ML12146A322

Bohac and Mccall 2008 Water Supply Report to 2030

ML12146A322
Person / Time
Site:	Watts Bar
Issue date:	11/30/2008
From:	Bohac C, Mccall M River Operations, US Dept of Interior, Geological Survey (USGS)
To:	Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, Tennessee Valley Authority
Poole J
References
Download: ML12146A322 (100)

Text

in the Tennessee Valley for 2005 and Projected Use in 2030

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY Prepared by River Operations in cooperation with U.S. Geological Survey Water Use in the Tennessee Valley for 2005 and Projected Use in 2030 Charles E. Bohac Michael J. McCall November 2008

Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................. iii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ v Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................... vii Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... viii Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1-1 Background ............................................................................................................................................ 1-1 Purpose and Scope ............................................................................................................................... 1-2 Hydrologic Setting .................................................................................................................................. 1-2 Data Source and Analysis Methods ....................................................................................................... 1-2 Water Use .................................................................................................................................................................... 2-1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 2-1 Offstream Water Use ............................................................................................................................. 2-2 Total Offstream Water Use ............................................................................................................. 2-2 Water Use Summarized by Category ............................................................................................. 2-2 Water Use Summarized by Source ................................................................................................ 2-3 Water Use Described by Category ................................................................................................. 2-3 Thermoelectric ............................................................................................................................ 2-3 Industrial ...................................................................................................................................... 2-4 Public Supply ............................................................................................................................... 2-4 Irrigation ....................................................................................................................................... 2-4 Comparison to Previous Updates, Inter-Basin Transfers, and Diversions ................................................. 3-1 Comparison to Previous Updates ......................................................................................................... 3-1 1995, 2000, and 2005 .................................................................................................................... 3-1 Net Water Demand for Selected Industries ................................................................................... 3-3 i

Inter-Basin Transfers ............................................................................................................................. 3-6 Diversions .............................................................................................................................................. 3-6 Projected Water Use ................................................................................................................................................... 4-1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 4-1 Thermoelectric Water Use ................................................................................................................................. 4-1 Electrical Demand ...................................................................................................................................... 4-1 Electrical Generation ................................................................................................................................. 4-1 Generation in 2005 ............................................................................................................................. 4-1 Assumptions for Future Generation ............................................................................................... 4-1 Public Supply and Industrial Categories ................................................................................................ 4-2 Irrigation Water Use ................................................................................................................................... 4-2 Projected Water Use for 2030 ................................................................................................................... 4-3 Transfers from the Watershed ................................................................................................................ 4-4 Summary and Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 5-1 Water Use in 2005 .............................................................................................................................................. 5-1 Projected Water Use in 2030 ............................................................................................................................. 5-2 Appendix .................................................................................................................................................................. 6-1 Source and Date of Water Withdrawal Data .................................................................................................. 6-1 References ................................................................................................................................................................... 7-1 Glossary, Terms, and Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... 8-1 ii

Tables Table 2-1 Total Offstream Water Use by Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 ................................. 2-5 Table 2-2 Total Offstream Water Use by Hydrologic Unit Code in 2005 .......................................... 2-10 Table 2-3 Total Offstream Water Use by County in 2005 .................................................................. 2-12 Table 2-4 Total Water Use by Category and Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 ............................ 2-15 Table 2-5 Total Water Use by Category and Hydrologic Unit Code in 2005 ..................................... 2-17 Table 2-6 Total Water Use by Category and County in 2005 ............................................................ 2-18 Table 2-7 Surface-Water Withdrawals by Category and Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 ...................................................................................................................... 2-21 Table 2-8 Surface-Water Withdrawals by Category and Hydrologic Unit Code in 2005 ............................................................................................................................... 2-23 Table 2-9 Surface-Water Withdrawals by Category and County in 2005 .......................................... 2-24 Table 2-10 Groundwater Withdrawals by Category and Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 ........... 2-27 Table 2-11 Groundwater Withdrawals by Category and Hydrologic Unit Code in 2005 .................... 2-29 Table 2-12 Groundwater Withdrawals by Category and County in 2005 ............................................ 2-30 Table 2-13 Thermoelectric Power Water Use by Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 ...................... 2-33 Table 2-14 Thermoelectric Power Water Use by Hydrologic Unit Code in 2005 ............................... 2-35 Table 2-15 Thermoelectric Power Water Use by County in 2005 ....................................................... 2-36 Table 2-16 Industrial Water Use by Source and Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 ....................... 2-37 Table 2-17 Industrial Water Use by Source and Hydrologic Unit Code in 2005 ................................ 2-40 Table 2-18 Industrial Water Use by Source and County in 2005 ........................................................ 2-41 Table 2-19 Public-Supply Water Use by Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 .................................... 2-46 Table 2-20 Public-Supply Water Use by Hydrologic Unit Code in 2005 ............................................. 2-48 Table 2-21 Public-Supply Water Use by County in 2005 .................................................................... 2-50 Table 2-22 Irrigation Water Withdrawals by Source and Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 ........... 2-54 iii

Table 2-23 Irrigation Water Withdrawals by Hydrologic Unit Code in 2005 ....................................... 2-57 Table 2-24 Irrigation Water Withdrawals by County in 2005 ............................................................... 2-58 Table 3-1 Comparing 2005 Water Withdrawal, Return, and Net Water Demand to Previous Years .................................................................................................................................. 3-2 Table 3-2 Differences in 2000 and 2005 Net Water Demands for Selected Industries .................. 3-4 Table 3-3 Inter-Basin Transfers in 2005 ........................................................................................... 3-7 Table 4-1 Electrical Generation in the Tennessee Valley from 2004-2005 ..................................... 4-1 Table 4-2 Trends of Estimated Water Use in the Tennessee River Watershed from 1995 to 2030 4-4 Appendix Source and Date of Water Withdrawal Data ..................................................................... 6-1 iv

Figures Figure ES-1 Total Water Withdrawal in 2005 ........................................................................................ viii Figure ES-2 Water Withdrawals in 2005 ............................................................................................... ix Figure ES-3 Water Returns to the River System in 2005 ...................................................................... ix Figure ES-4 Consumptive Use in 2005 ................................................................................................ ix Figure ES-5 Surface-Water and Groundwater Withdrawals in 2005 .................................................... ix Figure ES-6 Projected Water Withdrawals in 2030 .............................................................................. x Figure 1-1 The Tennessee River Watershed ..................................................................................... 1-1 Figure 2-1 Tennessee River Watershed Divided into Reservoir Catchment Areas .......................... 2-7 Figure 2-2 The 8-Digit Hydrologic Unit Codes of the Tennessee River Watershed .......................... 2-7 Figure 2-3 States and Counties Within the Tennessee River Watershed ......................................... 2-8 Figure 2-4 Source and Disposition of Total Water Use in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 ............................................................................................................................... 2-8 Figure 2-5 Cumulative Consumptive Use at Major Water-Use Tabulation Area Junctures and Net Water Demand for Reservoir Catchment Areas in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 ............................................................................................................................... 2-9 Figure 2-6 Total Water Withdrawals by Source and by Hydrologic Unit Code in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 ................................................................................................... 2-11 Figure 2-7 Intensity of Per Capita Use Withdrawals by Hydrologic Unit Code in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 ................................................................................................... 2-14 Figure 2-8 Disposition of Water Used by Thermoelectric Power Plants in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 ............................................................................................................ 2-34 Figure 2-9 Location of Coal and Nuclear Thermoelectric Power Plants in the Tennessee River Watershed ......................................................................................................................... 2-34 Figure 2-10 Thermoelectric Power Water Withdrawals by Hydrologic Unit Code in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 ................................................................................................... 2-39 Figure 2-11 Source and Disposition of Industrial Water Withdrawals in 2005 ................................... 2-43 v

Figure 2-12 Industrial Water Withdrawals by Source and by Hydrologic Unit Code in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 ................................................................................................... 2-44 Figure 2-13 Industrial Water Withdrawals by State and County in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 ............................................................................................................................... 2-45 Figure 2-14 Source and Disposition of Public-Supply Water Use in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 ............................................................................................................................... 2-47 Figure 2-15 Public-Supply Withdrawals by Source and Hydrologic Unit Code in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 ................................................................................................... 2-49 Figure 2-16 Public-Supply Withdrawals by State and County in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 ................................................................................................................................... 2-53 Figure 2-17 Source of Water Used for Irrigation in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 ............ 2-53 Figure 2-18 Irrigation Water Withdrawals by Source and Hydrologic Unit Code in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 ................................................................................................... 2-56 vi

Acknowledgments Tennessee Valley Authority Melissa Alverson Michael A. Eiffe Sidney E. Gibson John M. Higgins P. J. Nabors Gary L. Springston U.S. Geological Survey Susan S. Hutson vii

Executive Summary Water Use in 2005 In 2004, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) published a report on water use in the Tennessee River watershed based on 2000 water-use data. These data were used by TVA in the development of a new reservoir operating policy and to identify potential areas of water supply concerns throughout the watershed. Because of the importance of water-supply planning, TVA in cooperation with the USGS prepared this report on water use in the watershed based on 2005 data.

Offstream water use in the Tennessee River watershed is estimated for 2005. Water use is categorized as thermoelectric power, industrial, public supply, and irrigation. Water use is summarized by category. These categories are source of water (surface water or groundwater) and location of withdrawal (state, county, hydrologic unit code, and reservoir catchment area). Water returns to the watershed are used to estimate consumptive use. A projection of water use for 2030 is also provided.

Total water withdrawals during 2005 were estimated to average 12,437 millions of gallons per day (mgd) of freshwater for offstream uses. The return flow was estimated as 12,005 mgd or 96.5 percent of the water withdrawn. Consumptive use accounts for the other 3.5 percent of total Figure ES-1: Total Water Withdrawal in 2005 withdrawals or 432 mgd. Figure ES-1 illustrates both the water returned to the Water Returned to the River System river system and the consumptive water 96.5 percent use.

Consumptive Use 3.5 percent Out of the 12,437 mgd of water withdrawn from the Tennessee River system, thermoelectric power withdrawals were an estimated 10,531 mgd (84.7 percent of total withdrawals); industrial, 1,179 mgd (9.5 percent of total withdrawals); public supply, 684 mgd (5.5 percent of total withdrawals); and for irrigation purposes, 43 mgd (less than 1 percent of total withdrawals). These estimates are shown in Figure ES-2.

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Figure ES-2: Water Withdrawals in 2005 Irrigation 43 Public Supply 684 Industrial 1,179 Thermoelectric 10,531 2000 4000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 Millions of Gallons Per Day As shown in Figure ES-3, water returns to the river system were Figure ES-3: Water Returns to the River System in 2005 estimated as thermoelectric power, 10,498 mgd; industrial, 1,097 mgd; Public Supply 411 and public supply 411 mgd. No return data for irrigation exist. Industrial 1,097 Therefore, irrigation return is Thermoelectric 10,498 assumed to be zero.

2000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 Water that evaporates, transpires, is Millions of Gallons Per Day incorporated into products or crops, or is consumed by humans or livestock is consumptive use. The Figure ES-4: Consumptive Use in 2005 consumptive use for each category was estimated as thermoelectric Irrigation 43 power, 33 mgd; industrial, 82 mgd; Public Supply 273 public supply, 273 mgd; and irrigation, Industrial 82 43 mgd and is shown in Figure ES-4.

Thermoelectric 33 Surface water is obtained from a river or reservoir, and groundwater is 50 100 150 200 250 300 obtained from wells. Figure ES-5 shows Millions of Gallons Per Day the surface-water withdrawals were 98.5 percent of total withdrawal, while groundwater withdrawals were 1.5 percent of total withdrawal. Figure ES-5: Surface-Water and Groundwater Withdrawals in 2005 By 2030, water withdrawals are projected to decline about 7 percent to 11,551 mgd. By category, water Surface-Water Withdrawals withdrawals are projected to increase as follows: 98.5 percent industrial 10 percent or to 1,300 mgd, public supply Groundwater Withdrawals 32 percent or to 905 mgd, and irrigation 65 percent 1.5 percent or to 71 mgd. Thermoelectric water withdrawal is expected to decline by 12 percent to 9,275 mgd reflecting a change in cooling technology for power plants. These are shown in Figure ES-6.

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Figure ES-6: Projected Water Withdrawals in 2030 Irrigation 71 Public Supply 905 Industrial 1300 Thermoelectric 9,275 2000 4000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 Millions of Gallons Per Day x

1 Introduction

Background

The Tennessee River system is the fifth largest river system in the United States. The Tennessee River watershed drains 40,910 square miles, including portions of Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia as shown in Figure 1-1.

Figure 1-1: The Tennessee River Watershed I L L I N O I S io River Oh K E N T U C K Y V I R G I N I A Barkley (USACE)

Paducah ver Kentucky Ri n River on lsto lst Ho For k Ho e Riv e r rth Fo r k

No ive Littl R

r dle M I S S O U R I ell Clear Creek Mi d Sout P ow hF Beaver Creeko rk iver hR River lston Ft. Patrick Henry River R e d River inc South Holston Cl Ho Boone Doakes Creek Wilbur ip p i erland River John Sevier mb Watauga Wata Cu Missis hu olic c r

ive aR s Cherokee ky R i v

N Nashville ug Riv e Ca r er ne Norris yF on Sa S

Big n d y R T E N N E R iv S S o rk R r E E ory River Holst Nolichucky nes ive Em Knoxville ive to Fren r

Ha r pe er Melton Hill Douglas ch th B ro Ri Great Falls Litt Pig a l N O R T H C A R O L I N A Beech River Projects Duck R ver eR eon dR Fort Loudoun e R Dogwood r r iv iver ive Tellico iver Redbud A R K A N S A S Pin Oak Chilhowee Calderwood Cedar Beech er Watts Bar Cheoah e Riv Fontana Tuck B u ffalo River Pine as eg Sycamore Normandy Hiw as Santeetlah ee L it t l e se R Lost Creek s se e Ten iver Tenne R iv e r n ess e

Apalachia Tims Ford Nantahala e Chickamauga Ocoe Hiwassee River e/T Memphis Ocoee 1 reek Nickajack Ocoee 2 oa ac c Pickwick er Riv Chattanooga Ocoee 3 Nottely Chatuge Shoal C Elk F Raccoon Mountain River Pumped Storage k r Blue Ridge Cree Wheeler Huntsville c k Riv Wilson lint e S O U T H C A R O L I N A o

M I S S I S S I P P I Muscle Shoals Paint R Cedar Creek Decatur Jamie Whitten (USACE) eW m bigbe aterwa Little Bear Creek Guntersville Guntersville Bear Creek G E O R G I A y

Upper Bear Creek

-T o

ee Tenness A L A B A M A In 2004, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) prepared a water-use estimate for the Tennessee River watershed based on data collected in 2000 (Hutson and others, 2004).

Utilizing these data, water-use estimates were projected to 2030 to aid in the water-supply analyses associated with TVAs Reservoir Operations Study (ROS). The ROS was a study conducted by TVA to examine alternative reservoir operations policies in an effort to increase overall public value of the reservoir system. The ROS developed a new operating policy that was implemented by TVA in 2004 (Tennessee Valley Authority, 2004). The 2000 water-use data were also used by TVA in 2004 to identify areas with potential concerns regarding water supply (Bohac and Koroa, 2004).

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Purpose and Scope The purpose of this report is to present water-use estimates for the Tennessee River watershed based on 2005 data with water-use projections to 2030. Water-use estimates will focus on four categories of offstream water use: thermoelectric power, industrial, public supply, and irrigation.

Hydrologic Setting The Tennessee River system is regulated by a series of 49 dams and reservoirs managed by TVA. TVA operates the Tennessee River system to provide year-round navigation, flood-damage reduction, power generation, improved water quality, water supply, recreation, and economic growth.

Average yearly rainfall over the Tennessee River watershed is approximately 52 inches. Subsequent average runoff of 22 inches per year usually provides enough water to meet the offstream water-use demands on the Tennessee River system. However, periodic droughts may severely limit the ability of the Tennessee River system to meet all of these competing demands, particularly in unregulated portions (streams or rivers without dams) of the Tennessee River system.

Recognizing that annual hydrology will impact the trends in offstream water-use demands, it is important to consider the variability in hydrology since 2000 for this report. From 2001 through 2004 the watershed rainfall was within 10 percent of normal rainfall. In 2000 and 2005, the watershed received 74 percent and 77 percent of normal rainfall respectively.

Data Sources and Analysis Methods Similar to the water-use estimate prepared in 2000, the data for this report are stored in the TVA Water-Use Data System. Each record in the database is labeled as a withdrawal or return flow water-use transaction. Each water-use transaction for a site in the database is assigned to a Water-Use Tabulation Area (WUTA), Reservoir Catchment Area (RCA), Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC), state, and county. The RCA as defined by Hutson and others (2004), is a natural drainage area truncated by a dam. The WUTA groups RCAs to account for the complete site-specific, water-use transactions between adjoining RCAs and is used to determine consumptive use on a large scale.

The database contains industrial, public-supply, and irrigation water-use data for 2005 collected by the seven Tennessee Valley states and provided to the USGS for its National Water-Use Information Program.

Thermoelectric data were obtained from internal TVA sources, particularly those data, submitted to the U. S.

Department of Energy for EIA-767 (Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report); interviews with other electrical companies; the U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration electricity database (U.S. Department of Energy, 2005); and the Nuclear Energy Institute (2005).

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Program, Permit Compliance System (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005) provided return-flow data for municipalities, industry (including mining), and thermoelectric plants.

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The USGS provided estimates of population data by HUC based on the geographic information system analysis of U. S. Bureau of the Census data for 2005.

Future water use was projected using economic-based projection factors provided by Woods and Poole Economics, Inc. (Woods and Poole, 2004).

The Appendix of this report summarizes the source and type of withdrawal data for Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.

Water-use numerical data presented in this report are the daily quantities averaged over the year. Although irrigation data are applied seasonally at a rate higher than annual average daily quantities, the application rates were averaged over the year to make them compatible with the other data.

In Section 2 of this report, entries for Tables 2-1 through 2-24 contain two decimal places and totals are shown as integers. All numbers were rounded independently. Therefore, the sums of independently rounded numbers may not equal the totals (expressed as integers) in the report.

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2 Water Use Introduction Water use for 2005 is organized in three ways.

The first presentation, and illustrated by Table 2-1, is a summary based on Water-Use Tabulation Area (WUTA) and Reservoir Catchment Area (RCA). Figure 2-1 shows the Tennessee River watershed divided into RCAs.

The Water-Use Tabulation Area (WUTA) groups RCAs to account for the complete site-specific water-use transactions between adjoining RCAs and is used to determine consumptive use at a large scale. Table 2-1 shows the WUTAs in bold type with the RCAs comprising WUTA listed below.

The second spatial summary is by hydrologic unit code (HUC), and the third spatial summary is by state and county. Figure 2-2 shows the HUCs, and Figure 2-3 shows the counties comprising the Tennessee River watershed.

Withdrawals are either from surface water or groundwater. Return flow is comprised of discharges from industrial and publicly owned wastewater treatment plants. The difference between withdrawal and return is the net water demand at the RCA level. As in the case of Hutson and others (2004), the net water demand is accumulated at the downstream boundary of the WUTA to calculate a consumptive use. Cumulative consumptive use was calculated at key junctures of the WUTAs (Fort Loudoun, Watts Bar-Chickamauga, Nickajack, Guntersville, Wheeler-Wilson, Pickwick, and Kentucky) in the river system and indicates a sum of consumptive use in the watershed to that juncture. The consumptive use accumulated at Kentucky Dam is the total consumptive use for the watershed.

Information is presented by source of water, category of use, and type of transaction. Water sources are surface water and groundwater. Use categories are public supply, industrial (including mining), thermoelectric, and irrigation. Transactions are either withdrawals or returns. Returns are water discharges from thermoelectric power plants, industries, and municipal wastewater treatment plants.

Hutson and others (2004) define net water demand as the quantitative difference between water withdrawals and return flow. Consumptive use is that part of the water withdrawn that is evaporated, transported, incorporated into products or crops, consumed by humans or livestock, or otherwise removed from the immediate environment. In this report, 100 percent of the water used for irrigation is considered to be consumptive use.

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Offstream Water Use Total Offstream Water Use Total offstream water use for 2005 by WUTA area is shown in Table 2-1.

Total withdrawal was 12,437 mgd of which 98.5 percent or 12,247 mgd came from surface water. Groundwater supplied the remaining 1.5 percent or 190 mgd. Return flow totaled 12,005 mgd or 96.5 percent of total withdrawal. Total consumptive use was 432 mgd or 3.5 percent of total withdrawal and is shown in Figure 2-4.

