cura 1.00 3 0.33323 0-1 0.57735 cvrnellus fraternus 2.00 3 0.666( 7 0-1 0.57735 Stenenena Ablabesmyia 1.00 3 0.333: 0-1 0.57735
- nny 8.00 3 2.6661 0-8 4.61880 10 Branchiura 35.00 3 11.6661 10-13 1.52753 Chironomus 1.00 3 0.333: 0-1 0.57735 Corbicula manilensis
^ '
, _ e-' .
1 i B-34 I l
. 1 Table B.3. 4 (Continued)
No./m 2 Station Month Ta'za IX a-5c*"d*#d i Range Deviation cura 5.00 3 1.6667 1-3 1.15470 Dicrotendipes 12.00 3 4.0000 2-6 2.00000 Stenonema sp. 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.57735 CFM 19.C Acril Brvozoa 1.00 3 0.33333 0-1 0.57735 14 Cranconyx 1.00 3 0.33333 0-1 0.57735 ni---*,eaf-e. 3.00 3 1.00000 1-1 0.00000 Stenonema 2.00 3 0.66667 0-1 0.57735 May Bryczoa 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 21 Corbicula manilensis 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 Cyrnellus 2.00 3 ' O.6667 0-1 0.5774 Dicrotendipes 62.00 3 20.6667 0-51 26.8390 Hirudidae 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 Limnodrilus 7.00 3 2.3333 0-7 4.0415 Stenonema 2.00 3 0.6667 0-1 0.5774 July Bryozoa 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.57735 14 Cheumatopsyche 2.00 3 0.6667 0-1 0.57735 Chironenus 4.00 3 1.3333 0-3 1.52753 Dicrotendipes 46.00 3 15. 3333 13-:.8 2.51661 stenonema 4.00 3 1.3333 1-2 0.57735 mi c- chirena-ur tentans 9.00 3 3.00000 0-9 5.19615 6 Chironomus 14.OC 3 4.66667 4-5 0.57735 Dicrotendipes 29.0C 3 9.66667 0-13 9.07377 Stenacron 1.0C 3 0.33333 0-1 0.57735 Stenonema 1.00 3 0.33333 0-1 0.57735 Sept, Chironomus 18.00 3 6.00000 4-E 2.00000
B-35 Table B.3.4 (Continued) No./m2 Standard Station Month Taxa IX a x_ Range Deviation l 15 Corbicula manilensis 37 nn 3 5.66667 4-7 1.52753 Cyrncllus fraternus 12.00 3 4.00000 2-6 2.00000 Pentaneura 1.00 3 0.33333 0-1 0.57735 Stenonema 1.00 3 0.33333 0-1 0.57735 Oct. Cambarus 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.57735 14 Chironomus 19.00 3 A_1111 co i ca7cs l - Corbicula manilensis 6.00 3 2.0000 0-3 1.00000 l Cura 11.00 3 2.6667 2-5 1.52753 Cyrnellus fraternus 26.00 3 8.6667 5-11 3.21455
~
Stenonema 37.00 3 12.3333 10-15 2.51661 Nov. Branchiura 41.00 3 13.6667 0-23 12.09cm I 10 Chironomus tentans 4.00 3 1.3333 1-2 0.5774 i Chironomus 13.0 6 2.1667 0-4 1.8348
. Corbicula manilensis 3.00 3 1.0000 1-1 ^ 0000 Cyrnellus fraternus 3.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 Dierotendices 8.00 3 2.6667 6-5 7_c1cc i
Hexagenia bilineata 4.00 3 1.3?33 1-2 n.5774 i Limnodrilus 10.00 3 3.3333 0-10 5.7735 l Stenonema 1.00 1 0.31'3 0-1 0.5774 e
- . . - , + . . . . . _ - , , - ,- - ~ ,- y , -- r ,y ., e_ -,.-,e--- ____.__.___m- - -
, . i 8-36 1
Table B.3.5 - l Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna Collected in the vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1976 (Artificial Substrate Samples) l No./m 3
- Standard Station Month Taxa IX a x sange Deviation CRM 14.4 May Chironomus 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 5 Corbicula manilensis 8.00 3 2.6667 0-5 2.5166 Cyrnellus fraternus 3.00 3 1.0000 0-2 1.0000 Parachironomus 4.00 3 1.3333 0-2 1.1547 Sida crystallina 109.00 3 36.3333 5-67 31.0054 Stenonema tripunctatur 4.00 3 1.6667 0-4 2.0017 July Cambaros 2.00 3 0.667 0-2 1.1547 13 Chironemus 17.00 3 5.667 2-9 3.5119 Cura foremanii 35.00 3 11.667 0-24 12.0139 Gammarus 1.00 3 0.333 0-1 0.5774 Parachironomus 19.00 3 6.333 2-10 4.0415 Pentaneura 2.00 3 0.667 0-1 0.5774 Sida crystallina :.889.0 3 629.667 ! 36-728 96.0850 Stenonema 9.00 3 3.000 0-9 5.1962 Sept. Chironomus 13.00 3 4.3333 1-10 4.93288 9 Cura foremanii 7.00 3 2.3333 0-4 2.09167 Cvrnellus fraternus 14.0c 3 4_55A7 2-9 3.78594 Parachironomus 4.00 3 1.3133 1-2 0.57735 p,+,-,n,., . _ c. 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.57735 Sida crystallina 82.0C 3 27.3333 19-35 8.02081 Seenonema 10.0C 3 3.3333 0-7 3.5118R un._. rs 4 - --,n , 40.0C 3 13.3333 10-17 3.5119 12 Corbicula manilensis 2.0C 3 0.6667 0-1 0.5774 Cura foremanii 47.0C 3 15.6667 3-31 14.1892 Cyrnellus 2.00 3 0.6667 0-1 0.5774
t B-37 Table B.3 .5 (Continued) No./m 2 _ 5tandard Station Month Taxa IX a x Range Deviation Nov. Dicrotendipes 5.00 3 1.6667 1-2 0.5774 12 Hydra americana 51.00 3 17.0000 5-41 20.7846 Limnodrilus elaparedianus 5.00 3 1.6667 n-5 2.8969 I Neureclipsis 1.00 3 0.?31? 0-1 0.5774 ( Parachironomus 2.00 3 n_6667 n_s i sca7 Pentaneura sp.E 2.00 3 0.6667 0-2 1.1547
- Sida crystallinn 12.00 3 4.0000 0-8 4.0000 Stenonema 26.00 3 8.6667 5-14 4.7258 Corbicula manilensis 3.00 3 1.0000 0-3 1.73205 CFM 15.4 May
' ~ Cryptochironomus 2.00 3 0.66667 0-1 0.57735 5 8.00 3 2.66667 0-8 4.61880 Hydra americana l Limnodrilus sp.1* 2.00 3 0.66667 O-2 1.15470 l 1 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 ! July Caenis simulans 2.00 3 0.6667 0-1 0.5774 13 Cambarus 4.00 3 1.3333 0-2 1.547
. Chironemus 7.0000 0 - 1 11 'J . s .4 t /
Corbicula manilensis 2 1 .(70 1 l 11.00 3 3.6667 O-6 3.2146 Cura foremanii Dicrotendipes 3.00 3 1.0000 0-3 1.7321 3.00 3 1.0000 0-3 1.7321 Parachironomus Sida crystallina 177.00 3 59.0000 0-91 51.1566 4.00 3 1.3333 0-3 1.5275 stenonema 1 2.00 3 0.666661 0-2 1.15470 er o . - -u ,, ,. . . ~. w. 4 1.00 3 0.333333 0-1 0.57735 9 Chironomus 0.666667 0-2 1.15470 Corbicula manilensis 2.00 3 0.666667 0-1 0.57735 Cvrnellus fraternus 2.00 3
B-38 . Table B.3.5 (Continued) No./s2 Station Month Taxa IX n i Range Deviation 4ev. Corbicula manilensis 5.00 3 1.66667 0-4 2.08167 12 Hydra americana 4.00 3 1.33333 1-2 0.57735 Limnodrilus claearedianus 4.00 3 1.33333 0-2 1.15470 Neureeliesis 1.00 3 0.33333 0-1 0.57735 Corbicula manilensis 2.00 3 0.6667 0-1 0.577 CF.M 17.9 Mav 5 Cvrnellus fraternus 3.00 3 1.0000 0-2 1.000 Dicrotendipes 2.00 3 0.6667 0-2 1.155 Hydra americana 257.00 3 85.6667 0-236 130.615 Lirceus 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.577 Parachironemus 4.00 3 1.3333 1-2 0.577 Sida crystallina 14.00 3 4.6667 0-14 8.083 Stenonema 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.577 July Cambarus 4.00 3 1.333 0-3 1.528 13 Chironomus 8.00 3 2.667 2-4 1.155 Corbicula manilensis 1.00 3 0.333 0-1 0.577 Cura foremanii 19.00 3 6.333 3-12 4.933 Gammarus 1.0c 3 0.333 0-1 0.577 Hirudinea 1.0C 3 0.333 0-1 0.577 Parachironomus 5.0C 3 1.667 0-4 2.082 Sida crystallina 2103.0C 3 727.667 L68-1150 505.199 Stenonema 16.OC 3 5.333 0-15 8.386 Sept. Chironomus 8.CC 3 2.66667 1-6 2.88675 9 Cura foremanii 6. 0-: ' 3 2.00000 0-6 3.46410 Cyrnellus fraternus 11.On 3 3.66667 1-7 3.05505 Orcenecter 1.00 3 0.33333 0-1 0.57735
