ML21264A171: Difference between revisions

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| number = ML21264A171
| number = ML21264A171
| issue date = 09/21/2021
| issue date = 09/21/2021
| title = History 101: Radium Part I - Opening Pandora'S Box
| title = History 101: Radium Part I - Opening Pandoras Box
| author name = Wellock T
| author name = Wellock T
| author affiliation = NRC/OPA, NRC/SECY
| author affiliation = NRC/OPA, NRC/SECY
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=Text=
=Text=
{{#Wiki_filter:Radium Part I: Opening Pandoras Box When Marie and Pierre Curie discovered Radium-226 in 1898, it opened up the atoms secrets and offered hope that its mysterious radioactive rays were a miracle cure. Sobering reality replaced euphoria as radium factory workers began to die.
{{#Wiki_filter:Radium Part I: Opening Pandoras Bo x
Radium taught the world of radiations dangers, yet it was not until 2005 that Congress put all aspects of radium safety oversight under the federal government. Until that time, it was primarily regulated  to varying degrees  by the states. This three-part blog series traces radiums long unique history where states took the lead in regulating it and compensating victims.
Soon after the Curies discovery, radium became a consumer and medical sensation. Its radiation reduced tumor growth, and researchers found somewhat elevated levels of radiation at some medicinal spas, such as Saratoga Springs, N. Y., and Hot Springs, Ark. Conclusion? Radiation was a life saver. One physician claimed that radiums radiation prevents insanity, rouses noble emotions, retards old age, and creates a splendid youthful joyous life.
Manufacturers hawked quack products they claimed were laced with radium as a miracle cure and status symbol: elixirs, kitchenware, clothes, pillows, razor blades, and cigarette holders, even condoms.
Radiums luminescent properties also made possible glow-in-the-dark paint for watch dials.
In 1925, the New York Times reported one of the earliest instances of radiation-induced cancer. Its victims were young womenwatch-dial painters in New Jersey, Connecticut and Illinois. The intricate work required them to lip point their brushes by licking them. Infections and cancers of the jaw followed from the ingested radium. The isotopes bone-seeking properties and long half-life made it particularly dangerous. (The time required for the radioactivity to decrease by one-half is referred to as the half-life. The half-life of Ra-226 is about 1,600 years.)
The tragic story of the radium girls transformed radiations image from panacea to poison. Public discussion turned to compensating victims and limiting radium exposuresduties that usually fell to state courts and agencies. In New Jersey, reformers won their fight for a law allowing compensation for radium necrosis.
State labor and health agencies were able to halt lip pointing, but their power over industry was sometimes limited. For example, the New Jersey Labor Department issued to U.S. Radium Corporation an order to tighten safety for its dial painters  comply or close. It closed and moved elsewhere.
Federal agencies mostly deferred to state authority over radium. They issued studies, organized conferences, and developed voluntary safe work practices. The Federal Trade Commission had some influence in shutting down falsely advertised products, such as the fountain of youth tonic Radithor, but safety assurance was a state prerogative.


With World War II, change came as nuclear reactors of the U.S. wartime atomic program flooded the world with new isotopes, reducing to near insignificance radiums commercial and medical applications.
Whe n M a r ie a nd Pie r r e C ur ie dis c ove r e d R a dium-226 in 1898, it ope ne d up t he a t om s s e c r e t s a nd offe r e d hope t ha t it s mys t e r ious r a dioa c t ive r a ys w e r e a mir a c le c ur e. Sobe r ing r e a lit y r e pla c e d e uphor ia a s r a dium fa c t or y w or ke r s be g a n t o die.
The Curies Nobel-Prize discovery was about to become an afterthought.
 
Be sure to check out Part II for the rest of the story.
R a dium t a ug ht t he w or ld of r a dia t ion s da ng e r s, ye t it w a s not unt il 2 0 0 5 t ha t C ong r e s s put a ll a s pe c t s of r a dium s a fe t y ove r s ig ht unde r t he fe de r a l g ove r nme nt. U nt il t ha t t ime, it w a s pr ima r ily r e g ula t e d t o va rying deg rees by t he s t a t e s. T his t hr e e-pa r t blog s e r ie s t r a c e s r a dium s long unique his t or y w he r e s t a t e s t ook t he le a d in r e g ula t ing it a nd c ompe ns a t ing vic t ims.
By Thomas Wellock, NRC Historian}}
 
Soon a ft e r t he C ur ie s dis c ove r y, r a dium be c a me a c ons ume r a nd me dic a l s e ns a t ion. I t s r a dia t ion r e duc e d tumor g r ow t h, a nd r e s e a r c he r s found s ome w ha t e le va t e d le ve ls of r a dia t ion a t s ome me dic ina l s pa s, s uc h a s Sa r a t og a Spr ing s, N. Y., a nd H ot Spr ing s, A r k. C onc lus ion? R a dia t ion w a s a life s a ve r. One phys ic ia n c la ime d t ha t r a dium s r a dia t ion pr e ve nt s ins a nit y, r ous e s noble e mot ions, r e t a r ds old a g e,
a nd c r e a t e s a s ple ndid yout hful joyous life.
 