Figure 2-5 shows the cumulative consumptive use at major WUTA junctures and net water demand for reservoir catchment areas.

Table 2-2 and Figure 2-6 show total offstream water use by HUC. The Wheeler HUC (06030002) had the largest withdrawal of 2,258 mgd or 18 percent of total withdrawal followed by the Middle Tennessee-Chickamauga HUC (06020001) at 1,669 mgd or 13 percent of the total withdrawal.

The Watts Bar-Chickamauga WUTA had the largest withdrawal of 3,147 mgd (Table 2-1) or 25 percent of the total withdrawal followed by Wheeler-Wilson at 2,323 mgd which is 19 percent of total withdrawal.

As shown in Table 2-3, Tennessee had the largest state withdrawal of 6,747 mgd or 54 percent of the total withdrawal, while Alabama had the next largest total withdrawal of 5,180 mgd or 42 percent of the total withdrawal. Tennessee comprises about 50 percent of the Tennessee River watershed, while Alabama comprises about 22 percent of the watershed. The largest county withdrawal is Limestone County, Alabama, which has a total withdrawal of 2,012 mgd.

For 2005, the total watershed intensity of water use by area was 0.304 mgd per square miles. Table 2-2 and Figure 2-7 show the intensity of per capita water use by HUC.

Water Use Summarized by Category Table 2-4 presents total water use by category and WUTA.

Thermoelectric water use was the category with the largest total withdrawal of 10,531 mgd or 85 percent of total withdrawal. Total industrial withdrawal was 1,179 mgd or 9.5 percent of total withdrawal, total public-supply withdrawal was 684 mgd or 5.5 percent of total withdrawal, and total irrigation withdrawal was 43 mgd which was less than 1 percent of total withdrawal.

Of total return flow of 12,005 mgd, thermoelectric returns were 87 percent of the total, industrial returns were 9 percent of total returns, and public-supply returns were 3 percent of total returns.

Total water use by HUC is shown in Table 2-5.

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The HUC with the largest thermoelectric water withdrawal (1,991 mgd) is Wheeler (06030002). Wheeler also has the largest public-supply withdrawal (105 mgd) and irrigation withdrawal (13 mgd). The largest industrial water withdrawal (617 mgd) is from South Fork Holston River (06010102).

Table 2-6 shows total water use by state and county.

The largest thermoelectric water withdrawal (1,990 mgd) was in Limestone County, Alabama. Limestone County also had the highest irrigation withdrawal of 8 mgd. Sullivan County, Tennessee, had the largest industrial water withdrawal of 617 mgd, and Knox County, Tennessee, had the largest public-supply withdrawal of 63 mgd.

However, Madison County, Alabama, was very close with 62.5 mgd.

Water Use Summarized by Source Tables 2-7 through 2-12 summarize surface-water and groundwater withdrawals by category, by HUC, and by state and county. Total withdrawal was 12,247 mgd for surface-water and 190 mgd for groundwater.

Surface water supplied all of the thermoelectric withdrawal, 97 percent or 1,149 mgd of the total industrial withdrawal, 78 percent or 534 mgd of the total public-supply withdrawal, 74 percent or 32 mgd of the total irrigation withdrawal, and 98.4 percent of total water withdrawal.

Tennessee withdrew 6,656 mgd of surface water which is 54 percent of total surface-water withdrawal. Alabama withdrew 5,135 mgd or 42 percent of total surface-water withdrawal. Limestone County, Alabama, had the largest total surface-water withdrawal of 2,006 mgd, almost all of which was for thermoelectric use. Hamilton County, Tennessee, had the next highest surface-water withdrawal of 1,595 mgd, which was also mostly for thermoelectric use. Industry used more surface water in Sullivan County, Tennessee, (617 mgd) than in any other county, while public-supply use was highest in Knox County, Tennessee, (62 mgd). Surface-water withdrawal for irrigation was highest in Limestone County, Alabama, with 6 mgd.

Tennessee withdrew 90 mgd of groundwater which is 47 percent of total groundwater withdrawal. Alabama withdrew 44 mgd or 22 percent of total groundwater. Madison County, Alabama, had the largest total groundwater withdrawal of 25 mgd, most of which was used for public supply. Hamilton County, Tennessee, had the next highest total withdrawal at 16 mgd. Hamilton County used more groundwater for industry (7 mgd) than any other county. Limestone County, Alabama, had the highest groundwater use for irrigation (2 mgd).

Water Use Described by Category Thermoelectric Table 2-13 shows thermoelectric use by WUTA. Total thermoelectric use was 10,531 mgd. Although thermoelectric use was 85 percent of total use, almost all (99.7 percent) was returned as shown in Figure 2-8.

The largest WUTA withdrawal was 3,007 mgd from the Watts Bar-Chickamauga WUTA. The largest withdrawal was Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant in Limestone County, Alabama, and its location is shown in Figure 2-9.

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Table 2-14 and Figure 2-10 display use by HUC. Six HUCs had withdrawals ranging from about 1,200 mgd to almost 2,000 mgd. All of these HUCs include segments of the main stem of the Tennessee River.

As shown in Table 2-15, Tennessees total thermoelectric withdrawal was 5,491 mgd which was 52 percent of total thermoelectric water withdrawal. Alabamas total thermoelectric withdrawal was 4,762 mgd which was 45 percent of total thermoelectric withdrawal. Tennessees thermoelectric withdrawal was used to generate 56,498 million kilowatt hours of electricity or 57 percent of total power generated. Alabamas withdrawal was used to generate 36,747 million kilowatt hours of electricity or 37 percent of total power generated.

Industrial Table 2-16 shows that industrial water withdrawal was 1,179 mgd or 9.5 percent of total withdrawal. Industrial return flow was 1,097 mgd and total consumptive use was 82 mgd or 7 percent of total industrial use as shown in Figure 2-11. Figure 2-11 also shows surface water supplied 97 percent of industrial water use (1,149 mgd).

Table 2-17 and Figure 2-12 show industrial use by HUC. Table 2-18 and Figure 2-13 show industrial use by state and county.

The Tennessee industrial withdrawal was 860 mgd, or 73 percent, of the total industrial withdrawal of 1,179 mgd. Nearly 72 percent of Tennessees industrial withdrawal was from Sullivan County. Alabama had the next largest industrial withdrawal of 214 mgd or 18 percent of total industrial withdrawal.

Public Supply Total water withdrawal for public supply was 684 mgd as shown in Table 2-19 which was 5.5 percent of total water use. Total return flow was 411 mgd. Consumptive use was 273 mgd or 40 percent of total public-supply withdrawal as shown in Figure 2-14. Surface water supplied 534 mgd or 78 percent of total public-supply use and is shown in Figure 2-14.

Table 2-20 and Figure 2-15 summarize public-supply use by HUC, and Table 2-21 and Figure 2-16 summarize by state and county.

Irrigation Table 2-22 shows irrigation water withdrawals by WUTA. Surface water supplied about 75 percent of the total withdrawal and is shown in Figure 2-17.

Table 2-23 and Figure 2-18 show irrigation by HUC and Table 2-24 shows irrigation by state and county.

Alabamas irrigation use was the largest at 22 mgd or 51 percent of the irrigation total of 43 mgd. Tennessees total was the next highest at 17 mgd or 40 percent of the irrigation total.

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Table 2-1: Total Offstream Water Use by Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals Water-Use Tabulation Area Total Net Water Reservoir Total Return Demand Catchment Area Surface Ground Water Flow Consumptive Use Cherokee Watauga 15.25 11.00 25.25 1.63 24.62 South Holston 16.48 6.97 23.45 5.40 18.05 Boone 0.10 0.14 0.24 23.00 -22.75 Ft Patrick Henry 632.89 632.89 632.89 Cherokee 711.63 13.64 725.27 1,288.41 -563.14 WUTA total 1,376.35 31.76 1,408.11 1,318.44 89.67 Cumulative 1,376.35 31.76 1,408.11 1,318.44 89.67 Douglas Douglas 388.75 22.82 411.57 358.95 52.62 WUTA total 388.75 22.82 411.57 358.95 52.62 Cumulative 1,765.11 54.57 1,819.68 1,677.39 142.29 Fort Loudoun Fort Loudoun 75.63 2.03 77.66 76.57 1.09 WUTA total 75.63 2.03 77.66 76.57 1.09 Cumulative 1,840.73 56.60 1,897.33 1,753.96 143.38 Fontana-Tellico Fontana 32.00 4.80 36.79 31.74 5.05 Santeetlah 0.42 0.26 0.68 0.68 Tellico 3.00 0.27 3.27 1.63 1.64 WUTA total 35.41 5.33 40.74 33.36 7.38 Cumulative 1,876.14 61.93 1,938.07 1,787.32 150.75 Norris Norris 35.15 3.01 38.16 22.84 15.33 Melton Hill 590.90 2.16 593.06 580.34 12.72 WUTA total 626.06 5.17 631.23 603.18 28.05 Cumulative 2,502.20 67.10 2,569.30 2,390.50 178.80 Hiwassee-Ocoee Chatuge 2.00 0.85 2.85 0.2 2.65 Nottely 0.92 0.72 1.65 0.34 1.31 Hiwassee 0.88 1.11 2.00 1.54 0.46 Apalachia 3.21 3.21 0.01 3.20 Blue Ridge 5.45 0.23 5.68 0.47 5.21 Ocoee 0.02 1.15 1.17 3.59 -2.42 WUTA total 12.48 4.07 16.55 6.15 10.40 Cumulative 2,514.68 71.17 2,585.85 2,396.66 189.20 Watts Bar-Chickamauga Watts Bar 1,443.17 0.99 1,444.16 1,303.49 140.66 Chickamauga 1,677.82 25.44 1,703.26 1,803.52 -100.26 WUTA total 3,120.99 26.42 3,147.41 3,107.01 40.40 Cumulative 5,635.67 97.60 5,733.26 5,503.67 229.60 Nickajack Nickajack 47.18 7.67 54.85 57.89 -3.04 WUTA total 47.18 7.67 54.85 57.89 -3.04 Cumulative 5,682.85 105.26 5,788.12 5,561.56 226.56 25

Table 2-1: Total Offstream Water Use by Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 (Continued)

(Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals Water-Use Tabulation Area Total Net Water Reservoir Total Return Demand Catchment Area Surface Ground Water Flow Consumptive Use Guntersville Guntersville 1,523.67 6.84 1,530.51 1,500.71 29.80 WUTA total 1,523.67 6.84 1,530.51 1,500.71 29.80 Cumulative 7,206.52 112.11 7,318.62 7,062.27 256.36 Tims Ford Tims Ford 29.56 4.09 33.66 25.84 7.82 WUTA total 29.56 4.09 33.66 25.84 7.82 Cumulative 7,236.08 116.20 7,352.28 7,088.11 264.18 Wheeler-Wilson Wheeler 2,239.60 37.22 2,276.82 2,202.38 74.45 Wilson 41.73 4.77 46.49 8.86 37.64 WUTA total 2,281.33 41.99 2,323.32 2,211.24 112.08 Cumulative 9,517.41 158.19 9,675.60 9,299.34 376.26 Pickwick Pickwick 1,335.00 4.27 1,339.27 1,360.03 -20.75 Cedar Creek 3.88 0.32 4.20 4.20 Upper Bear Creek 3.17 3.17 3.17 WUTA total 1,342.05 4.59 1,346.64 1,360.03 -13.38 Cumulative 10,859.46 162.78 11,022.24 10,659.37 362.87 Normandy Normandy 25.52 2.17 27.69 2.31 25.38 WUTA total 25.52 2.17 27.69 2.31 25.38 Cumulative 10,884.98 164.95 11,049.93 10,661.68 388.26 Kentucky Kentucky 1,361.73 25.19 1,386.92 1,343.51 43.41 WUTA total 1,361.73 25.19 1,386.92 1,343.51 43.41 Cumulative 12,247 190 12,437 12,005 432 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

26

Figure 2-1: Tennessee River Watershed Divided into Reservoir Catchment Areas Paducah K E N T U C K Y V I R G I N I A South Bristol Holston Clarksville Bristol Kingsport Norris Cherokee Boone Elizabethton Johnson Watauga Ft Patrick City Boone Nashville Cookeville Henry Melton HIll Watts Bar Knoxville Douglas T E N N E S S E E N O R T H Kentucky Fort Loudoun Asheville C A R O L I N A Jackson Columbia Normandy Shelbyville Tellico Chickamauga Santeetlah Fontana Tims Ford Apalachia Chattanooga Wilson Hiwassee Corinth Nickajack Ocoee Chatuge S O U T H Iuka Florence Wheeler Guntersville Nottely Blue C A R O L I N A M I S S I S S I P P I Pickwick Huntsville Ridge Cedar Decatur Creek Tupelo Upper Bear Creek G E O R G I A Gadsden A L A B A M A Atlanta EXPLANATION Reservoir catchment area (and name) Birmingham 0 25 50 100 Miles River Water body 0 25 50 100 Kilometers Figure 2-2: The 8-Digit Hydrologic Unit Codes of the Tennessee River Watershed K E N T U C K Y Paducah 01 V I R 01 I N I A 1G 6 60 00 0 0

n lsto er 60 4 Ho o n L ow se e 0 20 5 o rk lst 06 0 rt hF Ho 01 No ork 102 10 2 06 Bristol es F

06 0 th 0 nn ch 1 Clarksville ell lin Bristol ou 060 Te w Kingsport S Po rC pe Up 10 4

0 Elizabethton 01 06 Johnson City Watauga Boone Kentucky Lake Nashville ls ton 06010103 Cookeville h Ho Nolichucky 06040005 inc 06010108 Emory Cl 7 06010208 wer 20 0

T E N N E S S E E Lo 601 Lower French 0 Knoxville Upper French N O R T H Lower Duck Broad Watts Bar Lake 06010201 06010107 Broad 06040003 06010105 C A R O L I N A Jackson Columbia 04 Pigeon 20 Tu 06010106 Asheville Upper Duck 0 Lower Little c 06040002 06 ka Buffalo 06 0 Tennessee 01 se Shelbyville 06040004 06010204 02 ge Hi Upper 03 e ie Lower Tennessee ch wa

- Beech ua s se Little Upper Elk t e 06040001 Lower 06030003 Se 06 Tennessee Elk q O 0 Chattanooga co 20 06010202 06030004 ee 0 02 Middle Corinth Pickwick Tennessee- 06 S O U T H 06030005 02 Iuka Chickamauga 0 06020001 00 M I S S I S S I P P I Florence Wheeler 06030002 Guntersville 3 C A R O L I N A Huntsville 06030001 Bear Decatur 06030006 Tupelo G E O R G I A Gadsden A L A B A M A Atlanta Explanation Birmingham 0 25 50 100 Miles Hydrologic Cataloging Unit (and Name, Number) 0 25 50 100 Kilometers 27

Figure 2-3: States and Counties Within the Tennessee River Watershed Livingston KENTUCKY Bland Paducah Tazewell McCracken Lyon Wise Russell VIRGINIA Wythe Smyth Marshall Norton Trigg Washington Graves Scott Grayson Lee Bristol Bristol Calloway Clarksville Hancock Kingsport Bristol Stewart Sullivan Johnson Claiborne Campbell Hawkins Henry Fentress Scott Elizabethton Union Grainger Washington Johnson City Watauga Houston Carter Nashville Cookeville Hamblen Boone Dickson Greene Morgan Anderson Unicoi Avery Benton Jefferson Carroll Humphreys TENNESSEE Knox Knoxville Mitchell NORTH Cumberland Cocke Yancey Williamson Madison Rutherford Roane Hickman Sevier CAROLINA Jackson Loudon Henderson Columbia Blount Asheville Perry Bledsoe Rhea Haywood Buncombe Decatur Lewis Maury Shelbyville Swain Chester Marshall Bedford Coffee McMinn Monroe Grundy Meigs Henderson Graham Sequatchie Jackson Moore Wayne Lawrence Transylvania McNairy Hardin Giles Hamilton Bradley Macon Lincoln Franklin Marion Chattanooga Polk Cherokee Clay Corinth Lauderdale Towns Dade Fannin Alcorn Iuka Florence Catoosa Rabun SOUTH Madison Union Tishomingo Limestone Huntsville Jackson Whitfield MISSISSIPPI Colbert Walker Gilmer CAROLINA Prentiss Lawrence Decatur Franklin Morgan DeKalb Tupelo Marshall Itawamba GEORGIA Marion Winston Cullman Etowah Gadsden Blount Atlanta EXPLANATION Birmingham Regional cities ALABAMA 0 25 50 100 Miles County (and name)

Watershed extent 0 25 50 100 Kilometers Figure 2-4: Source and Disposition of Total Water Use in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 Source of Water Surface-Water Withdrawals 98.5 percent Groundwater Withdrawals 1.5 percent Disposition of Water Water Returned to the River System 96.5 percent Consumptive Use 3.5 percent 28

Figure 2-5: Cumulative Consumptive Use at Major Water-Use Tabulation Area Junctures and Net Water Demand for Reservoir Catchment Areas in the Tennessee Watershed in 2005.

Nolichucky River French Broad River Clear Creek Nolichucky Clinch River Beaver Creek Pigeon River Holston River South Holston Tuckasegee River Boone Powell River -23 18 Ft Patrick Henry 633 John Sevier Watauga Little Tennessee River 25 Doakes Creek Wilbur Nantahala River 53 90 Douglas Norris 53 15 Cherokee

-563 Fontana 5 Cheoah River Calderwood Cheoah 143 Chilhowee Fort Loudoun 28 1 6 Santeetlah Melton Hill 1 Hiwassee River 13 Tellico 2

Chatuge 3

Nottely River Emory River Hiwassee Nottely 1

Watts Bar 141 Apalachia 3 Blue Ridge 5

10 Ocoee 3 Ocoee 2 230 Ocoee 1 Toccoa/Ocoee River

-2 Chickamauga Elk River -100 Raccoon Mountain 227 Pumped Storage Facility Tims Ford 8

Nickajack

-3 Duck River 256 Guntersville 30 Normandy 25 Cumberland River Wheeler 74 Bear Creek 3

Buffalo River Cedar Creek 4

376 Wilson 38 Jamie Whitten TennesseeTombigbee Waterway 363 Barkley Canal Pickwick

-21 Barkley Tennessee River 432

1. Cumulative consumptive loss Kentucky 43 Beech River Projects Kentucky

1. Net water demand Figures many not add to total because of independent rounding.

All values are in millions of gallons per day.