~
l i B-39 l . 1 Table B.3.5 (Continued) No./m3 l Station Month Tama IX a i Range Deviation lept. Parachironomus 3.00 3 1.00000 1-1 0.00000 9 Sida crystallina 10.00 3 3.33333 0-10 5.77350 Stenonema 10.00 3 3.33333 0-7 3.51188 Nov. Chironomus 16.00 3 5.33 3-7 2.08 2 11 Cura foremanii 50.01 3 16.67 10-21 5.86 Cyrnellus fraternus 0.99 3 0.33 0-1 9.58 Hydra americana 4329.99 -3 L443.33 800-2670 3062.75 0.58 Hydropsyche 0.99 3 0.33 0-1 Stenonema 8.01 3- 2.67- 1-4 1.53
~
Chironomus 1.00 3 0.33333 0-1 0.57735 CF.51 19.0 May 5 Corbicula manilensis 2.00 3 0.66667 0-2 1.15470 i Cyrnellus fraternus 1.00 3 0.33333 0-1 0.57735 Hydra americana 1.00 3 0.33333 0-1 0.57735 Parachironomus 22.00 3 7.33333 5-12 4.04145 Stenonema tripunctatum 1.00 3 0.33333 0-1 0.57735 Chironomus 3.00 3 1.0000 0-2 1.0000 Sept. 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 9 Cura foremanii Cyrnellus fraternus 8.00 3 2.6667 2-4 1.1547 0.5774 Hydropsyche 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 1.5275 Parachironomus 4.00 3 1.3333 0-3 i Sida crystallina 64.00 3 21.'3333 7-33 13.2035 Stenonema 7.00 3 2.3333 1-4 1.5275
%. r M ver n,,,w 32.01 3 10.67 7-14 3.51 ! 12 Cura foremanii 45.0C 3 15.00 13-17 2.00 Cyrnellus fraternus 2.01 3 0.67 0-1 0.58 . - - ~ - . _.-....~._ - _ _ . _ . , - - _ _ - _ _ . _ _ _ _ , _ _ . . _ . __ . _ _ _ - . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . -__ _. _. ._ _ ~,. --
B-40 I n Table B.3.5 (Continued) 4 No./m 2 Station Moath Taxa IX n Standard x_ Range b iation Hydra americana 3975.0c 3 1325.00 225-250C 1139.15 Hydropsyche 0.99 3 0.33 0-1 0.58 Neureclipsis 0.99' 3 0.33 0-1 0.58 Stenonema 9.00 3 3.00 0-7 3.61 l l l l L l l
B-41
. Table B.3.6
, Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna Collected in the Vicinity of the Proposed CRBRP, Clinch River - 1977 (Artificial Substrate Samples)
No./m3 Standard IX Station Meath T,aza a x Range Deviation CRM 14.4 Sept. Ablabesmyia 6.00 3 2.0000 0-4 2.0000 7 Agraylea 5.00 3 1.6667 1-3 1.1547 Argia 2.00 3 0.6667 0-1 0.5774 Cambarus 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 Corbicula manilensis 3.00 3 1.0000 0-3 1.7321 Cranconvx 4.00 3 1.3333 0-4 2.3094
- Cricotopus 9.00 3 3.0000 0-5 2.6458 Cryctochironomus sp. 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 Cvrnellus fraternus 19.00 3 6.3333 5-8 1.5275
~
Dubiraphia 16.00 3 5.3333 4-7 1.5275 Endochironomus 2.00 3 0.6667 0-2 1.1547 Glyptotendipes 15.00 3 5.0000 0-8 4.3589 Rheotanytarsus 20.00 3 6.6667 2-10 4.1633 Sialis 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 Sida Crystallina 97.00 3 32.3333 0-54 28.5360 Stenacron 60.00 3 20.0000 2-53 20.4182 CRM 17. > July Ablabesmyia 1.00 3 0.33333 0-1 0.57735 14 Chironomus 6.00 3 2.00000 1-3 1.00000 Crangonyx 1.00 3 0.33333 0-1 0.57735 Cura foremanii 5.00 3 1.66667 1-2 0-57735 Hydroptila 7.00 3 2.3333' l-4 1.52753 Lirceus 4.00 3 1.33332 0-3 1.52753 p m . -w 4 .-- mm ,, 12.00 3 4.0000C 3-6 1.73205 Polycentropus 6.00 3 2,:5000C 0-6 3.46410 Stenacron 4.00 -3 1.3333: 1-2 0.57735 ,
e B-42 Table B.3.6 (Continued) No./aA IX
- Standard Station Month Taxa n x Range Deviation Tricorythodes 1.00 3 0.33311 0-1 0 97'1*
CRM 17.5 Sept. Agraylea 11.00 3 3.6667 1-8 3.7859 7 Chironomus 2.00 3 0.6667 0-2 1.1547 Corbicula manilensis 3.00 3 1.0000 0-3 1.7321 Crangonyx 3.00 3 1.0000 0-3 1.7321 Cricotocus 4.00 3 1.3333 0-4 2.3094 Crynellus fraternus 60.00 3 20.0000 9-29 10.1489 Dicrotendipes 10.00 3 3.3333 0-7 3.5119 , Lumbriculidae 2.00 3 0.6667 0-2 1.1547 Pleurocera canaliculatum 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 Psactrocladius 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 Sida crystallina 19.00 3 6.3333 0-12 6.0277 Sphaerium 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 Stenaeren 39.00 3 13.0000 8-18 5.0000 Tubificidae 1.0C 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 CRM 19. ) Sept. Agraylea 4.0C 3 1.3333 0-3 1.5275 7 Corbicula manilensis 4.0C 3 1.3333 0-4 2.3094 Cyrnellus fraternus 25.0C 3 8.3333 4-14 5.1316 Dicrotendipes 28.0C 3 9.3333 2-18 8.0829 Dubiraphia 1. 0/- 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 Glyptotendipes 2 . 011 3 0.6667 0-2 2.1547 Parachironomus 52.00 3 17.3333 11-24 6.5064 Polypedilum 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 Psectrocladius 1.0 ) 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 Rheotanytarsus 1.0 ) 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774
s .
...-....--....~~.-...,.;-
I B-43
~
Table'B.3.6 (Continued) No./m2 _ 5tandard Station Month Tama IX a x Range Deviation Sida crystallina 277.00 1 92.3333 64-142 43.1548 Stenacron 17.00 3 5.6667 1-9 4.1633 CRM 19.0 Nov. Agraylea 10.00 3 3.3333 0-9 4.9329 Chironom,ipae 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0 c774 Cracotopus 2.00 3 0.6667 _ 0-2 1.1547 Cyrnellus fraternus 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 n.=77a
. Dicrotendipes 35.00 3 11.6667 2-?? 10 a1A7 Dugesia tigrina 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 Euxiefferiella 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 Glyptotendipes 2.00 3 0.6667 0-2 1.1547 Neureclipsis 4.00 3 1.3333 0-4 2.3094 Polycentropus 9.00 3 3.0000 0-5 2.6458 Psectrocladius 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 Rheotanytarsus 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 Simuliidae 1.00 3 0.3333 0-1 0.5774 Xenochironomus 6.00 3 2.0000 0-5 2.6458
r Appendix C River Flow and Rainfall Data
s - s - - ...a nr y. , 4 C-1 e e TABLE Cel e DAILY DISCHARGES FROM MELTON HILL DAM 0975)
- - ~ ~
- 9854asete se est tttmeet99 Steemoet ese tt est Jue demusee aset s goe egnet es ge s t -9 pes e toes gese net 6488 9ptees es'$ WWeest 6e 85 99944 e899
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r 4 0 Appendix D Analytical and Sample Preservation Methods for Chemical Parameters J l l s e l
.- u, , . . .