M a nufa c t ur e r s ha w ke d qua c k pr oduc t s t he y c la ime d w e r e la c e d w it h r a dium a s a mir a c le c ur e a nd s t a t us s ymbol: e lix ir s, kit c he nw a r e, c lot he s, pillow s, r a z or bla de s, a nd cig a r e t t e holde r s, e ve n c ondoms.
R a dium s lumine s c e nt pr ope r t ie s a ls o ma de pos s ible g low-in-t he-da r k pa int for w a t c h dia ls.
 
I n 1925, t he New York Times r e por t e d one of t he e a r lie s t ins t a nc e s of r a dia t ion-induc e d c a nc e r. I t s vict ims were young women wa t ch-dia l pa int e r s in N e w J e r s e y, C onne c t ic ut a nd I llinois. T he int r ic a t e w or k r e quir e d t he m t o lip point t he ir br us he s by lic king t he m. I nfe c t ions a nd c a nc e r s of t he ja w follow e d fr om t he ing e s t e d r a dium. T he is ot ope s bone-s e e king pr ope r t ie s a nd long ha lf-life made it pa r t ic ula r ly da ng e r ous. (T he t ime r e quir e d for t he r a dioa c t ivit y t o de c r e a s e by one-half is referred t o as t he ha lf-life. T he ha lf-life of R a-226 is a bout 1, 600 ye a r s. )
 
T he t r a g ic s t or y of t he r a dium g ir ls t r a ns for me d r a dia t ion s ima g e fr om pa na c e a t o pois on. Public dis c us s ion t ur ne d t o c ompe ns a t ing vic t ims a nd limit ing r a dium e x pos ur e s dut ie s t ha t us ua lly fe ll t o s t a t e c our t s a nd a g e nc ie s. I n N e w J e r s e y, r e for me r s w on t he ir fig ht for a la w a llow ing c ompe ns a t ion for r a dium ne c r os is.
 
State labor a nd he a lt h a g e nc ie s w e r e a ble t o ha lt lip point ing, but t he ir pow e r ove r indus t r y w a s s ome t ime s limit e d. For e x a mple, t he N e w J e r s e y L a bor D e pa r t me nt is s ue d t o U. S. R a dium C or por a t ion a n or de r t o t ig ht e n s a fe t y for it s dia l pa int e r s c omply or c los e. I t clos ed and moved els ewhere.
 
Fe de r a l a g e nc ie s mos t ly de fe r r e d t o s t a t e a ut hor it y ove r r a dium. T he y is s ue d s t udie s, or g a niz e d c onfe r e nc e s, a nd de ve lope d volunt a r y s a fe w or k pr a c t ic e s. T he Fe de r a l T r a de C ommis s ion ha d s ome influe nc e in s hut t ing down fa ls e ly a dve r t is e d pr oduc t s, s uc h a s t he fount a in of yout h t onic R a dit hor,
but s afety as s urance was a s tate prerogative.
Wit h Wor ld Wa r I I, c ha ng e c a me a s nuc le a r r e a c t or s of t he U. S. w a r t ime a t omic pr og r a m floode d t he w or ld w it h ne w is ot ope s, r e duc ing t o ne a r ins ig nific a nc e r a dium s c ommer c ia l a nd medic a l a pplic a t ions.
T he C ur ie s N obe l-Pr iz e dis c ove r y w a s a bout t o be c ome a n a ft e r t houg ht.
 
B e s ur e t o c he c k out Part II for the res t of the s tory.
 
B y Thoma s We lloc k, NR C H is t or ia n}}

Latest revision as of 20:40, 19 November 2024

History 101: Radium Part I - Opening Pandoras Box
ML21264A171
Person / Time
Issue date: 09/21/2021
From: Thomas Wellock
Office of Public Affairs, NRC/SECY
To:
References
Download: ML21264A171 (1)
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Text

Radium Part I: Opening Pandoras Bo x

Whe n M a r ie a nd Pie r r e C ur ie dis c ove r e d R a dium-226 in 1898, it ope ne d up t he a t om s s e c r e t s a nd offe r e d hope t ha t it s mys t e r ious r a dioa c t ive r a ys w e r e a mir a c le c ur e. Sobe r ing r e a lit y r e pla c e d e uphor ia a s r a dium fa c t or y w or ke r s be g a n t o die.