Ohio River Mississippi River 29

Table 2-2: Total Offstream Water Use by Hydrologic Unit Code in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Gross Withdrawals Per Capita Net Hydrologic Use Total Water Unit Code Population Gal/day Surface Ground Total Return Demand 6010101 32,019 121.32 2.00 1.88 3.88 3.00 0.88 6010102 239,233 2,744.05 649.43 7.03 656.47 599.55 56.92 6010103 169,980 155.13 15.29 11.08 26.37 14.17 12.20 6010104 188,081 3,835.77 709.68 11.75 721.43 711.61 9.82 6010105 359,330 865.36 305.24 5.71 310.95 297.74 13.21 6010106 75,670 529.47 39.10 0.97 40.06 35.49 4.57 6010107 118,297 123.69 12.46 2.18 14.63 7.96 6.67 6010108 169,756 275.67 32.01 14.79 46.80 25.31 21.48 6010201 448,905 511.26 227.41 2.09 229.51 75.00 154.50 6010202 39,672 565.71 20.23 2.21 22.44 20.24 2.21 6010203 45,801 295.32 11.77 1.76 13.53 11.50 2.02 6010204 52,807 70.35 3.20 0.51 3.71 1.63 2.09 6010205 143,464 225.24 30.05 2.26 32.31 18.32 13.99 6010206 66,155 88.15 5.08 0.75 5.83 4.06 1.77 6010207 188,551 3,151.34 591.81 2.38 594.19 1,865.84 -1271.66 6010208 73,246 17,620.26 1,290.61 0.00 1,290.61 2.56 1,288.05 6020001 483,878 3,449.14 1,639.56 29.40 1,668.96 1,772.85 -103.89 6020002 215,477 459.16 91.17 7.77 98.94 90.62 8.32 6020003 27,701 247.26 5.46 1.38 6.85 4.10 2.75 6020004 31,227 174.83 3.63 1.83 5.46 1.00 4.46 6030001 149,347 10,217.02 1,521.56 4.32 1,525.88 1,499.54 26.34 6030002 534,430 4,224.25 2,221.89 35.68 2,257.56 2,197.07 60.50 6030003 74,852 476.91 31.05 4.65 35.70 29.35 6.35 6030004 47,188 382.37 17.02 1.02 18.04 1.97 16.07 6030005 198,716 6,964.97 1,376.77 7.28 1,384.05 1,364.79 19.26 6030006 40,206 243.11 7.69 2.08 9.77 4.09 5.68 6040001 79,069 416.90 28.80 4.16 32.96 27.73 5.23 6040002 108,119 290.86 29.28 2.17 31.45 13.20 18.25 6040003 125,387 66.96 8.17 0.22 8.40 8.66 -0.27 6040004 22,998 138.22 1.31 1.87 3.18 2.05 1.13 6040005 67,578 19,263.60 1,295.54 6.25 1,301.80 1,294.18 7.62 6040006 87,762 400.14 22.43 12.68 35.12 35.12 Total 4,704,902 2,643 12,247 190 12,437 12,005 432 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

210

Figure 2-6: Total Water Withdrawals by Source and by Hydrologic Unit Code in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 Tennessee River watershed boundary Explanation Surface-water withdrawals in millions of gallons per day 1.3 - 15.3 17 - 91.2 227 - 1,639 2,221 Explanation Groundwater withdrawals in millions of gallons per day 0.2 - 1.9 2.1 - 5.7 6.2 - 29.4 36 Explanation Total water withdrawals in millions of gallons per day 3.2 - 18 22.4 - 98.9 230 - 1,668 2,258 211

Table 2-3: Total Offstream Water Use by County in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals Net Water State/County Surface Ground Total Total Return Demand Alabama Blount 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 Colbert 1,359.74 2.57 1,362.32 1,350.67 11.65 Cullman 0.00 0.06 0.06 0.06 Dekalb 1.27 1.21 2.47 2.47 Etowah 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 Franklin 4.08 1.07 5.16 3.71 1.45 Jackson 1,495.82 0.67 1,496.49 1,489.64 6.84 Lauderdale 13.60 2.14 15.74 9.68 6.06 Lawrence 65.29 0.31 65.60 53.50 12.10 Limestone 2,005.75 6.62 2,012.37 1,993.62 18.75 Madison 42.15 25.31 67.46 37.21 30.25 Marion 4.49 0.00 4.49 0.12 4.37 Marshall 21.44 3.03 24.47 10.46 14.01 Morgan 121.71 1.41 123.12 112.68 10.44 State Total 5,135.35 44.42 5,179.77 5,061.28 118.49 Georgia Catoosa 1.35 4.39 5.73 0.56 5.18 Dade 2.37 0.15 2.52 0.32 2.20 Fannin 1.62 0.15 1.77 0.47 1.31 Rabun 1.59 0.56 2.15 1.89 0.26 Towns 1.08 0.26 1.34 0.36 0.98 Union 0.92 0.72 1.65 0.34 1.31 Walker 0.79 6.06 6.84 1.67 5.17 State Total 9.71 12.29 22.00 5.60 16.40 Kentucky Calloway 0.27 4.52 4.79 0.00 4.79 Graves 0.11 0.06 0.17 0.17 Livingston 4.26 1.80 6.05 6.05 Lyon 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 McCracken 0.00 0.74 0.74 0.74 Marshall 17.77 5.82 23.60 0.26 23.34 State Total 22.42 12.95 35.37 0.27 35.10 Mississippi Tishomingo 2.36 2.36 1.43 0.93 State Total 2.36 2.36 1.43 0.93 North Carolina Avery 0.93 1.13 2.06 1.62 0.43 Buncombe 285.67 4.11 289.78 286.09 3.69 Cherokee 1.52 1.02 2.54 1.33 1.20 Clay 0.59 0.59 0.06 0.53 Graham 17.46 0.28 17.74 17.39 0.35 Haywood 39.00 0.97 39.97 32.93 7.04 Henderson 7.49 2.34 9.83 3.74 6.09 Jackson 1.29 1.16 2.45 1.22 1.23 Macon 1.61 1.64 3.24 1.33 1.91 Madison 0.23 1.07 1.29 0.40 0.89 Mitchell 5.73 0.82 6.55 3.73 2.82 Swain 10.48 0.60 11.08 10.31 0.77 Transylvania 7.75 1.20 8.95 7.51 1.44 Watauga 3.05 1.03 4.08 0.29 3.79 Yancey 0.54 0.89 1.44 0.47 0.97 State Total 382.75 18.84 401.59 368.42 33.17 Tennessee Anderson 578.48 0.52 579.00 573.91 5.10 Bedford 9.22 0.87 10.09 8.62 1.48 Benton 3.49 0.19 3.68 1.07 2.61 Bledsoe 0.44 0.49 0.93 0.15 0.78 Blount 12.55 0.47 13.02 14.83 -1.80 Bradley 14.15 2.55 16.70 12.59 4.10 Campbell 2.33 0.63 2.96 1.58 1.37 Carroll 0.97 0.70 1.67 0.20 1.47 Carter 0.19 8.93 9.12 2.56 6.57 Claiborne 2.74 0.10 2.83 0.53 2.30 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

212

Table 2-3: Total Offstream Water Use by County in 2005 (Continued)

(Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals Net Water State/County Surface Ground Total Total Return Demand Tennessee (continued)

Cocke 4.25 0.09 4.33 2.56 1.77 Coffee 30.36 0.94 31.31 26.56 4.75 Cumberland 5.51 0.00 5.51 1.98 3.53 Decatur 1.03 0.21 1.24 0.53 0.70 Dickson 0.01 0.01 0.01 Dickson 4.91 4.91 4.91 Fentress 0.00 0.00 0.00 Franklin 3.40 2.88 6.28 1.38 4.90 Giles 3.81 0.36 4.17 1.77 2.40 Grainger 0.38 4.58 4.96 4.66 0.30 Greene 10.82 0.06 10.88 6.12 4.77 Grundy 1.11 1.11 0.37 0.74 Hamblen 19.56 0.53 20.09 12.49 7.60 Hamilton 1,594.65 16.40 1,611.05 1,594.51 16.53 Hancock 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.17 0.09 Hardin 24.83 2.43 27.26 24.78 2.48 Hawkins 697.43 1.26 698.70 695.42 3.28 Henderson 3.03 0.39 3.41 1.55 1.86 Henry 0.40 3.34 3.75 2.28 1.46 Hickman 2.42 2.42 0.49 1.93 Houston 0.20 0.20 0.20 Humphreys 1,290.68 1.51 1,292.19 1,290.74 1.45 Jefferson 1.11 7.46 8.58 3.96 4.61 Johnson 0.43 1.64 2.07 0.82 1.25 Knox 63.06 1.38 64.44 59.45 4.99 Lawrence 2.99 2.34 5.33 2.45 2.88 Lewis 0.01 1.56 1.57 0.72 0.85 Lincoln 2.74 2.31 5.05 1.37 3.67 Loudon 15.80 0.37 16.17 12.46 3.70 McMinn 73.47 2.64 76.10 75.93 0.17 McNairy 0.11 0.91 1.02 0.49 0.53 Marion 2.33 1.39 3.71 0.81 2.90 Marshall 2.62 0.16 2.78 2.36 0.42 Maury 12.06 1.11 13.17 7.98 5.19 Meigs 0.14 0.70 0.85 0.26 0.59 Monroe 3.90 0.79 4.69 2.44 2.25 Moore 0.90 0.36 1.25 1.97 -0.72 Morgan 1.36 1.36 0.58 0.78 Perry 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.01 Polk 3.86 1.23 5.09 3.63 1.46 Rhea 191.70 0.96 192.66 176.11 16.54 Roane 1,287.09 1.03 1,288.12 1,282.04 6.09 Sequatchie 0.76 0.76 0.49 0.27 Sevier 8.86 0.35 9.21 7.55 1.65 Stewart 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.06 Sullivan 640.74 0.45 641.19 592.19 49.00 Unicoi 0.05 9.21 9.26 5.22 4.03 Union 0.01 0.35 0.36 0.31 0.05 Washington 15.25 0.56 15.81 11.72 4.08 Wayne 1.04 0.30 1.34 0.89 0.46 Williamson 0.07 0.17 0.24 0.24 State Total 6,656.45 90.41 6,746.86 6,539.22 207.63 Virginia Lee 1.40 0.58 1.98 0.89 1.09 Russell 19.24 1.15 20.39 4.85 15.54 Scott 1.10 0.01 1.11 3.45 -2.33 Smyth 2.14 4.09 6.23 3.04 3.20 Tazewell 3.20 0.09 3.29 5.55 -2.26 Washington 7.80 2.74 10.55 3.53 7.01 Wise 5.15 0.21 5.36 7.66 -2.31 State Total 40.04 8.88 48.91 28.97 19.94 Watershed Total 12,247 190 12,437 12,005 432 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

213

Figure 2-7: Intensity of Per Capita Use Withdrawals by Hydrologic Unit Code in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 Tennessee River watershed boundary Explanation Intensity of withdrawals in gallons/capita/day 70.3 - 247.2 275.7 - 529.4 565.7 - 17,620 19,264 214

Table 2-4: Total Water Use by Category and Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Water-Use Thermoelectric Industrial Public Supply Irrigation Totals Tabulation Reservoir Catchment Area Withdrawal Return Withdrawal Return Withdrawal Return Withdrawal Withdrawal Return Cherokee Watauga 0.10 0.00 25.69 1.62 0.46 26.25 1.63 South Holston 0.84 23.02 4.56 0.43 23.45 5.40 Boone 0.10 23.00 0.14 0.24 23.00 Ft Patrick Henry 616.68 16.21 632.89 0.00 Cherokee 693.70 692.44 7.33 578.72 21.45 17.25 2.80 725.27 1,288.41 Subtotal 693.70 692.44 624.21 579.56 86.37 46.43 3.83 1,408.11 1,318.44 Cumulative 693.70 692.44 624.21 579.56 86.37 46.43 3.83 1,408.11 1,318.44 Douglas Douglas 262.66 262.65 63.13 53.21 83.64 43.09 2.14 411.57 358.95 Subtotal 262.66 262.65 63.13 53.21 83.64 43.09 2.14 411.57 358.95 Cumulative 956.36 955.09 687.33 632.77 170.01 89.53 5.97 1,819.68 1,677.39 Fort Loudoun Fort Loudoun 7.37 12.82 69.67 63.76 0.62 77.66 76.57 Subtotal 7.37 12.82 69.67 63.76 0.62 77.66 76.57 Cumulative 956.36 955.09 694.70 645.59 239.68 153.28 6.59 1,897.33 1,753.96 Fontana-Tellico Fontana 27.18 27.39 9.54 4.35 0.07 36.79 31.74 Santeetlah 0.68 0.68 0.00 Tellico 0.01 0.11 2.77 1.52 0.48 3.27 1.63 Subtotal 27.20 27.49 12.99 5.87 0.55 40.74 33.36 Cumulative 956.36 955.09 721.90 673.08 252.67 159.15 7.15 1,938.07 1,787.32 Norris Norris 15.16 3.20 3.75 4.05 18.92 15.59 0.33 38.16 22.84 Melton Hill 563.20 563.17 1.57 4.35 27.39 12.83 0.90 593.06 580.34 Subtotal 578.36 566.36 5.32 8.40 46.32 28.42 1.23 631.23 603.18 Cumulative 1,534.72 1,521.45 727.22 681.48 298.99 187.57 8.38 2,569.30 2,390.50 Hiwassee-Ocoee Chatuge 2.67 0.2 0.18 2.85 0.2 Nottely 1.65 0.34 1.65 0.34 Hiwassee 1.62 1.54 0.37 2.00 1.54 Apalachia 3.21 0.01 3.21 0.01 Blue Ridge 3.62 0.01 2.01 0.46 0.05 5.68 0.47 Ocoee 3.30 1.15 0.30 0.02 1.17 3.59 Subtotal 3.62 3.31 12.31 2.85 0.62 16.55 6.15 Cumulative 1,534.72 1,521.45 730.84 684.78 311.30 190.42 9.00 2,585.85 2,396.66 Watts Bar-Chickamauga Watts Bar 1,430.90 1,279.23 0.02 5.30 12.87 18.96 0.37 1,444.16 1,303.49 Chickamauga 1,576.60 1,713.03 75.09 74.94 49.03 15.54 2.54 1,703.26 1,803.52 Subtotal 3,007.50 2,992.27 75.11 80.24 61.90 34.51 2.91 3,147.41 3,107.01 Cumulative 4,542.22 4,513.72 805.95 765.02 373.20 224.93 11.90 5,733.26 5,503.67 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

215

Table 2-4: Total Water Use by Category and Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 (Continued)

(Millions of Gallons per Day)

Water-Use Thermoelectric Industrial Public Supply Irrigation Totals Tabulation Reservoir Catchment Area Withdrawal Return Withdrawal Return Withdrawal Return Withdrawal Withdrawal Return Nickajack Nickajack 12.12 11.08 42.41 46.81 0.32 54.85 57.89 Subtotal 12.12 11.08 42.41 46.81 0.32 54.85 57.89 Cumulative 4,542.22 4,513.72 818.07 776.11 415.60 271.74 12.23 5,788.12 5,561.56 Guntersville Guntersville 1,476.30 1,476.29 8.81 8.12 43.01 16.30 2.39 1,530.51 1,500.71 Subtotal 1,476.30 1,476.29 8.81 8.12 43.01 16.30 2.39 1,530.51 1,500.71 Cumulative 6,018.52 5,990.01 826.88 784.22 458.61 288.04 14.61 7,318.62 7,062.27 Tims Ford Tims Ford 25.50 21.14 5.81 4.70 2.35 33.66 25.84 Subtotal 25.50 21.14 5.81 4.70 2.35 33.66 25.84 Cumulative 6,018.52 5,990.01 852.38 805.36 464.42 292.74 16.97 7,352.28 7,088.11 Wheeler-Wilson Wheeler 1,991.44 1,987.94 148.33 145.56 120.83 68.88 16.23 2,276.82 2,202.38 Wilson 19.29 2.70 24.21 6.15 3.00 46.49 8.86 Subtotal 1,991.44 1,987.94 167.61 148.26 145.04 75.03 19.23 2,323.32 2,211.24 Cumulative 8,009.96 7,977.95 1,019.99 953.62 609.46 367.77 36.20 9,675.60 9,299.34 Pickwick Pickwick 1,294.14 1,292.83 37.20 50.88 5.90 16.31 2.03 1,339.27 1,360.03 Cedar Creek 4.20 4.20 0.00 Upper Bear Creek 3.17 3.17 0.00 Subtotal 1,294.14 1,292.83 37.20 50.88 13.27 16.31 2.03 1,346.64 1,360.03 Cumulative 9,304.10 9,270.78 1,057.19 1,004.50 622.72 384.08 38.23 11,022.24 10,659.37 Normandy Normandy 0.00 26.53 2.31 1.16 27.69 2.31 Subtotal 0.00 26.53 2.31 1.16 27.69 2.31 Cumulative 9,304.10 9,270.78 1,057.19 1,004.50 649.25 386.39 39.39 11,049.93 10,661.68 Kentucky Kentucky 1,226.90 1,226.83 121.44 92.27 34.57 24.41 4.01 1,386.92 1,343.51 Subtotal 1,226.90 1,226.83 121.44 92.27 34.57 24.41 4.01 1,386.92 1,343.51 Cumulative 10,531 10,498 1,179 1,097 684 411 43 12,437 12,005 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

216

Table 2-5: Total Water Use by Category and Hydrologic Unit Code in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Thermoelectric Industrial Public Supply Irrigation Totals Hydrologic Unit Code Withdrawal Return Withdrawal Return Withdrawal Return Withdrawal Withdrawal Return 6010101 2.01 2.28 0.99 1.61 3.88 3.00 6010102 616.68 575.84 39.23 23.71 0.56 656.47 599.55 6010103 0.20 0.00 25.69 14.17 0.48 26.37 14.17 6010104 693.70 692.44 7.38 8.22 19.17 10.95 1.18 721.43 711.61 6010105 262.66 262.65 6.88 5.81 41.28 29.28 0.14 310.95 297.74 6010106 33.17 28.66 6.80 6.84 0.10 40.06 35.49 6010107 1.31 12.95 7.96 0.37 14.63 7.96 6010108 21.77 18.74 23.44 6.57 1.59 46.80 25.31 6010201 150.90 7.34 11.26 70.17 63.75 1.09 229.51 75.00 6010202 18.60 18.82 3.77 1.42 0.07 22.44 20.24 6010203 8.58 8.57 4.95 2.93 0.00 13.53 11.50 6010204 0.01 0.11 3.45 1.52 0.25 3.71 1.63 6010205 15.16 3.20 3.52 3.33 13.38 11.80 0.25 32.31 18.32 6010206 0.23 0.69 5.55 3.37 0.06 5.83 4.06 6010207 563.20 1,842.40 1.57 4.72 28.52 18.72 0.90 594.19 1,865.84 6010208 1,280.00 0.00 10.52 2.56 0.09 1,290.61 2.56 6020001 1,576.60 1,713.03 13.25 11.08 76.31 48.73 2.81 1,668.96 1,772.85 6020002 73.96 74.94 24.41 15.68 0.57 98.94 90.62 6020003 3.62 3.31 3.16 0.79 0.07 6.85 4.10 6020004 0.00 5.16 1.00 0.30 5.46 1.00 6030001 1,476.30 1,476.29 8.81 8.12 38.41 15.13 2.36 1,525.88 1,499.54 6030002 1,991.44 1,987.94 147.83 143.83 105.20 65.30 13.10 2,257.56 2,197.07 6030003 25.50 22.79 7.69 6.55 2.51 35.70 29.35 6030004 0.50 0.07 13.79 1.90 3.75 18.04 1.97 6030005 1,294.14 1,292.83 56.48 53.58 29.53 18.38 3.89 1,384.05 1,364.79 6030006 0.00 0.00 8.60 4.09 1.17 9.77 4.09 6040001 23.70 23.49 8.32 4.24 0.94 32.96 27.73 6040002 3.70 4.89 26.53 8.31 1.22 31.45 13.20 6040003 0.50 1.76 7.47 6.90 0.43 8.40 8.66 6040004 0.10 2.83 2.05 0.25 3.18 2.05 6040005 1,226.90 1,226.83 66.13 62.13 7.95 5.22 0.82 1,301.80 1,294.18 6040006 27.31 7.34 0.47 35.12 0.00 Total 10,531 10,498 1,179 1,097 684 411 43 12,437 12,005 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

217

Table 2-6: Total Water Use by Category and County in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Thermoelectric Industrial Public Supply Irrigation Totals State and County Withdrawal Return Withdrawal Return Withdrawal Return Withdrawal Withdrawal Return Alabama Blount 0.02 0.02 0.00 Colbert 1,294.14 1,292.83 56.48 53.39 9.35 4.44 2.34 1,362.32 1,350.67 Cullman 0.06 0.06 0.00 Dekalb 1.17 1.30 2.47 0.00 Etowah 0.01 0.01 0.00 Franklin 4.69 3.71 0.47 5.16 3.71 Jackson 1,476.30 1,476.29 8.78 8.12 10.71 5.24 0.70 1,496.49 1,489.64 Lauderdale 14.58 9.68 1.16 15.74 9.68 Lawrence 57.18 52.20 6.91 1.30 1.50 65.60 53.50 Limestone 1,990.24 1,987.54 0.50 0.06 13.37 6.02 8.26 2,012.37 1,993.62 Madison 0.93 62.54 36.27 4.92 67.46 37.21 Marion 4.49 0.12 0.00 4.49 0.12 Marshall 0.04 0.15 23.94 10.30 0.49 24.47 10.46 Morgan 1.20 0.40 90.64 90.48 30.42 21.79 0.86 123.12 112.68 State Total 4,761.88 4,757.07 213.62 205.34 182.19 98.88 22.08 5,179.77 5,061.28 Georgia Catoosa 0.01 4.68 0.55 1.05 5.73 0.56 Dade 0.01 2.35 0.31 0.17 2.52 0.32 Fannin 0.01 1.72 0.46 0.05 1.77 0.47 Rabun 1.60 1.82 0.48 0.07 0.07 2.15 1.89 Towns 1.17 0.36 0.18 1.34 0.36 Union 1.65 0.34 1.65 0.34 Walker 1.13 0.15 5.44 1.52 0.28 6.84 1.67 State Total 2.73 2.00 17.48 3.60 1.80 22.00 5.60 Kentucky Calloway 1.08 3.43 0.00 0.28 4.79 0.00 Graves 0.05 0.12 0.17 0.00 Livingston 6.05 0.00 6.05 0.00 Lyon 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 McCracken 0.73 0.01 0.74 0.00 Marshall 20.18 3.39 0.26 0.03 23.60 0.26 State Total 27.31 7.62 0.27 0.44 35.37 0.27 Mississippi Tishomingo 0.00 0.04 2.35 1.39 2.36 1.43 State Total 0.00 0.04 2.35 1.39 2.36 1.43 North Carolina Avery 0.93 0.85 1.13 0.78 2.06 1.62 Buncombe 262.66 262.65 0.13 0.10 27.00 23.34 289.78 286.09 Cherokee 2.54 1.33 2.54 1.33 Clay 0.59 0.06 0.59 0.06 Graham 17.01 17.10 0.73 0.29 17.74 17.39 Haywood 33.17 28.52 6.80 4.40 39.97 32.93 Henderson 0.04 0.04 9.78 3.70 9.83 3.74 Jackson 2.45 1.22 2.45 1.22 Macon 3.24 1.33 3.24 1.33 Madison 1.29 0.40 1.29 0.40 Mitchell 4.82 3.37 1.73 0.36 6.55 3.73 Swain 8.58 8.57 2.50 1.74 11.08 10.31 Transylvania 6.71 5.68 2.24 1.83 8.95 7.51 Watauga 0.00 0.00 4.08 0.28 4.08 0.29 Yancey 0.00 0.00 1.43 0.47 1.44 0.47 State Total 262.66 262.65 71.40 64.23 67.52 41.54 401.59 368.42 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