D-i
, e TABLE D.1 4 ARALTTICAL AND SafrLE Petss3Taff05 WTEDes POg GENICAL PARAWTERS, CASRP 9
STostt? Preservatten Detection Perseeter Code N eberl Method and Reference 8 Techatques Lients Alba'lietty, total 00410 Peteetsenetric Titrattee Field I as/l es/l se CACO 3 Standard Motheda, pp. 52, 370 deternamaties Alkalisaty. Phemelpethalete OMIS Peteettaaetric Titraties Ineld I as/1 es/1 as CACO 3 Standard Itethods, pp. 52, 370 deterwisaties Baecheetcal osygen Deeend 00310 00 depletten at 20*C for 5 days Cool. 4*C 1 ag/l og/l amasared with TSI Model 54 BC Standard Metheda, p. 449 end EPA, p. Il Cadesum 01027 Atomic Abseryties 1+1 19603 I p:/l ps/1 EPA. pp. St. 89, IDI 1 el/8 e2. Calenus 00916 Atomac Absorptnea 1 + 1 903 1 es/1 og/l EPA, pp. St. 103 I al/8 es. Carbon, dasseleed orgasse OM81 Combusties - Infrared l*4 Ma$0e, 4*C b.2 og/l og/l EPA p. 236 I al/8 es. Carbon total orgsaac OM80 Combustian - inf rared 1+4 N 50s, 4*C 0.2 og/l ag/l EPA. p. 236 I et/$ es. Chenacal oxygen Doesad 00335 Titrientrac - E Cr:0, reflea 1+4 N3 50s, 4*C I ag/l eg/l EPA, p. 20 3 al/4 es. Chloride 00940 Titruetric 4*C 1 og/l es/1 EPA p.29
~
Chresaum 01034 Atomic Abseryttoa 1+1 D03 5 ps/1 pg/l EPA. pp. 41, 89,105 1 al/8 es. Ce11fers, total 31501 Inmebrane filter, Cool, 4*C 1* ;
, No./300 al Standard methode, p. 679 1 *]']*
Califern, fecal 31616 Membrane Filter. Coel. 4*C No./100 el Standard methods, p. 684
, Color. apparent 00081 Visual Ceeparises' Cool. 4'C 1 PCU PCU EPA, p. 3e Color, true 00080 Vassal Cgarisee Cool, 4*C 1 FCU i PCU EPA. p. 36 Ceeductance, specific 00095 Wheetatene Bridge er Equiestent la sate 0.5 pene/cm nahas/cm 9 25'C EPA, p. 275 Cepper 01042 Ateetc Absorption 1+1 D03 10 p3/1 pg/l EPA. pp. Si,108 I al/8 e2.
j Eardness, total 00900 Calculated from Ca sad Mg sene 3 og/l j og/l values I Irea, total 01045 Ateele Absorpties 1+1 D02 50 kg/l p /1 EPA, pp. 81,110 1 al/8 es. 1rea, disselved SIM6 Ateele Absorption 1+1 D03 50 pg/l pg/l EPA, pp. St. 110 1 al/8 e2. Iron. Ierroua 01M7 Celerimetric Eydrochloric 10 ps/1 l p:/1 Standard Methods, p.189 Acid 5 el/8 e2. ! taad 01051 Atomic Absorption 1+1 Dos 10 94/1 ( pg/l EPA. PP 81. 89. 112 I el/8 es. r l e f l . L
t . . w.
, s e
A
\
l D-2 TaaLE 0.1 (Centaaned) STORET Parameter Code Number 3 Preservaties Detecties h tbed and ReferenceI Techetques _Lamate Magnesium 00927 Atomic Absorptsee i og/l EPA, pp. St,114 1+1 Dos - 0.1 og/l 1 el/8 es. Manganese, total 01055 pg/l Ateste Absorpties 1+1 D0, DA, pp. 81,116 10 us/1 1 el/8 et. Menganese, dasseleed 01054 Atomac Absorpties W8/1 U 4. PP. 81, 116 1+1 DO: 10 pg/l 1 el/8 es. Mercury 71900 ug/1 Flameless Ateste Absorpties 1+1 Dog 0.2 pg/l EPA, p. 118 1 el/8 es. Mackel 01067 ws/1 Atomic Absorpties 1+1 Do s 5 wg/l EPA, pp. $1, 89, tol I al/8 43. uttreges, aseosta 00610 og/l Celertertrie 1+4 E Soe ,4*C 0.01 og/l EPA, p. 168 I al/8 es. . Natregen, nitrate plus 00430 Celecteatric attrate 1+4 BrSoe , 4*C 0.01 ag/l og/l U A, p. 207 1 mitt es. patregen. ergante
- 00605 Calculated free kjeldahl og/l 3+4 Et Sc e , 4*C 0.01 es!1 altregen eines aumenta matreges, I al/8 es.
celotteetricasatoested dagesties and pheaste, EPA, p. 168, 182 Orygen, disseleed 00300 st/I Electrode and/or Titrtsetrie la $ste . 0.01 og/l UA. pp. S t. 56 pH 00400 .Petestismetric melts la Sate Not EPA, p. 239 Applicable - Phosphorus, total 00665 ogf l Celertsetric 1+4 M SO., 4*C O.01 og/l EPA, pp. 249. 256 (with TVA 1 al/8 es. modif tcaties) Phosphorus, dissolved 00M4 og/l Celerteetric 0.01 og/l EPA, p. 249 (wtth TVA Cool, 4*C modificattee) Potassium 00937 og/l - Ateost Absorptten 1+1 NNo s 0.1 og/l EPA, pp. 41,143 I st/8 es. Desidue, total filterable 10300 og/l Greetmetric Coet 4*C 10 mg/l EPA,p.2% Sesidue, total seafilterette 00530 Graeteatric ogi1 EPA, p. 268 Cool. 4*C 1 og/l 511aca, dasseleed 00956 og/l Celerseetric Cool. 4*C 0.I ag/l EPA, p. 174 Sodium 00929 ag/l Atanac Absorptnee Coel, 4*C 0.1 og/l EPA, pp. 61, 647 Sulfate 00965 Tertadametric Cool 4** og/l LPA, p. 177 I es/t
~
Temperatore 00010 .
*C Theroister Thernemeter la Satu 0.l*C Tertidity 00076 #ephelometric Coel,4*C JTU(NYU)
EPA, p. 295 1 ,,T NTU)
w s 0-3 s inats 3.1
. (Caetaaned).
Pa rameter SMIRET tee,gebert Preservettee teethod d meterese,a Detecties ag, . .. .t .t m.r,ues _Tethe s eses L6ents EPA. pp 43. 155 I., . e ,, ,,,, 1 al/8 es. st10AET 6e the eerseye for EPA's det's storage and retrieest sy 8 Beserence ethreetettese refer to the followset: stem. es sesch all Tva date to estered. RPAgeelsty
- Rethese fee Cheseet Of f are. C4ecasasta. Chae. Amelweio of heter hostes.1974
~~
Stemderd hethode
- Standard Methods f or oed theu Enestentlea of taster, Eseireannetal Protecties A WGS'a amerac.e Pui.e hesitt nos.<.et.ee, see r.re, sv. satemeter. 16th Edatase. 1975 mettees Chapter A-l. for Collectnee 1970. 0.5. eed Analysse of water Semeles for Departaeet of laterser. Geelegacel Se rvey.
Osseeleed _ ses, t.ea 5 - Minersia ese Ca Inter Reseerth * "Autensted Amelyste for slittate by h d y ratise tederties" beter Reseerth. I. 201. 1947. 1 J e 9 d S o b M 1
8 917r
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REFERENCE 2-37 RD 1 Box 127A Corsica, Fennsylvania March 23,1975 .
~
Dr. Stewart Tweed - Westinghouse Enviror. mental Systems Monroeville Mall Annex Monroeville, Fennsylvania l Dear Mac Enclosed are: Tl) data report for identification of larval fish with the new keys (2) written report as requested in your , letter of March 4,1975: (3) comments on the text of the progress report (and your text with notes) . The re-identification of larval fish is different, since the key now goes only to family. Also, the " golden redhorse" in.their old key are now in the family Clupeidae. Quite a feat. Your coveragg in the 2 7 section of the ER was very good and very thorough. No'te that I have both the typed comments and have made a number of notes on your text, which is also enclosed. The enclosed report, I believe, covers all the points requested. 'Those not covered in your. earlier text are more detailed. I would have thrown in a table or two on back-calculated fish length comparisons, but didn'.t feel they were warranted in view of the fact'that we had no' empirical data on Clinch River total length-standard length conversions. Hence, the data would be a little difficult to interpret. Instead, I i calculated TL ,SL' relationships on the basis of other peoples' data so I could make reasonable comparisons. These will stand up.