R a dium t a ug ht t he w or ld of r a dia t ion s da ng e r s, ye t it w a s not unt il 2 0 0 5 t ha t C ong r e s s put a ll a s pe c t s of r a dium s a fe t y ove r s ig ht unde r t he fe de r a l g ove r nme nt. U nt il t ha t t ime, it w a s pr ima r ily r e g ula t e d t o va rying deg rees by t he s t a t e s. T his t hr e e-pa r t blog s e r ie s t r a c e s r a dium s long unique his t or y w he r e s t a t e s t ook t he le a d in r e g ula t ing it a nd c ompe ns a t ing vic t ims.

Soon a ft e r t he C ur ie s dis c ove r y, r a dium be c a me a c ons ume r a nd me dic a l s e ns a t ion. I t s r a dia t ion r e duc e d tumor g r ow t h, a nd r e s e a r c he r s found s ome w ha t e le va t e d le ve ls of r a dia t ion a t s ome me dic ina l s pa s, s uc h a s Sa r a t og a Spr ing s, N. Y., a nd H ot Spr ing s, A r k. C onc lus ion? R a dia t ion w a s a life s a ve r. One phys ic ia n c la ime d t ha t r a dium s r a dia t ion pr e ve nt s ins a nit y, r ous e s noble e mot ions, r e t a r ds old a g e,

a nd c r e a t e s a s ple ndid yout hful joyous life.

M a nufa c t ur e r s ha w ke d qua c k pr oduc t s t he y c la ime d w e r e la c e d w it h r a dium a s a mir a c le c ur e a nd s t a t us s ymbol: e lix ir s, kit c he nw a r e, c lot he s, pillow s, r a z or bla de s, a nd cig a r e t t e holde r s, e ve n c ondoms.

R a dium s lumine s c e nt pr ope r t ie s a ls o ma de pos s ible g low-in-t he-da r k pa int for w a t c h dia ls.

I n 1925, t he New York Times r e por t e d one of t he e a r lie s t ins t a nc e s of r a dia t ion-induc e d c a nc e r. I t s vict ims were young women wa t ch-dia l pa int e r s in N e w J e r s e y, C onne c t ic ut a nd I llinois. T he int r ic a t e w or k r e quir e d t he m t o lip point t he ir br us he s by lic king t he m. I nfe c t ions a nd c a nc e r s of t he ja w follow e d fr om t he ing e s t e d r a dium. T he is ot ope s bone-s e e king pr ope r t ie s a nd long ha lf-life made it pa r t ic ula r ly da ng e r ous. (T he t ime r e quir e d for t he r a dioa c t ivit y t o de c r e a s e by one-half is referred t o as t he ha lf-life. T he ha lf-life of R a-226 is a bout 1, 600 ye a r s. )

T he t r a g ic s t or y of t he r a dium g ir ls t r a ns for me d r a dia t ion s ima g e fr om pa na c e a t o pois on. Public dis c us s ion t ur ne d t o c ompe ns a t ing vic t ims a nd limit ing r a dium e x pos ur e s dut ie s t ha t us ua lly fe ll t o s t a t e c our t s a nd a g e nc ie s. I n N e w J e r s e y, r e for me r s w on t he ir fig ht for a la w a llow ing c ompe ns a t ion for r a dium ne c r os is.

State labor a nd he a lt h a g e nc ie s w e r e a ble t o ha lt lip point ing, but t he ir pow e r ove r indus t r y w a s s ome t ime s limit e d. For e x a mple, t he N e w J e r s e y L a bor D e pa r t me nt is s ue d t o U. S. R a dium C or por a t ion a n or de r t o t ig ht e n s a fe t y for it s dia l pa int e r s c omply or c los e. I t clos ed and moved els ewhere.

Fe de r a l a g e nc ie s mos t ly de fe r r e d t o s t a t e a ut hor it y ove r r a dium. T he y is s ue d s t udie s, or g a niz e d c onfe r e nc e s, a nd de ve lope d volunt a r y s a fe w or k pr a c t ic e s. T he Fe de r a l T r a de C ommis s ion ha d s ome influe nc e in s hut t ing down fa ls e ly a dve r t is e d pr oduc t s, s uc h a s t he fount a in of yout h t onic R a dit hor,

but s afety as s urance was a s tate prerogative.

Wit h Wor ld Wa r I I, c ha ng e c a me a s nuc le a r r e a c t or s of t he U. S. w a r t ime a t omic pr og r a m floode d t he w or ld w it h ne w is ot ope s, r e duc ing t o ne a r ins ig nific a nc e r a dium s c ommer c ia l a nd medic a l a pplic a t ions.

T he C ur ie s N obe l-Pr iz e dis c ove r y w a s a bout t o be c ome a n a ft e r t houg ht.

B e s ur e t o c he c k out Part II for the res t of the s tory.

B y Thoma s We lloc k, NR C H is t or ia n

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