218

Table 2-6: Total Water Use by Category and County in 2005 (Continued)

(Millions of Gallons per Day)

Thermoelectric Industrial Public Supply Irrigation Totals State and County Withdrawal Return Withdrawal Return Withdrawal Return Withdrawal Withdrawal Return Tennessee Anderson 563.20 563.17 1.57 4.72 13.49 6.02 0.75 579.00 573.91 Bedford 3.70 4.74 6.35 3.88 0.04 10.09 8.62 Benton 2.13 1.45 1.07 0.10 3.68 1.07 Bledsoe 0.55 0.15 0.38 0.93 0.15 Blount 0.00 5.61 12.25 9.21 0.77 13.02 14.83 Bradley 3.93 3.67 12.72 8.92 0.05 16.70 12.59 Campbell 2.89 1.58 0.06 2.96 1.58 Carroll 1.27 0.35 0.20 0.05 1.67 0.20 Carter 0.08 8.85 2.56 0.19 9.12 2.56 Claiborne 2.79 0.53 0.05 2.83 0.53 Cocke 0.09 0.13 3.96 2.43 0.28 4.33 2.56 Coffee 24.72 21.27 5.09 5.29 1.50 31.31 26.56 Cumberland 0.00 5.43 1.98 0.08 5.51 1.98 Decatur 0.00 0.01 1.18 0.53 0.05 1.24 0.53 Dickson 0.01 0.01 0.00 Dickson 4.91 4.91 0.00 Fentress 0.00 0.00 0.00 Franklin 5.25 1.38 1.03 6.28 1.38 Giles 0.07 3.10 1.70 1.07 4.17 1.77 Grainger 4.32 4.55 0.13 0.11 0.51 4.96 4.66 Greene 1.75 2.48 8.46 3.64 0.68 10.88 6.12 Grundy 0.90 0.37 0.20 1.11 0.37 Hamblen 10.60 8.24 9.03 4.25 0.46 20.09 12.49 Hamilton 1,539.30 1,539.17 12.12 10.91 59.02 44.43 0.61 1,611.05 1,594.51 Hancock 0.23 0.17 0.03 0.25 0.17 Hardin 23.70 23.48 3.03 1.30 0.54 27.26 24.78 Hawkins 693.70 692.44 0.34 0.56 4.27 2.41 0.38 698.70 695.42 Henderson 3.31 1.55 0.11 3.41 1.55 Henry 3.11 2.28 0.64 3.75 2.28 Hickman 0.09 2.39 0.41 0.03 2.42 0.49 Houston 0.20 0.20 0.00 Humphreys 1,226.90 1,226.83 62.73 62.13 2.52 1.78 0.04 1,292.19 1,290.74 Jefferson 3.90 2.66 4.40 1.30 0.27 8.58 3.96 Johnson 0.06 1.98 0.82 0.03 2.07 0.82 Knox 0.90 1.38 63.08 58.07 0.46 64.44 59.45 Lawrence 0.16 4.45 2.29 0.88 5.33 2.45 Lewis 0.05 1.51 0.72 0.01 1.57 0.72 Lincoln 3.64 1.37 1.41 5.05 1.37 Loudon 6.49 4.80 9.61 7.66 0.07 16.17 12.46 McMinn 70.03 71.27 5.75 4.66 0.32 76.10 75.93 McNairy 0.81 0.49 0.21 1.02 0.49 Marion 0.00 0.00 3.66 0.81 0.05 3.71 0.81 Marshall 0.03 2.66 2.34 0.12 2.78 2.36 Maury 0.50 1.67 12.42 6.31 0.25 13.17 7.98 Meigs 0.70 0.26 0.14 0.85 0.26 Monroe 0.12 4.66 2.32 0.03 4.69 2.44 Moore 0.70 1.66 0.56 0.31 1.25 1.97 Morgan 1.35 0.58 0.01 1.36 0.58 Perry 0.61 0.61 0.01 0.62 0.61 Polk 3.62 3.30 1.44 0.33 0.04 5.09 3.63 Rhea 188.20 173.87 3.92 2.24 0.53 192.66 176.11 Roane 1,280.00 1,279.23 8.08 2.80 0.04 1,288.12 1,282.04 Sequatchie 0.75 0.49 0.01 0.76 0.49 Sevier 0.06 8.97 7.55 0.18 9.21 7.55 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

219

Table 2-6: Total Water Use by Category and County in 2005 (Continued)

(Millions of Gallons per Day)

Thermoelectric Industrial Public Supply Irrigation Totals State and County Withdrawal Return Withdrawal Return Withdrawal Return Withdrawal Withdrawal Return Tennessee Stewart 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.00 Sullivan 616.70 575.00 24.11 17.19 0.38 641.19 592.19 Unicoi 3.71 3.80 5.52 1.43 0.03 9.26 5.22 Union 0.35 0.31 0.01 0.36 0.31 Washington 0.00 14.80 11.72 1.01 15.81 11.72 Wayne 0.05 1.16 0.89 0.13 1.34 0.89 Williamson 0.15 0.09 0.24 0.00 State Total 5,491.30 5,474.71 859.81 818.50 378.32 246.01 17.43 6,746.86 6,539.22 Virginia Lee 0.23 0.05 1.75 0.84 1.98 0.89 Russell 15.16 3.20 3.47 0.45 1.75 1.20 0.01 20.39 4.85 Scott 2.42 1.11 1.03 1.11 3.45 Smyth 0.45 4.64 2.59 1.60 6.23 3.04 Tazewell 0.06 2.03 3.23 3.52 3.29 5.55 Washington 0.53 10.49 3.00 0.06 10.55 3.53 Wise 0.00 0.74 5.36 6.93 5.36 7.66 State Total 15.16 3.20 3.75 6.67 28.33 19.11 1.66 48.91 28.97 Watershed Total 10,531 10,498 1,179 1,097 684 411 43 12,437 12,005 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

220

Table 2-7: Surface-Water Withdrawals by Category and Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Water-Use Total Tabulation Area Public Water Reservoir Catchment Area Thermoelectric Industrial Supply Irrigation Withdrawals Cherokee Watauga 0.10 14.84 0.31 15.25 South Holston 16.27 0.20 16.48 Boone 0.02 0.08 0.10 Fort Patrick Henry 616.68 16.21 632.89 Cherokee 693.70 1.05 14.24 2.65 711.63 WUTA Total 693.70 617.85 61.56 3.24 1,376.35 Cumulative 693.70 617.85 61.56 3.24 1,376.35 Douglas Douglas 262.66 58.16 66.51 1.43 388.75 WUTA Total 262.66 58.16 66.51 1.43 388.75 Cumulative 956.36 676.01 128.07 4.67 1,765.11 Fort Loudoun Fort Loudoun 6.69 68.69 0.24 75.63 WUTA Total 6.69 68.69 0.24 75.63 Cumulative 956.36 682.70 196.76 4.91 1,840.73 Fontana-Tellico Fontana 27.07 4.86 0.07 32.00 Santeetlah 0.42 0.42 Tellico 0.01 2.61 0.37 3.00 WUTA Total 27.08 7.89 0.44 35.41 Cumulative 956.36 709.78 204.65 5.35 1,876.14 Norris Norris 15.16 3.50 16.21 0.29 35.15 Melton Hill 563.20 1.45 25.49 0.77 590.90 WUTA Total 578.36 4.94 41.69 1.06 626.06 Cumulative 1,534.72 714.73 246.34 6.41 2,502.20 Hiwassee-Ocoee Chatuge 1.87 0.13 2.00 Nottely 0.92 0.92 Hiwassee 0.60 0.28 0.88 Apalachia 3.21 3.21 Blue Ridge 3.57 1.86 0.02 5.45 Ocoee 0.02 0.02 WUTA Total 3.57 8.46 0.45 12.48 Cumulative 1,534.72 718.30 254.80 6.86 2,514.68 Watts Bar-Chickamauga Watts Bar 1,430.90 11.93 0.34 1,443.17 Chickamauga 1,576.60 74.47 25.00 1.76 1,677.82 WUTA Total 3,007.50 74.47 36.93 2.09 3,120.99 Cumulative 4,542.22 792.77 291.73 8.95 5,635.67 Nickajack Nickajack 5.40 41.57 0.21 47.18 WUTA Total 5.40 41.57 0.21 47.18 Cumulative 4,542.22 798.16 333.30 9.16 5,682.85 Guntersville Guntersville 1,476.30 8.78 36.82 1.77 1,514.36 WUTA Total 1,476.30 8.78 36.82 1.77 1,523.67 Cumulative 6,018.52 806.94 370.12 10.93 7,206.52 221

Table 2-7: Surface-Water Withdrawals by Water Use Category and Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 (Continued) (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Water-Use Total Tabulation Public Water Reservoir Catchment Area Thermoelectric Industrial Supply Irrigation Withdrawals Tims Ford Tims Ford 24.19 3.42 1.95 29.56 WUTA Total 24.19 3.42 1.95 29.56 Cumulative 6,018.52 831.13 373.54 12.88 7,236.08 Wheeler-Wilson Wheeler 1,991.44 147.03 89.10 12.04 2,239.60 Wilson 18.42 21.45 1.86 41.73 WUTA Total 1,991.44 165.45 110.55 13.90 2,281.33 Cumulative 8,009.96 996.59 484.09 26.78 9,517.41 Pickwick Pickwick 1,294.14 37.20 2.51 1.15 1,335.00 Cedar Creek 3.88 3.88 Upper Bear Creek 3.17 3.17 WUTA Total 1,294.14 37.20 9.56 1.15 1,342.05 Cumulative 9,304.10 1,033.78 493.65 27.93 10,859.46 Normandy Normandy 0.00 24.46 1.06 25.52 WUTA Total 0.00 24.46 1.06 25.52 Cumulative 9,304.10 1,033.78 518.11 28.99 10,884.98 Kentucky Kentucky 1,226.90 115.60 15.81 3.42 1,361.73 WUTA Total 1,226.90 115.60 15.81 3.42 1,361.73 Cumulative 10,531 1,149 534 32 12,247 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

222

Table 2-8: Surface-Water Withdrawals by Category and Hydrologic Unit Code in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Hydrologic Public Total Water Unit Code Thermoelectric Industrial Supply Irrigation Withdrawals 6010101 0.40 1.61 2.00 6010102 616.68 32.49 0.27 649.43 6010103 0.12 14.84 0.32 15.29 6010104 693.70 1.10 13.84 1.04 709.68 6010105 262.66 6.88 35.56 0.14 305.24 6010106 33.17 5.83 0.10 39.10 6010107 12.16 0.30 12.46 6010108 18.11 12.95 0.95 32.01 6010201 150.90 6.64 69.19 0.68 227.41 6010202 18.49 1.67 0.07 20.23 6010203 8.58 3.19 0.00 11.77 6010204 0.01 3.03 0.16 3.20 6010205 15.16 3.50 11.18 0.22 30.05 6010206 0.00 5.03 0.05 5.08 6010207 563.20 1.45 26.39 0.77 591.81 6010208 1,280.00 10.52 0.09 1,290.61 6020001 1,576.60 5.91 55.14 1.91 1,639.56 6020002 73.96 16.78 0.43 91.17 6020003 3.57 1.86 0.03 5.46 6020004 3.34 0.30 3.63 6030001 1,476.30 8.78 34.74 1.75 1,521.56 6030002 1,991.44 146.53 74.26 9.65 2,221.89 6030003 24.19 4.75 2.11 31.05 6030004 0.50 13.51 3.01 17.02 6030005 1,294.14 55.61 24.63 2.39 1,376.77 6030006 7.05 0.64 7.69 6040001 23.70 4.35 0.75 28.80 6040002 3.70 24.46 1.11 29.28 6040003 0.50 7.30 0.38 8.17 6040004 1.09 0.23 1.31 6040005 1,226.90 65.70 2.41 0.53 1,295.54 6040006 22.00 0.44 22.43 Watershed Total 10,531 1,149 534 32 12,247 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

223

Table 2-9: Surface-Water Withdrawals by Category and County in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

State and Public Total Water County Thermoelectric Industrial Supply Irrigation WIthdrawals Alabama Blount 0.01 0.01 Colbert 1,294.14 55.61 8.59 1.40 1,359.74 Cullman 0.00 0.00 Dekalb 0.47 0.80 1.27 Etowah 0.01 0.01 Franklin 3.88 0.21 4.08 Jackson 1,476.30 8.78 10.08 0.66 1,495.82 Lauderdale 13.18 0.42 13.60 Lawrence 57.18 6.91 1.19 65.29 Limestone 1,990.24 0.50 8.85 6.16 2,005.75 Madison 38.85 3.30 42.15 Marion 4.49 4.49 Marshall 20.96 0.49 21.44 Morgan 1.20 89.35 30.42 0.74 121.71 State Total 4,761.88 211.42 146.67 15.39 5,135.35 Georgia Catoosa 0.56 0.79 1.35 Dade 2.35 0.02 2.37 Fannin ` 1.61 0.02 1.62 Rabun 1.49 0.03 0.07 1.59 Towns 0.96 0.13 1.08 Union 0.92 0.92 Walker 0.51 0.28 0.79 State Total 2.00 6.42 1.29 9.71 Kentucky Calloway 0.27 0.27 Graves 0.11 0.11 Livingston 4.25 0.00 4.26 Lyon 0.00 0.00 McCracken 0.00 0.00 Marshall 17.75 0.03 17.77 State Total 22.00 0.42 22.42 North Carolina Avery 0.93 0.93 Buncombe 262.66 0.13 22.89 285.67 Cherokee 1.52 1.52 Graham 17.01 0.45 17.46 Haywood 33.17 5.83 39.00 Henderson 0.04 7.45 7.49 Jackson 1.29 1.29 Macon 1.61 1.61 Madison 0.23 0.23 Mitchell 4.82 0.91 5.73 Swain 8.58 1.90 10.48 Transylvania 6.71 1.04 7.75 Watauga 0.00 3.05 3.05 Yancey 0.00 0.54 0.54 State Total 262.66 71.40 48.69 382.75 224

Table 2-9: Surface-Water Withdrawals by Category and County in 2005 (Continued)

(Millions of Gallons per Day)

State and Public Total Water County Thermoelectric Industrial Supply Irrigation Withdrawals Te n n e s s e e Anderson 563.20 1.45 13.21 0.63 578.48 Bedford 3.70 5.52 0.00 9.22 Benton 2.06 1.33 0.10 3.49 Bledsoe 0.06 0.38 0.44 Blount 12.25 0.30 12.55 Bradley 3.93 10.18 0.04 14.15 Campbell 2.26 0.06 2.33 Carroll 0.97 0.97 Carter 0.19 0.19 Claiborne 2.69 0.05 2.74 Cocke 3.96 0.28 4.25 Coffee 23.85 5.08 1.43 30.36 Cumberland 5.43 0.08 5.51 Decatur 0.00 0.98 0.05 1.03 Dickson 0.01 0.01 Dickson 4.91 4.91 Fentress 0.00 0.00 Franklin 2.86 0.54 3.40 Giles 2.74 1.07 3.81 Grainger 0.38 0.38 Greene 1.75 8.46 0.62 10.82 Grundy 0.90 0.20 1.11 Hamblen 10.60 8.67 0.29 19.56 Hamilton 1,539.30 5.40 49.73 0.22 1,594.65 Hancock 0.23 0.02 0.25 Hardin 23.70 0.67 0.47 24.83 Hawkins 693.70 0.34 3.01 0.38 697.43 Henderson 2.92 0.11 3.03 Henry 0.00 0.40 0.40 Hickman 2.39 0.03 2.42 Humphreys 1,226.90 62.66 1.07 0.04 1,290.68 Jefferson 0.71 0.27 0.13 1.11 Johnson 0.05 0.36 0.02 0.43 Knox 0.23 62.40 0.43 63.06 Lawrence 2.20 0.80 2.99 Lewis 0.01 0.01 Lincoln 1.33 1.41 2.74 Loudon 6.47 9.26 0.07 15.80 McMinn 70.03 3.21 0.23 73.47 McNairy 0.11 0.11 Marion 2.29 0.03 2.33 Marshall 2.51 0.12 2.62 Maury 0.50 11.36 0.20 12.06 Meigs 0.14 0.14 Monroe 3.87 0.03 3.90 Moore 0.34 0.56 0.90 Morgan 1.35 0.01 1.36 Perry 0.61 0.01 0.62 Polk 3.57 0.25 0.03 3.86 Rhea 188.20 3.01 0.48 191.70 225

Table 2-9: Surface-Water Withdrawals by Category and County in 2005 (Continued)

(Millions of Gallons per Day)

State and Public Total Water County Thermoelectric Industrial Supply Irrigation WIthdrawals Tennessee (continued)

Roane 1,280.00 7.06 0.03 1,287.09 Sequatchie 0.75 0.01 0.76 Sevier 8.70 0.16 8.86 Stewart 0.02 0.02 Sullivan 616.70 23.82 0.21 640.74 Unicoi 0.04 0.01 0.05 Union 0.01 0.01 Washington 14.80 0.45 15.25 Wayne 0.93 0.11 1.04 Williamson 0.07 0.07 State Total 5,491.30 839.06 312.38 13.71 6,656.45 Virginia Lee 1.40 1.40 Russell 15.16 3.47 0.61 0.01 19.24 Scott 1.10 1.10 Smyth 0.54 1.60 2.14 Tazewell 0.03 3.17 3.20 Washington 7.80 7.80 Wise 0.00 5.15 5.15 State Total 15.16 3.50 19.77 1.60 40.04 Watershed Total 10,531 1,149 534 32 12,247 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

226

Table 2-10: Groundwater Withdrawals by Category and Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Water-Use Tabulation Public Total Water Reservoir Catchment Area Industrial Supply Irrigation Withdrawals Cherokee Watauga 0.00 10.85 0.15 11.00 South Holston 6.75 0.23 6.97 Boone 0.08 0.00 0.07 0.14 Ft Patrick Henry 0.00 Cherokee 6.28 7.21 0.15 13.64 WUTA total 6.36 24.81 0.59 31.76 Cumulative 6.36 24.81 0.59 31.76 Douglas Douglas 4.97 17.13 0.71 22.82 WUTA total 4.97 17.13 0.71 22.82 Cumulative 11.33 41.94 1.30 54.57 Fort Loudoun Fort Loudoun 0.68 0.98 0.38 2.03 WUTA total 0.68 0.98 0.38 2.03 Cumulative 12.00 42.92 1.68 56.60 Fontana-Tellico Fontana 0.11 4.68 4.80 Santeetlah 0.26 0.26 Tellico 0.16 0.11 0.27 WUTA total 0.11 5.10 0.11 5.33 Cumulative 12.12 48.02 1.79 61.93 Norris Norris 0.25 2.72 0.04 3.01 Melton Hill 0.12 1.91 0.13 2.16 WUTA total 0.38 4.62 0.17 5.17 Cumulative 12.49 52.65 1.96 67.10 Hiwassee-Ocoee Chatuge 0.80 0.05 0.85 Nottely 0.72 0.72 Hiwassee 1.02 0.09 1.11 Apalachia 0.00 Blue Ridge 0.05 0.15 0.03 0.23 Ocoee 1.15 0.00 1.15 WUTA total 0.05 3.85 0.18 4.07 Cumulative 12.54 56.50 2.14 71.17 Watts Bar-Chickamauga Watts Bar 0.02 0.93 0.03 0.99 Chickamauga 0.62 24.03 0.78 25.44 WUTA total 0.64 24.97 0.81 26.42 Cumulative 13.18 81.47 2.95 97.60 Nickajack Nickajack 6.72 0.83 0.11 7.67 WUTA total 6.72 0.83 0.11 7.67 Cumulative 19.90 82.30 3.06 105.26 227