';,' hat are chances you could send me a copy of each of the tables and figures in my repor't? I' d5d not have access to a j -copy machine over the weekend.
i f' I'll be back in Pennsylvania on about April 1. Before that, j ir you want to reach me, you can try 616-773-5597 (Muskegon, l Michigan). l Incidentally, the work took a little over 10 days. Shall I just invoice for 8 of can I go for the 107 LI'll check when I get back. .
.- Sincerely. -
I Kenneth.J. Linton, Ph.D.
COMMENTS ON COMPARICONS IN SECTION 2 7 Page 2 73-2 and table 2 7S-1 are temperatures at C3M 15-18 much higher than CRM 23.l? If not, there does not seem'too much likelihood of difficulty except at 0 or reverse flow. Trip ll, D.O. is. pretty low. With a heated discharge and increased heterctrophic activity, could be a problem. Percent saturation is low -- biological activity? Or'some other reason? See Table 2 7S-9 (Inside Caney Creek), p. 2 7S-82. At 0 3m., temperature and 72 saturation D.O. Any problem here 's
, that you know of? Such as excessive phytoplankton, etc. Or just the temperature effect? Frobably the latter.
Tables 2 73-14 to 17 Several of the stations show high percentages in the
" greater than 5 6 mm= category. Since it would make cuite a difference in benthos, etc., could you comment on whether ,
this actually is gravel or whether come contained much larger rocks? Section 2 7 2.4.2 . A thorough discussion, but it might be heuristically
- valuable to put the-diversity indices in one table for
! comparative purposes (~as you did for zooplankton) .- Uection 2 7.2.4 3 - r Table 2 73-53 Do not run parametric statistics on. these. In-this type of analysis, stick with ranking A0V's. j and if you need correlation coefficients for anything, go with L the Kendall rank c.c,. or something similar. Table 2.7S-90 There is probably reason to do this by overall mean. t ignoring dates, since,the station sediment (particle) '1:e should not be greatly differen.t for the different dates. The difference between dates is probably less important. l. I i
o .
. i. .
General comments. Your use of.the word "signi.ficant" implies statistical testing that is not in evidence. Could you sue another word
, or, term such as " appreciable", or "important", or "apparently not greatly different"?
' Section 2 7 2.4 9, This can be considered " Preference" only for those organisms that'are relatively more abundant in f'ish stomachs than they are among the organisms actually available to the fish. Fish are' known to be notoriously non-selective in most cases, taking articles of a particular size, rather than being oualitatively selective. Hence, the word " preference" (even back in my undergraduate days) is definitely inappropriate. -
- Generally, your coverage is very thorough.
. ., of
/ /
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P Clinch River (E3D-158-74) Fish Eggs and LT vae 6/26/74 Using new key from TVAs _ c-3099 (Tow) Popular Springs Creek 6-Clupeidae 3/28/7h c-3 con T3-3 1 - Percidae e f l { i l I . t l l m
FOOD MEB The food web in any warm-water stream is obviously a rather complex machine. Based on empirical data on the food intake of organisms in the study area (Tables Al-A6) and on published food habits from other studies (Table- A-9), a simplified food web was' constructed for the Clinch River
~
study area (Figure 1 and Table AA-1) in order to identify important organisms (Table A-10) and to generally characterize the biota. . Component 1. (See Figure 1.) It is not uncommon in lotic biotic communities for the tropife system to be based primarily on allochthomous _ energy (Ball, et al., 1969: Lellak, 1965: etc.). In this instance, the discussion of the autotrophic index-(Section 2 7 2.4.4) provides substantiation. 'The sources could be leaf litter, wastes from farm animals, human excrement, etc. This is further supported in the present study by presence of dominant organisms known to use such materials as important foods (annelids, pelecypods, chironomids),.either directly of by utilizing the bacteria growing on the materials or carried by the current. Components 2 and 3 River systems don't normally depend heavily on primary production from phytoplankton (e.g. , Stober,1963) as is probably the case here. But the reservoir above the study area and the fact that the study area itsel'f is inter-mediate between lotic and lentic probably affects both the qualitative and quantitative contributions for, say, the planktivorous fishes, increasing the potential biomass in this component. Component 4. Because.of the often high turbidity of the water and its depth, as well as steep-sided banks, the primary production contributed by the periphyton in the natural I l L
~
trophic system ;r probably minimal. Reference-to Section 2 7.2.4.6 indicates that the same is true for macrophytes. Component 5,.
~
*The annelids serve in the aountic nystems much the same way they do in the terrestrial _ environment (Pennak,
, 1953). That is, they loosen the substrate, feed on the organ'ic matter contained in it, and contribute their own wastes to it. Further, the bottom-feeding fishes utilise them as food, along with other benthos. Limnodrilus, one of the most common organisms in the Clinch River benthos, uses the. allochthonous org'anic matter directly and, because of its position on the benthic surface, is readily available to the browsing fish. ,
Component 6. The chironomids are treated elsewhere in greater detail, but merit consideration here in that they are very numerous in the Clinch River benthos and constitute one of the important primagy_ consumer group _s. Many -of them spin nets, which catch organic detritus, bacteria, and algae. drifting with the current. The nets, or portions of,them, are eaten periodicaHy, 'af ter .which the net is replaced (Fe'nnak,1953) . In streams, they are an important food for minrows, suckers,. and the young of many species. They would also serve as food for the benthic in' sects that normally constitute a part of the. secondary consumer level, but reference to Table 2 7S - 71 indicates that these predaceous insects are not present in the dredge samples. The appearance of Hemerodromia in the 4 artificial substrates (Table 2.75 - 98) suggests that other bottom types exist upstream, permitting colonization of the substrates. This is further supported by the presence in the ~ artificial substrates of the mayfly Stenonema, a sprawler. But it is possible that such natural substrates exist in limited parts of the sampling area and these organisms were
*~
simply missed by the dredges, since Tricorythodes, commonly found in sand and gravel (Usir;ger,1956 / appeared only in the artificial substrates also. w - - _ - , - -. ,
-' T
o - r . 3 fo, s Component.7 , ) < iThe molluscs are. represented almost exclusively by - Corbicula, the only other- to . appear being the snail Ferrissia. l' 'Both of these-molluscs' occupy-a lower. order consumer-level.:
- . the former feeding- on plankton and detritus lar filtering the water;whilethe?latterMIeeds on'periphyton and detritus
- by " browsing".. Either of them can serve as food,- at least P fin their.early growth stages.-for the bottom-feeding fishes.
- Component 8.
The "planktovorous" fish' are -the most numerous of all the" fish -in the study area (Tables AA-1 and A-8), suggesting
'that the' fish segment-of'the community is heavily dependent
- on the downstream drift of plankters from the reservoir above.'
This may be tempered somewhat by the observation'that none of. them is exclusively planktivorous, but also us'e benthic algae and invertebrates (Tables A-3, A-4, A-9: - and
. Fuchs, 1967).
Although the chreadfin shad and gizzard' shad are- - popular on the menus of the piscivores investigated-(Tables A-2,'A-6, and A-7), probably the er.erald shiner is at least as heavily' utilized snong the. remaining.piscivores (Scott, 1954). Although it feeds on some aquatic insects, its early diet is primarily phytoplankton. As an addit, its diet consists primarily of.large.zooplankters (Fuchs, 1967). A comparison of Fuchs' results of plankton sampling with Table 2 7S-25 indicates that in the Clinch River, plankters would be even more readily available, so :they probably constitute at least as large a part of the diet here. Thus, of the species in component-8, the most important are the gizzard and threadfin shads and the emerald shiner.- Component 9 The bottom-feeding fishes are probably best . classified as omnivorous, although some subgroups appear to be rather select.ive. For. example, the redhorses and t'he small- , mout:1 buffalo tend to feed more heavily on molluscs (Tables A-1 r, s _ m v -, ,-rv --w, w , r- , - w e r -r m *- w w '-ve + * +r v + b c - +-,- r. +-4--~--.-4ue-+ -+,*t --.~..w.~+--
and A-9), thereby- taking some advantage of the short food
. chain involving Corbicula. However, it should be pointed out that.. since these are rapidly growing, large fish, this appears to be a " dead end", ecologically. The energy here is not utilized to any great extent.by the piscivores. Also, these fish are not considered game fish.
The remainder of the bottom feeders, though not selecting (and perhaps avoiding) Corbicula, are also mostly - the end of their respective food chains.' The organ, isms that could be considered important here would be so only in terms of their numbers and biomass,
~
including.then the golden redhorse and carp..neither of which are game fish. .. It is possible that fresh-water commercial fisheries would take advantage of the potentially high
^
productivity of the rough fish populations inl warm-water streams. If this came to be'the case, the short food ' chain (allochthonous organics to Corbicula and Limnodrilus to rough fish)-could be useful. For the present, this does not' appear very likely to be widely used as a-commercial source of protein for humans. Component 10. Included Emong the " insectivorous" fish are most of the smaller game fish. Again, they have a predilection for insects, but feed on a variety of organisms. At least as adults, the functional position of these fish is the consumption of insects and other invertebrates and especially as young, ' serving as' forage for the piscivorous fishes, such as the centrarchid basses.