Table 2-10: Groundwater Withdrawals by Category and Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 (Continued)

(Millions of Gallons per Day)

Water-Use Tabulation Public Total Water Reservoir Catchment Area Industrial Supply Irrigation Withdrawals Guntersville Guntersville 0.04 6.19 0.62 6.84 WUTA total 0.04 6.19 0.62 6.84 Cumulative 19.94 88.48 3.68 112.11 Tims Ford Tims Ford 1.30 2.39 0.40 4.09 WUTA total 1.30 2.39 0.40 4.09 Cumulative 21.24 90.87 4.08 116.20 Wheeler-Wilson Wheeler 1.29 31.73 4.19 37.22 Wilson 0.87 2.76 1.14 4.77 WUTA total 2.16 34.49 5.33 41.99 Cumulative 23.40 125.37 9.42 158.19 Pickwick Pickwick 0.00 3.38 0.89 4.27 Cedar Creek 0.32 0.32 Upper Bear Creek 0.00 WUTA total 0.00 3.70 0.89 4.59 Cumulative 23.41 129.07 10.31 162.78 Normandy Normandy 2.07 0.10 2.17 WUTA total 0.00 2.07 0.10 2.17 Cumulative 23.41 131.14 10.41 164.95 Kentucky Kentucky 5.85 18.75 0.59 25.19 WUTA total 5.85 18.75 0.59 25.19 Cumulative 30 150 11 190 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

228

Table 2-11: Groundwater Withdrawals by Category and Hydrologic Unit Code in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Hydrologic Public Total Water Unit Code Industrial Supply Irrigation Withdrawals 6010108 3.67 10.48 0.64 14.79 6010101 1.88 0.00 1.88 6010206 0.23 0.52 0.00 0.75 6010205 0.02 2.20 0.04 2.26 6010204 0.42 0.09 0.51 6010203 1.76 1.76 6010208 0.00 0.00 6010201 0.70 0.98 0.42 2.09 6020001 7.34 21.17 0.89 29.40 6010107 1.31 0.79 0.08 2.18 6010106 0.97 0.00 0.97 6010105 5.71 5.71 6010104 6.28 5.33 0.15 11.75 6010103 0.08 10.85 0.15 11.08 6010102 6.75 0.29 7.03 6010202 0.11 2.10 0.00 2.21 6030004 0.28 0.74 1.02 6040005 0.43 5.54 0.28 6.25 6040004 0.10 1.75 0.02 1.87 6040003 0.17 0.05 0.22 6040002 2.07 0.10 2.17 6040001 3.96 0.20 4.16 6010207 0.12 2.12 0.13 2.38 6030005 0.87 4.91 1.51 7.28 6040006 5.31 7.34 0.03 12.68 6030003 1.30 2.94 0.40 4.65 6030002 1.29 30.93 3.45 35.68 6030001 0.04 3.67 0.61 4.32 6020004 1.82 0.01 1.83 6020003 0.05 1.31 0.03 1.38 6020002 7.63 0.14 7.77 6030006 0.00 1.56 0.53 2.08 Watershed Total 30 150 11 190 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

229

Table 2-12: Groundwater Withdrawals by Category and County in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Public Total State and County Industrial Supply Irrigation Withdrawals Alabama Blount 0.01 0.01 Colbert 0.87 0.76 0.94 2.57 Cullman 0.06 0.06 Dekalb 0.70 0.50 1.21 Etowah 0.00 0.00 Franklin 0.82 0.26 1.07 Jackson 0.63 0.04 0.67 Lauderdale 1.40 0.74 2.14 Lawrence 0.31 0.31 Limestone 4.52 2.11 6.62 Madison 23.70 1.61 25.31 Marion 0.00 0.00 Marshall 0.04 2.98 3.02 Morgan 1.29 0.12 1.41 State Total 2.20 35.52 6.69 44.40 Georgia Catoosa 4.13 0.26 4.39 Dade 0.15 0.15 Fannin 0.12 0.03 0.15 Rabun 0.11 0.45 0.56 Towns 0.21 0.05 0.26 Union 0.72 0.72 Walker 0.62 5.44 6.06 State Total 0.73 11.06 0.50 12.29 Kentucky Calloway 1.08 3.43 0.01 4.52 Graves 0.05 0.01 0.06 Livingston 1.80 1.80 Lyon 0.02 0.02 McCracken 0.73 0.01 0.74 Marshall 2.44 3.39 5.82 State Total 5.31 7.62 0.02 12.95 Mississippi Tishomingo 0.00 2.35 2.36 State Total 0.00 2.35 2.36 North Carolina Avery 1.13 1.13 Buncombe 4.11 4.11 Cherokee 1.02 1.02 Clay 0.59 0.59 Graham 0.28 0.28 Haywood 0.97 0.97 Henderson 2.34 2.34 Jackson 1.16 1.16 Macon 1.64 1.64 Madison 1.07 1.07 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

230

Table 2-12: Groundwater Withdrawals by Category and County in 2005 (Continued)

(Millions of Gallons per Day)

Public Total State and County Industrial Supply Irrigation Withdrawals North Carolina (continued)

Mitchell 0.82 0.82 Swain 0.60 0.60 Transylvania 1.20 1.20 Watauga 1.03 1.03 Yancey 0.89 0.89 State Total 0.00 18.84 18.84 Te n n e s s e e Anderson 0.12 0.28 0.12 0.52 Bedford 0.84 0.04 0.87 Benton 0.07 0.11 0.19 Bledsoe 0.49 0.49 Blount 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.47 Bradley 2.54 0.01 2.55 Campbell 0.63 0.63 Carroll 0.30 0.35 0.05 0.70 Carter 0.08 8.85 8.93 Claiborne 0.10 0.10 Cocke 0.09 0.09 Coffee 0.86 0.01 0.07 0.94 Cumberland 0.00 0.00 Decatur 0.20 0.01 0.21 Franklin 2.39 0.49 2.88 Giles 0.36 0.36 Grainger 4.32 0.13 0.13 4.58 Greene 0.00 0.06 0.06 Hamblen 0.36 0.17 0.53 Hamilton 6.72 9.29 0.38 16.40 Hancock 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hardin 2.36 0.07 2.43 Hawkins 1.26 1.26 Henderson 0.39 0.39 Henry 3.10 0.24 3.34 Houston 0.20 0.20 Humphreys 0.06 1.45 1.51 Jefferson 3.20 4.13 0.13 7.46 Johnson 0.00 1.62 0.02 1.64 Knox 0.67 0.67 0.04 1.38 Lawrence 2.25 0.09 2.34 Lewis 0.05 1.51 1.56 Lincoln 2.31 2.31 Loudon 0.02 0.35 0.37 McMinn 2.54 0.10 2.64 McNairy 0.81 0.11 0.91 Marion 0.00 1.37 0.01 1.39 Marshall 0.16 0.16 Maury 1.07 0.05 1.11 Meigs 0.70 0.70 Monroe 0.79 0.79 Moore 0.36 0.36 231

Table 2-12: Groundwater Withdrawals by Category and County in 2005 (Continued)

(Millions of Gallons per Day)

Public Total Water State and County Industrial Supply Irrigation Withdrawals Tennessee (continued)

Polk 0.05 1.19 0.00 1.23 Rhea 0.91 0.05 0.96 Roane 1.03 0.01 1.03 Sevier 0.06 0.27 0.02 0.35 Stewart 0.04 0.04 Sullivan 0.29 0.17 0.45 Unicoi 3.66 5.52 0.02 9.21 Union 0.35 0.35 Washington 0.00 0.56 0.56 Wayne 0.05 0.22 0.02 0.30 Williamson 0.15 0.01 0.17 State Total 20.75 65.94 3.72 90.41 Virginia Lee 0.23 0.35 0.58 Russell 1.15 1.15 Scott 0.01 0.01 Smyth 4.09 4.09 Tazewell 0.02 0.06 0.09 Washington 2.68 0.06 2.74 Wise 0.21 0.21 State Total 0.25 8.56 0.06 8.88 Watershed total 30 150 11 190 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

232

Table 2-13: Thermoelectric Power Water Use by Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Water-Use Power Tabulation Area Surface-Water Net Water Generated Reservoir Catchmet Area Withdrawals Return Flow Demand (Million Kilowatt Hours)

Cherokee Cherokee 693.70 692.44 1.26 4,958 WUTA total 693.70 692.44 1.26 4,958 Cumulative 693.70 692.44 1.26 4,958 Douglas Douglas 262.66 262.65 0.01 2,339 WUTA total 262.66 262.65 0.01 2,339 Cumulative 956.36 955.09 1.27 7,297 Norris Norris 15.16 3.20 11.97 3,931 Melton Hill 563.20 563.17 0.03 6,571 WUTA total 578.36 566.36 12.00 10,502 Cumulative 1,534.72 1,521.45 13.27 17,799 Watts Bar-Chickamauga Watts Bar 1,430.90 1,279.23 151.67 18,267 Chickamauga 1,576.60 1,713.03 -136.43 19,068 WUTA total 3,007.50 2,992.27 15.23 37,335 Cumulative 4,542.22 4,513.72 28.50 55,134 Guntersville Guntersville 1,476.30 1,476.29 0.01 9,835 WUTA total 1,476.30 1,476.29 0.01 9,835 Cumulative 6,018.52 5,990.01 28.51 64,969 Wheeler-Wilson Wheeler 1,991.44 1,987.94 3.49 19,169 WUTA total 1,991.44 1,987.94 3.49 19,169 Cumulative 8,009.96 7,977.95 32.00 84,138 Pickwick Pickwick 1,294.14 1,292.83 1.31 7,743 WUTA total 1,294.14 1,292.83 1.31 7,743 Cumulative 9,304.10 9,270.78 33.31 91,881 Kentucky Kentucky 1,226.90 1,226.83 0.07 7,634 WUTA total 1,226.90 1,226.83 0.07 7,634 Cumulative 10,531 10,498 33 99,515 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

233

Figure 2-8: Disposition of Water Used by Thermoelectric Power Plants in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 Return Flow (greater than 99 percent)

Consumptive Use (less than 1 percent)

Figure 2-9: Location of Coal and Nuclear Thermoelectric Power Plants in the Tennnessee River Watershed Clinch River John Sevier Johnsonville Bull Run Kingston Watts Bar Asheville Sequoyah Widows Creek Browns Ferry Bellefonte Colbert Explanation Thermoelectric plants Water body Tennessee River watershed 234

Table 2-14: Thermoelectric Power Water Use by Hydrologic Unit Code in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Hydrologic Unit Surface-Water Net Water Power Generated Code Withdrawals Return Flow Demand (Million Kilowatt Hours) 6010104 693.70 692.44 1.26 4,958 6010105 262.66 262.65 0.01 2,339 6010201 150.90 150.90 8,803 6010205 15.16 3.20 11.97 3,931 6010207 563.20 1,842.40 -1,279.20 6,571 6010208 1,280.00 1,280.00 9,464 6020001 1,576.60 1,713.03 -136.43 19,068 6030001 1,476.30 1,476.29 0.01 9,835 6030002 1,991.44 1,987.94 3.49 19,169 6030005 1,294.14 1,292.83 1.31 7,743 6040005 1,226.90 1,226.83 0.07 7,634 Watershed Total 10,531 10,498 33 99,515 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

235

Table 2-15: Thermoelectric Power Water Use by County in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Surface-Water Net Water Power Generated State and County Withdrawals Return Flow Demand (Million Kilowatt Hours)

Alabama Colbert 1,294.14 1,292.83 1.31 7,743 Jackson 1,476.30 1,476.29 0.01 9,835 Limestone 1,990.24 1,987.54 2.70 17,955 Morgan 1.20 0.40 0.80 1,214 State Total 4,761.88 4,757.07 4.81 36,747 North Carolina Buncombe 262.66 262.65 0.01 2,339 State Total 262.66 262.65 0.01 2,339 Te n n e s s e e Anderson 563.20 563.17 0.03 6,571 Hamilton 1,539.30 1,539.17 0.13 19,068 Hawkins 693.70 692.44 1.26 4,958 Humphreys 1,226.90 1,226.83 0.07 7,634 Rhea 188.20 173.87 14.33 8,803 Roane 1,280.00 1,279.23 0.77 9,464 State Total 5,491.30 5,474.71 16.59 56,498 Virginia Russell 15.16 3.20 11.97 3,931 State Total 15.16 3.20 11.97 3,931 Watershed Total 10,531 10,498 33 99,515 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

236

Table 2-16: Industrial Water Use by Source and Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals Water-Use Tabulation Area Reservoir Catchment Surface Net Water Area Groundwater Water Total Return Demand Cherokee Watauga 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.10 South Holston 0.00 0.84 -0.84 Boone 0.08 0.02 0.10 0.10 Fort Patrick Henry 616.68 616.68 616.68 Cherokee 6.28 1.05 7.33 578.72 -571.39 WUTA total 6.36 617.85 624.21 579.56 44.65 Cumulative 6.36 617.85 624.21 579.56 44.65 Douglas Douglas 4.97 58.16 63.13 53.21 9.92 WUTA total 4.97 58.16 63.13 53.21 9.92 Cumulative 11.33 676.01 687.33 632.77 54.56 Fort Loudoun Fort Loudoun 0.68 6.69 7.37 12.82 -5.45 WUTA total 0.68 6.69 7.37 12.82 -5.45 Cumulative 12.00 682.70 694.70 645.59 49.12 Fontana-Tellico Fontana 0.11 27.07 27.18 27.39 -0.20 Santeetlah 0.00 0.00 Tellico 0.01 0.01 0.11 -0.09 WUTA total 0.11 27.08 27.20 27.49 -0.30 Cumulative 12.12 709.78 721.90 673.08 48.82 Norris Norris 0.25 3.50 3.75 4.05 -0.30 Melton Hill 0.12 1.45 1.57 4.35 -2.78 WUTA total 0.38 4.94 5.32 8.40 -3.08 Cumulative 12.49 714.73 727.22 681.48 45.74 Hiwassee-Ocoee Chatuge 0.00 0.00 Nottely 0.00 0.00 Hiwassee 0.00 0.00 Apalachia 0.00 0.00 Blue Ridge 0.05 3.57 3.62 0.01 3.61 Ocoee 0.00 3.30 -3.30 WUTA total 0.05 3.57 3.62 3.31 0.31 Cumulative 12.54 718.30 730.84 684.78 46.06 Watts Bar-Chickamauga Watts Bar 0.02 0.02 5.30 -5.27 Chickamauga 0.62 74.47 75.09 74.94 0.14 WUTA total 0.64 74.47 75.11 80.24 -5.13 Cumulative 13.18 792.77 805.95 765.02 40.92 237

Table 2-16: Industrial Water Use by Source and Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 (Continued)

(Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals Water-Use Tabulation Area Reservoir Catchment Surface Net Water Area Groundwater Water Total Return Demand Nickajack Nickajack 6.72 5.40 12.12 11.08 1.04 WUTA total 6.72 5.40 12.12 11.08 1.04 Cumulative 19.90 798.16 818.07 776.11 41.96 Guntersville Guntersville 0.04 8.78 8.81 8.12 0.70 WUTA total 0.04 8.78 8.81 8.12 0.70 Cumulative 19.94 806.94 826.88 784.22 42.66 Tims Ford Tims Ford 1.30 24.19 25.50 21.14 4.36 WUTA total 1.30 24.19 25.50 21.14 4.36 Cumulative 21.24 831.13 852.38 805.36 47.02 Wheeler-Wilson Wheeler 1.29 147.03 148.33 145.56 2.77 Wilson 0.87 18.42 19.29 2.70 16.58 WUTA total 2.16 165.45 167.61 148.26 19.35 Cumulative 23.40 996.59 1,019.99 953.62 66.37 Pickwick Pickwick 0.00 37.20 37.20 50.88 -13.68 Cedar Creek 0.00 0.00 Upper Bear Creek 0.00 0.00 WUTA total 0.00 37.20 37.20 50.88 -13.68 Cumulative 23.41 1,033.78 1,057.19 1,004.50 52.68 Normandy Normandy 0.00 0.00 0.00 WUTA total 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cumulative 23.41 1,033.78 1,057.19 1,004.50 52.69 Kentucky Kentucky 5.85 115.60 121.44 92.27 29.17 WUTA total 5.85 115.60 121.44 92.27 29.17 Cumulative 30 1,149 1,179 1,097 82 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

238

Figure 2-10: Thermoelectric Power Water Withdrawals by Hydrologic Unit Code in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 Tennessee River watershed boundary Explanation Surface-water withdrawals in millions of gallons per day No withdrawals 0.1 - 263 263 - 1,280 1,280 - 1,577 1,991 239

Table 2-17: Industrial Water Use by Source and Hydrologic Unit Code in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals Hydrologic Unit Net Water Surface Code Groundwater Water Total Return Demand 6010101 0.00 2.01 -2.01 6010102 616.68 616.68 575.84 40.84 6010103 0.08 0.12 0.20 0.00 0.20 6010104 6.28 1.10 7.38 8.22 -0.84 6010105 6.88 6.88 5.81 1.07 6010106 33.17 33.17 28.66 4.51 6010107 1.31 1.31 1.31 6010108 3.67 18.11 21.77 18.74 3.03 6010201 0.70 6.64 7.34 11.26 -3.92 6010202 0.11 18.49 18.60 18.82 -0.21 6010203 8.58 8.58 8.57 0.01 6010204 0.01 0.01 0.11 -0.09 6010205 0.02 3.50 3.52 3.33 0.19 6010206 0.23 0.00 0.23 0.69 -0.46 6010207 0.12 1.45 1.57 4.72 -3.15 6010208 0.00 0.00 0.00 6020001 7.34 5.91 13.25 11.08 2.16 6020002 73.96 73.96 74.94 -0.99 6020003 0.05 3.57 3.62 3.31 0.31 6020004 0.00 0.00 0.00 6030001 0.04 8.78 8.81 8.12 0.70 6030002 1.29 146.53 147.83 143.83 4.00 6030003 1.30 24.19 25.50 22.79 2.70 6030004 0.50 0.50 0.07 0.43 6030005 0.87 55.61 56.48 53.58 2.90 6030006 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6040001 23.70 23.70 23.49 0.22 6040002 3.70 3.70 4.89 -1.19 6040003 0.50 0.50 1.76 -1.26 6040004 0.10 0.10 0.10 6040005 0.43 65.70 66.13 62.13 4.00 6040006 5.31 22.00 27.31 27.31 Watershed Total 30 1,149 1,179 1,097 82 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

240

Table 2-18: Industrial Water Use by Source and County in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals Surface Net Water State and County Groundwater Water Total Return Demand Alabama Colbert 0.87 55.61 56.48 53.39 3.09 Jackson 8.78 8.78 8.12 0.66 Lawrence 57.18 57.18 52.20 4.98 Limestone 0.50 0.50 0.06 0.44 Madison 0.00 0.93 -0.93 Marshall 0.04 0.04 0.15 -0.12 Morgan 1.29 89.35 90.64 90.48 0.16 State Total 2.20 211.42 213.62 205.34 8.28 Georgia Catoosa 0.00 0.01 -0.01 Dade 0.00 0.01 -0.01 Fannin 0.00 0.01 -0.01 Rabun 0.11 1.49 1.60 1.82 -0.21 Walker 0.62 0.51 1.13 0.15 0.97 State Total 0.73 2.00 2.73 2.00 0.73 Kentucky Calloway 1.08 1.08 1.08 Livingston 1.80 4.25 6.05 6.05 Marshall 2.44 17.75 20.18 20.18 State Total 5.31 22.00 27.31 27.31 Mississippi Tishomingo 0.00 0.00 0.04 -0.03 State Total 0.00 0.00 0.04 -0.03 North Carolina Avery 0.93 0.93 0.85 0.08 Buncombe 0.13 0.13 0.10 0.03 Graham 17.01 17.01 17.10 -0.09 Haywood 33.17 33.17 28.52 4.65 Henderson 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.01 Mitchell 4.82 4.82 3.37 1.46 Swain 8.58 8.58 8.57 0.01 Transylvania 6.71 6.71 5.68 1.03 Watauga 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Yancey 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 State Total 71.40 71.40 64.23 7.17 Te n n e s s e e Anderson 0.12 1.45 1.57 4.72 -3.15 Bedford 3.70 3.70 4.74 -1.04 Benton 0.07 2.06 2.13 2.13 Blount 0.00 0.00 5.61 -5.61 Bradley 3.93 3.93 3.67 0.25 Carroll 0.30 0.97 1.27 1.27 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