~
Among them, clearly the most numerous is the bluegill, which could also be important as a game fish. Component 11. There is apparently a more even distribution of numbers among several,of the large piscivores. The exception is the skipjack herring, which.is of, lesser import as a game fish. The remainder are the spotted bass, largemouth bass, sauger, white bass, and channel catfish. Of these, only the channel catfish is not considered a game fish, though its flesh is
*^
i prized elsewhere in the* country. Among these game fish.in ,the study irea, all are primarily piscivorous, but all of them also feed on crustaceans, insects, and other. benthic invertebratec. Corbicula,- though, would not be important in any of their diets. The important ones would be the spotted bass, large-mouth bass, sauger, and white bass.
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. ADDITIONAL , COMMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS' FROM THE FOOD NEB From the make-up of the b' iota, it appears thats (1) the
~
food web is based on. production coming from outside the study area -(periphyton and macrophytes contribute an inconsecuential amount): (2) this production includes organic detritus from the reservoir and stream above the study area and from outside the stream itself: (3) and it includes a comparatively heavy
~
contribution fron planktonic organisms. It is also apparent that the Corbicula production is channeled, where at all, primarily into the " rough fish" group, whereas .the game fishes , , for. the most part, are more dependent on the planktonic and herbivorous insect components. It is also of more than passing interest that any young fish (especially fish postlarvae) from whatever species, are largely dependent on plank, ton for' food. , Table A-10 lists the important organisms based on a gross analysis of the food web. In terms of the food web, sufficient data do not exist to characterize it differently for the five transects. The. study of fish movement in this area (Norton,1962) and else-i where (Funk, 1955: Carter, 1955) further indicates that a distinction within a three mile segment of the river is probably superfluous. . Direct comparison on a one-to-one basis of the elements of this food web with similar studies is difficult because of the paucity of literature (see, e.g. , Thut, 1969). Comments on,the components are, of course, included above. l But it is not uncommon for allochthonous energy to form the basis of much or most of the production-in 'floning water systems (e.g., Ball, et al., 1968: Ball, et al., 1969: King and Ball, 1967). In fact, in some reported cases, a segment of a > river may depend on allochthonous energy for more than 90% of its production. (King and Ball, '1967) . The benthos of the Clinch River study section reflects l I r
this dependence on allochthonous material. Reference 'to the lists of important species, however, points up the fact that ' this situation. as it stands,.is not an unhaalthy one for the biota, which includes,a number of desireable species. A similar s'ituation occurs in the Red Cedar River with regard to fish"(Linton and Ball, 1965). As pointed.out above, the food web is. based largely'on allochthonous energy. This should not be appr,eciably changed in any' event.' The effect of increased siltation, if rather
- i. heavy, would affect the benthic community. Generally, one
.would expect the benthos to react by reducing the insect population relative to the annelids and perhaps the pelecypods.
Very heavy siltation rates would also be detrimental to. the , latter. The early shift would be more likely to b'e detrimental to that portion of.the food web based on the insects -perhaps emphasizing the relative proportions of the " rough" fish . If sufficient plankton drifted'into the area, the planktivorous fishes (which, incidentally, are more tolerant
~
to raised temperatures) would be relatively little affected. Frovided the.piscivores did not react negatively to the increased temperatures by leaving the area. (and they likely would not), they should still find adequate food. For a discussion of this and other aspects, see Trembley (1962). If a at:of 3oc-Soc were' confined to a limited plume, and mixing were. good below, the effect should be minimal. However, in~the event-of a j
" reverse flow", the results could be disastrous to'the community. -
Another effect that could, in the long run, shift the fish populations predominantly toward . carp, would be to limit fish reproduction due-to increased temperature and siltation. However, since few of the species probably spawn in this segment, the effect should not be great. e 9
~
IMPORTANT SPECIES . Chironomidae are being treated elsewhere, so this discussion excludes that group, Several apparently important species were identified in relationship to the food web (Table A-10). In addition, several Clinch River invertebrates have been identified'as being (Barnes, 1974: Pennak, 1953: Usinger, 1956): intolerant of low dissolved oxyg'ne (Table A-13): tolerant of low'
. dissolved oxygen (Table A-14): indicative of relatively
" unpolluted" water (Table A-15) and organisms intolerant to high' temperatures (Table A-16) .
Although none of the organisms listed in Table A-16 are ' important in-the food web, raising the temperature considerably can reduce the dissolved oxygen content, tending to depress the populations (or eliminate them) for those organisms in
' Table A 13
. These organisms include s'ome of those which are important as food for the planktovorous and insectivorous fishes and the young of all species of fish.
Aspects of the life histories of important species are included in Tables A-9 and A-12. e 9
^
- FISH GROWTH Limited numbers of fish of seven species'were aged and lengths at prior annuli were calculated. In the following tre'tment, a samples numbering less thaf 30' individuals are of limited value in comparisons due to the possiblel errors involved in'the ca'lculation of the standard length - scale-radius regression.
The species treated were the sauger, white bass, skipjack
-herring, gizzard shad., threadfin shad, carp, and smallmouth buffalo. The back-calculated lengths of each of the fish species are presented in Table A-11.
The growth of the sauger reported in.Carlander, 1953, for five~ Tennessee populations l'ndicated that th,e Clinch River fish may grow slightly slower,than is usual for Tennessee fish, but faster than for most Sauger reported from other waters (e.g., ~ those reported in Carlander for northern waters). Through Age III, the lengths were virtually identical with those found-by Friegel (1969), but the Clinch River fish grew more rapidly in later ages. The white bass growth is slower than that reported for Bull _ Shoals Reservoir (Houser and Bryant, 1970) and slightly slower than that reported for several studies (including l two from Tennessee) in Carlander (1953). It should be I recalled that the present study is based on small numbers. No data could be found which would permit a comparison
- of the back-calculated skipjack herring lengths reported in -
~
this study. l For the gizzard shad, the growth agrees very well with published studies included by Carlander (1953), two of which are from Oklahoma waters, except for the age four fish, which t [ , show a slightly depressed growth. There were only five age-I four- fish included in the present study, so that the deviation could easily be due to chance Rather, it could be more reasonably concluded that the gizzard shad growth in the Clinch Rive- is about average for the species. f' I . L
n , The growth reported by-Johnson (19t0) for the threadfin shad in' Arizona waters appears to be low. This is' borne out by the comments of Lambou (1965) regarding'the threadfin , shad as an introduced forage fish.- In his study of the Bogue Falaya River in Louisiana, he found (non-aged) fish averaging around seven inches total. length and ranging upward to eight inches. These fish are more comparable to those found in the Clinch River and the back-calculated lengths found in the present study are probably about usual for the species. Ca' r p growth in .the Clinch River is apparently greater than that : reported for Tennessee by Eschmeyer, et al. (1944) as recorded in Carlander'(1953). However, only the first two years of growth were reported in that study. This is particularly difficult to assess in view of the fact that in the present study, only 19 fish of a predominantly limited size range were used. The intercept value is undoubtedly elevated. causing early growth to appear greater than it actually is. Taking this into account, the length attained by comparably aged older fish is within or below the reported. ranges, indicating th'at carp in the Clinch River show a growth rate , perhaps slower than average. Martin, Auerbach, and Nelson (1964) reported back-calculated total lengths for smallmouth buffalo in Matts Bar Reservoir. The converted standard lengthsin the present' study are all within the reported lengths for tlatts Bar Reservoir. Compared with those reported for Reelfoot Lake by Schoffman (1944) as cited by Carlander-(1953), they are within the ranges for younger fish and slightly below for the older fish. 4 0 4 9 0 m b 4
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FIGH EGGS AND LARVAE , Fich spawning in the area is-apparently quite limited (Tables 2 75-137-139). In streams of this morphometry (the main stream), centrarchid nests are unlikely. But those fish
~
that broadcast their eggs over underwater obstructions of gravel,'etc. (e.g.,.the clupeids and large percids) could spawn in the s.tudy area. Percid spawning is generally very early in .the spring, which is borne out by the presence of one percid larva collected
- at transect 3, station .3 on March 26, 1974 There is some ' evidence that sauger eggs and fry may drif t do.mstream, but most of them apparently are -at least moderately adhecive as eggs and would not drift appreciably ac prolarvae. ,
Spawning apparently occurs in Popular Springs Creek and Caney Creek, since clupeid larvae were collected there on June 26, 1974. The low numbers of eggs and larvae may be indicative of only limited spawning, or, especially for the ' stationary collectionc, that there is-very little drift of the eggs and larvae produced. The later (May, June and July) eggs are probably those
.of clupeids and minnows-that spawn later in the spring and early summer, rather than of centrarchids and other game L- fish, which generally spawn earlier.
S
, -. , , , - - - ,s , , , - - -
o- . TABLE AA-1 FISH CLASS FICATION FOR FIGURE 1 ' Component 8. Planktivores. Gizzard shad Threadfin shad Silver chub - Golden shiner *
- Rosefin shiner Emerald shiner Component 9 Bottom feeders Mooneye CaI*p .
Quillback carpsucker
' Northern-hog sucker Smallmouth buffalo River redhorse -
Black redhorse Golden redhorse
' Freshwater drum Component 10. Insectivores
. Bluntnose minnow Rock bass '
Redbreast sunfish Bluegill Longear sunfish Redear sunfish Logperch , Banded sculpin Brook silverside Component 11. Piscivores , l Skipjack herring Channel catfish White bass Striped bass Spotted bass largemouth bass l Mhite crappie L Greenside darter Yellow perch Sauger , 1 O
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LITERATURE CITED Ball, Robert C., Niles R. Kevern and Kenneth J. Linton. 1969 The Red Cedar River report II. Bioecology. Publ. Mus . , Michigan State University, Biol. Ser. 4(4): 105-160. Ball,' Robert C., Kenneth J. Linton, and Niles R. Kevern. 1968. The Red Cedar River report'I. Chemistry and hydrology. Publ. Mus., Michigan State University Biol. Ser. 4(2): 29-64. Barnes, Robert D. 1974. Invertebrate Zoolosv. 3d. ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co. 670p. , Carlander, Kenneth D. 1953 Handbook of freshwater fishery biology with the first supplement. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Co,. 429p. Carter. Ellis R. 1955 The harvest and movement.of game fishes in Kentucky Lake and its tailwaters. De t. of Fish and Wildl. Resources, Fish.-Bull. No. 15 1 p. 1944.- Eschmeyer, R. W. , Richard H. Stroud, and Alden M. Jones. Studies of the fish population on the shoal area of a TVA main-stream reservoir. J. Tenn. Acad. Sc.,-19(1): 70-122. Flemer, David A., and William S. Woolcott. 1966. Food' habits-and distribut' ion of the fishes of Tuckahoe-Creek, Virginia, with special' emphasis on the bluegill, Lecomis m. macrochdrus Rafinescue. Chesapeake Sci. , 7(2) 75-89 Puchs, E. H. 1967 life history of the emerald shiner, Notropis atherinoides, in Lewis and Clark Lake, South Dakota. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 96: 247-256. Funk, J. L. 1955 Movement of stream fishes in Missouri. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 85: 39-57 Gerking, Shelby D. 1962. Production and food utilization in a population of bluegill sunfish.- Ecol. Mon., 32: 31-78. l Harlan, James R. and Everett B. Speaker. 1956. Iowa fish and fish (49 Iowa St. Printing Bd. - 377p. ' Houser, alfred and Horace E. Bryant. 1970. Age, growth, sex composition, and maturity of white bass in Bull Shoals Reservoir. U. S. Dept. of Interior, Bur. of Spt. Fish. l and Wildl., Tech. Paper-No. 49 llp. ! Jearld. Ambrose , Jr. , mui Bradford E. Brown.. 1971. Food of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in a southern great. plains reservoir. Amer. Midl. Nat. , 86(1): 110-115 Johnson, James E. 1970. Age, growth and population dynamics of threadfin shad, Dorosoma retenense'(Gunther), in Central Arizona reservoirs. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 99(4): 739-753 King, Darrell L.'and[ Robert C., Ball. 1967 Comparative energetics of a polluted stream. Limnol and Ocean., 12(1): 27*33 G
Lellak, J. 1965 The food supply as a factor regulating.the population dynamics of bottom animals. Mitt. Internat. . Verein. Limnol.,~13: 128-138. Linton, Kenneth J. and Robert C. Ball'. 194<. A study of the fish populations in a warm-water str eam. quart. Bull. of Mich. Ag. Exp. Sta. , 48(2) : 255-285 Lambou, Victor W.' 1965 Observations on size distribution and s Fish. pawning behavior Soc., 94(4): of trheadfin shad. Trans. Amer. 385-386. MaItin, R. E., S. I. Auerback, and D. J. Nelson. 1964. Growth and movement of smallmouth buffalo, Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque), in Watts Bar Reservoir, Tennessee.. Oak Ridge National Lab. - 3530. 90p. Morton, R. J. (Ed.). 1962. Status report #3 on Clinch River s tudy. Oak Ridge National Lab. - 3370, pp. 72-117. Mullan, James W., and Richard L. Applegate. 1970. Food. habits of 5 centrarchids during filling of Beaver Reservoir. ' 1965-66. U- S. Dept. of Interior,~ Bur . of Spt. Fish. and Wildl. Tech. Paper No. 50. 16p. Parks , Colon E. 1949 The summer food of some game fishes of Winona Lake. Inves. of Indiana Lakes and Streams, 3(4): 235-245 Fennak, Robert d. 1953 Freshwater invertebrates of the U.S. N.Y.: Roanld Press Co. 769p. Priegel, Gordon R. 1970. Food of the white bass, Roccus Chrysors, in Lake sinnebago, Wisennsin. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 99(2): 440 443 Perry, N. Guthrie, Jr. 1969 Food habits of hbe and channel catfish collected from a brackish-water habitat. Progr. Fish. Cult., 31(1): 47-50. . Friegel, Gordon R.- 1969 The Lake Winnebago sauger. Age. growth, reproduction, food habits, and early life history. Wisc. Dept. of Nat. Res. Tech. Bull. No. 43 63p. Friegel, Gordon R. 1967 Food of the freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), in Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 96(2): 218-220. Rogers, Wilmer a. 1968. Food habits of young largemouth bass (Microoterus salmoides) in hatchery ponds. Froc. of-5theast. Assn. Game Commrs., 21st Ann. Conf., pp. 543-553 Schoffman, R.'J. 1944. Age and growth of the smallmouth buffalo in Reelfoot Lake. J. Tenn. acad. Sco.. 19(1): 3-9 Scott, '.l . B . 1954. Freshwater fishes of eastern Canada. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Pr. 128p. Sinclair, Ralph M. and Billy'd. Isom. 1961. A preliminary report. 99ngheggg7gyeggagggaticclamCorbiculainTennessee. D s1 P.
_f'. Smith, Philip N. and Lawrence M. Page. 1969 The food of spotted bass in streams of the Wabash River drainage. l Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 98(4): 647-651. Stober, Quentin J. 1963 Some limnological effects of Tiber Reservoir on the Marias River Montana. Proc. of the q Montana Acad of Sciences. 23:111-137 Swedberg, Donald V. 1968. Food and growth of the freshwater drum in Lewis and Clark Lake, South Dakota. Trans.
; Amer. Fish. Soc., 97(4): 442-447 Thut, Rudolph N. 1969 Community structure of semi-natural i s tream systems (abstract) Ein: The stream ecosystem.
M. K. Kellogg Biol. Sta. and. Inst, of Water Research Tech. Rpt. No. 7 42p.) 1 Trembley, F. J. 1965 Effects of cooling water from steam-electric power plants on stream biota.[in: Biological problems in water pollution. 3rd. seminar. U. S. Dept. 6 of HE*i, pp. 334-345 1 , l Usinger, Robert L. ( Ed .' ) . 1956. Aquatic insects of California. Berkeley: Univ. of Calif. Press. 508p.
' .'e bb , J . F . and D . D . Mo s s .
. 1968. Spawning behavior and age and grovth of white bass in Center Hill Reservoir Tennessee.
' Proc. 6 theist. Assn. Game Comers., 21st. Ann. Conf., pp. 343-357 a
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[ ral from Spirit Lake, and specimens up to 30 pounds are quite e:mmon in a few li ' , ,17 of the larger lakes and the Mississippi River. l Angling-Buffaloes rarely take a hook, hence they are only taken on occa-sicn while angling fcr other fishes. A few are taken en worms cr doughtalls. - dr , Black Buffalo in Ictiobus niger (Rafinesque)
> ril ne Other Names-Mongrel buffslo, round buffalo, current buffa!o.
[ , ng Iowa Distribution-A rather uncommon species in state waters, the black .