241

Table 2-18: Industrial Water Use by Source and County in 2005 (Continued)

(Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals Surface Net Water State and County Groundwater Water Total Return Demand Tennessee (continued)

Carter 0.08 0.08 0.08 Cocke 0.09 0.09 0.13 -0.05 Coffee 0.86 23.85 24.72 21.27 3.45 Cumberland 0.00 0.00 0.00 Decatur 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 Giles 0.00 0.07 -0.07 Grainger 4.32 4.32 4.55 -0.23 Greene 0.00 1.75 1.75 2.48 -0.73 Hamblen 10.60 10.60 8.24 2.36 Hamilton 6.72 5.40 12.12 10.91 1.21 Hardin 23.70 23.70 23.48 0.22 Hawkins 0.34 0.34 0.56 -0.22 Hickman 0.00 0.09 -0.09 Humphreys 0.06 62.66 62.73 62.13 0.60 Jefferson 3.20 0.71 3.90 2.66 1.24 Johnson 0.00 0.05 0.06 0.06 Knox 0.67 0.23 0.90 1.38 -0.48 Lawrence 0.00 0.16 -0.16 Lewis 0.05 0.05 0.05 Loudon 0.02 6.47 6.49 4.80 1.69 McMinn 70.03 70.03 71.27 -1.24 Marion 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Marshall 0.00 0.03 -0.03 Maury 0.50 0.50 1.67 -1.18 Monroe 0.00 0.12 -0.12 Moore 0.36 0.34 0.70 1.66 -0.96 Polk 0.05 3.57 3.62 3.30 0.32 Sevier 0.06 0.06 0.06 Sullivan 616.70 616.70 575.00 41.70 Unicoi 3.66 0.04 3.71 3.80 -0.09 Washington 0.00 0.00 0.00 Wayne 0.05 0.05 0.05 State Total 20.75 839.06 859.81 818.50 41.31 Virginia Lee 0.23 0.23 0.05 0.18 Russell 3.47 3.47 0.45 3.02 Scott 0.00 2.42 -2.42 Smyth 0.00 0.45 -0.45 Tazewell 0.02 0.03 0.06 2.03 -1.98 Washington 0.00 0.53 -0.53 Wise 0.00 0.00 0.74 -0.74 State Total 0.25 3.50 3.75 6.67 -2.92 Watershed total 30 1,149 1,179 1,097 82 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

242

Figure 2-11: Source and Disposition of Industrial Water Withdrawals in 2005 Source Surface Water (97 percent)

Groundwater (3 percent)

Disposition Return Flow (93 percent)

Consumptive Use (7 percent) 243

Figure 2-12: Industrial Water Withdrawals by Source and by Hydrologic Unit Code in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 Tennessee River watershed boundary Explanation Surface-water withdrawals in millions of gallons per day No withdrawals 0.1 - 3.5 3.7 - 18.5 18.5 - 212 617 Explanation Groundwater withdrawals in millions of gallons per day No withdrawals 0.01 - 0.1 0.1 - 0.9 0.9 - 6.3 7.3 Explanation Total industrial water withdrawals in millions of gallons per day No withdrawals 0.1 - 3.6 3.6 - 18.6 18.6 - 213.4 617 244

Figure 2-13: Industrial Water Withdrawals by State and County in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 82° 88° Tennessee River watershed boundary KENTUCKY VIRGINIA 84° TENN ESSE E 36° 86° NORTH CAROL INA 35° SOUTH CAROL INA GEORGIA MISSISSIPPI ALABAMA Explanation Base from U.S. Geological Survey 1:2,000,000 digital line graph Total water withdrawals in millions of gallons per day No withdrawals 0 50 100 Miles 0.001 - 0.085 0 50 100 Kilometers 0.1 - 3.905 4 - 90.64 617 245

Table 2-19: Public-Supply Water Use by Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals Water-Use Tabulation Area Reservoir Net Water Catchment Area Ground Surface Total Return Demand Cherokee Watauga 10.85 14.84 25.69 1.62 24.07 South Holston 6.75 16.27 23.02 4.56 18.46 Boone 0.00 0.00 23.00 -23.00 Ft Patrick Henry 16.21 16.21 16.21 Cherokee 7.21 14.24 21.45 17.25 4.20 WUTA total 24.81 61.56 86.37 46.43 39.94 Cumulative 24.81 61.56 86.37 46.43 39.94 Douglas Douglas 17.13 66.51 83.64 43.09 40.54 WUTA total 17.13 66.51 83.64 43.09 40.54 Cumulative 41.94 128.07 170.01 89.53 80.48 Fort Loudoun Fort Loudoun 0.98 68.69 69.67 63.76 5.91 WUTA total 0.98 68.69 69.67 63.76 5.91 Cumulative 42.92 196.76 239.68 153.28 86.39 Fontana-Tellico Fontana 4.68 4.86 9.54 4.35 5.19 Santeetlah 0.26 0.42 0.68 0.68 Tellico 0.16 2.61 2.77 1.52 1.25 WUTA total 5.10 7.89 12.99 5.87 7.12 Cumulative 48.02 204.65 252.67 159.15 93.52 Norris Norris 2.72 16.21 18.92 15.59 3.33 Melton Hill 1.91 25.49 27.39 12.83 14.57 WUTA total 4.62 41.69 46.32 28.42 17.90 Cumulative 52.65 246.34 298.99 187.57 111.41 Hiwassee-Ocoee Chatuge 0.80 1.87 2.67 0.2 2.47 Nottely 0.72 0.92 1.65 0.34 1.31 Hiwassee 1.02 0.60 1.62 1.54 0.08 Apalachia 3.21 3.21 0.01 3.20 Blue Ridge 0.15 1.86 2.01 0.46 1.55 Ocoee 1.15 1.15 0.30 0.86 WUTA total 3.85 8.46 12.31 2.85 9.46 Cumulative 56.50 254.80 311.30 190.42 120.88 Watts Bar-Chickamauga Watts Bar 0.93 11.93 12.87 18.96 -6.10 Chickamauga 24.03 25.00 49.03 15.54 33.49 WUTA total 24.97 36.93 61.90 34.51 27.39 Cumulative 81.47 291.73 373.20 224.93 148.27 246

Table 2-19: Public-Supply Water Use by Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 (Continued)

(Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals Water-Use Tabulation Area Reservoir Net Water Catchment Area Ground Surface Total Return Demand Nickajack Nickajack 0.83 41.57 42.41 46.81 -4.40 WUTA total 0.83 41.57 42.41 46.81 -4.40 Cumulative 82.30 333.30 415.60 271.74 143.87 Guntersville Guntersville 6.19 36.82 43.01 16.30 26.71 WUTA total 6.19 36.82 43.01 16.30 26.71 Cumulative 88.48 370.12 458.61 288.04 170.57 Tims Ford Tims Ford 2.39 3.42 5.81 4.70 1.11 WUTA total 2.39 3.42 5.81 4.70 1.11 Cumulative 90.87 373.54 464.42 292.74 171.68 Wheeler-Wilson Wheeler 31.73 89.10 120.83 68.88 51.96 Wilson 2.76 21.45 24.21 6.15 18.05 WUTA total 34.49 110.55 145.04 75.03 70.01 Cumulative 125.37 484.09 609.46 367.77 241.69 Pickwick Pickwick 3.38 2.51 5.90 16.31 -10.41 Cedar Creek 0.32 3.88 4.20 4.20 Upper Bear Creek 3.17 3.17 3.17 WUTA total 3.70 9.56 13.27 16.31 -3.05 Cumulative 129.07 493.65 622.72 384.08 238.64 Normandy Normandy 2.07 24.46 26.53 2.31 24.22 WUTA total 2.07 24.46 26.53 2.31 24.22 Cumulative 131.14 518.11 649.25 386.39 262.86 Kentucky Kentucky 18.75 15.81 34.57 24.41 10.16 WUTA total 18.75 15.81 34.57 24.41 10.16 Cumulative 150 534 684 411 273 Figure 2-14: Source and Disposition of Public-Supply Water Use in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 Source Disposition Surface Water (78 percent) Return Flow (60 percent)

Groundwater (22 percent) Consumptive Use (40 percent) 247

Table 2-20: Public-Supply Water Use by Hydrologic Unit Code in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals Hydrologic Unit Surface Net Water Code Groundwater Water Total Return Demand 6010101 1.88 0.40 2.28 0.99 1.29 6010102 6.75 32.49 39.23 23.71 15.52 6010103 10.85 14.84 25.69 14.17 11.52 6010104 5.33 13.84 19.17 10.95 8.22 6010105 5.71 35.56 41.28 29.28 12.00 6010106 0.97 5.83 6.80 6.84 -0.04 6010107 0.79 12.16 12.95 7.96 4.99 6010108 10.48 12.95 23.44 6.57 16.86 6010201 0.98 69.19 70.17 63.75 6.42 6010202 2.10 1.67 3.77 1.42 2.35 6010203 1.76 3.19 4.95 2.93 2.01 6010204 0.42 3.03 3.45 1.52 1.93 6010205 2.20 11.18 13.38 11.80 1.58 6010206 0.52 5.03 5.55 3.37 2.17 6010207 2.12 26.39 28.52 18.72 9.79 6010208 10.52 10.52 2.56 7.96 6020001 21.17 55.14 76.31 48.73 27.58 6020002 7.63 16.78 24.41 15.68 8.73 6020003 1.31 1.86 3.16 0.79 2.37 6020004 1.82 3.34 5.16 1.00 4.16 6030001 3.67 34.74 38.41 15.13 23.27 6030002 30.93 74.26 105.20 65.30 39.90 6030003 2.94 4.75 7.69 6.55 1.14 6030004 0.28 13.51 13.79 1.90 11.89 6030005 4.91 24.63 29.53 18.38 11.16 6030006 1.56 7.05 8.60 4.09 4.51 6040001 3.96 4.35 8.32 4.24 4.07 6040002 2.07 24.46 26.53 8.31 18.22 6040003 0.17 7.30 7.47 6.90 0.57 6040004 1.75 1.09 2.83 2.05 0.78 6040005 5.54 2.41 7.95 5.22 2.74 6040006 7.34 7.34 7.34 Watershed Total 150 534 684 411 273 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

248

Figure 2-15: Public-Supply Withdrawals by Source and Hydrologic Unit Code in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 Tennessee River watershed boundary Explanation Surface-water withdrawals in millions of gallons per day No withdrawals 0.1 - 4.74 5 - 13.8 13.8 - 69 74 Explanation Groundwater withdrawals in millions of gallons per day No withdrawals 0.1 - 1.7 2 - 4.9 5 - 21.2 31 Explanation Total water withdrawals in millions of gallons per day No withdrawals 0.1 - 7.5 7.5 - 23.4 23.4 - 76.3 105 249

Table 2-21: Public-Supply Water Use by County in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals Surface Net Water State and County Demand Groundwater Water Total Return Alabama Colbert 0.76 8.59 9.35 4.44 4.91 Dekalb 0.70 0.47 1.17 1.17 Franklin 0.82 3.88 4.69 3.71 0.98 Jackson 0.63 10.08 10.71 5.24 5.47 Lauderdale 1.40 13.18 14.58 9.68 4.90 Lawrence 6.91 6.91 1.30 5.62 Limestone 4.52 8.85 13.37 6.02 7.35 Madison 23.70 38.85 62.54 36.27 26.27 Marion 4.49 4.49 0.12 4.37 Marshall 2.98 20.96 23.94 10.30 13.64 Morgan 30.42 30.42 21.79 8.63 State total 35.52 146.67 182.19 98.88 83.31 Georgia Catoosa 4.13 0.56 4.68 0.55 4.13 Dade 2.35 2.35 0.31 2.04 Fannin 0.12 1.61 1.72 0.46 1.26 Rabun 0.45 0.03 0.48 0.07 0.41 Towns 0.21 0.96 1.17 0.36 0.81 Union 0.72 0.92 1.65 0.34 1.31 Walker 5.44 5.44 1.52 3.92 State total 11.06 6.42 17.48 3.60 13.87 Kentucky Calloway 3.43 3.43 0.00 3.43 Graves 0.05 0.05 0.05 Lyon 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00 McCracken 0.73 0.73 0.73 Marshall 3.39 3.39 0.26 3.13 State total 7.62 7.62 0.27 7.35 Mississippi Tishomingo 2.35 2.35 1.39 0.96 State total 2.35 2.35 1.39 0.96 North Carolina Avery 1.13 1.13 0.78 0.35 Buncombe 4.11 22.89 27.00 23.34 3.66 Cherokee 1.02 1.52 2.54 1.33 1.20 Clay 0.59 0.59 0.06 0.53 Graham 0.28 0.45 0.73 0.29 0.44 Haywood 0.97 5.83 6.80 4.40 2.40 Henderson 2.34 7.45 9.78 3.70 6.08 Jackson 1.16 1.29 2.45 1.22 1.23 Macon 1.64 1.61 3.24 1.33 1.91 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

250

Table 2-21: Public-Supply Water Use by County in 2005 (Continued)

(Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals Surface Net Water State and County Demand Groundwater Water Total Return North Carolina (continued)

Madison 1.07 0.23 1.29 0.40 0.89 Mitchell 0.82 0.91 1.73 0.36 1.36 Swain 0.60 1.90 2.50 1.74 0.75 Transylvania 1.20 1.04 2.24 1.83 0.41 Watauga 1.03 3.05 4.08 0.28 3.79 Yancey 0.89 0.54 1.43 0.47 0.97 State total 18.84 48.69 67.52 41.54 25.98 Te n n e s s e e Anderson 0.28 13.21 13.49 6.02 7.47 Bedford 0.84 5.52 6.35 3.88 2.47 Benton 0.11 1.33 1.45 1.07 0.38 Bledsoe 0.49 0.06 0.55 0.15 0.40 Blount 0.00 12.25 12.25 9.21 3.04 Bradley 2.54 10.18 12.72 8.92 3.80 Campbell 0.63 2.26 2.89 1.58 1.31 Carroll 0.35 0.35 0.20 0.15 Carter 8.85 8.85 2.56 6.30 Claiborne 0.10 2.69 2.79 0.53 2.25 Cocke 3.96 3.96 2.43 1.54 Coffee 0.01 5.08 5.09 5.29 -0.20 Cumberland 5.43 5.43 1.98 3.45 Decatur 0.20 0.98 1.18 0.53 0.65 Dickson 4.91 4.91 4.91 Franklin 2.39 2.86 5.25 1.38 3.87 Giles 0.36 2.74 3.10 1.70 1.40 Grainger 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.02 Greene 8.46 8.46 3.64 4.82 Grundy 0.90 0.90 0.37 0.53 Hamblen 0.36 8.67 9.03 4.25 4.78 Hamilton 9.29 49.73 59.02 44.43 14.58 Hancock 0.00 0.23 0.23 0.17 0.06 Hardin 2.36 0.67 3.03 1.30 1.72 Hawkins 1.26 3.01 4.27 2.41 1.86 Henderson 0.39 2.92 3.31 1.55 1.75 Henry 3.10 0.00 3.11 2.28 0.82 Hickman 2.39 2.39 0.41 1.98 Houston 0.20 0.20 0.20 Humphreys 1.45 1.07 2.52 1.78 0.75 Jefferson 4.13 0.27 4.40 1.30 3.10 Johnson 1.62 0.36 1.98 0.82 1.16 Knox 0.67 62.40 63.08 58.07 5.01 Lawrence 2.25 2.20 4.45 2.29 2.15 Lewis 1.51 1.51 0.72 0.79 Lincoln 2.31 1.33 3.64 1.37 2.26 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

251

Table 2-21: Public-Supply Water Use by County in 2005 (Continued)

(Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals Surface Net Water State and County Demand Groundwater Water Total Return Tennessee (continued)

Loudon 0.35 9.26 9.61 7.66 1.94 McMinn 2.54 3.21 5.75 4.66 1.09 McNairy 0.81 0.81 0.49 0.32 Marion 1.37 2.29 3.66 0.81 2.85 Marshall 0.16 2.51 2.66 2.34 0.33 Maury 1.07 11.36 12.42 6.31 6.11 Meigs 0.70 0.70 0.26 0.44 Monroe 0.79 3.87 4.66 2.32 2.34 Moore 0.56 0.56 0.31 0.24 Morgan 1.35 1.35 0.58 0.77 Perry 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.00 Polk 1.19 0.25 1.44 0.33 1.11 Rhea 0.91 3.01 3.92 2.24 1.68 Roane 1.03 7.06 8.08 2.80 5.28 Sequatchie 0.75 0.75 0.49 0.26 Sevier 0.27 8.70 8.97 7.55 1.41 Stewart 0.04 0.04 0.04 Sullivan 0.29 23.82 24.11 17.19 6.91 Unicoi 5.52 5.52 1.43 4.09 Union 0.35 0.35 0.31 0.04 Washington 0.00 14.80 14.80 11.72 3.08 Wayne 0.22 0.93 1.16 0.89 0.27 Williamson 0.15 0.15 0.15 State total 65.94 312.38 378.32 246.01 132.31 Virginia Lee 0.35 1.40 1.75 0.84 0.91 Russell 1.15 0.61 1.75 1.20 0.55 Scott 0.01 1.10 1.11 1.03 0.09 Smyth 4.09 0.54 4.64 2.59 2.05 Tazewell 0.06 3.17 3.23 3.52 -0.28 Washington 2.68 7.80 10.49 3.00 7.48 Wise 0.21 5.15 5.36 6.93 -1.57 State total 8.56 19.77 28.33 19.11 9.23 Watershed Total 150 534 684 411 273 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

252

Figure 2-16: Public-Supply Withdrawals by State and County in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 88° 86° 84° 82° IND IAN A WE S T ILLINOIS VI RG IN IA 37°30' KE N TU CK Y Paducah VI RG IN IA Bristol Bristol Kingsport Clarksville TEN N E S SE E Elizabethton Johnson City Boone Nashville Cookeville Knoxville NO RTH Jackson Asheville Columbia Shelbyville CAR OL INA Chattanooga 35° Corinth Florence SO U TH Iuka Huntsville C ARO LIN A Decatur Tupelo MISSISSIPPI GEORG IA Gadsden AL A BA M A Atlanta Birmingham Base from U.S. Geological Survey 1:2,000,000 digital line graph 0 45 90 Miles Explanation Total water withdrawals 0 45 90 Kilometers in millions of gallons per day 0.01 - 1.7 1.7 - 4.7 4.7 - 62.5 63 Tennessee River watershed boundary Figure 2-17: Source of Water Used for Irrigation in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2005 Groundwater (25 percent)

Surface Water (75 percent) 253

Table 2-22: Irrigation Water Withdrawals by Source and Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals Water-Use Tabulation Area Reservoir Catchment Area Groundwater Surface Water Total Cherokee Watauga 0.15 0.31 0.46 South Holston 0.23 0.20 0.43 Boone 0.07 0.08 0.14 Fort Patrick Henry 0.00 Cherokee 0.15 2.65 2.80 WUTA total 0.59 3.24 3.83 Cumulative 0.59 3.24 3.83 Douglas Douglas 0.71 1.43 2.14 WUTA total 0.71 1.43 2.14 Cumulative 1.30 4.67 5.97 Fort Loudoun Fort Loudoun 0.38 0.24 0.62 WUTA total 0.38 0.24 0.62 Cumulative 1.68 4.91 6.59 Fontana-Tellico Fontana 0.07 0.07 Santeetlah 0.00 Tellico 0.11 0.37 0.48 WUTA total 0.11 0.44 0.55 Cumulative 1.79 5.35 7.15 Norris Norris 0.04 0.29 0.33 Melton Hill 0.13 0.77 0.90 WUTA total 0.17 1.06 1.23 Cumulative 1.96 6.41 8.38 Hiwassee-Ocoee Chatuge 0.05 0.13 0.18 Nottely 0.00 Hiwassee 0.09 0.28 0.37 Apalachia 0.00 Blue Ridge 0.03 0.02 0.05 Ocoee 0.00 0.02 0.02 WUTA total 0.18 0.45 0.62 Cumulative 2.14 6.86 9.00 Watts Bar-Chickamauga Watts Bar 0.03 0.34 0.37 Chickamauga 0.78 1.76 2.54 WUTA total 0.81 2.09 2.91 Cumulative 2.95 8.95 11.90 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

254

Table 2-22: Irrigation Water Withdrawals by Source and Water-Use Tabulation Area in 2005 (Continued)

(Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals Water-Use Tabulation Area Reservoir Catchment Area Groundwater Surface Water Total Nickajack Nickajack 0.11 0.21 0.32 WUTA total 0.11 0.21 0.32 Cumulative 3.06 9.16 12.23 Guntersville Guntersville 0.62 1.77 2.39 WUTA total 0.62 1.77 2.39 Cumulative 3.68 10.93 14.61 Tims Ford Tims Ford 0.40 1.95 2.35 WUTA total 0.40 1.95 2.35 Cumulative 4.08 12.88 16.97 Wheeler-Wilson Wheeler 4.19 12.04 16.23 Wilson 1.14 1.86 3.00 WUTA total 5.33 13.90 19.23 Cumulative 9.42 26.78 36.20 Pickwick Pickwick 0.89 1.15 2.03 Cedar Creek 0.00 Upper Bear Creek 0.00 WUTA total 0.89 1.15 2.03 Cumulative 10.31 27.93 38.23 Normandy Normandy 0.10 1.06 1.16 WUTA total 0.10 1.06 1.16 Cumulative 10.41 28.99 39.39 Kentucky Kentucky 0.59 3.42 4.01 WUTA total 0.59 3.42 4.01 Cumulative 11 32 43 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

255

Figure 2-18: Irrigation Water Withdrawals by Source and Hydrologic Unit Code in the Tennessee Watershed in 2005 Tennessee River watershed boundary Explanation Surface-water withdrawals in millions of gallons per day No withdrawals 0.001 - 0.46 0.46 - 1.33 1.33 - 4.2 10.1 Explanation Groundwater withdrawals in millions of gallons per day No withdrawals 0.000001 - 0.1 0.1 - 0.45 0.5 - 1.56 3.45 Explanation Total irrigation withdrawals in millions of gallons per day No withdrawals 0.1 - 0.5 0.5 - 1.6 1.8 - 6.5 13.6 256

Table 2-23: Irrigation Water Withdrawals by Hydrologic Unit Code in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals Hydrologic Unit Code Groundwater Surface Water Total 6010101 0.00 1.61 1.61 6010102 0.29 0.27 0.56 6010103 0.15 0.32 0.48 6010104 0.15 1.04 1.18 6010105 0.14 0.14 6010106 0.00 0.10 0.10 6010107 0.08 0.30 0.37 6010108 0.64 0.95 1.59 6010201 0.42 0.68 1.09 6010202 0.00 0.07 0.07 6010203 0.00 0.00 6010204 0.09 0.16 0.25 6010205 0.04 0.22 0.25 6010206 0.00 0.05 0.06 6010207 0.13 0.77 0.90 6010208 0.00 0.09 0.09 6020001 0.89 1.91 2.81 6020002 0.14 0.43 0.57 6020003 0.03 0.03 0.07 6020004 0.01 0.30 0.30 6030001 0.61 1.75 2.36 6030002 3.45 9.65 13.10 6030003 0.40 2.11 2.51 6030004 0.74 3.01 3.75 6030005 1.51 2.39 3.89 6030006 0.53 0.64 1.17 6040001 0.20 0.75 0.94 6040002 0.10 1.11 1.22 6040003 0.05 0.38 0.43 6040004 0.02 0.23 0.25 6040005 0.28 0.53 0.82 6040006 0.03 0.44 0.47 Watershed Total 11 32 43 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

257

Table 2-24: Irrigation Water Withdrawals by County in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals State and County Groundwater Surface Water Total Alabama Blount 0.01 0.01 0.02 Colbert 0.94 1.40 2.34 Cullman 0.06 0.00 0.06 Dekalb 0.50 0.80 1.30 Etowah 0.00 0.01 0.01 Franklin 0.26 0.21 0.47 Jackson 0.04 0.66 0.70 Lauderdale 0.74 0.42 1.16 Lawrence 0.31 1.19 1.50 Limestone 2.11 6.16 8.26 Madison 1.61 3.30 4.92 Marion 0.00 Marshall 0.49 0.49 Morgan 0.12 0.74 0.86 State Total 6.69 15.39 22.08 Georgia Catoosa 0.26 0.79 1.05 Dade 0.15 0.02 0.17 Fannin 0.03 0.02 0.05 Rabun 0.07 0.07 Towns 0.05 0.13 0.18 Walker 0.28 0.28 State Total 0.50 1.29 1.80 Kentucky Calloway 0.01 0.27 0.28 Graves 0.01 0.11 0.12 Livingston 0.00 0.00 Lyon 0.00 0.00 McCracken 0.01 0.00 0.01 Marshall 0.03 0.03 State Total 0.02 0.42 0.44 Te n n e s s e e Anderson 0.12 0.63 0.75 Bedford 0.04 0.00 0.04 Benton 0.10 0.10 Bledsoe 0.38 0.38 Blount 0.47 0.30 0.77 Bradley 0.01 0.04 0.05 Campbell 0.06 0.06 Carroll 0.05 0.05 Carter 0.19 0.19 Claiborne 0.05 0.05 Cocke 0.28 0.28 Coffee 0.07 1.43 1.50 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

258

Table 2-24: Irrigation Water Withdrawals by County in 2005 (Continued)

(Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals State and County Groundwater Surface Water Total Tennessee (continued)

Cumberland 0.00 0.08 0.08 Decatur 0.01 0.05 0.05 Dickson 0.01 0.01 Fentress 0.00 0.00 Franklin 0.49 0.54 1.03 Giles 1.07 1.07 Grainger 0.13 0.38 0.51 Greene 0.06 0.62 0.68 Grundy 0.20 0.20 Hamblen 0.17 0.29 0.46 Hamilton 0.38 0.22 0.61 Hancock 0.00 0.02 0.03 Hardin 0.07 0.47 0.54 Hawkins 0.38 0.38 Henderson 0.11 0.11 Henry 0.24 0.40 0.64 Hickman 0.03 0.03 Humphreys 0.04 0.04 Jefferson 0.13 0.13 0.27 Johnson 0.02 0.02 0.03 Knox 0.04 0.43 0.46 Lawrence 0.09 0.80 0.88 Lewis 0.01 0.01 Lincoln 1.41 1.41 Loudon 0.07 0.07 McMinn 0.10 0.23 0.32 McNairy 0.11 0.11 0.21 Marion 0.01 0.03 0.05 Marshall 0.12 0.12 Maury 0.05 0.20 0.25 Meigs 0.14 0.14 Monroe 0.03 0.03 Morgan 0.01 0.01 Perry 0.01 0.01 Polk 0.00 0.03 0.04 Rhea 0.05 0.48 0.53 Roane 0.01 0.03 0.04 Sequatchie 0.01 0.01 Sevier 0.02 0.16 0.18 Stewart 0.02 0.02 Sullivan 0.17 0.21 0.38 Unicoi 0.02 0.01 0.03 Union 0.01 0.01 Washington 0.56 0.45 1.01 Wayne 0.02 0.11 0.13 Williamson 0.01 0.07 0.09 State Total 3.72 13.71 17.43 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

259

Table 2-24: Irrigation Water Withdrawals by County in 2005 (Continued)

(Millions of Gallons per Day)

Withdrawals State and County Groundwater Surface Water Total Virginia Russell 0.01 0.01 Smyth 1.60 1.60 Washington 0.06 0.06 State Total 0.06 1.60 1.66 Watershed Total 11 32 43 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

260

3 Comparison to Previous Updates, Inter-Basin Transfers, & Diversions Comparison to Previous Updates 1995, 2000, and 2005 The Tennessee River watershed is the only watershed in the nation that has continuous trend data since 1995.

Table 3-1 compares water use in 2005 to water use in 2000 and 1995.

The growth in total water withdrawals slowed substantially between 2000 and 2005 compared to total water withdrawals between 1995 and 2000. Total withdrawals grew by 22 percent from 1995 to 2000, but only by 1.9 percent from 2000 to 2005 (line 2 of Table 3-1).

The percent of total withdrawal supplied by surface water slightly increased from 1995 to 2005. The percentage of water supplied by groundwater continued to decline from 2.6 percent in 1995, to 1.8 percent in 2000, and to 1.5 percent in 2005 (line 6 of Table 3-1).

Total return flow not only increased from 11,562 mgd to 12,005 (line 7 of Table 3-1), but the percentage of total withdrawal that was returned also increased from 94.7 percent to 96.5 percent between 2000 and 2005 (line 8 of Table 3-1). Due to the increased percentage of water returned, consumptive use fell from 649 mgd in 2000 to 432 mgd in 2005 (line 9 of Table 3-1). Consumptive use fell from 5.3 percent of total withdrawal in 2000 to 3.5 percent of total withdrawal in 2005 (line 10 of Table 3-1).

Thermoelectric water withdrawal increased by 2.5 percent from 2000 to 2005 (line 13 of Table 3-1). The increase was much less than the increase between 1995 and 2000 during the period when new power plants became operational. Thermoelectric net water demand was 33 mgd in 2005 which was almost the same as in 2000 (line 16 of Table 3-1). Net water demand for thermoelectric use increased as a percentage of total net water demand between 2000 and 2005 (line 18 of Table 3-1). This occurred because net water demand for thermoelectric use remained constant, while total net water demand fell from 2000 to 2005 (line 9 of Table 3-1).

Total withdrawals, excluding thermoelectric, continued the trend of decline from 1995, although the rate of decline between 2000 and 2005 was less than between 1995 and 2000 (line 19 of Table 3-1). Total returns excluding thermoelectric water returns were 15 percent of the total withdrawal in 2005 compared to 16 percent in 2000 (line 20 of Table 3-1).

31

Table 3-1: Comparing 2005 Water Withdrawal, Return, and Net Water Demand to Previous Years (Millions of Gallons per Day or Percent as Noted) 1995 2000 2005

1. Total withdrawals 10,008 12,211 12,437

2. Percent change from previous report 22.0 1.9

3. Total surface-water withdrawals 9,750 11,996 12,247

4. Percent of total withdrawal 97.4 98.2 98.5

5. Total groundwater withdrawals 258 215 190

6. Percent of total withdrawal 2.6 1.8 1.5

7. Total return flow 11,562 12,005

8. Percent of total withdrawal 94.7 96.5

9. Total net water demand (consumptive use) 649 432

10. Percent of total withdrawal 5.3 3.5

11. Total thermoelectric withdrawal 8,010 10,276 10,531

12. Percent of total withdrawal 80.0 84.2 84.7

13. Percent change from previous report 28.3 2.5

14. Total thermoelectric return 10,244 10,498

15. Percent of total return 88.6 87.4

16. Total thermoelectric net water demand (consumptive use) 32 33

17. Percent of thermoelectric withdrawal <1 <1

18. Percent of total net water demand 4.9 7.6

19. Total withdrawals excluding thermoelectric 1,998 1,935 1,906

20. Percent of total withdrawal 20 16 15

21. Percent change from previous report -3.2 -1.5

22. Total returns excluding thermoelectric 1,318 1,508

23. Percent change from previous report 14.4

24. Total net water demand (consumptive use) excluding thermoelectric 617 398

25. Total industrial withdrawal 1,030 1,205 1,179

26. Percent of total withdrawal 10.3 9.9 9.5

27. Percent change from previous report 17.0 -2.2

28. Total industrial return 942 1,097

29. Percent change from previous report 16.5

30. Total industrial net water demand (consumptive use) 263 82

31. Percent of industrial withdrawal 21.8 7.0

32. Percent of total net water demand 40.5 19.0

33. Public supply total withdrawal 574 662 684

34. Percent of total withdrawal 5.7 5.4 5.5

35. Percent change from previous report 15.3 3.2

36. Total public supply return 377 411

37. Percent change from previous report 9.0

38. Total public supply net water demand (consumptive use) 285 273

39. Percent of public supply withdrawal 43.1 39.8

40. Percent of total net water demand 43.9 63.0

41. Irrigation total withdrawal 48 69 43

42. Percent of total withdrawal <1 <1 <1

43. Percent change from previous report 43.5 -37.6

44. Irrigation total net water demand (consumptive use) 69 43

45. Percent of total net water demand 11 10

46. Net water demand by WUTA

47. Cherokee 88 90

48. Douglas 65 53

49. Fort Loudoun 23 1

50. Fontana-Tellico 6 7

51. Norris 45 28

52. Hiwassee-Ocoee 16 10

53. Watts Bar-Chickamauga 45 40

54. Nickajack 12 -3

55. Guntersville 16 30

56. Tims Ford 21 8

57. Wheeler-Wilson 196 112

58. Pickwick 29 -13

59. Normandy 26 25

60. Kentucky 60 43

61. Total net water demand (consumptive use) 649 432

62. Diversions

63. To Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway 200 200

64. To Barkley Reservoir 3,361 4,146 32

Industrial water withdrawal decreased by about 2.2 percent (line 27 of Table 3-1), but industrial returns increased by 16.5 percent between 2000 and 2005 (line 29 of Table 3-1). The decrease in withdrawal, accompanied by the increase in returned water, resulted in a reduction in net water demand for industrial of 181 mgd (line 30 of Table 3-1). This was 83 percent of the total reduction in net water demand of 217 mgd between 2000 and 2005 (line 9 of Table 3-1).

Watershed population grew from 4.2 million in 1995 to 4.5 million in 2000, or by about 7 percent (Hutson and others, 2004). During the same time, the public-supply withdrawal grew by 15.3 percent (line 35 of Table 3-1).

The 2005 population was 4.7 million (Table 2-2) or an increase of about 4.4 percent from 2000 while public-supply withdrawal increased by 3.2 percent. The increase in public-supply withdrawal from 2000 to 2005 more closely follows the population increase than it did from 1995 to 2000.

In 2000, net water demand was 43.1 percent of public-supply withdrawal. But by 2005, it had decreased slightly to 39.8 percent of public-supply withdrawal (line 39 of Table 3-1). Because of the large decrease in industrial net water demand, net water demand for public supply grew to 63 percent of total net water demand in 2005 (line 40 of Table 3-1). This was up from 43.9 percent in 2000.

Irrigation water use was down by 26 mgd or 37.6 percent between 2000 and 2005 (lines 41 and 43 of Table 3-1).

Because no water is returned to the river system when used for irrigation, this reduction in irrigation water use also decreased total net water demand. Most of the reduction occurred in Alabama where the 2000 irrigation withdrawal might have been overstated.

The largest change in net water demand for the WUTAs occurred in Wheeler-Wilson where net water demand fell by 84 mgd (line 57 of Table 3-1). This was largely the result in the reduction in industrial water withdrawal and the increase in the percentage of industrial water return.

Water diversions from the Tennessee River to the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway in 2005 were 200 mgd and were the same as in 2000 (line 63 of Table 3-1). The flow between Kentucky Reservoir into Barkley Reservoir on the Cumberland River was more in 2005 than in 2000 (line 64 in Table 3-1). The Kentucky-Barkley transfer varies from year to year, but there is no reason to believe that there is a trend either increasing or decreasing.

Over the long term, the transfer is about 3,900 mgd from Kentucky Reservoir to Barkley Reservoir.

Net Water Demand for Selected Industries Because of the large change in net water demand in the industrial category, a secondary analysis was performed to determine reasons for the change.

Table 3-2 presents a comparison of industrial use for 10 companies which experienced significant changes in net water demand between 2000 and 2005. The total change in net water demand for these 10 companies explains 153 mgd of the 181 mgd change in industrial net water demand between 2000 and 2005. The reason for the change in net water demand for each company follows.

A paper mill increased its percent of water returned from 84 percent in 2000 to 91 percent in 2005 (line 3 of Table 3-2). Additionally, a chemical company decreased its withdrawal by 66 mgd, while keeping its water return about 33

Table 3-2: Differences in 2000 and 2005 Net Water Demands for Selected Industries (Millions of Gallons per Day or Percent as Noted)

Net Water Withdrawal Return Demand Transaction 2000 2005 2000 2005 2000 2005 Change Percent

1. 2000 and 2005 industrial totals 1205 1179 942 1097 263 82 -181

2. Percent returned 2000 78.2 Percent returned 2005 93.0 Lawrence County, Alabama

3. Paper mill 55.8 57.2 47.0 52.2 8.8 5.0 -3.8 Morgan County, Alabama

4. Chemical company 142.6 76.6 78.7 76.6 63.9 0.0 -63.9 Livingston County, Kentucky

5. Sand and gravel company 19.8 4.2 0.0 1.8 19.8 2.4 -17.4 Benton County, Tennessee

6. Sand and gravel company 18.9 2.1 0.0 0.0 18.9 2.1 -16.8 Blount County, Tennessee

7. Aluminum company Purchase Purchase 0.0 5.6 0.0 -5.6 -5.6 Coffee County, Tennessee

8. Government research 55.0 24.7 36.0 21.3 19.0 3.5 -15.6 Humphreys County, Tennessee

9. Chemical company 67.0 58.1 54.1 57.8 12.9 0.3 -12.6 Jefferson County, Tennessee

10. Mining company 10.0 2.7 2.3 2.6 7.7 0.0 -7.7 Loudon County, Tennessee

11. Tissue company 3.5 5.0 0.0 4.7 3.5 0.3 -3.2 Polk County, Tennessee

12. Acid plant 31.0 3.6 24.4 3.3 6.6 0.3 -6.3

13. Total lines 3 through 12 404 234 243 226 161 8 -153

14. 2000 and 2005 industrial totals less line 13 801 945 700 871 102 74 -28

15. Percent change in withdrawal from 2000 to 2005 17.9

16. Percent returned 2000 87.3

17. Percent returned 2005 92.2 34

the same (line 4 of Table 3-2). It is likely the 2000 water withdrawal was significantly overstated for this company.

Two sand and gravel companies made significant reductions in water withdrawal between 2000 and 2005. In addition, no water returns for those companies were reported in 2000. The result was a 34.2 mgd reduction in net water demand (lines 5 and 6 of Table 3-2).

An aluminum company that purchases water reported no water discharge in 2000, but reported a 5.6 mgd water discharge in 2005 (line 7 of Table 3-2).

A research facility that uses significant amounts of cooling water reduced its water requirement between 2000 and 2005 (line 8 of Table 3-2).

A chemical company in Humphreys County, Tennessee, eliminated a 10 mgd groundwater withdrawal between 2000 and 2005. However, 2000 and 2005 water returns were reported to be about the same (line 9 of Table 3-2).

In Jefferson County, Tennessee, a mining company significantly reduced its water withdrawal between 2000 and 2005 (line 10 of Table 3-2).

In Loudon County, Tennessee, a tissue company did not have a reported water return in 2000, but did have one in 2005 that was almost equal to the water withdrawal (line 11 of Table 3-2).

A Polk County acid plant operated in 2000, but did not operate in 2005 (line 12 of Table 3-2).

The differences in water use, as explained above, essentially fall into the following categories:

1. A larger percentage of the water withdrawal was reported as return flow in 2005 compared to 2000.

This might be due to greater water-use efficiency or the inclusion of more storm-water in the discharge measurements.

2. There were no discharge data for four companies in 2000, but all reported discharges in 2005.

3. Companies made process changes or discontinued a process operation.

4. Discharge data are required by law under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) and companies can be criminally cited for inaccurate reporting. In 2000, neither Tennessee nor Alabama had reporting requirements for industrial withdrawals, and withdrawals might not have been measured and reported as accurately as discharges.

Table 3-2 shows the total water usage of the 10 companies deleted from the 2000 and 2005 industrial totals (line 14 of Table 3-2). By excluding the 10 companies, the remainder of the industrial water withdrawal actually increased by 18 percent between 2000 and 2005 (line 15 of Table 3-2). However, the percent of the water withdrawal that was returned was still higher in 2005 than in 2000 (lines 16 and 17 of Table 3-2) and that resulted in a decrease in net water demand of 28 mgd between 2000 and 2005 (line 14 of Table 3-2). This suggests that after adjusting for special situations and onetime events, there is a trend of increasing industrial 35

withdrawal from 1995. It will take an additional five-year data cycle to determine if the percent of return flow stabilizes or not.

Inter-Basin Transfers An inter-basin transfer (IBT), in the context of this report, is a transfer of water across the Tennessee River watershed boundary. Although there are numerous transfers between river basins within the Tennessee River watershed, an IBT as discussed below, refers only to a transfer across the watershed boundary.

IBTs are of concern because of the following reasons:

1. After the water is transferred, no water is returned to the Tennessee River for reuse.

2. Impacts may not occur at the point of withdrawal, but on reservoirs far from the point of withdrawal.

3. IBTs could impair TVAs ability to carry out mandated responsibilities for managing the Tennessee River system depending on when and where IBTs occur and the volume that is transferred.