") ' .ut buffalo has been taken inland in Stornt Lake, and in the Des TIcines and Lit J s Y cr Sioux rivers. It is primarily eenf:ned to the boundary nyers and their over-flow ponds or lakes. (See Map IS.) ! .
rs Description-This fish is usually darker than the bigmouth buffalo in color, a to tending toward a deep clive-green or slate-gray to nearly b!ack with dar,c fins. '
"r The mouth is less oblique and smaller than in the bigmouth buffalo. The lips are thicker and the upper jaw is distinct!; shorter than the snout. The scales are large, running from 35 to 40 in the lateral line. The body is robust and i' well-rounded in front of the dorsal fin. There are usual;y 30 rays in the dorsal fin.
Food Habits-The food of the black buffalo consists largely of plankton, insect !arvae and vegetation. Where vegetation is scarce or absent, it seems ;;
-d to survive entirely en animal inatter. Sr. ails and cther small mollusks are .
s taken in considerable quantities at all times by this and other buffr.!oet. ] .-4
'y Angling-Little or no angling is afforded, since this fish rarely takes natural -
A
'P or artificial lures. Because of the scarcity of the fish, it is not very important 6 d in the commercial harvest, although a few individuals a:e occasionally found in the landings on the boundary rivers. '
2 Smallmouth Euffalo
; Ictiobus i.ubalus (Rafire:sque) N
,is Other Names-Roach-back, razor-tack-buffalo fish, and thick-lipped buffalo.
'** ^
" Iowa Distribution-This species is even less common than the preceding. It "d formerly was commonly found in certain stretches of the Mississi; pi R;ver, "
but now is taken only cecasionally and then in small numbers. It is also y Js found in small numbers in Spirit and Okoboji lakes, and rarely in the oxbows ,
.g -
e- of the Missouri River. (See Map 19.) . j Description-The coloration is similar to the bigmouth buffalo, except usually ' 6' much lighter. The back is highly elevated ard muel: sharper than either of s L, g the other two buffaloes. The head is small and compressed. The mouth is 5 $ '. ' gy small and the lips thick. Scales are large and number about 33 in the lateral ,.7 line. There are 27 to 00 rays in the dorsal fin. ! 3 Food Habits-The food censists largely of crustaceans, insect larvae, small *
- mollusks and plant material.
is cs. Life History-Spawning occurs in May, and the ' eggs are deposited at ran- ; y' , in dom over the bottom or in vegetation. Incubation is completed in about 10 ' i, a
- h. days. The fish mature in three years and reach a maximum size of 40 pounds, f ;
re although individuals over 15 to 20 pounds are uncommon. A smallmouth buf. 'a
., s.
\s falo from Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, was rearly 33 inches long and weighed 9 V 25% pounds (Schoffman,1944). The fish was 12 years old. Ordinarily this " '
j. fish does not attain the weight of the bigmouth buffalo in Iowa waters. I ( fp g.
,d Angling-These fish are rarely, if ever, taken by anglers. They do bring a premium on the rnarket, however, when brought in by commercial fishermen.
d
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4.d The flesh is said to be somewhat superior to other buffaloes, and because of the e -
"i smaller body cavity there is less waste in cleanmg. f.%W lQ-
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I i It was is primar f ' inland rivers where it is occasional to common in some locations. ring spee:
.8 rarely taken in the 3!ississippi River and has not been taken in the last ten common years in the 311ssouri River. It is not normaHy found in lakes or ponds. (See weight, c Map 23.) M.ot been T
'l Description--The highfin can be readily. recognized from the northern Thesecarp-rays sippi Riv j sucker by the length of the anterior, or first rays, in the dorsal fin. Descrir 3
are greatly elevated and when depressed reach to the tip of the dorsal fin or yellow tt l
' beyond. There are from 25 to 27 rays in the dorsal fin. The body. is deep, and stou' g and its height is more than one-third the length from the tip of the snout to distingui: l
~
' the base of the tail fin. The eye is somewhat larger than that of the northern are not I '
i carpsucker, rays 'n t Food Habits-From our studies we find the highfinLike sucker otherlives on bottomit carpsuckers eften 40 be golder ooze, plant material, and instets and their larvse. 5 might be considered a seavenger, and it competes largely with the smaH channel Food 1
- catfish for food and with all fish for space in the rivers. and sma!
4 Life History-Breeding takes place in the early spring, usually in May, at ggf,gg which time these fishes migrate in large numbers to shallow areas and over-and does flow ponds of the s*rearns. The young reach a length of about 4 inches in u A adults at November of the first year, and sexual maturity at the third year of life. J few specimens have been known to reach a weight of two or three pounds, Anglin i but fish over 14 inches in length are uncommon. occamm Angling-They are not important to anglers, and the few taken are caught but theri l incidentally with other fishes, or b}* the methods described under the river
- j carpsucker.
l l Black Redhorse Other I Morostoma duqueenti (LeSueur) Iowa ' Other Names-Black muHet and blackhorse. the inla: Iowa Distribution l l 83 0
! r r: art,c . ere Deser This extremely rare sucker is confined to the upper reaches of the Turkey hright <
River watershed. A single specimen, constituting the only recent record, was
)h ' taken over a pea. gravel bar bordering a large cutbank pool.
cardal shorter
- Description-The color is dark olive-green with brassy sides and white belly. much n l 1) I ,
The fins, especially the dorsal and tail, are dark. Like the other redhorses rays, at The scales are ' or mullets, the mouth is inferior and the lips are rather There arethick. 12 or 13 rays in the folded Y sman, usuaHy about 45 in the lateral line. The tai dorsal fin. The caudal perunele, that slender portion of the body between Food
! the anal and tail fin which supports the tall of the fish, is slender, and its depth small r 3
1 is less than two-thirds its length from the end to the base of the anal fin. tig, Food Habits-The food of the black redhorse consists largely of insect larvae g ay, n. and small moHusks. of life, Life History-It ascends the smaHer streams, preferably those with lime- a lengt stone rubble bottoms, to deposit its eggs at random in the spring, usually in more cc l
; ' early May. No specimens over a foot long have been observed in Iowa by the Angi a writers. In fact, they are so rare at this time, only an ocessional fish is found casiona in the test netting operations of the State Conservation Commission. It usua Angling-These fish are too rare to be of sny importance to the angler at bait fi
) .
l this time. I , j Golden Redhorse Mozostoms erythrurum (Rafinesque)
;I I
t Other Names-Golden mullet, golden sucker, and white sucker. Othe Iowa Distribution-Both the golden and silver redhorse are current. prefer. 1 l~ d b, , M 1 w ap sm @f@@
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nr. .. p. .-n- n=0 ...stvo. . I e , SUCKER FA MIL Y 77 . locations. It was is primarily an inhabitant of Istre or moderate sized streams where it is Nen in the last ten ring species and are not normally found in lakes or ponds. The golden redhorse ;A
. es or ponds. (See common to abundant. The redhorse group makes up over 15 per cent, by ,g weight, of the fish crop in the eastern Iown river test-netting catch. It has the nohhern carp- not been taken from the Missouri River nor in the lower reaches of the Missis- .
tal fin. These rays ' sippi River. (See Map 24.) I A the dorsal fin or Description-The color of the golden redho-se, as its name implies. is light ' The body is deep, yellow to deep gold. Like the silver redhorse, the caudal peduncle is-short tip of the snout to and stout and its width is more than two. thirds its length. It can be easily
' hat of the northern distinguished from the silver redhorse, however, because the ridges of the lips are not broken by transverse creases into small papillae. There are 11 to 15 '
ker litzs on bettom rays in the dorsal fin, usually 13, and 38 to 44 scales in the lateral line, most
,thtr carpsuckers it often 40 to 42. The tail fin 'is sometimes slate-colored in life, but may th the small channel be golden yellow. (See Plate 19.) -
Food Habits-The golden redhorse fires almost exclusively upon insect larvae usually in May, at and small .nollusks. l
'aw areas and over.
- about 4 inches in Life History-Lika the other redhorses, this fish spawns in the early spring i ici year of life. A and does not care for it eggs. It reaches a length of 18 to 20 inches, but most 4 Y ee pone, a.lults are from 14 to 1G inches.
Angling-This fish is not especially important to anglers, but a few are taken taken are occasionally from streams on worms and other live baits. The flesh is sweet, h r but there are many bones to contend with Silver Redhorse Moxostcma anieurum (Rafinesque) Other Names-Silver mullet, silver sucker, and white sucker. Iowa Distribution-This species, like the preceding, is generally distributed in the inla id rivers of the Mississippi drainage, where it is occasional to common. It is also foBnd in the smaller tributaries of these rivers. This species has appar. 17MMz). ently more stringent habitat requirements than the golden redborse. It is ; . taken only rarely in the southern half of the state. (See Map 25.) , ches of the Turkey Description-The fish has pale, silvery sides, somewhat darker above and recent record, was bright silver below, with fins often lightly tinted with gold or pink. The caudal peduncle, or that part of the body upon which the tail is fastened, is
<!es and white belly. shorter and stouter than that of the black redhorse, and its narrowest part is ,,
rauch more than two-thirds of its length. The large dorsal fin has 14 to 17 the other redhorses *
;c k. The scales ar, rays, and there are from 42 to 45 scales in the lateral line of the body. The or 13 rays in the folded skin of the lips is broken by transverse creases into minute papillae.
l r the body between The tail fin is slate-colored in life. (See Plate 19.)