4. IBTs will reduce hydrogeneration and may reduce water availability for power-plant cooling.

5. IBTs at some locations would create environmental conflicts with in-stream uses such as for fish and aquatic life.

6. IBTs are sensitive issues in all Valley states and are sources of potential conflict among the states.

Bohac and Koroa (2004) reported the estimated IBTs for 2000 to be a net 8.1 mgd of water transferred out of the watershed. The IBTs existing in 2005 are shown in Table 3-3.

There were 24 active IBTs in 2005. Most of these IBTs were the result of water supply systems providing water to customers across the Tennessee River watershed boundary. The IBTs range in size from less than 0.1 to 1.8 mgd. Of the 24 IBTs, 13 transferred water out of the Tennessee River watershed. The remainder moved water into the watershed for a net loss of 4.4 mgd.

Diversions Under agreement with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), an average of 200 mgd in 2005 was diverted from Pickwick Reservoir to the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway to support its operations.

In western Kentucky at the northwest tip of Land Between the Lakes, the Barkley Canal connects the Tennessee River and the Cumberland River. Historic reservoir operations have resulted in a net flow of Tennessee River water to and through Barkley Canal. This averages about 3,900 mgd and provides electrical generating capacity during peak-power demands for USACEs Barkley Dam. This operation is authorized through agreements between TVA and USACE. In 2005, the flow was 4,246 mgd from Kentucky Reservoir to Barkley Reservoir.

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Table 3-3: Inter-Basin Transfers in 2005 (Millions of Gallons per Day)

Amount Transferred System Transfer From Transfer To (mgd)

Alabama Fort Payne Tennessee River Little River Basin -1.7 Haleyville Lower Tennessee River Basin Buttahatchee River -1.7 Albertville (estimated) Lower Tennessee River Basin Coosa River Basin -2 Arab Water Works (estimated) Lower Tennessee River Basin Coosa River Basin -0.6 Franklin County Water Service Authority Lower Tennessee River Basin Tombigbee River Basin -0.4 Georgia Clayton-Rabun County W&S Authority Savannah River Tennessee River 0.1 Dalton Utilities Coosa River Tennessee River 0.6 Walker County Authority Tennessee River Coosa River -0.4 North Carolina Hendersonville French Broad River Basin Broad River Basin -0.1 Highlands Little Tennessee River Basin Savannah River Basin -0.1 Tennessee City of Crossville Upper Cumberland River Upper Tennessee/Clinch/Emory Rivers 1.8 City of Lexington Tennessee Western Valley Mississippi River -0.1 Cleveland Utilities Lower Tennessee/Hiwassee Rivers Conasauga River -0.3 Cleveland Utilities Conasauga River Lower Tennessee/Hiwassee 0.7 Columbia Power & Water Systems Western Tennessee River Valley Lower Cumberland River 0 Cumberland Utility District Upper Tennessee River Upper Cumberland River 0 Duck River Utility Commission Upper Cumberland River Lower Tennessee/Hiwassee 0.09 Eastside Utility District Lower Tennessee/Hiwassee Rivers Conasauga River -0.8 Huntsville Utility District Upper Cumberland River Upper Tennessee/Clinch/Emory Rivers 0.1 Ocoee Utility District Conasauga River Lower Tennessee 0.1 Plateau Utility District Upper Tennessee/Clinch/Emory Rivers Upper Cumberland/Obey/Caney Fork Rivers -0.1 Tennessee American Tennessee River Coosa River -0.1 Town of Selmer Mississippi River Tennessee Western Valley 0.2 West WarrenViola Utility District Upper Cumberland/Obey Caney Fork Rivers Tennessee Western Valley 0.3 Total -4.4 37

4 Projected Water Use Introduction Projections of water use for 2030 were prepared for the four use categories of thermoelectric, industrial, public supply, and irrigation. The projection methods for each category of use are described below.

Thermoelectric Water Use Electrical Demand Total TVA system output for 2001 through 2005 averaged 168,937 million kilowatt hours (Tennessee Valley Authority, 2001-2005).

Electrical Generation Table 4-1: Electrical Generation in the Tennessee Valley from 2004-2005 Generation in 2005 Table 4-1 shows how the electrical demand within the TVA Generation Generation power service area was supplied for the fiscal year ending Source (Millions of Megawatt Hours)

September 30, 2005 (Tennessee Valley Authority, 2005).

Hydro 15.7 Fossil 98.4 Assumptions for Future Generation Nuclear 45.2 Increasing power demand combined with rising fuel costs Combustion Turbine 0.6 and global air quality concerns have kindled a renewed Purchased 16.6 Total 176.5 interest in nuclear generation. TVA restarted Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant Unit 1 in 2007 adding approximately 1,155 megawatts of nuclear capacity. Also during 2007, the TVA Board of Directors authorized completing the second unit at Watts Bar Nuclear Plant. In addition, TVA is exploring the possibility of building two new nuclear units at its Bellefonte Nuclear Plant in North Alabama.

Thermoelectric water use for 2030 was estimated based on TVAs proprietary power supply plan. The plan considers the most economical mix of generating facilities to meet the power demand in the TVA region based on factors such as fuel prices, air quality constraints, and unit-operating efficiency. Power supply options include generation from existing and new TVA units, purchases from existing and new merchant plants, and purchases 41

from other utilities. In addition to the new TVA generating units at Browns Ferry, Watts Bar, and Bellefonte, other new TVA and merchant generating units will be a mix of combined-cycle-combustion turbines, coal-fired units, and nuclear units. Water demand is projected for all generating units in the Tennessee River watershed, not just those owned or leased by TVA Almost all of TVAs nuclear and coal-fired power plants presently rely on once-through cooling most of the time, with a few plants using cooling towers when the return flows would warm the river above water quality discharge limits. Once-through cooling is simply extracting water from the river, passing it through the power plant condenser, and returning it to the river. Almost all the withdrawal is returned to the river. Cooling towers require less water taken from the river than once-through systems, but little water is returned since it evaporates in the cooling process. Once-through cooling discharges the waste heat to the river, while cooling towers discharge it to the atmosphere.

It is believed that current environmental regulations will make it very difficult for new generating plants to use once-through cooling with direct-heat rejection to the river or reservoir based on a U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals decision that effectively requires all new power plants to install closed-cycle cooling technology (Second Circuit Court of Appeals, 2004). Therefore, it is believed that all new generation with the exception of Browns Ferry Unit 1, will require the use of cooling towers all the time.

The power supply plan anticipates that some of TVAs existing coal-fired generation will be replaced with nuclear generation by 2030. This will reduce the amount of existing once-through cooling and will result in a reduction of water withdrawal for thermoelectric use compared to 2005. However, because the use of cooling towers will increase, the net water demand for thermoelectric will increase compared to 2005.

To improve air-quality emissions, TVA plans to construct scrubbers at several coal-fired plants. Current project plans include adding scrubbers to the following plants in the Tennessee River watershed: Bull Run, all Colbert units, all Kingston units, and all John Sevier units.

Public Supply and Industrial Categories For the public supply and industrial categories, the 2005 water-use estimates serve as the basis for the projections. Economic and demographic data at the county-level projected to 2030 (Woods and Poole Economics, Inc., 2004) were used to project water use to 2030. The change in the number of households was used to project public-supply withdrawal and return flow, and changes in manufacturing and mining earnings were used for the industrial withdrawal and return-flow projections. The county-specific-projection factor or multiplier for number of households or industrial and mining earnings, was applied to each water-use record in the 2005 water-use database to produce estimates of 2030 water use.

Irrigation Water Use The 2002 Census of Agriculture and the 2003 Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey (USGS, 2007) were used to project irrigated acreage in 2030.

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Since 1982, irrigated acreage in the seven Tennessee watershed states increased with a range of about 1,200 acres per year in Kentucky, up to about 49,000 acres per year in Mississippi, even though the number of farms were decreasing. The average increase in irrigated acreage for the watershed states was 12,200 acres per year. In 2002, the percent of total land in farms that was irrigated ranged from less than 1 percent in Kentucky to almost 11 percent in Mississippi with an average of 3.5 percent for all seven watershed states. Irrigated acreage, as a percentage of harvested acreage, was 8.4 percent for the Valley states in 1997 and 10.4 percent in 2002.

The 20-year trend in conversion to irrigation from 1982 to 2002 was used to project the increase in irrigated acreage to 2030. The 2030 projected irrigated acreage, as a percentage of total farmland, was estimated to range from less than one percent in Kentucky to almost 26 percent in Mississippi with an average of 8.3 percent for all seven watershed states. This includes an adjustment for the trend of decreasing farmland. Projected 2030 irrigated acreage as a percentage of harvested acreage was estimated to be less than 20 percent by 2030.

Using historical trends to project demand over an extended period is often unwise because the things that caused the historical trend could likely change over a long projection period. In addition, using historical trends to predict future demand might also violate a physical limitation (e.g. predict more irrigated land than there is farmland). However, the drought of 2007, in which non-irrigated land in Alabama and Tennessee suffered total crop failures or produced very small crops, will long be remembered by farmers who are coming to believe they cannot consistently grow crops without irrigation. For example, inadequate summer rainfall reduces Alabamas farm production about 1 of every 3 years (Christy, 2007). Another factor, currently only a small fraction of watershed farmland is irrigated. Projecting the historical trend forward results in only modest amounts of irrigated land even after 25 years, and the projection remains well below the constraints imposed by total farmland or even the much smaller harvested acreage.

Projected Water Use in 2030 Table 4-2 shows projected water use in the Tennessee River watershed in 2030. Total withdrawals are expected to be 11,551 mgd or a decrease of 7 percent over 2005 withdrawals. The consumptive use for the watershed is projected to be 757 mgd or and increase of 75 percent from 2005.

Table 4-2 presents projected 2030 water use by category from 1995 to 2030. Between 2005 and 2030 thermoelectric water use is projected to decrease by 12 percent due to an anticipated reduction in once-through cooling. Industrial water use (including mining) will increase by 10 percent, public-supply water use projected increase is 32 percent, and irrigation water use is expected to increase by 65 percent between 2005 and 2030.

The trend in the increase in industrial withdrawal is anticipated to slow because of the elimination of once-through cooling for most new industrial withdrawals.

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Transfers from the Watershed In 2005, 24 public-supply IBTs resulted in a net loss of 4.4 mgd from the Tennessee River watershed. The forecast for 2030 is that this volume will increase at the same rate that water withdrawal for public supply increases. In addition, TVA has permitted two public-supply IBTs that have a projected 2030 withdrawal of 12 mgd. These increases are included in the 2030 estimate for public supply.

TVA estimated the increase in diversions to the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway is based on a projection of the increase in commercial lockages between the waterway and the Tennessee River. The estimated diversions to the waterway by 2030 range from 299 to 498 mgd with a midpoint of 399 mgd.

Water transfer from Kentucky Reservoir to Barkley Reservoir in 2030 is assumed to be the long-term average of 3,900 mgd.

Table 4-2: Trends of Estimated Water Use in the Tennessee River Watershed from 1995 to 2030 (Millions of Gallons Per Day)

Percent Change Off-Stream Use 1995 2000 2005 2030 2005-2030 Total withdrawals 10,008 12,211 12,437 11,551 -7 Thermoelectric 8,010 10,276 10,531 9,275 -12 Industrial 1,030 1,205 1,179 1,300 10 Public supply 574 662 684 905 32 Irrigation 48 69 43 71 65 Rural 269 Source of water Surface water 9,750 11,996 12,237 Groundwater 258 215 200 Consumptive use 649 432 757 75 Transfer to Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway 200 200 399 100 Transfer to Barkely Reservoir 4,524 4,246 3,900 Note: Figures may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

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5 Summary and Conclusion Water Use in 2005 Water withdrawals during 2005 were estimated to average 12,437 mgd for offstream uses or 1.9 percent more than the 2000 withdrawals. Return flow was estimated as 12,005 mgd or 96.5 percent of the water withdrawn during 2005. Consumptive water use of 432 mgd accounted for the remaining 3.5 percent of total withdrawal.

During 2005, thermoelectric water withdrawals were an estimated 10,531 mgd; industrial, 1,179 mgd; public supply, 684 mgd; and irrigation, 43 mgd. Return flows were estimated as thermoelectric, 10,498 mgd; industrial, 1,097 mgd; and public supply 411 mgd. Consumptive use was estimated as thermoelectric power, 33 mgd; industrial, 82 mgd; public supply, 273 mgd; and irrigation, 43 mgd. During 2005, water withdrawals for thermoelectric power increased by 2.5 percent more than 2000, public supply by 3.2 percent while industrial and irrigation decreased by 2.2 percent and 37.6 percent, respectively.

The change in total water withdrawal between 2000 and 2005 (1.9 percent) was much lower than it was between 1995 and 2000 due largely to the big increase in thermoelectric water use that occurred between 1995 and 2000.

While total industrial water use actually declined between 2000 and 2005, adjusting for a small percentage of unusual transactions between 2000 and 2005 suggests that there is a trend of increasing withdrawal from 1995.

Public-supply withdrawal increased by 3.2 percent from 2000 to 2005, while it increased by 15.3 percent from 1995 to 2000. The watershed total population increased by 7.3 percent between 1995 and 2000 and increased by 4.4 percent between 2000 and 2005. The increase in public-supply withdrawal between 2000 and 2005 more closely follows the population increase than does the increase in public-supply withdrawal that occurred between 1995 and 2000.

Although rainfall in 2000 and 2005 was similar across the watershed, irrigation decreased by almost 38 percent in 2005 compared to 2000. Irrigation in 2000 was up 43.5 percent from 1995. The study suggests that the 2000 irrigation data were overestimated.

Withdrawals from surface water totaled 12,247 mgd and groundwater withdrawals were 190 mgd. Surface water accounted for 98.5 percent of total water use while groundwater use was 1.5 percent of total use.

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Projected Water Use in 2030 Total water withdrawals in 2030 are projected to decrease from the 2005 water withdrawal by about 886 mgd to 11,551 mgd. This is a reduction of about 7 percent of 2005 water withdrawals. Thermoelectric water withdrawals are estimated to decrease by 12 percent or 1,256 mgd due to less generation from some existing power plants that use once-through cooling. Withdrawals for other uses are estimated to increase as follows:

industrial water use by 10 percent or 121 mgd; public supply water use by 32 percent or 221 mgd; and irrigation water use by 65 percent or 28 mgd.

Consumptive water use is projected to increase by 75 percent or 325 mgd. Transfers from the watershed through the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway might increase as much as 100 percent or 199 mgd.

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Appendix Source and Date of Water Withdrawal Data State Source Organization Data Type Date Alabama S. Hutson U.S. Geological Survey IN, PS, MI 3/29/07 Alabama T. Littlepage OWR Location coordinates 4/18/07 Alabama S. Hutson U.S. Geological Survey IR 7/19/07 Georgia S. Hutson U.S. Geological Survey IN, PS 5/22/07 Georgia S. Hutson U.S. Geological Survey IR 6/1/07 Kentucky S. Hutson U.S. Geological Survey IN, PS, MI 1/18/07 Kentucky S. Hutson U.S. Geological Survey IR 6/27/07 Mississippi S. Hutson U.S. Geological Survey PS 1/4/07 North Carolina S. Hutson U.S. Geological Survey IN, PS, MI 4/16/07 North Carolina S. Hutson U.S. Geological Survey IR 7/3/07 Tennessee W. Muirhead TDEC IN, PS, MI 4/26/06 Tennessee S. Hutson U.S. Geological Survey IR 6/27/07 Virginia S. Hutson U.S. Geological Survey IN, PS, MI 1/4/07 Virginia S. Hutson U.S. Geological Survey IR 6/27/07 Acronyms and Date Abbreviations OWR Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs, Office of Water Resources TDEC Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation IN Industrial PS Public Supply MI Mining IR Irrigation 61

References Bohac, C. E. and Koroa, M. C., 2004, Water Supply Inventory and Needs Analysis, River Operations, Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tennessee.

Christy, J., 2007, University of Alabama at Huntsville, http://irrigate.uah.edu.

Hutson, S. S., M. C. Koroa, and C. M. Murphree, 2004, Estimated Use of Water in the Tennessee River Watershed in 2000 and Projections of Water Use in 2030, U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4302, Nashville, Tennessee.

Nuclear Energy Institute, U.S. Nuclear Generation and Capacity by State and Reactor 2005, Washington, DC, access at http://www.nei.org/financialcenter/industrydata.

Second Circuit Court of Appeals, 2004, Riverkeeper versus U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, No. 02-4-4005.

Tennessee Valley Authority, 2001-2005, TVA Annual Report, Knoxville, Tennessee.

---, 2004, Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Reservoir Operations Study, Knoxville, Tennessee.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, 2003 Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey and 2002 Census of Agriculture State Data, http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/fris/fris03.html.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, Permit Compliance System: access at http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/pcs/adhoc.html.

U. S. Department of Energy, 2005, Energy Information Administration, EIA-960/920, January-December 2005:

accessed July 16, 2007 at http:/www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electrical/page/eia960_920.html.

Woods and Poole Economics, Inc., 2004, County Forecast Data, Washington, DC, http://wws.woodsandpoole.com.

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Glossary, Terms, & Abbreviations CFS A rate of flow of water in cubic feet per second.

Cooling Water Water used for noncontact cooling purposes for industrial processes and thermoelectric power generation.

Consumptive Use Water that is withdrawn that is evaporated, transpired, incorporated into products or crops, consumed by humans or livestock, or otherwise removed from the immediate water environment; also referred to as water consumed.

Cumulative Consumptive Use The sum of the net water demand upstream of the point of determination.

Disposition For the purpose of this report, the act of disposing of wastewater.

Drought A prolonged period of time with little or no rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

Evaporation A process where water is changed from a liquid into a vapor.

Evapotranspiration Water discharged into the atmosphere as a result of evaporation from the soil and bodies of water and as a result of plant transpiration.

Groundwater Generally all subsurface water as distinct from surface water; specifically, the part of the subsurface water in the saturated zone (a zone in which all voids are filled with water) where the water is under pressure greater than atmospheric pressure.

Hydrologic Unit Code The major drainage regions in the United States are subdivided into 2,149 drainage basins each represented by an 8-digit code.

Hydrology The study of the characteristics, movements and effects of water in the atmosphere, earths surface, rocks, and soil.

Industrial Water Use Water used for purposes of product fabrication, processing, washing, and cooling for industries that produce steel, chemicals, paper, mining, refining, etc.

Inter-Basin Transfer The act of moving water across watershed boundaries to another watershed.

Irrigation The use of water for purposes of growing crops, livestock, or maintaining vegetative lands such as golf courses or parks.

mgd A rate of flow of water in millions of gallons per day.

Offstream Use Water withdrawn or diverted from a groundwater or surface-water source for thermoelectric power, industrial, irrigation, and public-supply water use.

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Once-Through Cooling The process of withdrawing water from a waterbody, using it for noncontact cooling purposes, and returning it to the waterbody.

Net Water Demand An amount of water withdrawn, less the amount of water returned.

Public Supply Water withdrawn by municipalities for use by public and private suppliers and delivered to users for domestic, commercial, industrial, and public uses.

Reservoir Catchment Area The drainage area for a reservoir extending from the watershed boundary to a dam or the reservoir drainage area between an upstream dam and a downstream dam.

Reservoir Operations Study An environmental study conducted by TVA in 2004 to determine the best overall public value of the TVA reservoir system.

Return Flow Water released from the point of use and becomes available for reuse.

Scrubber Flue gas desulfurization systems that reduce sulfur dioxide emissions.

Source The origin of a water supply either surface water or groundwater.

Surface Water A body of water such as a reservoir or stream.

Thermoelectric Use Water used in the generation of electricity in which steam is obtained from combustion of fossil fuels or thermonuclear processes.

Transpiration A process where water that is absorbed by plants through the roots is evaporated into the atmosphere from the plant surface.

TVA Tennessee Valley Authority Unregulated Stream A river or stream that is not controlled by a dam.

USGS U.S. Geological Survey USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Watershed A region draining into a river system or body of water.

Water-Use Tabulation Area The boundaries of a water-use tabulation area are determined by the natural drainage area to account for water availability and the water-use transactions that occur within that drainage area. For this report, the water-use tabulation area accounts for the complete site-specific, water-use transactions between adjoining reservoir catchment areas and is used to determine consumptive use at a large scale.

Water Transfer An artificial conveyance of water from one area to another.

Water-Use Transaction A water-use activity that is a water withdrawal, water delivery, water release, return flow, or water transfer.

Water Withdrawal Water removed from the ground or diverted from a surface-water source for use.

Watt-hour An electrical energy unit of measure equal to one watt of power supplied to, or taken from, an electrical circuit steadily for one hour.

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