- tender, and its depth sse of the anal fin. Food Habits---The food of the silver redhorse is insect larvae, snails and other l
small mollusks.
;ely of insect larvae Life History-The fish ascends the smaller streams to spawn in April and May, and the young may remain in these streams throughout their first year e ly those with lime- of life. Older fish have a prefererice for larger rivers. Large specimens reach e spring, usually in a length of 20 inches or more at maturity, but fish of 12 to 16 i .ches are much reed in Iowa by the more common. ,
I asional fish is found
~
nmission. Angling-The silver redhorse is taken by anglers on worms, grubs and oc- ' casionally on dough bait, but usually no special effort is made to catch it. ne to the ang!cr at It usually constitutes an extremely small part of the " mill run" catch of stream 1 I f' bait fisherman and is usually not distinguished from other suckers or red. 1
- horses by the anglers.
l"
- Northern Redhorse ucker. Mozostoma aureolum aureolum (LeSueur) i N f
c.re current. prefer. Other Names-Redfin, redfin sucker, redhorse, and bigscale sucker. ). t% 4 i y b
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I O TV A FISH AND FISHING 78 Ducrip Iowa Distribution-This species is most catholic in habitat requirements and is the space 1
' occasional to common in all rivers and streams in the state as well as in many I natural lakes. It has not, however, been taken from the Iowa portion of the bod .
Missouri River although it is present in some of its tributaries, and is probably belly. T'
; gg g 5i present in the Missouri proper. It is the most common sucker found in the Mississippi River, (See Map 26.) fins e!
Plate 13.) Description-The color is bright silvery on the sides with somewhat darker
'- back, and the fins, especially the tall fin, are bright orange or sometimes blood Food I red. The upper lobe of the tail is distinctly narrower than the lower lobe. of the. .st The mouth is small and inferior, or suckerlike. There are 41 to 48 scales t along the lateral line of the body and usually 13 rays in the dorsal fin. (See and even Plate 13.) ment. I organic r
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' Food Habits-The food is largely insect larvae and small mo!!usks. or on the
! ;' I Life History-The redhorse spawns in April or early May and ascends the Life II
small streams for that purpose. It attains a length of about 4 inches the first known of 1! year and may reach a length of nearly 2 feet at maturity. It prefers rather length h.
- swift, clear water of the smaller to moderate sized streams. of about Angling-There is some fishing pressure for this fish, especially in the , f,og go, early spring durir.g and immediately after the breeding season. They are most p - '
Angi,m 4- r i
$, ! often caught on worms, grubs, hoppers, erickets, er small pieces of meat. Oc. they are
.c casionally they are taken by anglers ,when fishing for channel catfish in the this is ic i -: l thread of the current;
- l River Redhorse
- 1
'l ' Morostoma carinatum (Cope)
Other Other Names-Greater redhorse, redfin redhorse. and whit Iowa Distribuilon Towa I
' Raccoon R.: Dal!as Co., Adel and Perry Ofeek 1:32). ""W" U 4 U* I'"' the statt
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, j j Floyd R.: Pirmouth Co., LeMars Oteek.1894). the natt d
i This species has not been taken in Iowa sace the turn of the century and and enh 4' is now presumed to be extinct in Iowa waters, [ , Id"Pg8' P* i l Description-The mouth of this fish is somewhat oblique, and the lips are large and thick. The head is somewhat flattened on top. The pharyngeal or Descri p , 'j 4 theat teeth are heavy, the most distinctive character. The tail fin is- red, a character shared with only one other Iowa species, the northern redhorse. The alender There a lower fins are often tipped with red, especially the males in the breeding season. brassy t
.l Food liabits-Food items of this fish include insect larvae, plant material
{'th f
- y. i and small mollusks.
Angling-Decause of its scarcity in the state, it is of little or no value to There a exceed t the anglers. .Possibly a few individuals are taken by fishermen in quest of t other fishes, when live baits such as worms, grubs and other small baits are pg
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' used.
have be-
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Northern IIog Sucker
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' Hyrm!dium nigricans (Lesueur) over gr I] l' Other Names-Black sucker, spotted sucker, riffle sucker, bigheaded sucker, manner of laker
'; I ,
and stone roller. a lengt!- f. Iowa Distribution-The hog sucker is found primarily in the upper Des Meines produce f River watershed and the upper reaches of the rivers in northeast Iowa. It inches. I ' is taken only in a rare instance in Clear Lake and in the Mississippi River at ster,19 If Lansing. While found in the major rivers, it reaches its peak abundance in 1"
- I
the small, rocky, feeder streams. (See Map 27.) d i I A , , s w - - rg mam i rg-
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iabitat requirements and is the space between the eyes is broad and concave. Description-3 state as well as in many J a.the Iowa portion of the large protractile lips. The mouth is inferior, with D nbutaries, and is probably body. There are from 46 to 51 seales in the length of the nmon sucker found in the belly. The color is olive to black on the back, with mottled sides and Ilght 'I, The body, and especially the tail, is very slender. 11 rays in the dorsal fin, which is rather short and low. There are usually les with somewhat darker fins are Plate 13.) frequently yellowish in color, with dusky shadings or mottlings.The large p ersage or sometimes blood (See ;. mer than the lower lobe. , here are 41 to 48 scales of Food Habits-The the streams. hog sucker feeds extensively in the swift, rocky riffles s in the dorsal fin. (Sce the side with its head, and sucks up small aquatic animals,
,mtII mollusks. and even sand and small rocks (which it quickly ejects) in a scouring mose.
ment. It feeds ravenously and is not easily disturbed by intruder *. The
,rly May and ascends the or on the rocks constitute its chief diet. organic materials, bits of aquatic of ebout 4 inches the first sturity. It prefers rather , .ams. known of its actual spawning habits.. Life History-It ascends Littla ;. the smaller length ha.w been collected in July and August. Young specimens less than 2 fr.ches i s fish, especially in the This fish reaches a length ~ season. They are most a foot long are rare in most of our waters.of about 14 inches or more od,(
diall pieces of meat. Oc. Mr channel catfis'n in the theyAngling-The are taken onhog sucker is rarely taken on a hook by anglers.Occas!or.a!!y worms ai@. '. a this is indeed uncommon. ,Thg flesh is coarse and not very desirab'e.a w I i ' White Sucker I Catostomus commersoni (I.achede) and Other Names-Sucker, black sucker, common sucker, slender sucker, mul!et whitehorse. i 11eek s 1832 83 collections turn of the century and the state, but is rare to occasional in numbers in the larg pared to the various species of redhorse. - 5 > It is found quite commonly in both 1 the natural and artificial lakes, but is rare to absent in the Missouri River and 'only occasional in the Mississippi River. blique, and the lips are , top. The pharyngeal or h*,n p p tern of any of the suckers, indicating a wide habitat toleranceIt has the m
. (See . The tail fin is red, a .
northern redhorse. The i in the breeding season. slender suckers by the large number of scales in the There are from 60 to 70 or more scales in the complete lateral line.
!l.. la
- t larvse, plant material It is brassy to dusky above, with brassy sides fading to white beneath. $a are very much crowded toward the head. The scales j of little or no value to t There are usually 11 or 12 rays in the dorsal fin,j a i
fishermen in grust of F id ethsr small baits are exceed the length of the dorsal fin when depressed. ; (See Plate 13.) - Food Habits-The common or white sucker feeds largely upon insect larvae small mollusks and plant material, although fish, fish eggs and other materials , g have been observed in their stomachs. Life History-The common sucker spawns in April through May, usually over gravel bottom. icker, bigheaded sucker, It is a random spawner, depositing eggs in a careless I
'n tha upper Des Moines of lakes, and leaving them unattended until they hatch. manner 'Q The young attain inv the a leng.h of about 4 to 5 inches the first year.
in northeast Iowa. It produce about 67,000 eggs (Vessel and Eddy,1941) and overFemales '. inch 14 to 16
'he Mississippi River at inches. 100,000 at 20 a its psale abundance in They have been known to reach a length of 25 inches or more (Web-ster,1942),
in a few of thebut individuals larger over 15 to 16 inches or more are quite rare except @ natural lakes, ' 3 h f.6 r a. {r
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